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Climate Risk Profile Nyeri County Highlights

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Climate Risk Profile Nyeri County Highlights Kenya County Climate Risk Profile Series Climate Risk Profile Nyeri County Highlights Agriculture is an important sector in Nyeri County. It employs approximately 66% of the labour force and contributes about 57% to household incomes (GoK, 2013). Productivity in the sector is low, as it faces several challenges such as poor agricultural credit access, land degradation, poor access to agricultural inputs, crop livestock diseases and most importantly climate hazards. Problematic climatic challenges in the county are drought, extreme temperatures, frost and floods. Kieni East and West are the most prone to floods; Kieni West, East Mukurweini, Mathira West and Tetu Sub-county to drought and Mukurweini, Tetu, Nyeri South, Mathira East and West sub counties more prone to landslides. These hazards affect agricultural production negatively. For instance in 2013 resulted in a 15% decrease in crop areas in Kiamathaga and Munyu locations, and an equal reduction in maize yields (Orre et al., 2013). Drought incidences are foreseen to increase following a decrease in rainfall amounts after every 3-4 years (Karienye et al., 2012). Despite the high adoption rates of adaptation strategies (72%), 74%, 68%, and 60% for the male-, female- and youth-headed households, hitherto, the youth and female are the most vulnerable due to factors such as limited resource (for example land) control. These adaptations are heavily embedded in the farmers’ local knowledge which is based on experience of their local environment and resources. Adaptation strategies for crop farmers include improved seed varieties, changing the cropping calendar, use of indigenous information in controlling diseases, irrigation, water harvesting, soil and water conservation, drought tolerant crops and use of greenhouse, use of indigenous information in controlling diseases, irrigation, and use of greenhouses. Strategies for livestock farmers include fodder conservation, rearing improved breeds, feed supplementation, livestock intensification (zero grazing), and planting drought- tolerant fodder crops. There is need to promote strategies such as tree planting, rehabilitation and conservation of water sheds and value addition for both livestock keepers and crop producers. Republic of Kenya List of acronyms AEZ Agro-Ecological Zone ASDSP Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme CAIS Central Artificial Insemination Station CEEP Community Economic Empowerment Programme ECF East Cost Fever EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Authority ERPARDP Economic Recovery Poverty Alleviation and Regional Development Programme ESP Economic Stimulus Programme FFEPP Fish Farming Enterprise Productivity Programme FMD Foot and Mouth Disease GEF Global Environmental Facility GoK Government of Kenya HDI Human Development Index IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development KACCAL Kenya Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands KALRO Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization KAPP Kenya Agricultural Productivity Programme KENAFF Kenya National Agricultural Federation of Farmers KDB Kenya Dairy Board KLPA Kenya Livestock Producers Association KMD Kenya Meteorological Department KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KVA Kenya Veterinary Association LH Lower Highland Nyeri MoALF Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries NDMA National Drought Management Authority NCD Newcastle Disease NMK Njaa Marufuku Kenya PEGRESS Project on Enhancing Gender Responsive Services PSP Participatory Scenario Planning SCCF Special Climate Change Fund SHEP-UP Small holder Horticulture Empowerment Unit Project VCC Value Chain Commodity WB World Bank 2 Kenya County Climate Risks Profiles Series Foreword Climate change is becoming one of the most serious still in the field), or no planting at all (if the drought challenges to Kenya’s achievement of its development comes before farmers plant) and reduction in milk goals as described under Vision 2030. Kenya is already production following a decrease in quantity and quality extremely susceptible to climate-related events, and of pastures. For instance the drought of 2014 that projections indicate that the impacts are likely to affect resulted to crop failure in the constituency exposed the country even more in the future. In many areas, 180,000 people (33,000households) to food insecurity extreme events and variability of weather are now the (Kenya News Agency, 2014). This saw food prices go norm: rainfall is irregular and unpredictable; some high especially for beans where a kilogram was selling regions experience frequent droughts during the long at 90 Kenya Shillings from 75 Shillings, a kilogram of rainy season, others severe floods during the short tomato at 60 shillings from 50, and Capsicum selling rains. The arid and semi-arid areas are particularly at 100 a kilogram from 70 shillings (Business Daily, hard hit by these climate hazards, thereby putting the 2014), making it hard for farmers to procure supplies lives of millions of households and their social and for planting and consumption; necessitating food aid economic activities at risk. interventions. The same was witnessed in 2016 when there was a remarkable decrease in water volumes in In 2010, Kenya developed a National Climate Change rivers, water pans and dams, increase in distance to Response Strategy (NCCRS) which recognized the water sources, decline in milk production, increase importance of climate change impacts on the country’s in food prices and increase in malnutrition cases development. This was followed by the National (NDMA, 2016). In addition to the droughts, Nyeri Climate Change Action Plan in 2012. Since the focus County residents also suffer loss due to floods. For of these initiatives has been the national level, there example, the floods of 2015, which destroyed crops, is a need to mainstream climate change perspectives livestock and assets, displaced thousands in Kanyagia in programmes and development plans at the county location in 2015 (Star, 2015). These extreme events level. compromising the livelihoods of thousands of people in Nyeri call for deliberate efforts in building resilience To strengthen local capacities to reduce the near-, and adaptive capacity of the vulnerable. medium- and long-term vulnerability to current and future climate variability, the Kenyan Government, The Profile is organized into six main sections, each through the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock reflecting an essential analytical step in studying and Fisheries (MALF) is implementing the Kenya current and potential adaptation options in key local Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid agricultural value chain commodities. The text first Lands (KACCAL) project. The project is funded with offers an overview of the county’s main value chain a grant from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF)/ commodities key to food security and livelihoods, Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) through the as well as major challenges to agricultural sector World Bank. The present study is part of the KACCAL development in the county. In the next section, the main project; it aims to inform the county government climate hazards are identified based on the analysis of and stakeholders on the climate change risks and historical climate data and climate projections. This opportunities for agriculture so that they are able to includes scientific assessment of climate indicators integrate these perspectives into their development for dry spells, flooding, and heat stress among other plans and processes. key hazards for agriculture. It continues with an analysis of the vulnerabilities and risks posed by the This document presents the Climate Risk Profile for hazards deemed to be potentially most harmful to the Nyeri County. The county is prone to both drought and respective value chains. Based on these vulnerabilities, floods since some areas are semi-arid (those lying on current and potential on-farm adaptation options and the leeward side of Mt. Kenya) and others very wet. off-farm serv ices are discussed. The text also provides Rain patterns in Nyeri County have changed, with snapshots of the policy, institutional and governance amounts decreasing after every 3-4 years (Karienye et context that can enable adoption of resilience-building al., 2012). Drought is common in the semi-arid Kieni strategies. Finally, it presents potential pathways West, East Mukurweini, Mathira West and Tetu where for strengthening institutional capacity to address the consequences include crop failures (if crops are potential future climate risks. Nyeri County 3 Agricultural context rainfall and lies between 2130 and 2380 m above sea level (Kieni). Economic relevance of farming UH3, also known as the Upper Wheat-Barley Nyeri is one of the 47 counties of Kenya located in Zone, receives 900-1050 mm of mean annual the Central region of the County. It covers about 3,337 rainfall and lies between 2130 and 2200 meters km2]1 (KNBS, 2014) and borders Nyandarua County above sea level (Kieni and a bit of Mathira). to the West, Kirinyaga County to the East, Muranga County to the South, Laikipia County to the North, LH1, also known as the Tea-Dairy Zone, receives and Meru County to the North East. The county is 1400-1800 mm of mean annual rainfall and lies rich in natural resources with main features being at an altitude of 1950-2070 meters (Tetu Othaya the Mount Kenya, the Aberdare ranges and hills like and Mathira). Tumutumu, Nyeri, and Karima. The main rivers in the county include river Chania,
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