The Overall Knowledge Characterising the Training Process of Young Sambo Athletes

Home , Combat sport, Sambo (martial art), Sumo

 REVIEW ARTICLE

The overall knowledge characterising the training process of young sambo athletes

Authors’ Contribution: Aleksander Yurievich Osipov1,2ABCDE, Mikhail Dmitrievich Kudryavtsev1,3ABCDE, A Study Design 4ABCDE 5ABCDE B Data Collection Sergii Sidorovich Iermakov , Władysław Jagiełło C Statistical Analysis D Manuscript Preparation 1 Department of Physical Education, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia E Funds Collection 2 Department of Physical Education, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after professor V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3 Reshetnev Siberian State University Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 4 Department of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sports, Gdansk, Poland 5 Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sports, Gdansk, Poland

Received: 22 November 2018; Accepted: 17 December 2018; Published online: 15 January 2019

AoBID: 12430

Abstract

Background and Study Aim: Experts point to the lack of high-quality scientific research highlighting the initial training stage of young- sam bo athletes. The purpose of the research is knowledge based on scientific publications about the training -pro cess among young sambo athletes.

Material and Methods: The data search was carried out in scientific databases: SCOPUS, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SCIELO, eLIBRARY. Searches included terms: sambo, judo, young athletes, training process. Besides, implementation recommendations of the review and meta-analysis (PRISMA-P) were used for data analysis. Criteria for the inclusion of the revealed documents in the review: the actual problem and the purpose of the study, a significant sample of the studied athletes, the duration of the study is at least one year, tests and measurements and data statistical analysis.

Results: Eighty-seven studies that best meets the search criteria have been found. Direction of research (ordinal variable: number of publications): development of physical qualities of combat athletes (28); improvement of tactical and technical base (23); course training of young athletes (18); sports selection quality (7); control of training load (6); the methods of psychological readiness of athletes (5).

Conclusions: The contradiction has been revealed between the pedagogical need to start learning from the study of martial arts techniques and the techniques predominance for the development of physical qualities of athletes during the first study years. Moreover, unreasonable acceleration of training process of young sambo athletes was found during the initial period of training. The lack of coordination abilities development was found among young athletes.

Keywords: coordination abilities • Sambo sport schools • structural analysis • training cycle • training loads Copyright: © 2018 the Authors. Published by Archives of Budo Conflict of interest: Authors have declared that no competing interest exists Ethical approval: The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee Provenance & peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed

Source of support: Departmental sources Author’s address: Władysław Jagiełło, Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Physical Education and Sports, K. Gorskiego Str.1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. Original Article

Sambo – is a Russian martial INTRODUCTION art and combat sport. The word of young athletes to the detriment of the multi- “SAMBO” is an acronym for Sambo is a relatively young international martial year plans frameworks of training of elite combat SAMozashchita Bez Oruzhiya, which literally translates art (combat sport) that appeared in the USSR in sports athletes as it was indicated by Vorobev on as “self-defence without the 1930s. This type of martial arts is charac- a wrestlers example [7]. weapons”. Sambo is relatively modern since its development terized by the performance of various throws, began in the early 1920s by the grabs, holds and painful techniques. Successful In this regard, we have identified the main Soviet Red Army to improve its hand-to-hand combat activities depend on the technical base, tactical research problem as significant scientific data abilities. It was intended to be skills and optimal physical conditioning of ath- collected by Russian and foreign experts on the a merger of the most effective techniques of other martial arts. letes in sambo [1]. However, the training pro- organisation of the training process for young The pioneers of Sambo were cess of qualified sambists (sambo athlete) is quite athletes at the initial and subsequent training Viktor Spiridonov and Vasili Oshchepkov. Oshchepkov died lengthy and depends on a large number of dif- stages in sambo schools. in prison as a result of the Great ferent factors. Experts argue that the most dif- Purge after being accused of being a Japanese spy. ficult problem of sambo training is the optimal The purpose of the research is knowledge based Oshchepkov spent several years planning of the long-term training process of ath- on scientific publications about the training -pro living in Japan and training in judo under its founder Jigoro letes starting from the initial stage of training [2]. cess among young sambo athletes. Kano [Wikipedia]. Also, experts believe that the main indicator of the effectiveness of training effects is the level Technique– noun a way of performing an action [61]. of athletes’ competitive results in wrestling [3]. MATERIAL AND METHODS Unfortunately, this evaluation criterion cannot Tactics – plural noun the art of finding and implementing be applied to the training process of young and The review and analysis of data were carried means to achieve immediate or beginning martial arts athletes. Full-fledged com- out in accordance with the recommendations short-term aims [61]. petitions are not held for the first 2-3 years of of the implementation of the systematic review Sports technique – a method young athletes training. If mistakes were made and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P). The of performing a motor task during the training of young athletes at the initial search for scientific documents was conducted specified in the rules of a given sports discipline that training stage, they could be identified and cor- in the international scientific information bases: depends on particular athletes’ rected only in a few years. Consequently, close SCOPUS, PubMed, Web of Science, Google somatic, motor and psychic properties [63]. attention needs to be given to the process of Scholar, SCIELO and the largest Russian sci- training young athletes in wrestling. entific database: eLIBRARY. Significant scien- Physical conditioning – noun same as conditioning noun the tific publications and dissertations of Russian work or programme used to A review of scientific studies on the preparation scientists (published over the past 40 years) bring somebody or something to a good physical state [61]. of sports reserve in judo and sambo showed that are compulsorily loaded into the eLIBRARY experts consider the search for effective means database to form the Russian Science Citation Physical performance test – of physical and technical training of athletes to Index. Searches included terms: sambo, judo, set of tests to evaluate speed, strength, and flexibility in a be a priority for the training of young and begin- young athletes, beginning athletes, the training specific context. ning sambo athletes. A serious problem is also process of young athletes and other related called the need for effective control and cor- terms. We decided to include the term “judo” Motor coordination test – a test designed to evaluate rection of the muscular efforts of young ath- in the search query because it was decided that the ability to organise one’s letes when performing various techniques [4]. many athletes compete in two kinds of com- movements successfully. It was also revealed that a significant part of bat sports of wrestling type at once: judo and Training session – noun a period junior and young sambo athletes does not dem- sambo starting from a young age in Russia. The of time during which an athlete trains, either alone, with a onstrate indicators of how reliable they are dur- period was being taken from 2007 to 2018 for trainer or with their team [61]. ing the competitions [5]. According to Nikitushkin the search query. We believe this period is opti- and Alkhasov [6], the study and development of mal for identifying relevant scientific data that Weight categories – are divisions used to match the training methodology basics of martial arts have the results of practical use in the training competitors against others of should take a leading role in the training of begin- activities of athletes. their weight. ning young athletes. The effectiveness of such Psychological preparation – exercises depends on the quality of the methods It is believed that the criteria for the inclusion mental preparation in which used by coaches [6]. At the same time, experts of scientific data in the review are: the presence competitors learn how to deal with psychological stresses point to a fairly small number of completed sci- of a topical problem and the achievement of the and achieve an optimal level entific studies covering the process of preparing research goal, a significant sample of the studied of arousal so that they will be able to perform the best of young combat sports athletes. The low efficiency persons (the presence of a control and experi- their ability [62]. of the most methodical training programs was mental group), a sufficient period of research (at also revealed for young athletes in specialised least 1 year), tests and measurements availability sambo sports schools. One of the main prob- and correct statistical data analysis. lems is speeding up the initial training process

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Candidate dissertation – It turned out that the query has highlighted 87 the selection, coaches assess the physical fit- according to the Russian studies that satisfy the conditions of information ness level of children and young people. Dworkin system PhD thesis. retrieval. Sixty-eight scientific articles, 18 candi- has observed 30 young athletes (8-10 years old) Doctoral dissertation date dissertations (PhD thesis) and one postdoc- selected for the year according to estimates. The – according to Russian toral dissertation have been found. criteria for a positive assessment are the compli- nomenclature means postdoctoral dissertation (or ance of the physical conditions of the subjects habilitation). with the control tests (30 m run, 3x10 m shut- Combat sport – noun a sport tle run, long jump from the spot, arm flexion and RESULTS in which one person fights extension, etc.). The scientist found out that the another, e.g. wrestling, boxing and the martial arts [61]. The analysis in the databases showed that out of young judo athletes who showed an advantage in 87 studies, the most (n = 28) are devoted to the the level of physical fitness show better results in Martial arts – plural noun search for opportunities to improve certain phys- the speed of the combat techniques at the selec- any of various systems of combat and self-defence, e.g. ical qualities and motor abilities of the students. tion time in a year of training [8]. Judo or karate, developed Nevertheless, 23 studies contain data on the pos- especially in Japan and Korea and now usually practised as a sibilities of improving technical and tactical train- However, such selection criteria are criticized sport [61]. ing of young athletes in the initial training period. by a number of domestic and foreign experts. Combat sport & martial art Eighteen studies are devoted to the problems of Vorobev [7] indicates that tests for the children – relation according to the building long training cycles for training young ath- selection in martial arts schools contain too many theory of combat sport: “every combat sport is martial arts but letes. Seven scientific articles cover the problems tasks of power and speed-power orientation to not vice versa” [64, p. 18]. of qualitative children selection and young men the detriment of other physical qualities. Also, in martial arts schools. Six studies reflect the pos- these tests weakly take into account the spe- Training load – “A simple mathematical model of sibilities of organising effective pedagogical con- cifics of martial arts and do not always provide training load can be defined trol over the volume of training load among young for a differentiated assessment of young ath- as the product of qualitative and quantitative factor. This wrestlers. There is data on increasing the level of letes results [7]. Moreover, foreign experts use reasoning may become unclear psychological children readiness to engage in mar- motor coordination tests when evaluating the whenever the quantitative factor is called ‘workload tial arts and the beginning of competitive activities motor skills of young athletes [9]. In the opin- volume’ or ‘training volume’ in 5 scientific articles. However, this distribution ion of Osipov et al. [10], in addition to the abil- interchangeably with ‘volume of physical activity’. Various is somewhat arbitrary, since some studies can be ity to maintain body balance taking into account units have been adopted as attributed to several subjects at once. the candidates’ ability to perform certain wres- measures, i.e. the number of repetitions, kilometres, tons, tling techniques type when selecting children in kilocalories, etc. as well as The period of the researches was from 1 to 10 sambo and judo schools. At the same time, the various units of time (seconds, minutes, hours) (…) As in the years of observations. The shortest duration of level of physical fitness of young candidates for real world, nothing happens the study period (1-2 years) was found in the fol- training is not the main criterion for a successful beyond the time, the basic procedure of improvement of lowing topics: methods of effective pedagogical sports career. At the same time, 60 athletes were workload measurement should control over the training load. The longest dura- monitored from the moment they were selected logically start with separation of the time factor from the set tion (1-10 years) has been revealed in the fol- in wrestling schools (11-12 years old) on reaching of phenomena so far classified lowing topics: Problems of organising effective 21 years’ age by the athletes. together as ‘workload volume’. (…) Due to the fact that the sports selection in wrestling schools (sambo sport heart rate (HR) is commonly schools). The age of the studied athletes from 7 Besides, observations showed that the advan- accepted as the universal measure of workload intensity, to 15 years old. The smallest number of partici- tage of more physically developed athletes at the the product of effort duration pants (n = 86) is presented in studies devoted to selection time, in competitive results, was being and HR seems to be the general indicator of training load defined the subject of psychological preparation of young observed in the first 3-4 years of wrestling type as the amount of workload. It athletes for competitive activity. The largest num- of training. Then, competitive results were sig- is useful in analyses with a high level of generality. (…) In current ber (n = 1,027) of young combat sports athletes nificantly better for athletes who showed a high research and training practice, of the wrestling type took part in studies high- ability to maintain a body balance and master the product of effort duration and HR was referred to as lighting the problems of creating optimal training the procedures techniques in judo[10]. It should conventional units’, or further cycles of training. be taken into account the data on the need of calculations have been made to convert it into points.” [65, the morphological features of young candidates p. 238]. Characteristics of scientific data corresponding which have been found for training in sambo and to a specific subject of research are presented in judo sports schools. Makhalin et al. [11] surveyed Tatami – traditional straw mats used in jūdō and aikidō Table 1. 65 young sambo athletes in Altai. The scientists training halls [66]. revealed that there are significant morphological Randori – sparring in judo Most coaches consider the main selection cri- differences among the boys from the north and in which both participants terion – the level of physical fitness of candi- south of Altai. According to the data which shows practice attacking and dates for martial arts training. First of all, during that climatic and geographical living conditions defending [66].

Table 1. General research characteristics found during the overall analysis of the scientific works in period 2007-2018 (ordinal variable: number of publications).

Topic Studies range Research interval Athletes Outcomes

28 The lack of coordination abilities development. Physical skills development (18 Ar; 10 Cd) 1-4 years 911 young men Training forcing of athletes by increasing the (8-15 years) amount of general physical readiness. The use of games and tasks that simulate the Wrestling training techniques and 23 618 young men wrestling against the enemy. Reduction of the tactics (14 Ar; 9 Cd) 1-3 years (10-14 years) general physical preparedness of the total volume of tasks. A significant increase in the volume of training Training cycle 18 1-5 years 1027 young men load of young athletes was revealed at the initial (13 Ar; 4 Cd; 1 Dd) (7-14 years old) training stage. Different selection criteria are proposed: testing 7 729 young men of physical condition, psychological state, level Sport selection (4 Ar; 3 Cd) 1-10 years (8-12 years) of coordination abilities (CA) and the ability to perform methods of wrestling. 6 112 young men Use of ECG indications and informative Training load oversight (4 Ar; 2 Cd) 1-2 years (10-15 years) psychophysiological tests was recommended. Inviting of psychologists, modelling of difficult Psychological preparation of athletes 5 1-3 years 86 young men situations, demonstration performances in front of (3 Аr; 2 Cd) (10-13 years) famous fighters. Note: Ar article, Cd PhD thesis, Dd doctoral dissertation (habilitation).

Overtrain – verb to train or exercise, or make can affect the performance of the cardiorespi- subsequent sports activities the next years of somebody train or exercise, ratory fitness of young athletes which contrib- training significantly in sambo [12]. excessively, especially before a competition, with a resulting ute to better results of sports activity in the first decrease in effectiveness [61]. years [11]. Thus, it was found a lack of a unified position of scientists on the planning of long cycles of Overload – verb to give a part of the body too much weight Consequently, there are proposals to move from training load of young athletes at the beginning to bear [61]. testing the children level of physical fitness to of their training. At the preliminary preparation an assessment of their psychological state. stage for children on reaching 8-10 years’ age Hmeleva [12]proposes to conduct psychologi- Vorobev [13] proposes to use a two-year cycle cal testing of children and adolescents selection which includes 2 annual courses with a total of young athletes at the initial training stage in workload (based on the time indicator – and con- sambo sport schools. During 6 years, 529 young sistently in further argumentation): 156 hours are men aged 10-12 years underwent similar test- in the first year of study and 208 hours are in ing during the selection to sambo sport schools the second year. At the same time, the amount and during the first year of training. At the same of general physical preparedness (GPP) should time, the test consists of 60 questions reflect- significantly prevail in the total amount of working the level of the individual psychological state load of a two-year cycle [13]. However, there is of young athletes. Questions are divided into a significant acceleration in the training process 2 halves where in each half the questions are of young athletes. Khomichev and Tarakanov [14] repeated in a different order. Testing time is lim- note that the amount of training load of young ited to no more than 10 minutes. The received wrestlers has increased significantly in recent answers are compared. Matches in answers to years. An increase was revealed in the training the same question are considered the correct workload from 312 hours to 624 hours of classes answer and inconsistencies are false. The norm per year when young athletes moved from the for successful testing is if there are no more than initial training stage to the training stage. The 5 false answers. This author argues that taking scientist recommends that the total amount of into account the individual psychological char- workload should be no more than 260 hours acteristics of young wrestlers at the initial train- during the year for 7-8 years old children. The ing stage increases the effectiveness of their amount of training load is no more than 312

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hours for children reaching 9-10 years’ age dur- It should be noted that scientists suggest using ing the year. heart rate analysis (ECG data) solving the problem of organising operational and objective control Furthermore, during each study year, the time over the level of training load of young athletes. of workload should be increased by about 140- Pseunok and Gayrabekov [23] point out that 160 hours per year [14]. The change in the ratio the training process of sambo athletes reaching between workload and rest is associated with 12-14 years’ age needs careful monitoring of the forcing the training of young wrestlers to com- functional capabilities of children and the cor- petitive activity [15]. Also, the increase of com- rect assessment of the young athlete’s reactions petitive activity entails an increase in the number to training loads. The scientists have been car- of training loads in preparation for tournaments ried out the monitoring of the adaptive capacity among young athletes [16]. among 31 young athletes for 2 years. For monitoring, the analysis of heart contractions rhythm Podoruev [17] indicates the congestion of the was used according to the Bayevsky method [23]. long-term training programs for athletes with The saliva analysis of young athletes was also a large amount of general physical exercises used, in particular, the level assessment of potas- (GPP) to the detriment of the technical and tac- sium and sodium elements concentration. It was tical base for training of judo athletes[17]. The revealed that the adaptation processes of young negative impact of a large number of training athletes to an increasing exercise amount are loads was revealed on the health of young com- disrupted in the absence of proper control [24]. bat sports practitioners [18]. At the same time, Also, a method of controlling the ECG data of confirmed data has been found that the accen- athletes using the Zavyalov [25] method has been tuated improvement of physical qualities using implemented in the practice of training young additional exercises from other kinds of sport sambo athletes. This method consists of record- provides young athletes with a significant indi- ing and evaluating data on the appearance of the cators increase of speed-strength endurance and ischemic ST segment and the flattening of the T explosive power [19]. wave as objective indicators of acute fatigue of the heart muscle during training. Data evaluation However, there are studies proving that the train- is the assignment of certain points to the ECG ing process of young athletes both in sambo, indications of athletes (from 19 to 31 points). It is wrestling and judo should be built on the foun- recommended to stop the training sessions when dation of young wrestlers’ qualitative mastery of determining the 26-29 points [25]. It should be wrestling techniques. Besides, Osipov [20] points noted that many specialists use only indicators of to the possibility of a significant increase in the the heart rate of wrestlers monitoring the load of amount of technical training time by reducing the athletes in the practice of judo [26]. amount of GPP of young athletes to 40-50% of existing standards [20]. The research involved 24 In the practice of sambo, scientists have imple- young athletes (13-14 years old). In the experi- mented more effective methods of using an elec- mental group of athletes, the time of study of trocardiogram to determine the response of the combat technique was increased by 50% due to body of young athletes to training loads [27]. the reduction in the amount of GPP during the Also, technologies are applied for monitoring year of training. The scientist found out that the the heartbeats rhythm of martial arts athletes athletes who used this training method discov- using modern mobile devices [28]. There are ered the best results in the number and quality of methods for determining the psycho-physiolog- technical actions performed for a certain period ical status of young martial arts athletes using of time (3 minutes). Vandyshev’s [21] research a set of psychophysiological tests (visual-motor was also found proving the possibility of faster reaction, recognition reaction, etc.). Podrigalo et training of young athletes to technical actions al. [29] indicate that these tests are informative when using a sufficient amount of mobile games for assessing the functional state of athletes and and special coordination tasks (more than 50% can be used to predict the success of athletes of the total training effects) in the learning pro- practising different styles of martial arts [29]. cess [21]. When planning training courses, the need for young athletes for some rest and rehy- Moreover, there are proposals to involve sports dration should be taken into account to prevent psychologists to work with young athletes to dehydration during training sessions [22]. form the psychology of a winner among children

starting from the initial stage of sambo training. At the same time, Vandyshev [21] points out Usually, psychologists start working with athletes that it is necessary to pay special attention to with competitive experience. Esaulov et al. [30] the development of coordination abilities (CA) offer to use the experience of sports psycholo- among young (8-11 years old) sambo athletes. gists already at the stage of initial training of young Game tasks and exercises that simulate the athletes. It is believed that children with a winner’s practice of martial arts should be used for the mentality will have an advantage over their peers successful development of coordination abili- in competitive activities [30]. Experts draw their ties. The 40 of athletes who participated in the attention to the need for regulating aggression research were divided into experimental and (aggressiveness) level among young men train- control groups. The study period has been for ing martial arts [31]. Coaches should pay their 3 years. Thus, physical exercises aimed at the attention to the possibility of inviting psycholo- accuracy and speed movement with restrictions gists advising at martial arts schools. Some experts as to execution time were used in the training suggest using the individually oriented methodol- program of athletes of the experimental group. ogy in training young sambo athletes of age 10-12 Methodical features of the exercises: the use years actively. It is proposed to use motivational of unusual starting positions, changing counter- and moral components in the training process. partner, change the pace of movement, etc. The Specialists refer to these components: conversa- scientist points out that this technique allows tions about the impact of sambo on the character us to accelerate the development of technical of young people in combination with various exer- actions at the initial and subsequent stages of cises with famous sambo athletes [32]. training athletes [21].

Noskov [33] proposes using challenge prizes to Furthermore, Kondakov [41] points to the possi- the best athletes of the school to increase moti- bility of improving the level of technical and tacti- vation for sambo classes. Also, this author rec- cal training of sambo athletes of age 11-12 years ommends beginning sambists to keep sports using special coordination exercises. It is also nec- diaries indicating specific learning objectives essary to take into account the weight categories and describing ways to achieve them [33]. of young athletes. The study involved 112 young Ivankin [34] proposes to use the methodology athletes in reaching 11-12 years’ age. Depending of using situational tasks for the formation of the on the weight category of athletes: light, medium optimal combat status of young sambists. or heavy the use of coordination exercises was regulated: from 10-20% of the total time of train- The scientists have conducted a research with 40 ing effects of light and medium weight categories sambo athletes (12-13 years old) for 3 years. It of athletes and 20-30% of medium and heavy- was revealed that the use of situational tasks and weight categories of the athletes. The research portfolio technology as a reflexive technology for data show that the use of coordination exer- assessing sports results optimises the process of cises in the required training amount has a pos- preparing young sambo athletes for competitive itive effect on the level of technical training of activities [34]. Experts say that the use of indi- young athletes of various weight categories [41]. vidually oriented techniques along with the for- However, the scientist notes that the effective- mation of moral motivational attitudes allows ness of this approach is closely related to the suc- improving the implementation quality of the com- cessful prediction of young athletes belonging to bat sports techniques [35]. Also, the formation of a particular weight category in the early stages the moral responsibility of students is necessary of sambo combat sport. Errors in forecasting will for the proper execution of training tasks [36]. significantly affect the effectiveness of using this approach during the teaching practice of young Therefore, the literature presents data that train- sambo athletes. Most of the domestic experts ing contributes to the development of stability predict the affiliation of young athletes to a -par and maintaining the body balance of athletes ticular weight category in the later stages of train- under various influences in martial arts [37]. ing. Most accurately, coaches can only identify However, Russian scientists pay their attention athletes of the lightest and heaviest category to the insufficient level of coordination abili- due to the manifestation of their constitutional ties development among young athletes which traits: height, body weight, proportions and body negatively affects technical training level of type [42]. sambo [38] and judo athletes [39, 40].

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Accordingly, Filin and Strizhak [43] note that the (aged 11-12 years) were the participants of the problem analysis of technical and tactical skills study, and they were divided into experimental of young sambo athletes revealed some lack of and control groups. In our studies, experts from information about the possibilities for the devel- the experimental group were asked to make opment of the CA and the formation of tech- attempts of mutual stalling, shoving and push- nical skills of young and novice sambists [43]. ing the partner in an unstable position. It was Scientists also affirm that the final effectiveness also recommended to perform various jumps, of the technical and tactical training of novice turns, tumbling and rotation. Exercise duration sambo athletes will be due to the high develop- – at least 20 minutes on each training session. ment level of motor-coordination abilities, speed- A year later, the results revealed a significant strength abilities and endurance. It should be increase in the ability to maintain body balance noted that motor coordination capabilities are under dynamic conditions among athletes of the one of the leading factors in achieving success in experimental group [47]. judo among young athletes [44]. It was found that the activity of athletes correlates with the reac- Meshavkin [48] proposes using the elements tion rate and accuracy of junior judokas move- of pedagogical control in the process of techni- ments significantly during fights [45]. cal actions training young athletes of ages 10-12 years. The studies involved 60 young judo athletes Podoruev [17] draws his attention to the inabil- (their age was 10-12 years) who were divided into ity of many athletes implementing difficult-coor- experimental and control groups. The research dination techniques successfully. This is due to duration has been for 2 years. Besides, during a rather early sporting specialisation of children the classes, athletes from the experimental group and the attributes existence of sporting confron- had to perform technical activities assessed by a tation at the primary education stage. The sci- special commission the members of which were entist conducted a biomechanical analysis of coaches and judges. Also, the scientist applied the the technique of throwing: ouchi-gari, kouchi- method of using verbal reports on the descrip- gari, uchi-mata, harai-tsurikomi-ashi. At the same tion of the performed movements. According to time, the study involved 40 young athletes of the scientist, the introduction of assessments for ages 10-13 years who had experience in sambo the implementation of technical elements dur- and judo at least one year. Besides, a large num- ing each training session contributes to improv- ber of redundant and multidirectional movements ing the quality of technical and tactical training of was revealed in the implementation structure of young judo athletes at the stage of initial sports these techniques among athletes. Also, scientist specialisation [48]. proposes using motor actions in the training process of young athletes that imitate the structures Koptev [49] recommends the use of 16 different of various difficult-coordination shots but with- criteria for evaluating the competitive compe- out falling down and dropping an opponent on tence of judo athletes (the quality of the struggle, the carpet or tatami [17]. activity during the match, the judge’s scores, etc.). Criteria are determined by analysing the compet- Dzhalilov [46] recommends that for the devel- itive practice of young athletes and randori [49]. opment of the GPP of beginning sambo athletes Scientists point to the need for developing com- should be paid more attention to the improve- petitive competence of Russian athletes starting ment of technical actions in a state of “unusu- at a young age [50]. alness” – conditions that are complicated or unaccustomed to young athletes. Therefore, Unfortunately, there was a lack of meaningful these conditions include limiting the area of the research on weight control among young sambo carpet for throwing, frequent changes of partners athletes. Such studies are necessary because of various anthropometry, etc. [46]. there is a risk of health deterioration of young athletes with rapid weight loss [51]. Also, there Osipov et al. [47] propose using the complex of is insufficient data on the effective injuries pre- special exercises for the development of the CA vention of young athletes during martial arts. and for maintaining the body balance of young Statistics show that the risk of various injuries athletes for each training lesson. Studies have is relatively high in the practice of sambo and been conducted for 1 year. Besides, 28 athletes judo [52].

DISCUSSION It turned out that a significant increase has been Thus, the discussion of the obtained data should revealed in the training load of young com- be started from the analysis of the methods bat sports athletes in recent years of scientific of sports children selection to the stage of ini- observations. Moreover, a significant increase tial sambo, and judo training in combat sports in training tasks has been done for young ath- schools belongs to wrestling type. It should be letes since the second year of their training [14]. noted that many domestic experts primarily eval- Such a sharp increase often leads to negative uate the children level of physical fitness in the consequences: overtraining, overload, increased selection of sambo and judo schools. There was a injuries [53] and reduced motivation to combat contradiction in the positions of scientists; some sports of wrestling type [18]. According to some of them recommend choosing first of all the chil- scholars, a significant increase in training loads dren and adolescents’ level of physical fitness in of young athletes is not reasonable at the initial the selection process. It was revealed that young training stages [14] and during the first 2 years athletes who have an advantage of physical fit- of training activity [17]. ness demonstrate the best results in the speed of throwing at the initial training stage [8]. Other The main conclusions from this review lead experts recommend paying attention to the to a more thorough analysis of the discov- coordination and ability level to perform fight- eries of Polish and Lithuanian researchers ing techniques of candidates in sambo and judo regarding the use of “testing fights in a verti- sports schools. It was revealed that these crite- cal posture” (TFVP [54, 55]) in the selection of ria would have a significant impact on the growth candidates for long-term training of the wres- of the athletic performance of athletes who tling type of combat sports from two perspec- have completed the initial and practice training tives. The first concerns are forecasting sports phases [10]. Also, there is evidence of a decrease successes in the future [56]. The second, train- in the age threshold of children when recruiting ing self-defence specialists as future employ- in sambo and judo sports schools from 9-10 years ees protecting security guards (people and old to 7 years old and in some schools up to 5-6 property [57-59]. Researchers found a very years old [7]. Luckily, coaches explain this by the low correlation (or lack) between TFVP results presence of a large number of children of this and physical fitness tests. Because correlation age who want to engage in these types of mar- (r = 0.892, R2 = 80%) between the number of tial arts. Such a trend will require specialists to victories in TFVP and TFHP (“testing fights improve existing selection methods taking into in a horizontal posture” 33 military cadets account the young age of candidates. Lowering of is an important empirical evidence that both the children age will cause a discrepancy between tests measure predisposition (talent) for com- the indicators of their physical condition and the bat sports of the wrestling type and self-de- existing regulatory framework of the test items fence [55, 59]. Furthermore, people who win used in the selection of sambo and judo schools. in TFVP are also successful in combat sports in the long run [56]. Dadelo concludes that the The contradiction was discovered between the S-Index (proportions of scuffles won) should be pedagogical need to begin training with the recommended as one of the basic criteria of study of the technical base of martial arts and guards’ competence [58]. research data on the predominance of the physical skills development of beginning young ath- These observations are confirmed by an exper- letes at the initial stage of training [13]. It goes iment by Sertić et al. [60]. Multiple correlation without saying that scientists point out that train- coefficients of the motor potential indices are sta- ing programs for beginning combat sports ath- tistically significant and almost equal to the num- letes (especially judokas) contain a large number ber of victories (r = 0.38) and the sum of technical of exercises (GPP) to the detriment of the tech- points (r = 0.40). Thus they explain about 15% nical training of young athletes [17]. There is sci- of the common variance. Of the five individual entific evidence that reduction of some exercises dimensions, only two – flexibility and ability to (GPP) and the inclusion of special coordination perform complex motor tasks that require explo- tasks in the process of training activities makes sive speed – had a statistically significant indi- it possible to train young athletes to sambo tech- vidual contribution to explaining the variance of niques quickly [20]. the combat efficiency measured by the number of victories [60].

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CONCLUSIONS in lowering children age at the stage of selection The analysis of the discovered data showed dif- to wrestling type of combat sports schools and ferences in the views of Russian scientists on the increasing the training load starting from the sec- organisation of sambo and judo training process to ond year of study. Specialists draw their attention young and beginning athletes. Also, there are dif- to the insufficient level of CA development among ferences in the views on the criteria for the chil- young athletes. The search for scientific data will be dren selection to wrestling type of combat sports continued in order to implement optimal planning schools and nature of training effects at the initial of the training process of young athletes in sambo training stage. It was revealed a significant acceler- and judo sports schools in the Russian Federation. ation of sports training of young athletes expressed

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Cite this article as: Osipov AY, Kudryavtsev MD, Iermakov SS et al. The overall knowledge characterising the training process of young sambo athletes. Arch Budo 2019; 15: 1-10

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