HISTORY OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION Experimentation with herbs and plants Illness attributed to evil spirits Medicine men uses black and white magic Ancient Nurse- act as domestic servants EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (ca 3000 BC) Built irrigation canal and granaries for storage of food Practice of prophylaxis by the medicine man and high priest Emphasis on personal hygiene, cleanliness within & outside the body Sanitation measures ( removal of refuse and crude fumigation in times of epidemics ± reached an advance stage of knowledge. - custom of embalming (mummification) - recognized 250 different diseases - developed drugs and procedures (surgery) - 480 B.C. (neurosurgery)

Hammurabi -the sixth king of Babylon. He became the first king of the Babylonian Empire. He is known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history. Imhotep is credited with being the founder of Egyptian medicine and with being the author of a medical treatise remarkable for being devoid of magical thinking, the Edwin Smith papyrus containing anatomical observations, ailments, and cures attributed to his works. Imhotep was considered the inventor of healing, two thousand years after his death, his status was raised to that of a deity. He became the god of medicine and healing.

Xenodochium ± house for the sick Hebrews (c.a. 1400 BC) Founders of public hygiene Moses ³Father of Sanitation´ Mosaic Health Code pertained to every aspect of individual, family & community hygiene, included: a. Principles of personal hygiene (rest, sleep, hours of work, cleanliness) b. Environmental sanitation 1. Inspection of food 2. Methods of disposal of excreta 3. Detecting and reporting diseases 4. Practice of isolation, quarantine, fumigation and disinfection 5. Detailed instructions on the correct way of hand washing

Ancient Greeks Asclepius - god of medicine and healing in ancient Greek mythology. Asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts.

Hygieia was a daughter of Asclepius. She was the goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation and afterwards, the moon. She also played an important part in her father's cult. While her father was more directly associated with healing, she was associated with the prevention of sickness and the continuation of good health. Panacea was the goddess of healing. She was the daughter of Asclepius, god of medicine, and the granddaughter of Apollo, god of healing. Panacea was said to have a poultice or potion with which she healed the sick. This brought about the concept of the panacea in medicine. The panacea was supposed to be a remedy that would cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely. It was sought by the alchemists as a connection to the elixir of life and the philosopher's stone, a mythical substance which would enable the transmutation of common metals into gold.

Hippocrates ±³Father of Medicine´ exponent of the science of preventive medicine introduced the philosophy of the interrelationship between physical and mental health ( ³A healthy mind dwells in a healthy body´) treat patient as a whole changed magic of medicine into science of medicine taught physicians to use eyes and ears The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical practice of medicine. Two Kinds of Refuge for the Sick Secular- directed by physicians ± spas and resorts Religious ± sanctuaries of gods Attendants ± were basket bearers who looked after the sick. Romans * Contributed to the field of sanitation (building of Aqueducts, purification of water supply) * Appointing of medical officers * Establishment of hospitals which emphasized both preventive and curative aspects of care

Romans invented numerous surgical instruments, including the first instruments unique to women, as well as the surgical uses of forceps, scalpel, cautery, cross-bladed scissors, surgical needle, sound, and specula. Romans were also pioneers in the cataract surgery. EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD Christian church expressed succor to orphans, poor, travelers and the sick.  (given to women with good social standing) visited the sick. Order of Deaconesses- organized visiting of the sick - called visiting nurses - forerunner of CHN - endeavored to practice the corporal works of mercy (feeding the hungry, caring for the sick, burying the dead) - a friend of St Paul and the first and first visiting nurse.

Fabiola - A Roman matron of rank, died 27 December, 399 or 400. She was one of the company of noble Roman women who, under the influence of St. Jerome, gave up all earthly pleasures and devoted themselves to the practice of Christian asceticism and to charitable work.

Fabiola renounced all that the world had to offer her, and devoted her immense wealth to the needs of the poor and the sick. She erected a fine hospital at Rome, and waited on the inmates herself, not even shunning those afflicted with repulsive wounds and sores. Besides this she gave large sums to the churches and religious communities at Rome, and at other places in Italy. All her interests were centered on the needs of the Church and the care of the poor and suffering. One of the most charming old hospitals in France, and one quite typical of hospitals established in medieval times, is the Hotel-Dieu of Beaune. It is reputed to be the oldest existing hospital which has continuously occupied its original building. Set in the midst of the ancient walled city of Beaune, in the heart of Burgundyƞs Cote dƞOr, some 250 miles southeast of Paris, this hospital has a history as colorful as its steep, gabled roofs. MIDDLE AGES (1100-1300)

Charitable institutions or sanctuaries intended for the aged, sickly and poor. Nursing during the Medieval Ages was either done by charitable religious orders or by the poor who worked for the rich.  or sisters in a cloistered order made up the nursing staff in hospitals. Caregivers are not required to have any formal training. During the late middle ages (1000-1500) because of crowding and poor sanitation in the monasteries nurses went into the community. During this era hospitals were built and the number of medical schools increase. During the Byzantine Empire nursing was a separate occupation practiced primarily by men. In the New Testament, the Good Samaritan paid the innkeeper to provide care for an injured man. No one thought it odd that a man should by paid to provide nursing care. In every plague that swept Europe men risked their lives to provide nursing care. A group of men, the Parabolani, in 300 AD started a hospital and provided nursing care during the Black Plague epidemic.

Influence of the Crusades in Nursing Crusades ± Christian military expeditions to recapture the Holy Land from Moslems. In 1244- there are approximately 19,000 hospital in Western Europe There is spread of leprosy Thousand years after Christ there was no attempt to organized nursing. Three (3) Types of Organization 1. Military 2. Religious 3. Secular 1. Military Order Knight Hospitalers ± men who went to battle and them retired to nurse the sick. Knight of St. John ± also known as Knights Hospitaller, a Christian organization that began as an Amalfitan hospital founded in Jerusalem in 1080 to provide care for poor, sick or injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. After the Western Christian conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade it became a religious/military order under its own charter, and was charged with the care and defense of the Holy Land. Two patron saints of nurses stem from this period. St. John of God and St. Camillus de Lellis both started out as soldiers, and later turned to nursing. St Camillus started the sign of the red cross which is still used today, and developed the first ambulance service. The Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem originated in a leper hospital run by hospitaller brothers, founded in the twelfth century by the crusaders of the Latin Kingdom. It was originally established to treat virulent diseases such as leprosy.