Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41755-6 — Beyond Cages Justin Marceau Index More Information

Index

Abramovsky, Aviva, 147 serial killers and, 254, 255 abuse. See animal abuse social science perspective on, 13 Acensio, Jose, 190 animal abuse registries, 126–135 ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union as deterrence strategy, 130–132 adoption programs, 253 establishment of, 126 advocacy. See animal advocacy goals and purpose of, 127 affirmative abuse, of animals, 51 as legislative priority, 126 African Americans mandatory registration for, 134 comparisons to animals, 162 non-public, 134 incarceration rates for, 41–42 PETA support for, 129–130 prosecution rates of, 171–172 racial profile imbalances in, 127 Agan, Amanda, 130, 132–133 recidivism rates and, 135 Ag-Gag laws, 15, 48 sex offender registries as template for, 128–129 agricultural practices exemption, 98–110 as legislative necessity, 128 for animals used for food, 99 recidivism rates in, 128–129 AVMA on, 101 state bills for, 127, 128 for customary farming practices, 104 status of animals in law through, 127 dates of enactment of, 102 animal advocacy, 78–83, 273–283 felony cruelty laws and, 102–110 guardian ad litem context for, 81–82 states without, 104 lack of resources for, 82–83 ALDF. See Animal Legal Defense Fund lack of training for, 82–83 Alexander, Michelle, 40–41, 155, 187 animal cruelty laws. See also carceral animal law; alt-right, animal protection movement and, felony cruelty laws 158–159, 164 agricultural practices exemption, 98–110 American Bar Association, 144 for animals used for food, 99 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 117, 280 AVMA on, 101 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to for customary farming practices, 104 Animals (ASPCA), 7, 54 dates of enactment of, 102 carceral animal law and, 53–54 felony cruelty laws and, 102–110 American Veterinary Medical Association states without, 104 (AVMA), 101 Animal Legal Defense Fund and, 86–87 animal abuse anti-cruelty laws, 55–62 in childhood, 213 cockfighting under, 184 decriminalization of, 8–9 in Colorado, 54, 71, 203–204, 256, 259–260 failures in prosecution of, 7–8 as crime against nature, 58 mass shooters and, 255 exemption laws, 108 non-criminals and, 197 felony cruelty laws public awareness of, 19 agricultural practices exemption and, 102–110

284

Index 285

enactment of, 108–110 political paradox of, 1 state passage of, 108 public perception of, 3–4 fox hunting under, 185 on criminal enforcement strategies, 8 legislative costs of, 98–110 as single-issue movement, 151–152 mandatory arrests under, 111–112 racism in, 159–160 mandatory reporting under, 111–112 retribution angle of, 264–266 private prosecutions of, 138–144 revenge angle of, 264–266 prosecution under scope of, 6–7 failures of, 7–8 sentencing injustices for, 2–3 penalties as result of, 6 U.S. v. Stevens, 74–78 transference of guilt as result of, 7 on Vick dogfighting case, 175–183 public popularity of, 261 Heiser on, 180–181 race and, 166–192. See also Vick, Michael NAACP and, 181–182 African Americans and, 168–169 narrative-framing by, 176–177 on factory farms, 188–191 racist responses to, 181–182 in Washington, DC, 166–169 Tischler on, 180, 181–182 sentencing reform under, 266–270 War on Drugs as model for, 115–126 in South Dakota, 266 Animal Rescue Team, 94 Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, U.S. (2007), 280 animal rights, 5 animal law, 259 carceral animal law as influence on, 260 Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF), 14, 37, 57, habeas corpus and, 152–153 58–59, 75, 88 history of, 10 animal cruelty and, 86–87 as philosophy, 11 funding of prosecutions by, 93–94 animal rights law. See also carceral animal law Heiser and, 92, 118–119 criminal punishment under, 12–18 immigration issues and, 84–85 Ag-Gag laws, 15, 48 private prosecutions funded by, 140–143 criminal code provisions, 21 animal liberation, 5. See also animal protection deportation sentencing, 16 movement; animal rights; criminal financial costs of, 14 punishment immigration policy as influence on, 17 Animal Liberation (Singer), 31–32 institutional structures as impediment in, 17 animal protection movement. See also carceral history of, 18–22 animal law; criminal punishment NhRP and, 152–153 ACLU in, 117, 280 race-based analogies in, 152–153 ALDF v. Provimi Veal Corp., 20–21 animal treatment programs, 253 alt-right and, as short-term ally, 158–159, 164 Animal Welfare Act, U.S. (2007), 173 carceral approaches to, 6, 20. See also carceral animal welfare movement, 4–5 animal law pet ownership and, 24 burnout and fatigue from, 21 scope of, 4 colorblindness in, 153–155, 275 animal-assisted therapy, 247 conflicting goals within, 3–5 animals domestic violence analogy to, 111–115 in animal abuse registries, legal status of, 127 DxE, 278–279 intelligence of, 4 free speech restrictions and, 73–78 moral status of, 4, 258 goals of, 58–60 used for food, 99–100 history of, 19–22 cruelty toward, 99 human rights as secondary in, 39, 156 factory farms, 188–191, 251–252 under Non-Humans First Declaration, 157 anti-cruelty laws, 44–45 LINK theory and, 199–205 expansion of, 56 National Link Coalition, 199, 228 legislative history of, 54 motivated cognition as influence on, 4 limitations of, 46 non-violent civil disobedience as strategy of, reforms of, 55–62 18, 72 state support for, 58–59 in Oregon v. Newcomb, 46–48, 70–71 Arendt, Hannah, 16

286 Index

Arkow, Phil, 199, 219–220 collateral consequences of, 30–35 Arluke, Arnold, 211, 222–226, 230 deportation after, 35 Ascione, Frank. R., 211, 217, 230 employment restrictions as result of, 33–34 ASPCA. See American Society for the Prevention of family and community effects of, 35–39 Cruelty to Animals secondary prisonization after, 36–37 Avirum, Hadar, 110 social exclusion as result of, 34–35 AVMA. See American Veterinary Medical third-generation impacts of, 37 Association lack of alternatives to, 252–258 legal scope of, development of, 44–45 Balkin, Jack, 74 legislative development of, 53–55 Bardot, Brigitte, 191 LINK theory and, 193–194 Baum, Dan, 117, 118 critiques of, 227–244 Beirne, Piers, 197, 232–233 incarceration under, arguments against, Bekoff, Marc, 81 238–239 Bell, Derek, 249 recidivism rates and, 241–243 Benavies, Arthur, 121, 122 mens rea standards for, 57 Bennett, William, 118 neglect of animals under, 51–52 Bergh, Henry, 54 Oregon v. Newcomb, 46–48, 70–71 Berman, Douglas, 266–267 public relations campaigns for, 49–53 bestiality. See sexual abuse, of animals public support for, 44–49 Bin Laden, Osama, 264 racialized crimes, 183–186 Black, Donald, 263–264, 267 racism and, 119, 153–155, 156–166, 183–192. See Blackstone, William, 152 also Vick, Michael Boddie, Davon, 175 colorblindness policies, 153–155 Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo, 4–5, 154 on factory farms, 188–191 Briggs, Richard, 127 through unequal prosecution, 171–172 Brueck, Julia Feliz, 153–154, 157–158 unintended, 41 Bundy, Ted, 254 through use of law enforcement, against per- Butler, Paul, 154, 165, 174–175, 192, 271 sons of color, 169–171 sentencing under carceral animal law. See also reforms for children and minors, 61–63 afﬁrmative abuse under, 51 increases in, 53–63 animal cruelty provisions under, 53–54 mandatory minimum, 44–45, 60–63 animal rights undermined by, 260 reforms of, 266–270 anti-cruelty laws, 44–45 Carlson, Tucker, 179, 181 expansion of, 56 Cassell, Paul, 60, 61 legislative history of, 54 Cassuto, David, 75–77 limitations of, 46 Cecil the Lion, 163 reforms of, 55–62 Center for Constitutional Rights, 280–281 state support for, 58–59 Chavez, Marco, 83–84 ASPCA and, 53–54 Cheeseboro, Anthony, 186–187 civil death and, 31–32 Chemerinsky, Erwin, 74, 77 civil forfeiture laws and, 253 Chen, Alan, 278 under common law tradition, 31 childhood courthouse advocacy and, 49–53 animal abuse during, 213 ethic of mutual avowal in, 165, 275 Children and Animals Assessment expansion of criminal liability, 53–63 Instrument, 217 incapacitation under, 270–272 Children and Animals Assessment Instrument, 217 critique of, 271 Chin, Gabriel Jack, 30–31, 41 justiﬁcations of, 270–271 Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of lack of study on, 270 Hialeah, 64–65, 175–176, 258 legal issues with, 272 civil death, 31–32 Wattenberg’s law and, 270 civil forfeiture laws, 253 incarceration under, 32–35 civil rights, mass incarceration and, 110–126

Index 287

cockfighting, 184 Cruz, Nikolaz, 254–255, 256–258 Colb, Sherry, 7, 261 Cummings, Scott, 278 Colorado, animal cruelty laws in, 54, 71, 203–204, customary farming practices, 104 256, 259–260 colorblindness, in animal protection movement, Dahmer, Jeffrey, 254 153–155, 275 Darley, John, 22, 271–272 common law traditions De Waal, Frans, 81 carceral animal law under, 31 deportation, as criminal punishment, 16 criminal punishment under, 31 under carceral animal law, 35 compassion, 246 carceral animal law reform and, 84 Constitution, U.S., interpretation of Deviance Generalization Hypothesis, 233, 234–235 for carceral animal law reform, 63–78 Dilulio, John, 270 defense options under, limitations of, 68–73 Direct Action Everywhere (DxE), 278–279 emergency exceptions, 69–70 dogfighting. See also Vick, Michael under Fourth Amendment, 68–69 as felony, 178 through free speech restrictions, 73–78 as status symbol, 177–178 freedom against political targeting in, 64–68 domestic violence search and seizure rights, 68 animal protection movement and, 111–115 private prosecutions and, 144–150 criminal reforms for, 111 Conyers, John, 27 mandatory arrests for, 111–115 criminal justice system in Minneapolis Study, 114 animal cruelty prosecutions in, 258–264 as violence prevention measure, 113, 115 public morality influenced by, 22–24 police policies for, 111 race and, 152–156 Donahue, Laura, 201 criminal punishment. See also mass incarceration Doob, Anthony, 242–243 under animal rights law, 12–18 Downes, David, 243–244 Ag-Gag laws, 15, 48 “driving while black,”174 criminal code provisions, 21 drug arrests, during War on Drugs, 119–120 deportation, 16 drug prosecution and sentencing. See War on financial costs of, 14 Drugs immigration policy as influence on, 17 drug use rates, during War on Drugs, 122–123 institutional structures as impediment in, 17 DxE. See Direct Action Everywhere under common law traditions, 31 conservative ideology as influence on, 23 emergency exceptions, 69–70 convictions as result of, 30–39 employment restrictions, after criminal convic- collateral consequences of, 30–35 tions, 33–34 deportation after, 35 Encompass, 159 employment restrictions as result of, 33–34 Equal Justice Initiative, 61 family and community effects of, 35–39 Esner, Alan, 30 secondary prisonization after, 36–37 ethic of mutual avowal, 165, 275 social exclusion as result of, 34–35 ethics, for private prosecutions, 144–150 third-generation impacts of, 37 Every Twelve Seconds (Pachirat), 101–102 feminist theory on, 23 Ewing, Charles, 131, 133 historical legacy in U.S., 25–26 exemptions laws, 108 human prisoners compared to animals in, 13 as human rights issues, 26 factory farms, 188–191 dehumanization as result of, 26 criminalization of, 251–252 racism in, 12 Faeron, Joseph, 160 stacking of additional charges and, 57–58 Fairfax, Roger, 137, 150 criminals. See also non-criminals false positive issues, in LINK theory, 197, 223 violence among, predictions of, 213 families, after criminal convictions, 35–39 cruelty laws. See animal cruelty laws; felony cruelty farming practices. See customary farming practices laws felony cruelty laws crush videos, 74–75 agricultural practices exemption and, 102–110

288 Index

felony cruelty laws (cont.) Heiser, Scott, 57, 92, 115, 118–119, 126 enactment of, 108–110 on Vick case, 180–181 state passage of, 108 Hensley, Christopher, 220–222 Felthous, Alan Herzog, Hal, 197 Kellert and, 212–217 Hogarth, William, 206, 235 1985 study, 212–215 Holland, Jeffrey, 56–57 1987 study, 215–217 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 57, 273 with Yudowitz, 210–212 Holzer, Mark, 18 feminist theory, on criminal punishment, 23 Homicidal Threats (Macdonald), 207 Fetiman, Linda, 124 HSUS. See Humane Society of the United States First Amendment. See free speech restrictions Huber, Nicole, 157 Flynn, Clifton, 233 human rights Forret, Jeff, 184 in animal protection movement The Four Stages of Cruelty (Hogarth), 206, 235 human rights as secondary in, 39, 156 fox hunting, 185 under Non-Humans First Declaration, 157 framing, animal protection narratives, 80, 252, criminal punishment and, 26 262–263, 281 dehumanization as result of, 26 intersectional, 159–160 Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), 8, for Vick dogﬁghting case, 176–177 65–66, 86–87, 279 Francione, Gary, 46, 54, 65, 202 Animal Rescue Team and, 94 free speech restrictions carceral animal law reform and, 94–95 unprotected speech, 73–78 police assistance with, 94–95 in U.S. v. Stevens, 74–78 Freeman, Andrea, 276 immigration policy, 17 Freud, Sigmund, 206 Animal Legal Defense Fund and, 84–85 Friedrich, Bruce, 185 carceral animal law reform and, 83–85 funding, of private prosecutions, 139–144 deportation issues, 84 by Animal Legal Defense Fund, 140–143 incapacitation, under carceral animal law, 270–272 Memorandum of Understanding for, 141–142 critique of, 271 by private animal protection groups, 141–142 justiﬁcations of, 270–271 by Safer Dallas Better Dallas, 140 lack of study on, 270 legal issues with, 272 Gaarder, Emily, 151–152, 153, 156, 169–170 Wattenberg’s law and, 270 Garland, David, 27 incarceration. See also mass incarceration Garza, Jesus, 190 for African Americans, rates for, 41–42 gateway drug theory, 118 under carceral animal law, 32–35 Gay, Roxane, 163 collateral consequences of, 30–35 Goodmark, Leigh, 112 deportation after, 35 graduation thesis, 205. See also LINK theory employment restrictions as result of, 33–34 Gray, James P., 125–126 family and community effects of, 35–39 Green, Bruce, 136, 146–147 secondary prisonization after, 36–37 Gruber, Aya, 6, 23, 262–263, 269 social exclusion as result of, 34–35 Gruen, Lori, 45–46 third-generation impacts of, 37 guardian ad litem context, 81–82 of factory farm workers, 251–252 rehabilitation programs after, 28–29 habeas corpus, 48–49 RSVP, 28–29 in animal rights, 152–153 Vick after, public redemption of, 179–183 Harper, A. Breeze, 13, 40, 155, 162, 165, 181, 187–188 intelligence, of animals, 4 on Bardot, 191 Interstate and Foreign Travel of Transportation in Harris, Angela, 40, 154, 161, 162 Aid of Racketeering Enterprises Act Harris-Perry, Melissa, 176 (U.S.), 173 Hawaii Humane Society, 203 Hawkins, Gordon, 270 Jamieson, Dale, 282 Heide, Kathleen, 217–219 Jay Z, 38

Index 289

Jefferson, Thomas, 283 logical fallacy in, 219 Jim Crow, racism and, 154 among non-criminals, 213 Johnson, Travers, 62 serial killers in, 254, 255 Johnson, Tremayne, 62 social science research on, 205–227 Jones, Pattrice, 162–163, 194 Children and Animals Assessment Instrument in, 217 Kamins, Jake, 94, 141, 142–143 in empirical studies, 208–227, 243. See also Kaneshiro, Keith, 203 specific studies Kangas, Cathy, 200–201 Macdonald Triad in, 206–208 Kant, Immanuel, 206 Mead studies in, 208 Kellert, Stephen, 212–217 theoretical approach to, 193–194, 196 Felthous 1985 study with, 212–215 treatment strategies as result of, 244–248, Felthous 1987 study with, 215–217 256–257 Kelley, Devin, 195, 254–255 through animal-assisted therapy, 247 Kemerrer, Lisa, 163–164 compassion in, 246 Kennedy, Randall, 42, 155 through interventions, 246 Kerlikowske, Gil, 120 range of, 246–247 Kim, Claire Jean, 160, 161, 165, 183, 275 research applications for, 245 ethic of mutual avowal, 165, 275 Linzey, Andrew, 244–245 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 21, 88, 165, 261–262, 278 Lippe, Adam, 51 Kuennen, Tammy, 23 Livingston, Margit, 201, 239 Kunstler, William, 279 Locke, John, 206 Lockwood, Randall, 13, 62, 195, 199 LaBahn, David, 86 Lourde, Audre, 11, 283 Last Chance for Animals, 62 Loury, Glen, 192 Leipold, Andrew, 122 Lovvorn, Jon, 101 Leong, Nancy, 155 Lowndes, Hashim, 33 Levin, Jack, 211, 222–226, 230 Loyd-Paige, Michelle R., 154–155 LGBT rights, 277 Luke, Carter, 211, 230 LINK theory, animal abuse and human violence in, 193 Macdonald, John, 206–208 abusers in, 231 Macdonald Triad, 206–208 in animal protection movement, 199–205 MacKinnon, Catherine, 80, 81 National Link Coalition, 199, 228 Madfis, Eric, 225–226 carceral animal law and, as justification for, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 265 193–194 mandatory arrests critiques of, 227–244 under animal cruelty laws, 111–112 incarceration under, arguments against, for domestic violence, 111–115 238–239 in Minneapolis Study, 114 recidivism rates and, 241–243 as violence prevention measure, 113, 115 controls in, 231 mandatory reporting, under animal cruelty laws, critiques of, 225–226, 227–236, 248–250 111–112 Deviance Generalization Hypothesis and, 233, Margalli, Jiulo, 146–147 234–235 marijuana, legalization of, 125–126 false positive issues in, 197, 223 mass incarceration, in U.S., 27–30 mass shooters in, 255 civil rights and, 110–126 among non-criminals, 197 community-level damage from, 110 origins of, 205–208 costs of, 29–30 PETA on, 201 demographics of, 27 predictions of violence in, 197, 200, 209 etymology of term, 27 among criminals, 213 global incarceration rates, comparisons to, 27 through frequency of childhood animal incarceration rates, increases in, 3, 29, 41 cruelty, 213 overcrowding issues, 30 legal scholarship on, 201–204 race and, 39–43

290 Index

mass incarceration, in U.S. (cont.) Panzram, Carl, 254 African American incarceration rates, 41–42 Patterson-Kane, Emily, 226–227, 229–230, 234, rehabilitation programs and, declines in, 28–29 254, 255 RSVP, 28–29 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals social change through, 110–111 (PETA), 14, 18 from War on Drugs, 117 animal abuse registries supported by, 129–130 mass shooters, animal abuse and, 255 on LINK theory, 201 McLaughlin, Sheila, 203 racist campaigns of, 160–161 Mead, Margaret, 208 African Americans compared to animals Meek Mill, 38 in, 162 Mendell, Steve, 190 People v. Eubanks, 144–145 mens rea standards, for carceral animal law, 57 People v. Garcia, 195 Mercy for Animals, 15, 16, 251 Peralta, Robert, 114 Merz-Perez, Linda, 217–219 pet ownership, 24 Minneapolis Study, 114 PETA. See People for the Ethical Treatment of moral status, of animals, 4, 258 Animals MRI. See magnetic resonance imaging Pfaff, John, 120, 136 Myers, Steve, 197 Phillips, Allie, 140, 203–204, 248–249, 250 Phillips, Scott, 124–125 NAACP. See National Association for the Pinel, Phillipe, 206 Advancement of Colored People Pinker, Steven, 277 Nagin, Daniel, 123–124 Piper, Heather, 193, 197, 219–220, 225, 232–233, 246 Nast, Heidi, 177–178, 183 police National Association for the Advancement of carceral animal law reform and, 85–96 Colored People (NAACP), 117 with HSUS, 94–95 animal protection movement and, 181–182 investigation assistance and, 94–96 National District Attorney Association, 237 privately-funded police in, 95–96 National Institute of Justice, 241 domestic violence policies, 111 National Link Coalition, 199, 228 Portugal, drug policy in, 124 National Research Council, 240, 242 Prescott, J. J., 132 Navarro, Daniel Ugarte, 190 prisoner’s dilemma, 129 neglect, of animals, 51–52 Pritikin, Martin H., 271 Nejaime, Doug, 278 private animal protection groups, 141–142 The New Jim Crow (Alexander), 40–41, 155, 187 private prosecutions, 135–150 NhRP. See Non-Human Rights Project of animal cruelty, 138–144 non-criminals, animal abuse and, 197 delegations of prosecutorial authority, 138 predictions of violence for, 213 constitutional issues with, 144–150 Non-Human Rights Project (NhRP), 152–153, 260 disqualification of cases, 147 Non-Humans First Declaration, 157 ethical issues with, 144–150 non-public animal abuse registries, 134 funding of, 139–144 non-violent civil disobedience, 18, 72 by Animal Legal Defense Fund, 140–143 Novisky, Meghan, 114 Memorandum of Understanding for, 141–142 by private animal protection groups, 141–142 Ofer, Udi, 90 by Safer Dallas Better Dallas, 140 Office of National Drug Control Policy, U.S. historical context of, 137 (ONDCP), 122–123 colonial justice system and, 137 Oleske, James, 64–65 People v. Eubanks, 144–145 ONDCP. See Office of National Drug Control State v. Culbreath, 145–146 Policy in U.S., 93 Oregon v. Newcomb, 46–48, 70–71 victim-funded, 139 overcrowding, in prisons, 30 privately-funded police, 95–96 Probus, Joi Maria, 13 Pacelle, Wayne, 8 professional athletes, rates of violence among, 179 Pachirat, Timothy, 15, 35, 101–102, 189 progression thesis, 205. See also LINK theory

Index 291

Project Hope, 242 for anti-cruelty laws, 55–62 prosecutors Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of animal cruelty laws and Hialeah, 64–65, 175–176 penalties under, 6 under federal constitution, interpretation lim- prosecution failures, 7–8 itations of, 63–78 transference of guilt as result of prosecution, 7 defense options under, limitations of, 68–73 carceral animal law reform and, 85–96 emergency exceptions, 69–70 external influences on, 85–92 under Fourth Amendment, 68–69 lobbying of, 90–92 through free speech restrictions, 73–78 outreach for, 85–92 freedom against political targeting, 64–68 payments to, 93–94 search and seizure rights, 68 targeted recognition of, 89–91 immigration enforcement, 83–85 training for, 86–87 deportation issues, 84 discretion of, 136 police and, 85–96 neutrality of, 135–136 with HSUS, 94–95 Vick dogfighting case and, 173–174 investigations by, assistance in, 94–96 public morality, criminal law as influence on, privately-funded, 95–96 22–24 prosecutors and, 85–96 punishment-lust, 265–266 external influences on, 85–92 lobbying of, 90–92 Race, Crime, and the Law (Kennedy), 42 outreach for, 85–92 race and racism payments to, 93–94 animal cruelty laws and, 166–192 targeted recognition of, 89–91 African Americans under, 168–169 training for, 86–87 on factory farms, 188–191 for sexual abuse of animals, 83 in Washington, DC, 166–169 U.S. v. Reynolds, 65 in animal protection movement, 159–160 rehabilitation programs, after incarceration, 28–29 under carceral animal law, 119, 153–155, 156–166, RSVP, 28–29 183–192. See also Vick, Michael Reitz, Kevin, 31, 38 colorblindness policies, 153–155 Resolve to Stop the Violence Project (RSVP), on factory farms, 188–191 28–29 through unequal prosecution, 171–172 retribution, animal protection movement and, unintended racism in, 41 264–266 through use of law enforcement, against per- revenge sons of color, 169–171 animal protection movement and, 264–266 in criminal punishment, 12 as dopamine response, 265 Jim Crow, 154 gender responses to, 265–266 mass incarceration in United States and, 39–43 MRI scans and, 265 of African Americans, 41–42 as punishment-lust, 265–266 in Non-Humans First Declaration, 157 Richardson, Jamie, 124–125 in PETA campaigns, 160–161 Ristroph, Alice, 38–39, 268 in Vick dogfighting case, 181–182 Robinson, Andre, 52–53, 186–187 racialized crimes, 183–186 Robinson, Matthew, 122 Racism without Racists (Bonilla-Silva), 154 Robinson, Paul, 22, 271–272 Rattling the Cage (Wise), 10–11 Rockoff, John, 132 recidivism rates Rojas Loayza, Javier Victor, 190 animal abuse registries and, 135 Rosengard, David, 79, 80 LINK theory and, 241–243 RSVP. See Resolve to Stop the Violence Project sex offender registries and, 128–129 Rubin, Jessica, 78–79 reforms, in carceral animal law, 63–96 Runkle, Nathan, 100–101, 251 animal advocates in, 78–83 Ruttenberg, Miriam, 112 guardian ad litem context for, 81–82 lack of resources for, 82–83 Safer Dallas Better Dallas, 140 lack of training for, 82–83 Sanchez Herrera, Rafael, 190

292 Index

Schaffner, Joan, 58, 61 Tischler, Joyce, 19, 21, 25, 63, 72 Scherlen, Renee, 122 on Vick case, 180, 181–182 search and seizure rights, 68 tough on crime policies, 1–2 secondary prisonization, 36–37 Travel Act, U.S. (1952), 173 sentencing Trump, Donald, 151, 164 animal protection movement and, 2–3 under carceral animal law United States (US). See also mass incarceration; for children and minors, 61–63 War on Drugs increases in, 53–63 Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, 280 mandatory minimum sentencing, 44–45, Animal Welfare Act, 173 60–63 ASPCA, 7 reforms in, 266–270 HSUS, 8, 65–66, 86–87, 279 deportation as result of, 16 Animal Rescue Team and, 94 of Vick, Michael, 173–174 carceral animal law reform and, 94–95 during War on Drugs, 120 police assistance with, 94–95 Sentencing Project, 117 Interstate and Foreign Travel of Transportation serial killers, animal abuse history among, 254, 255 in Aid of Racketeering Enterprises Act, 173 sex offender registries, animal abuse registries private prosecutions in, 93 compared to, 128–129 unprotected speech, 75 as legislative necessity, 128 Urban, Diana, 79 recidivism rates in, 128–129 U.S. v. Reynolds, 65 sexual abuse, of animals, 83 U.S. v. Stevens, 74–78 Siebert, Charles, 62 Silverman, Ira J., 217–219 veganism, 160 Simon, Jonathan, 22 Veganism in an Oppressive World (Brueck), Sinclair, Upton, 188 153–154 Singer, Peter, 31–32 Vick, Michael, dogﬁghting case of, 172–183 Sistah Vegan (Harper), 13, 40, 155, 162 animal protection movement’s response to, Slobogin, Christopher, 244 175–183 Smith, Kimberley K., 39, 43, 66, 175, Heiser, Scott, on, 180–181 177, 275 NAACP and, 181–182 social change, through mass incarceration, 110–111 narrative-framing by, 176–177 social exclusion, after criminal convictions, 34–35 racism in, 181–182 social rejection, 264 Tischler on, 180, 181–182 social science research, LINK theory and, 205–227 Animal Welfare Act and, 173 Children and Animals Assessment Instrument charges against, 173 in, 217 Interstate and Foreign Travel of Transportation in empirical studies, 208–227, 243. See also spe- in Aid of Racketeering Enterprises Act, 173 ciﬁc studies investigation of, 174–175 Macdonald Triad in, 206–208 media response to, 175–176 Mead studies in, 208 moral panic around, 176 South Dakota, animal cruelty laws in, 266 post-incarceration redemption of, 179–183 State v. Culbreath, 145–146 prosecution of, 173–174 Stephens, James Fitzjames, 275 sentencing of, 173–174 Stone, Geoffrey, 74 violence, human. See also domestic violence; Stuntz, William, 26, 58, 269 LINK theory Sunstein, Cass, 251 predictions of, 197, 200, 209 among criminals, 213 Tallichet, Suzanne E., 220–222 through frequency of childhood animal Tarankow, Paul, 166–169 cruelty, 213 Taub, Edward, 18–19 legal scholarship on, 201–204 Tedisco, James, 249 logical fallacy in, 219 Thompson, John, 199 among non-criminals, 213 Three-Strikes Law, 240–241 among professional athletes, 179

Index 293

violence graduation thesis, 205. See also LINK Wattenberg’s law, 270 theory Webster, Cheryl, 242–243 Weinstein, Harvey, 135 War on Drugs welfare movements. See animal animal protection movement inﬂuenced by, welfare movement 115–126 Wells, Steve, 195 drug arrests as result of, 119–120 Wise, Steven, 10–11, 152, drug use rates, 122–123 153 escalation of, 119 Wolf, Stacy, 201, 228–229 failure of, 124–126 Wolfson, David, 98–99 gateway drug theory in, 118 women, revenge and, 265–266 legalization of marijuana and, 125–126 mass incarceration and, 117 Yudowitz, Bernard, 210–212 ONDCP and, 122–123 Portuguese drug policy compared to, 124 Zacharias, Fred, 136 sentencing during, 120 Zimbardo, Philip, 189 Washington Humane Society, 166–167 Zimring, Franklin, 270