DOCSLIB.ORG

Building Blocks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Building Blocks ood frame construction utiliz- accredited by the American Lumber Standards ing traditional and engineered Committee according to the Softwood Lumber Building wood products is the predomi- Standard PS20. nant method of building homes Structural lumber is either visually or mechani- Wand apartments in the United States. Increasingly, cally graded on the basis of its strength; each Blocks wood framing is also being used in commercial grade combination has an assigned design and industrial buildings due to its economy and value. Mechanically graded lumber is typically architectural flexibility. Wood frame buildings used for pre-engineered framing systems such updates and information are economical to build in a wide range of cli- as roof and floor trusses. General classifications on structural materials mate zones. Wood framing is readily available include: dimensional lumber (2x, 3x and 4x) and adaptable to traditional, contemporary and grades and timber grades or classifications known the most futuristic building styles. History has as “Dimension,” “Beams and Stringers,” “Posts demonstrated the inherent strength and durabil- and Timbers,” and “Decking,” with design values ity of wood frame buildings. The purpose of this assigned to each grade. Standard grades for each article is to summarize the various traditional product class should be specified after considering and engineered wood products that are avail- all grades appropriate for the intended use and able throughout North America, and to provide strength requirements. For structural applications, information on how designers can use wood prod- include the required reference design values along ucts to build structures that are both sustainable with the grade that represents those design values. and efficient. It should be noted that, although Also, specify desired moisture content (percent) the authors tried to provide practical informa- such as GREEN or DRY based on requirements tion regarding typical for the product, grade and intended use. structural sizes, design- ers should verify with The ABC’s of Traditional and local suppliers regard- Engineered Wood Products ing availability. Solid Sawn Lumber is a manufactured product derived from a log through sawing and By Michelle Kam-Biron, P.E., S.E., surfacing. Structural and framing lumber is read- SECB and Lori Koch, E.I.T. ily available in rafters, joists and studs from 2x4 Lumber grade stamps. to 2x12 and sometimes 2x14 nominal. Heavy timbers for beams and columns of 4x, 6x, 8x and Glued Laminated Timber (glulam) is made up even up to 20x are available for Western species of wood laminations, or “lams,” that are bonded such as Douglas Fir. With Southern Pine, 2x size together with adhesives. The grain of all lamina- Michelle Kam-Biron, P.E., is typical and can be used to create built up beams tions runs parallel with the length of the member. S.E., SECB, is Director of the of 2 to 3 members for headers, and beams with Individual lams typically are 13/8 inches thick for national education program for 6x6 size for columns. Standard lengths are 8 to Southern Pine and 1½ inches thick for Western the American Wood Council, 20 feet in two-foot increments, although some species, although other thicknesses may also be which provides building industry suppliers may have longer lengths. used. Glulam is available in both stock and custom professionals with continuing Engineered designs that compute the required sizes. Stock beams are manufactured in commonly educational resources on ICC codes sizes of members are based on the standard dressed used dimensions and widths cut to length when and AWC standards. She is also sizes and not the nominal sizes. All solid sawn the beam is ordered from a distributor or dealer. President-Elect of the Structural lumber used for load-bearing purposes, including Typical stock beam widths used in residential Engineers Association of Southern end-jointed structural lumber, are identified by a construction include 31/8, 3½, 51/8, 5½ and 6¾ California. She can be reached at grade mark of a lumber grading/inspection agency inches. For non-residential applications, where [email protected]. Lori Koch, E.I.T., serves as a Project Engineer for the American Wood Council. Lori has presented on various topics ranging from use of general engineering properties of wood, Engineered Wood Products (EWPs), Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT), and green building codes. She can be reached at [email protected]. Glulam beams used in roof system. Posted with permission by STRUCTURE® magazine www.STRUCTUREmag.org Unbalanced and balanced glulam layups. Example of glulam with camber. long spans, unusually heavy loads, or other Glulams need to be manufactured and to the long direction. LVLs are available in circumstances control design, custom mem- identified as required in ANSI/AITC A190.1 1¾-inch widths x 5½- to 24-inch depths and bers are typically specified. Common custom Structural Glued Laminated Timber and up to 60-foot lengths. Up to 4 LVLs may be shapes include straight beams, curved beams, ASTM D 3737. Glulam beams will have a connected together to create a larger beam pitched and curved beams, radial arches and trademark that signifies it was manufactured or header. tudor arches. Members can be manufactured in conformance with these provisions. The to any length, but transportation constraints trademark may also include: structural use, must be considered for longer members. mill number, structural grade designation, Glulam may be manufactured as unbalanced and appearance grade. or balanced layups. In unbalanced beams, the Prefabricated Wood I-Joists are “I” shaped quality of lumber used on the tension side of engineered wood structural members that the beam is higher than the lumber used on are prefabricated using sawn or structural Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) and Laminated the corresponding compression side, allow- composite lumber flanges and OSB or ply- Veneer Lumber (LVL). ing a more efficient use of timber resources. wood webs, bonded together with exterior Balanced members are symmetrical in lumber type adhesives. Typical I-joists for residen- PSL is manufactured from veneer clipped quality about the mid-height of the beam. tial use are available in 9½, 117/8, 14 and into long strands laid in a parallel formation Glulam is available in a range of different 16-inch depths. For I-joists over 22 inches and are typically used as beams, headers and appearances, but having the same structural in depth, the design should consider the pos- columns. PSLs are available in 3½- to 7-inch characteristics for given strength grades. sible requirement of sprinklers in concealed widths x 9¼- to 18-inch depths, and up to Glulam appearance classifications are: spaces. Most manufacturers supply I-joists to 60 foot lengths. Custom depths, achieved Framing, Industrial, Architectural (stock distributors in lengths up to 60 feet. These through secondary lamination, are avail- beams are often supplied with this appear- are frequently cut to lengths of 16 to 36 feet. able up to 54 inches. Similar to LVL, 2 to ance so they may be exposed to view in the Typical applications are as rafters or joists. 3 PSLs can be connected together to create finished structure) and Premium (available Similar to lumber, these framing members a larger beam. only as a custom order where finish appear- can be cut to any length on the jobsite to Single members or assemblies using struc- ance is of primary importance). meet various framing challenges. tural composite lumber (SCL) need to meet Camber is a curvature built into a fabri- Assemblies using prefabricated wood the provisions of ASTM D5456 Standard cated member which opposes the direction I-joists need to meet the provisions of ASTM Specification for Evaluation of Structural and magnitude of the calculated deflection D5055 Standard Specification for Establishing Composite Lumber Products and any addi- that occurs under gravity loads. The glulam and Monitoring Structural Capacities of tional requirements as set forth by governing industry recommends the camber for roof Prefabricated Wood I-Joists, the governing building codes. SCL needs to be identified beams be 1½ times the calculated dead load building code, and any additional require- with the manufacturer’s name and the quality deflection and for floor beams 1.0 times the ments as set forth in the manufacturer’s code assurance agency’s name. calculated dead load. Camber is specified as evaluation report. I-joists need to be identified Wood Structural Panels are wood-based either “inches of camber” or as a radius of with the manufacturer’s name and the quality panel products bonded with a waterproof curvature. Stock beams are typically supplied assurance agency’s name. adhesive. Included under this designation are with a relatively flat camber radius of 3500 Structural Composite Lumber is a family plywood and oriented strand board (OSB). feet or zero camber. of engineered wood products created by layer- Wall and roof sheathing are manufactured ing dried and graded wood veneers or strands in 3/8, 7/16, 15/32, ½, 19/32, 5/8, 23/32, and ¾-inch with moisture resistant adhesive into blocks thicknesses, and floor sheathing is typically of material known as billets, which are subse- 19/32, 5/8, 23/32, ¾, 1, and 11/8-inch thick. quently resawn into specified sizes. Common Plywood is a wood structural panel com- types of SCL include laminated veneer lumber prised of plies of wood veneer arranged in (LVL) and parallel strand lumber (PSL). cross-aligned layers and bonded with an LVL is produced by bonding thin wood adhesive that cures on application of heat Example of glulam grade stamp. veneers, with the grain of the veneers parallel and pressure. Most plywood manufacturers Posted with permission by STRUCTURE® magazine www.STRUCTUREmag.org Electronic version posted with permission by STRUCTURE® magazine October 2014 www.STRUCTUREmag.org produce 4- x 8-foot panels.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glued-Laminated Timber Bridges
    Glued-Laminated Timber Bridges Glulam design s are the most commonly used modern timber bridge designs The first glulam bridges were built in the mid-1940's. Since that time, they have become the most common type of timber bridge in both single and multi-span con­ figurations. Glulam beam bridges are completely prefabricated in modular compo­ nents and are treat ed with preservatives Wea llng surlac e ,r tsee Chapter 11) after fabrication. When prop erly designed , and fabricated, no field cutting or boring is required, resulting in a service life of 50 !!? Q) years or more. '§ "'" c: 0" Q) c: Q) GLULAM BEAM SYSTEMS Transverse bracing 3 c:0> OJ D '§ ' .c: c: Glulam beam bridges consist of a U Q) ' ~ .c: series of transverse glulam deck panels >- 3 '"3 D'" supported on straight or slightly curved 'o ;; o '"0 beams (Figure 1). They are the most ([ .9. practical for clear spans of 20 to 100 feet and are widely used on all size roads and highways. Glulam has proved to be an ex­ ceUent material for beam bridges because Cutaway plan members are available in a range of sizes and grades and are easily adapt able to a modular or systems concept of design and Traffi c rail I (see Chapter 10) construction. Although glulam can be r Curb r Glulam deck custom fabricated in many shapes and sizes, the most economical structure uses - - - - Bearin g - - - - - -J~--- ~ -. I standardized components in a repet itious ar­ ~ ' """"" - rangement, an approach that is particularly b e a m ~ Glu lam Substruct ure ~ adaptable to bridges.
    [Show full text]
  • Sheet Products Sheet
    SHEET PRODUCTS SHEET HAWAII: 2312 Kamehameha Hwy #E3 Tel: 808 833 1600 PAGE 1 2.13 Honolulu, HI 96819 Fax: 808 834 0577 ARCHITECTURAL WOODS LP HARDWOOD PLYWOOD HARDWOOD PLYWOOD CORE TYPES The hardwood plywood family of products VENEER CORE includes panel products constructed with All inner plies of wood core material made from: veneer (softwood veneer. SHEET or hardwood, which may be of a different Thickness: species than the panel face), lumber, medium 5/16” or less .......... 3-PLY density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard, other 3/8” ........................ 5-PLY composite panels, or any combination of these 1/2” TO 5/8” ........... 7-PLY 3/4” & Over ............ 7-PLY Min core materials. Panels made with the various core types may differ from one another with Benefit: respect to certain properties such as flatness, Best screwhold power dimensional stability, screwholding ability, bending strength, and visual edge quality. The relative importance of specific properties COMPOSITE CORE in a particular application of the product Consists of wood veneer help determine the appropriate core type inner plies with that should be used. Be sure to discuss your MDF or MPX. product needs with your AWI representative so that they can suggest an appropriate panel for Thickness: 1/2” to 3/4” your particular use. Benefit: SOFTWOOD VENEER cores are light and strong Lightweight. Strong. No core but do not typically yield a panel as flat and telegraphing. Ideal for smooth as composite cores like particleboard overlaying of veneers, high pressure laminates and or MDF. Using a two step, or “blank” process miscellaneus gluable papers can significantly improve veneer core panels’ and foils.
    [Show full text]
  • Glulam Design Properties and Layup Combinations
    GLULAM DESIGN PROPERTIES AND LAYUP COMBINATIONS ENGINEERED WOOD SYSTEMS WOOD The Miracle Material™ Wood is the right choice for a host of construction applications. It is the earth’s natural, energy efficient and renewable building material. Engineered wood is a better use of wood. The miracle in today’s wood products is that they make more efficient use of the wood fiber resource to make stronger plywood, oriented strand board, I-joists, glued laminated timbers, and laminated veneer lumber. That’s good for the environment, and good for designers seeking strong, efficient, and striking building design. A few facts about wood. I We’re not running out of trees. One-third of the United States land base – 731 million acres – is covered by forests. About two-thirds of that 731 million acres is suitable for repeated planting and harvesting of timber. But only about half of the land suitable for growing timber is open to logging. Most of that harvestable acreage also is open to other uses, such as camping, hiking, and hunting. Forests fully cover one-half of Canada’s land mass. Of this forestland, nearly half is considered productive, or capable of producing timber on a sustained yield basis. Canada has the highest per capita accumulation of protected natural areas in the world – areas including national and provincial parks. I We’re growing more wood every day. American landowners plant more than two billion trees every year. In addition, millions of trees seed naturally. The forest products industry, which comprises about 15 percent of forestland ownership, is responsible for 41 percent of replanted forest acreage.
    [Show full text]
  • TFEC 1-2019 Standard for Design of Timber Frame Structures And
    TFEC 1-2019 Standard for Design of Timber Frame Structures and Commentary TFEC 1-2019 Standard Page 1 January 2019 TFEC 1-2019 Standard for Design of Timber Frame Structures and Commentary Timber Frame Engineering Council Technical Activities Committee (TFEC-TAC) Contributing Authors: Jim DeStefano Jeff Hershberger Tanya Luthi Jaret Lynch Tom Nehil Dick Schmidt, Chair Rick Way Copyright © 2019, All rights reserved. Timber Framers Guild 1106 Harris Avenue, Suite 303 Bellingham, WA 98225 TFEC 1-2019 Standard Page 2 January 2019 Table of Contents 1.0 General Requirements for Structural Design and Construction .......................................6 1.1 Applicability and Scope ........................................................................................ 6 1.2 Liability ................................................................................................................. 6 1.3 General Requirements ........................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Strength ........................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Serviceability ................................................................................................... 7 1.3.3 General Structural Integrity ............................................................................. 7 1.3.4 Conformance with Standards .......................................................................... 7 1.4 Design Loads ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • North American Glued Laminated Timber American Wood Council Canadian Wood Council
    NORTH AMERICAN GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL CANADIAN WOOD COUNCIL The American Wood Council (AWC) and the Canadian Wood Council (CWC) are pleased to present this Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for North American Glued Laminated Timber (glulam). The EPD includes Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results for all processes up to the point that glulam is packaged and ready for shipment at the manufacturing gate. The underlying LCA and the EPD were developed in compliance with ISO 14025:2006 and ISO 21930:2017 and have been verified under the UL Environment EPD program. The AWC and CWC represent wood product manufacturers across North America. The North American forest product industry is a global leader of sustainably sourced wood products. This EPD reflects years of research and numerous sustainability initiatives on behalf of our members to continually improve the environmental footprint of North American wood products. We are pleased to present this document to show our progress. Please follow our sustainability initiatives at www.awc.org and www.cwc.ca. North American Glued Laminated Timber North American Structural and Architectural Wood Products According to ISO 14025, EN 15804, and ISO 21930:2017 EPD PROGRAM AND PROGRAM OPERATOR UL Environment https://www.ul.com/ NAME, ADDRESS, LOGO, AND WEBSITE 333 Pfingsten Road Northbrook, IL 60611 https://spot.ul.com/ GENERAL PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS General Program Instructions v.2.4 July 2018 AND VERSION NUMBER American Wood Council DECLARATION HOLDER Canadian Wood Council DECLARATION NUMBER 4788424634.104.1 DECLARED PRODUCT & North American Glued Laminated Timber, FUNCTIONAL UNIT OR DECLARED UNIT 1 m3 of glulam produced in North America (US and CA) ISO 21930:2017 Sustainability in Building Construction — Environmental Declaration of Building Products.
    [Show full text]
  • Coco Lumber Sawdust
    MushroomPart II. Oyster Growers Mushrooms’ Handbook 1 Chapter 5. Substrate 91 Oyster Mushroom Cultivation Part II. Oyster Mushrooms Chapter 5 Substrate COCO LUMBER SAWDUST J. Christopher D. Custodio Bataan State College, the Philippines Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) are saprophytic as they obtain there nutrients by decomposing various agricultural by-products. This mushroom has been cultivated worldwide because of its taste and low maintenance technology. There are different substrates that have already been identified that can be utilized for the cultivation of oyster mushroom. The possible substrates include rice straw, coffee pulps, sawdust, and even paper. Most of these are types of low-value lignocellulosic wastes that are primarily derived from agricultural practices or the agro-industry. (J.A. Buswell et. al., 1996) The bioconversion of these wastes is one reason why the cultivation of edible mushrooms is an appropriate practice for a society that depends on its agriculture. In the early 1990s, ‘coco lumber’ was given a great attention in the province as a substitute for hardwood. Sawmills producing lumber from coconut trees bloomed in reaction to the increasing demand for this low cost constructional material. Though beginners in mushroom cultivation are usually persuaded not to use sawdust from softwoods, sawdust from coco lumber (Fig. 1) is another possible substrate for P. ostreatus and has shown great results. Growers living near a coco lumber sawmill can make use of this waste product in order to start their own cultivation of oyster mushroom species. Figure 1. Coco lumber sawdust Coco Lumber Sawdust as a Substrate of Oyster Mushroom Oyster mushroom is one example of edible mushrooms that can utilize lignocellulosic materials as a substrate.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 061053 - Miscellaneous Rough Carpentry
    SECTION 061053 - MISCELLANEOUS ROUGH CARPENTRY PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and Division 01 Specification Sections, apply to this Section. 1.2 SUMMARY A. This Section includes the following: 1. Wood framing, blocking, and nailers 2. Wood battens, shims, and furring (for wall panel attachment). 3. Plywood sheathing for miscellaneous structures and replacement of deteriorated roof sheathing. B. Related Sections include the following: 1. Section 075216 "SBS Modified Bituminous Membrane Roofing" for adhesively applied 2-ply, SBS bituminous membrane roofing, with self-adhered base ply sheet. 2. Section 076200 "Sheet Metal Flashing and Trim" for installing sheet metal flashing and trim integral with roofing. 1.3 DEFINITIONS A. Dimension Lumber: Lumber of 2-inches nominal or greater but less than 5-inches nominal in least dimension. B. Lumber grading agencies, and the abbreviations used to reference them, include the following: 1. NLGA: National Lumber Grades Authority. 2. WCLIB: West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau. 3. WWPA: Western Wood Products Association. 1.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Testing Agency Qualifications: For testing agency providing classification marking for fire- retardant treated material, an inspection agency acceptable to authorities having jurisdiction that periodically performs inspections to verify that the material bearing the classification marking is representative of the material tested. PRSD – Thompson Elementary School Roof Replacement 061053 – MISCELLANEOUS ROUGH CARPENTRY July, 2012 Page 1 of 7 B. Forest Certification: For the following wood products, provide materials produced from wood obtained from forests certified by an FSC-accredited certification body to comply with FSC 1.2, "Principles and Criteria": 1.
    [Show full text]
  • GP LAM® Laminated Veneer Lumber PR-L257(F)
    GP LAM® Laminated Veneer Lumber PR-L257(F) Georgia-Pacific Wood Products LLC Revised February 12, 2008 Products: GP Lam® 1.8-SP, 1.9-ES, 2.0-ES and 2.1-ES LVL Georgia-Pacific Wood Products LLC, 1000 North Park Drive, Roxboro, North Carolina 27573 (336) 599-1000 www.gp.com 1. Basis of the product report: • 2006 International Building Code: Section 104.11 Alternative Materials • 2006 International Residential Code: Section R104.11 Alternative Materials • 2004 Florida Building Code, Building: Section 104.11 Alternative Materials • ASTM D 5456-03 recognized by the 2006 International Building Code • ASTM D 5456-05 recognized by the 2006 Supplement to the 2004 Florida Building Code • APA Reports T2002P-44, T2002P-45, T2003M-13, T2003P-46, T2004M-41, T2004M-56, T2004M-80, T2005M-23, T2005M-97 and other qualification data 2. Product description: GP Lam® LVL is made with veneer sheets of various species and grades in accordance with the in-plant manufacturing standard approved by APA. GP Lam® LVL are available in thicknesses from 3/4 inch to 5-1/4 inches, widths of 1-1/2 inches to 48 inches and lengths up to 80 feet. 3. Design properties: Table 1 lists the design properties and Table 2 lists the equivalent specific gravities for connection design for GP Lam® LVL. The allowable spans for GP Lam® LVL shall be in accordance with the recommendations provided by the manufacturer as published in the GP Engineered Lumber Residential Floor and Roof Systems Product Guide (Lit. Item 123040 dated June 2006). 4. Product installation: GP Lam® LVL shall be installed in accordance with the recommendations provided by the manufacturer as published in the GP Engineered Lumber Residential Floor and Roof Systems Product Guide (Lit.
    [Show full text]
  • LP Solidstart LVL Technical Guide
    U.S. Technical Guide L P S o l i d S t a r t LV L Technical Guide 2900Fb-2.0E Please verify availability with the LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products distributor in your area prior to specifying these products. Introduction Designed to Outperform Traditional Lumber LP® SolidStart® Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is a vast SOFTWARE FOR EASY, RELIABLE DESIGN improvement over traditional lumber. Problems that naturally occur as Our design/specification software enhances your in-house sawn lumber dries — twisting, splitting, checking, crowning and warping — design capabilities. It ofers accurate designs for a wide variety of are greatly reduced. applications with interfaces for printed output or plotted drawings. Through our distributors, we ofer component design review services THE STRENGTH IS IN THE ENGINEERING for designs using LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products. LP SolidStart LVL is made from ultrasonically and visually graded veneers arranged in a specific pattern to maximize the strength and CODE EVALUATION stifness of the veneers and to disperse the naturally occurring LP SolidStart Laminated Veneer Lumber has been evaluated for characteristics of wood, such as knots, that can weaken a sawn lumber compliance with major US building codes. For the most current code beam. The veneers are then bonded with waterproof adhesives under reports, contact your LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products pressure and heat. LP SolidStart LVL beams are exceptionally strong, distributor, visit LPCorp.com or for: solid and straight, making them excellent for most primary load- • ICC-ES evaluation report ESR-2403 visit www.icc-es.org carrying beam applications. • APA product report PR-L280 visit www.apawood.org LP SolidStart LVL 2900F -2.0E: AVAILABLE SIZES b FRIEND TO THE ENVIRONMENT LP SolidStart LVL 2900F -2.0E is available in a range of depths and b LP SolidStart LVL is a building material with built-in lengths, and is available in standard thicknesses of 1-3/4" and 3-1/2".
    [Show full text]
  • The Wood Lumber Company
    Te Wood Lumber Company by Deborah Grifn Scanlon Tis story starts with Edmund Wood, who owned One hundred and three years later, Falmouth has the Greene and Wood Lumber Yard, a chain of about 32,000 year-round residents, too many lumber warehouses based in New Bedford that dwellings to count, LED streetlights and a 60-per- dated back to 1835. In 1912 Mr. Wood saw son police department. Te Miskells - Joseph’s potential for growth in Falmouth and decided to grandson, Dana Miskell, and his wife Eileen - still open a branch here. He bought James Cameron’s own, manage, and welcome new and old customers small lumber yard on Locust Street and named it to Te Wood Lumber Company. Te Wood Lumber Company. Te lumber business that Edmund Wood bought on Locust Street from Mr. Cameron was originally on King Street. Owned since at least 1875 by B. B. King, for whom the street was named, the business was purchased in 1895 by Mr. Cameron. A native of Scotland, Mr. Cameron came to Fal- mouth by way of Naushon Island, where he was superintendent of the Forbes’s farm. He operated the lumber business on King Street until 1909, when he moved it to Locust Street. Te frst build- ing he put up was a large cypress shed which was in Te frst Wood Lumber Co. ad in Te Enterprise, March use for many years. In 1912, Mr. Cameron sold his 12, 1912 business to Mr. Wood and then lived in Falmouth Joseph B. Miskell, the 22-year-old son of James in retirement for another 25 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential of Cross Laminated Timber in Residential Design
    POTENTIAL OF CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER IN SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION by Brad Burback A thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Civil and Environmental Engineering). Golden, Colorado Date____________________ Signed: ________________________ Brad Burback Signed: ________________________ Dr. Shiling Pei Thesis Advisor Golden, Colorado Date__________________ Signed: ________________________ Dr. John McCray Department Head of Civil and Environmental Engineering ii ABSTRACT Cross laminated timber (CLT) is a panelized engineered wood product that is gaining popularity in the United States as a structural material for massive timber buildings. CLT is shown to be cost competitive to steel and concrete in large building construction projects, but is seen as uncompetitive for smaller scale projects, especially light frame wood (LFW) residential construction. The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed comparison of the cost to construct a CLT home versus a LFW home to quantify the cost difference between both options in the single family home (SFH) market. Based on a realistic floor plan, three different designs were compared based on cost and construction timeline to determine the realistic cost differences between SFH constructions using LFW or CLT. The final results show that the CLT option results in a 21% increase in total construction cost from the LFW option. While it is difficult to justify this
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Article in PDF Format
    E3S Web of Conferences 116, 00047 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911600047 ASEE19 Recognition of emission from the wood based products waste combustion using differential ion mobility spectrometry Monika Maciejewska1,*, Andrzej Szczurek1, and Żaneta Zajiczek1 1Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland Abstract. This work was focussed on the recognition of the emission of volatile compounds resulting from the combustion of engineered wood products waste. This kind of waste is broadly used for heating purposes in an unauthorised way, giving rise to unorganised emissions. The recognition of such events is very difficult due to the complexity of the produced gas mixture. We proposed to apply differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS). This is a promising technique in terms of complex gas mixtures measurements. The recognition was based on the measurements of ambient air in the vicinity of the emission source and classification. The ensemble of classification trees was chosen as the classier. The obtained results showed that volatile compounds resulting from the combustion of wood based boards waste produced the distinctive DMS spectra, which could be used as the basis for the effective recognition. We achieved almost 100 % successful recognition of: 1) ambient air which contained volatile compounds resulting from OSB board waste combustion, 2) ambient air which contained volatile compounds resulting from MDF board waste combustion, and 3) ambient air, which was did not contain volatile compounds of this kind. The presented results have a considerable practical value. The DMS spectrometer was successfully applied to recognize wood-based boards waste combustion in field conditions.
    [Show full text]