70 CONGR~SSIONAL RECORD~SENATE JANUARY 11 H. R. 965. A bill for the relief of Joseph A. ' Senator from the State of New York, ap- The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-seven Plozy: to the Committee on Military Affairs. peared in their seats today. · H. R. 966. A bill for the relief of Wallace Senators have answered to their names. Taylor; to the Committee on 'Military Affairs. THE JOURNAL A quorum is present. H. R. 967. A bill for the relief of Anastazja THE BUDGET (H. DOC. NO. 27) Nowik; to the Committee on Immigration and On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by Naturalization. unanimous consent, the reading of the The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the H. R. 968. A bill for the relief of Robert Journal of the proceedings of Thursday, Senate a message from the President of Richard White; to the Committee on Naval January 7, 1943, was dispensed with, and the United States, transmitting the Affairs. the Journal was approved. Budget of the United States Government H. R. 969. A bill for the relief of the firm MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1944, of the American Wrecking Co. of Chicago, Ill.; which was read, referred to the Commit­ to the Committee on Claims. Messages in writing from the Presi­ tee on Appropriations, and ordered to be H. R. 970. A bill. granting a pension to Ida dent of the United States were com­ printed. M. Tillotson; to the Committee on Invalid municated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, Pensions.

States, a project begun in 1927 and which LIQUID FUELS FROM COAL These studies are not limited to de­ . has proved extremely valuable in the se­ The scarcity. of fuel oil and gasoline on termining yields of fuel oil and gasoline, lection of coals for blast furnace coke. the Atlantic coast and in the Pacific but also Diesel oil and valuable byprod­ Consumers of coal and its byproducts Northwest--brought about by transpor­ ucts important in chemicals, explosives, constantly seek and obtain assistance tation difficulties-has called increasing drugs, and for making plastics. When from the Bureau in solving operating attention to an important phase of re­ one considers that there are more than and procurement problems. Cooperating search which the Bureau has been con­ 3,000,000.000,000 tons of coal in reserve with the Office of Solid Fuels Coordinator ducting for several years, namely, the in the United States, the potentialities of the Interior Department, the Bureau studies on extracting liquid fuels from appear enormous. A practical, economi­ of Mines has inaugurated a survey of coke coal. Although the immediate appli­ cal method could provide the American ovens and blast furnace operations to im­ cation in the United States of the known people with gasoline, fuel oil, and certain prove both the quality and quantity of processes of converting coal to liquid valuable byproducts for well over a thou­ metallurgical coke so that the production fuels is not contemplated and may not sand years at our normal rate of con­ of pig iron can be increased. even be feasible in existing circum­ sumption. Only recently the Bureau created the stances, despite sensational newspaper The amount of money allocated to the D.!v;sion of Solid Fuel Utilization for War. stories that would lead one to believe Bureau of Mines for this important ex­ This is providing technical information to the contrary, this work is nonethe­ perimental work is amazingly small, and ar..d other data for storing coal and pre­ less of highest importance. Even though in no way compares with the importance venting spontaneous combustion and the total number of exploratory wells in of the field being developed by the staff degradation of the product. A staff of the petroleum fields has increased in the of skilled chemists and engineers. F,or consultants is employed to inform indus­ past 5 years, there has been a net de­ the future security of the Nation and tries which coals can be adopted as sub­ crease in new reserves of oil discovered for sound economic reasons, the Bureau stitutes for regularly used types, and how since 1938. should be enabled to construct 8.nd op­ The proved oil reserves of the United erate commercial-size units utilizing operating cycles should be altered so as States are variously estimated at from to permit utilization of the alternate both basic processes of liquefaction so 15,000,000,000 to 20,000,000,000 barrels­ that it can adequately determine the product, enough, at the 1942 rate of consumption, PETROLEUM RESEARCH best designs for commercial plants and to last no more than 14 years. Of the cost of operating them. If the Bu­ From the War and Navy Departments, course, since it is impossible to withdraw reau had adequate funds, it is my con­ the Office of Petroleum Administrator this oil at a rate of one and one-half viction that the United States could de­ for War, :omd other Government agencies, billion barrels annually over the entire velop not only the cheapest but the best the Bureau of Mines constantly receives 14-year period-the rate of production coal-liquefaction plants in the world. requests for technical advice and infor­ decreases sharply in the early years fol­ During the current fiscal year only $55,- mation on supplying petroleum products lowing discovery-the oil will be in the 330 has been allotted for work on the for war. In addition to the information ground for many years. But unless re- Bergius process, and $43,000 for research available at a moment's notice-due to . serves are constantly added, shortage of work in the Fischer-Tropsch method. the Bureau's many years of research in oil will ·begin to occur much earlier. Compare this with the $6,000,000 ·one pe­ petroleum and natural gas-petroleum Foreign countries-without petroleum troleum company spent in investigating engineers are making special studies and reserves such as our own-have resorted cracking processes, or with the $10,000,- surveys to provide additional data when to synthetic production for some time. 000 the iron and steel industries spend the need arises. Only recently, they Germany for · example, has been pro­ annually for research in their fields. surveyed more than 200 crude oils and ducing much of its motor fuels by con­ IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH the products from 25 condensate plants version from coal, and at last reports to determine the content of high-octane was getting about 95,000 barrels of gaso­ We simply have not been giving Fed­ aviation gasoline stock. They also in­ line daily by one method alone. Eng­ eral Government agencies, particularly augurated a series of tests to determine land has constructed and is operating a the Bureau of Mines, enough support the most effective blending of various large-scale hydrogenation plant. in the realm of research. Private in­ components of 100-octane aviation gaso­ The United States-cannot rely on the dustry has recognized the returns paid line, and initiated a study to ascertain hope that our natural petroleum re­ on research. Private industry for many the components of the reservoir fluids serves will continue to supply the Na­ years has spent an average of more than and the available reserves in certain fields tion's needs forever. We must be pre­ $300,000,000 annually for research. It which contain material needed in avia- pared to resort to other means when the employs more than 70,000 research tion gasoline. .:.- time comes. It is therefore urgent that workers in 2,200 laboratories. Another vital job of these engineers is all the processes and methods of ob­ At random I will choose a few indus­ that of evaluating the sources and means tai'!'ling liquid fuels-whether from our tries to show just how important they of extracting war materials from petro­ oil shale reserves or by conversion of consider research. The food industry leum, including butadiene, a SO'Jrce of coal, or both-be worked on, and that before the war spent more than $6,000,- synthetic rubber. the most efficient, productive, and eco­ 000 annually; the chemical industries, nomical methods be determined and be more than $42,000,000; the petroleum To stimulate crude-oil production in industry, $22,000,000; manufacturers of Appalachian oil fields for the war and to ready to be put into operation at the proper time. electrical machinery allocated more further the conservation of petroleum, than $18,000,000 yearly for research the Bureau of Mines opened a petroleum The Bureau of Mines has conducted experiments on some of our oil shales, alone; and the nonferrous metal indus­ field office at Franklin, Pa., in April 1942. tries, more than $5,000,000. Staffed with Bureau engineers, this office and now is working on two different methods of liquefying coal. One of these Recently the National Resources Com­ is supplying technical information to de­ mittee reported: termine the best and most practical is the Bergius method, or so-called di­ rect hydrogenation method. In a small The research activities of the Bureau of methods of repairing wells and repres­ Mines are similarly national in scope, and too suring the sands to permit maximum re­ experimental plant in its Pittsburgh lab­ extensive for any nongovernmental agency covery of crude oil for our war planes oratories, the Bureau has already tested to engage in. The mining industry is con­ and other battle equipment. In the pe­ various American coals. It has been tributing data of much value, but each seg­ troleum experiment stations at Bartles­ found that virtually all high-volatile and ment of the industry is ·concerned only with ville, Okla., and Laramie, Wyo., the en­ subbituminous coals and lignites can the technology of its own particular ores or tire chemistry and refining program is be liquefied by this process, and that the minerals, while the Bureau of Mines from being devoted to a search for answers to yield will vary from about 30 gallons its detached position may investigate the questions regarding the essential nature of gasoline from a ton of lignite to about problems of the industry as a whole. of crude oils, natural gas, condensates, 60 gallons from a ton of high-volatile In 1940 the National Resources Plan­ and their components. One contribu­ bituminous coal. The Bureau also has ning Board stated: tion is the Bureau's tests to determine conducted some experiments with the It is essential to the national economy the changes that may be expected 1n synthetic process, sometimes called the that the stream of technological progress aviation gasoline and evaporation losses indirect hydrogenation method, or fiows freely. Engineering advances cannot of blend components in storage. · Fischer-Tropsch process. go far without simultaneous or preceding 88 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 11 advances in creating new metallurgical ma­ methods of lubrication, and dozens of action be taken to prevent the heavy toll terials. Metallurgical research 1s an essen­ other topics. of deaths and injuries in our coal mines. tial national resource, because technological advances do not just happen automatically; Only a few months ago a United States During the 5-year period, 1907 to 1911, they have to be produced deliberately. Naval Air Station Trade School used 36 there were 13,81)6 fatal injuries, or an films furnished by the Bureau of Mines average of 2,761 annually. In 1911 alone We who determine the course of work in instructing 4,000 young men in various there were 2,656 fatalities in the produc­ which Government agencies such as the occupations and familiarizing them with tion of 496,371,126 tons of coal-or only Bureau of Mines undertake, must be as industrial processes and industrial areas. 186,462 tons produced per fatal injury. foresighted and as much dedicated to a Bureau of Mines motion pictures con­ In 1941, when mine operators and belief in the future as are our tecrni­ tain no advertising, brand names, trade­ miners alike responded again to the plea cians and scientists. marks, or other material that might be for more and more coal, the output HELIUM PRODUCTION interpreted as advertising, although the reached an estimated 556,474,900 tons­ One of the important functions of the entire production cost of the films has the highest since 1929-and fatalities Bureau of Mines-and one for which the been borne by cooperating industrial were estimated at 1,264-or an average of Bureau has not always received well­ concerns. The name of the industrial one fatal injury per 440,645 tons of coal earned credit-is that of operating helium firm appears only at the beginning and produced. Thus, since 1911, the tonnage plants. Our . Government has a world end of each film. In the past 26 years per fatal injury has increased 136 per­ monopoly of helium, and today it is pro­ the Bureau has obtained without cost to cent, and fatalities have been cut 52 per­ ducing the gas in record-breaking quan­ the Government 110 motion pictures cent. tities. It is this light-weight, noninf!.am­ which were financed by private industry Under the Federal Coal Mine Inspec­ mable gas which goes into our blimps at a cost to various industrial concerns tion Act, the Bureau of Mines sent its that are on the alert for submarines. or agencies of approximately $1,400,000. first inspectors into the field December Helium also is used by the Weather Bu­ The only expem:e to the Bureau for all 1, 1941. All veteran mining men, and reau to carry sensitive recording instru­ these films has been the employment of all civil service appointees, they under­ ments into the higher altitudes. It is a safety engineer as a consultant during went a "refresher" course at Pittsburgh being used in surgery to lessen the production of the pictures and the main­ before starting to work. They were chances of accidents involving the use tenance of a small staff at Pittsburgh to trained anew in first aid and in mine­ of anesthetics, by the Navy for rescue operate the circulating film library. This rescue work, and attended lectures by diving, and for many other purposes. library, the largest educational motion­ Bureau of Mines men who are recognized Needs of the Army, the Navy, and other picture library of its type in the world, authorities in coal mining. agencies for large amounts of helium were has more than 6,000 reels of film in con­ Thoroughness characterizes the work forecast by the Bureau many months ago. stant circulation. of the Federal coal-mine inspectors. The Seventy-seventh Congress approved At the present time, Bureau motion They are trained to get facts and to aid the expenditure of more than $15,000,000 pictures are being flown across the both operators and miners in pursuing for tile construction of additional helium Atlantic to be shown to members of the safe practices. They are part of a co­ plants so that the future supply of this Royal Air Force and to students at Brit­ operative, safety-educational movement, gas will be ample. Because of research, ish flying training schools. They are and the degree of safety in the mines helium no longer is a costly product; but being sent to South American republics they inspect is measured by the yard­ the Bureau constantly is conducting under arrangement with the Division of stick of some 600 tentative standards studies to lower the costs still further. Cultural Relations of the State Depart­ drawn up by the Bureau of Mines as the Ever since the United States entered the ment. They are being shown in Canada result of more than three decades of ex­ First World War the Bureau has con­ to war workers so those men and women perience in the field and in the labora­ tinued comprehensive surveys of the na­ will be able to perform their jobs more tory. · tural gases and gas-producing areas of efficiently. Day by day the demand for During their first 12 months of duty the United States for helium for Gov­ Bureau films is increasing, and so popu­ Federal coal-mine inspectors examined ernment purposes. It has been de­ lar are the films that bookings sometimes in 20 States coal mines employing more termined that natural gases containing are made many months in advance. than a fourth of all coal-mine employees helium are widely distributed over the During 1942 more than 100,000 show­ and produting about half of all the coal. United States, but so far only a few lo­ ings of the Bureau of Mines motion pic­ Preliminary and detailed reports regard­ calities have been discovered in which tures were given. In addition to the · ing·their findings and recommendations the volume of the gases themselves and · armed forces and grade and high school were prepared. The preliminary reports their helium content are sufficiently large pupils, the audiences included students are posted at the mine portal shortly Jor economical production of helium. of aeronautical schools, industrial train­ after the inspection is completed, and The Bureau of Mines believes that only ing cla~ses in colleges and universities, contain recommendations for correcting the surface has been scratched with re­ civilian defense classes, participants in hazardous conditions which need imme­ spect to the commercial uses of helium. first-aid classes, C. C. C. workers and, of diate attention. Later a detailed report Research for additional utilization of the course, thousands of miners. is prepared for each mine. This report, gas is continuing, but right now the em­ COAL-MINE INSPECTION containing analyses of air and mine­ phasis is on military uses. Only recently \Vhile the war necessarily has empha­ dust samples, gives a complete picture of a new welding process utilizing helium sized the Bureau's work in mineral ex­ the mine. Every phase of operation is was developed for uses in connection with plorations, metallurgy, petroleum, and described in the reports: Safe practices airplane parts and assemblies. natural gas, its activities in the conserva­ as well as unsafe practices are pointed MOTION PICTURES tion of health and the promotion of out. Motion pictures prepared under the safety have increased amazingly in ·when the new inspectors entered the supervision of the Bureau to promote recent months. Realizing that every mines they were faced with the fact that, safety, conservation, and efficiency are man-hour of work in the coal mine despite the progress made in cutting gaining international prominence. Since means that much more fuel for the Na­ down the toll of deaths and injuries, ac­ 1916 the Bureau has been cooperating tion's war plants, Bureau of Mines safety cidents still cost this Nation a potential with the mineral industries in the pro­ engineers and mining engineers have loss of approximately 11,000,000 tons of duction of motion pictures which now speeded up their work under the Coal coal annually. They realized, too, that are being shown, not only to miners and Mine Inspection Act, a measure passed by in 1 year alone injured coal miners were petroleum field workers, but to members Congress in May 1941, which gave the away from their jobs 2,200,000 working of the armed forces of the United States Bureau of .Mines-for the first time­ days. and Great Britain. These motion pic­ authority to enter any coal mine to in­ Because in the administration of this tures are helping win the war. They vestigate operating conditions and prac­ act under the direction of Dr. R. R. Say­ cover a wide range of subjects pertaining tices from a safety standpoint and to ers, Director of the Bureau, the Federal to the mineral industries-the machin­ make recommendations to safeguard the inspectors have made it plain that their ing, riveting, and welding of metals, the lives of miners and protect property. objective is to be helpful and coopera­ operation of gasoline and Diesel engines, The Bureau of Mines was created in tive, industry has responded favorably. the development of oil wells, proper 1910, when the public demanded that Likewise mine workers and State ins:pec- 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN!... TE 89 tion services have demonstrated their de­ and stand well down the list as a cause recommendations made by the Federal sire to cooperate. The Federal act was of fatalities. Explosions result from the inspectors are adopted immediately. not intended to replace State laws and ignition of methane, a gas liberated by Many letters have been received by the regulations, but rather to permit the in­ coal beds, or from the ignition of coal Bureau from mine operators commend­ spection of mines under uniform stand­ dust. In many gas explosions the blast ing the inspectors and calling attention ards relating to health and safety. The is propagated by coal dust, and thus be­ to the changes and improvements which coal-mining industry today is governed comes more devastating. At Bruceton, have been made as a result of the inspec­ by different codes in 29 States. Pa., the Bureau of Mines maintains an tors' visits: COAL-MINE ACCIDENT TOLL experimental mine where explosions are Our company was very much opposed to manufactured. As a result of experi~ the Federal inspection bill and did not see The Federal coal-mine inspection pro­ ments extending over many years, the what it could accomplish and thought there gram is gaining impetus daily, and ulti­ Bureau has determined ways of prevent­ was a lot of duplication of inspection work. mately it is expected that nearly 2,000 ing explosions. Effective ventilation, . We were under the impression that it might mines a year will be reached. In con­ Bureau engineers found, will dilute bring about a lot of confliction between the junction with the many other safety methane and carry it from mines. Rock State department of mines, the Federal de· activities of the Bureau, the inspection partment, and the companies, but since the dust, or powdered limestone, when spread law has gone into effect we have had two program is exerting a definite influence in coal mines in sufficient amounts ren­ of our mines inspected by one of the Fed­ toward the reduction of accidents, de­ ders coal dust incombustible and pre­ eral inspectors, and we have begun to feel spite the handicaps resulting from the vents it from entering into or propagat­ differently since these Inspections. Per· war. The coal-mining industry battled ing an explosion. Therefore, the Bureau sonally, I feel that the Federal bill is going against great odds last year. Young, ac­ recommends that all bituminous and lig­ to be a great help to the coal companies. tive men skilled in the operation of high­ nite mines be rock-dusted. It is our desire to cooperate with your speed mechanical equipment were called department in making our mines as safe as A tiny spark is capable of igniting an possible, and I wish to express my appre­ to the armed forces; thousands of others explosive mixture of methane and air. ciation at this .time for the cooperation we trained to operate and repair equipment Thus, the Bureau recommends that only received from your men when they made went to war plants. Yet, despite the fact permissible electrical equipment be used the inspection of our mine. that new workers had to be trained and in coal mines and that only permissible We believe the inspector's · report gives a shortages of manpower existed from time explosives be used for breaking down clear picture of conditions at our mine dur­ to time, the industry came through with coal. The word "permissible" is applied ing the time of his visit, and we welcome flying colors. The coal-mining industry, to a piece of mining equipment or ma­ his recommendations for the improvement both anthracite and bituminous, came terial only after the Bureau has sub­ of any faults which he encountered. Every through 1942 with greatly increased pro­ effort is being made to remedy any unsatis­ jected it to exhaustive tests to deter­ factory condition that may exist at our duction and with virtually no increase in mine its characteristics under extreme mine. its accident rate. Under the pressure of conditions. We feel you ·should know that we were increased output, accidents in other A piece of permissible electrical equip­ glad of the opportunity to have an inspec· major industries jumped about 20 per­ ment, when maintained in permissible tion and appreciated the fine manner in cent since their wartime production pro­ condition and properly operated, will not which your inspector conducted his inspec­ grams got under way. cause an explosion. Permissible explo­ tion of conditions and practices at our mine. Before the Bureau of Mines was cre­ We are all learning the real meaning of co. sives, when fired in a permissible manner, operation, and through the fine working to­ ated no accurate records were kept re­ are less likely to ignite explosive atmos­ gether of your c;lepartments and the coal garding the death toll of coal mines, but pheres because they do not emit as long operators we feel we can accomplish a great we know that an average of about 2,500 and as lasting a flame as does black deal of good for our industry. to 3,000 men lost their lives each year. blasting power, which, in the past, was We know, for example, that back in 1907, the most common explosive. The safest Here are excerpts from letters from 261 men lost their lives in a mine explo­ coal mines of today are those which use the representatives of labor: sion, and that 13 days later 239 men were permissible equipment and which adhere I am sure that both the management and killed in another explosion in another to timbering, ventilating, haulage, and the men who are employed at this mine feel State. Since 1910, when the Bureau rock-dusting standards such as those safer because they now know from an im­ launched its safety program in the coal­ suggested by the Bureau of Mines and partial body that it really is a safe mine to mining industry, the death toll has been those written into the laws of·the most .work in, and that the company, along with the men, are cooperating on a safety program cut more than one-half. This has been progressive mining States. of accident prevention. accomplished in the face of the mechani­ FALLS OF ROOF AND COAL I want to compliment the department on zation of mines-the introduction of Falls of roof and coal, which cause its splendid report and recommendations, high-speed equipment which has brought nearly half of all fatal injuries and a and assure you that district __ , United Mine its own hazards. Back in 1907, in the bi­ heavy percentage of all nonfatal acci­ Workers of America, stands ready at all times tuminous mines alone more than 2,500 dents in coal mines of the United States, to cooperate with your department in es­ lives were lost: Compare this with 1941- can be prevented by systematic timbering .tablishing safety in the mines of the South­ the year production was surging toward and roof testing. The Bureau has de­ west. new heights. In 1941, 1,000 men lost voted extensive research to timbering SAFETY TRAINING WORK their lives. Today, thanks to continued problems and has prepared many pam­ In its safety-education program for progress in the Bureau's safety work, phlets describing proper timbering meth­ the . mineral industries the Bureau of thousands upon thousands of men who ods. Haulage accidents, which usually Mines has fostered interest in first aid otherwise might have been sacrificed are rank next to falls of roof and coal, like­ as a necessary step toward curbing acci­ in our mines producing coal. wise have been studied extensively by the dents. Since the establishment of the Coal mining, it is said, is hazardous. Bureau, and many safe operating stand­ Bureau in 1910, more than 1,500,000 per­ Yet a Pennsylvania mine operated 8 ards have been formulated to overcome sons have taken the Bureau of Mines years without a fatality while producing the dangers encountered in hauling coal first-aid course, and most of those were more than 3,000,000 tons of coal. In in the mines and at the surface plants. men connected with the mineral indus­ Colorado, a mine operated from 1932 LETTERS OF COMMENDATION tries. until 1941 without a fatal accident, while Federal coal-mine inspectors are work­ In the past fiscal year, nearly 100,000 producing well over a million tons of coal, ing night and day in their job of promot­ employees of the mining and affiliated most of which came from pillar-recovery ing health and safety in the coal mines, industries received first-aid and mine­ work, the most hazardous operation in and many letters of commendation have rescue instruction. In addition, with coal mining. Bureau of Mines files show been received from mine operators and the training of nearly 1,500 as first-aid equally impressive records for other representatives of the workmen attesting instructors, more than 16,000 persons mines. to the value of the inspection program. throughout the Nation became qualified Explosions in coal mines, which are The operators and workmen are proud of to teach the Bureau of Mines first-aid headlined in the press because they take the progress they have made toward course in the civilian defense program the greatest toll of life at a single time, making coal mines better and safer places of the Ofilce of Civilian Defense. L==tst fortunately are becoming less frequent, in which to work. In many instances, year the Bureau of Mines awarded 117 90 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 'JANUARY 11 certificates to industrial plants for hav­ explosives and ingredients of explosives calendar year 1942, 672 of the 754 can­ ing all employees trained in first aid. by means of a licensing system. The vasses on metals made by the Bureau Safety instructors, coal mine inspec­ Bureau also conducts investigations of were conducted specifically for war agen­ tors, and other Bureau personnel are the manufacture, storage, thefts, or cies. The quarterly iron and steel scrap ready at all times to assist in mine-rescue losses of explosives, and of fires and ex­ survey has been changed to a monthly and recovery operations after disasters. plosions in which explosives are believed basis as an additional service for war All are skilled in the use of oxygen or known to be a contributing factor. industries and agencies. . breathing apparatus and gas masks and To carry on the licensing work the In the field of nonmetallics, the stud­ in procedures connected with fires, explo­ Bureau has appointed nearly 4,500 pub­ ies also have been speeded and broad­ sions, or floods. This training is passed lic officials as licensing agents. These ened. The Bureau makes monthly can­ along to mining men, and the Nation agents, who serve without pay except for vasses of mica, gre,phite, asbestos, barium thus has a reserve of men who can be a 25-cent fee for each license, have issued oxide, and natural sodium compounds; a called into action to assist in civilian de­ some 225,000 licenses. Forty-eight ex­ semimonthly canvass of cement; and fense and rescue work arising from the plosives investigators are at work in the special canvasses of quartz crystals, min­ war. various States and Alaska, supervising eral pigments, and industrial diamonds. OTHER IMPORTANT ROLES and guiding the licensing agents and in­ Special reports liltewise are issued re­ The Bureau of Mines is playing other vestigating the manufacture, handling, garding the sources of high-grade dolo­ important roles in the promotion of storage, and use of explostves. In carry­ mite needed for magnesium metal, health and safety in the mineral indus­ ing out its duties, the Explosives Control sources of magnesia, processes for re­ tries. A new unit composed of doctors, Division of the Bureau works closely with covering magnesia from dolomite, mag­ chemists, and engineers is making in­ the Army and Navy .Intelligence Serv­ nesia refractories, resources and uses of vestigations and studies of occupational ices, the Office of Civilian Defense, and monazite, uses and supplies of strontium, diseases in the coal mining industry, in the Office of the Chief of Ordnance, and sources of high-grade clays for alumi­ conjunction with the work of the Coal the Provost Marshal General. num salts, and nonmetallic mineral in­ Mine Inspection Division. In order to MINERAL PRODUCTION SECURITY PROGRAM dustries in the South. maintain the highest levels of available In the summer of 1942, the Bureau of The work of the Bureau in collecting manpower, the gas and dust laboratory Mines launched its mineral production facts and figures regarding the petrole­ at the Central Experiment Station at security program to prevent sabotage um and natural gas industries is aiding Pittsburgh has been enlarged to handle and to investigate possible subversive Government agencies in rationing prob­ the increased number of air and dust activities in the Nation's metal mines, lems, control of production, and read­ samples submitted by coal mine inspec­ coal mines, quarries, mills, smelters, and justment in refinery operations. The tors; respiratory devices for protection allied mineral facilities. A staff of monthly reviews regarding aviation gaso­ against gases, fumes, and dusts are being engineer-investigators was trained at the line, which were begun in 1939, and investigated; and studies are being made Central Experiment Station at Pitts­ which have been supplemented by ca­ for the Army and the Navy regarding burgh and was sent into the field to pacity surveys, are proving of special health factors in some military equip­ work in close coordination with the value to the program of expanding out­ ment. mine inspectors, explosives investigators, put to meet war needs. The Bureau's explosives-testing pro­ safety engineers, and other field person­ The need of war agencies for cross­ gram, conducted for many years with a nel of the Bureau, as well as in coopera­ sectional views of the coal and coke in­ view to maintaining safe characteristics tion with other .Federal agencies con­ dustries also is being filled by the Bureau in explosives and blasting devices, has cerned with the facility security program of Mines, which has expanded current been broadened because of the war. Re­ of the Government. studies and has inaugurated new studies search by Bureau chemists has proved of ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS so that a glance wm ·reveal just how these great. value to military officials. High­ Accurate information on the produc­ industries are progressing and where speed explosion diaphragms were devel­ tion, trade, distribution, supply, and con­ shortages threaten. Another service of oped to protect equipment and employ­ sumption of minerals and mineral com­ the Bureau is that which supplies essen­ ees in speci~l war industries against gas modities is essential to the war, to in­ tial information relating to production, explosions; studies were made of the ex­ dustry, and to the Bureau of Mines and stocks, and exports of strategic and criti­ plosion and inflammability characteris­ other Federal war agencies. The Bu­ cal minerals by foreign countries. These tics of chemicals used by the synthetic­ reau's economics and statistical service, figures are obtained on a confidential rubber and plastics industries; further which supplies these up-to-date facts, basis from official sources in nonenemy studies were conducted regarding the use has accelerated and intensified its work countries. of helium in preventing explosions of of showing where materials come from, Mr. President, with the limited time anesthetic mixtures. where they go, who uses them, and other available it has been possible to present For safeguarding industries using Die­ pertinent details as requested by the only a brief review of the splendid work sel engines in explosive or combustible War Production Board, the Army and the Bureau of Mines is doing to help this atmospheres, a testing gallery was com­ Navy Munitions Board, the Office of Nation and her allies win the war. In pleted and experiments are being con­ Price Administration, the Metals Re­ my opinion, this agency has provided the ducted. At the request of the Ordnance serve Company, and the Board of Eco­ United States with an outstanding exam­ Department of the Army, plant-security nomic Warfare. This war job involves ple of the foresighted and efficient con­ stud!es are made of ordnance facilities. more than 100 minerals. The complete version of an old-line bureau to a vibrant Several d.e:rr.olition studies also have been picture is assembled by experts from ma­ and progressive wartime organization-a made in cooperation with the Army. terial furnished by the thousands of conversion made possible by long and The Bur~au has assigned an engineer to American establishments in the mineral careful preparation and by an early cooperate with the Chemical Warfare field. As a result of the wartime de­ realization of the possibilities of Amer­ Service of the War Department in con­ mand for information regarding the ica's vast natural resources. nection with civilian protection activi­ supply, consumption, and distribution of There is no question that virtually all ties. One recent discovery by the Bu­ minerals, the economics and statistical the Bureau's work is directly concerned reau is that hard coal-tar pitch, in gran­ service of the Bureau now requires the with the war program and the most effec­ ulated form, is excellent for extinguish­ handling of more than 1,400 regular can­ ing magnesium fires in industrial plants. tive aid to the war effort of this country's vasses and the analysis, tabulation, and seven and one-half billion dollar mineral FEDERAL EXPLOSIVES ACT dissemination of the results. In addi­ production industry. Without this in­ Shortly after the United States en­ tion, many special surveys are conducted dustry--coal, metals, nonmetals, petro­ tered the war the Bureau of Mines was from time to time in response to specific leum, coke, and dozens of other vital designated by the Congress to adminis­ requests from war agencies. mineral fields-the United States could ter the Federal Explosives Act, an anti­ The Bureau provides war agencies not rank as the "arsenal of democracy," sabotage measure which provides for the with detailed facts regarding 30 metals nor would we be able to produce, as we control of the manufacture, purchase, on a monthly basis. These studies cover did in 1942, as much war material as all sale, use, and possession of nonmilitary both producers and consumers. In the of the Axis Nations put together. 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 91 Enormous wealth is drawn from our NOMINATIONS Louis Bloch, from the State of Califomla, mines, and millions of people depend to be program-control technician at $5·,600 Executive nominations received by the per annum in the San Francisco regional upon the industry for a living, When Senate January 11, 1943: office of the War Manpower Commission. these minerals are processed or fabri­ John D. Kingsley, from the State of Ohio, cated into war materials as well as arti­ SUPR~ME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Wiley Blount Rutledge, of Iowa, to be an to be program control technician at $5,600 cles which every man, woman, and child Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the per annum in the Cleveland regional office in the country must have in order to sus­ United States, vice Hon. James F. Byrnes, of the War Manpower Commission. tain our high standard of living, the resigned. David G. Nagle from the State of Mas­ value of the industry is multiplied many sachusetts, to be field supervisor at $5,600 times. The influence of the mineral in­ DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE per annum in the Boston regional office of Edward J. Flynn, of New York, to be Envoy the War Manpower Commission. .dustries extends into transportation, Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Reuben B. Resnik, from the State of Texas, agriculture, explosives, electrical manu­ of the United States of America to Australia. to be field supervisor, at $5,600 per annum, in facturing, steel making, yes, into every The following-named persons now Foreign the Dallas regional office of the War Man­ activity of the Nation. Service officers of class seven and secretaries power Commission. Throughout the years of its early his­ in the Diplomatic Service to be also consuls Carlos Stageberg, from the State .of Minne­ tory, during the so-called defense era of the United States of America: sota, to be senior labor utilization analyst, beginning with 1939, and in the actual Panl J . Reveley, of Connecticut. at $4,600 per annum, in the Minneapolis re­ John Peabody Palmer, of Washington. gional office of the War Manpower Commis- war period dating from Pearl Harbor, Henry E. Stebbins, of Massachusetts. sion. , the Bureau of Mines has forged steadily Waldo E. Bailey, of Mississippi. Charles w. Patrick, from the State of Cali­ ahead in all branches of its work and has Jacob D. Beam, of New Jersey. fornia, to be senior training specialist, at not relaxed its vigilance one iota. For Mulford A. Colebrook, of New York. $4,600 per annum in the San Francisco area office of the War Manpower Commission. that reason it has been able during this CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD emergency to show the Nation how and Donald Theodore Larin, from the State .of where it may best utilize the land's God­ Josh Lee, of Oklahoma, to be a member of , to be senior agricultural em­ the Civil Aeronautics Board in the Depart-· ployment specialist, at $4,600 per annum, in given resources in making planes and ment of Commerce for the remainder of the the Minneapolis regional office of the War guns and ships and other weapons for term expiring December 31, 1943, vice George Manpower Commission. resto1ing order to a gangster-ridden P. Baker. George P. Williams, from the State of world. It has demonstrated in the pilot OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION Georgia, to be senior housing and transporta­ plant, in the laboratory, and in the far­ tion specialist, at $4,600 per annum, in the flung mineral deposits of the country Prentiss M. Brown, of Michigan, to be Atlanta regional office of the War Manpower Price Administrator, Office of Price Admin­ Commission. how the United States can and should istration, vice Leon Henderson. make itself independent of many of the Marion A. Gregg, from the State of Ohio, WAR MANPOWER COMMISSION to be area director, at $4,600 per annum, in foreign sources of raw materials. the Youngstown, Ohio, area office of the War All of this has been accomplished in Chester W. Hepler, from the State of Illi­ nois, to be area director at $5,6.00 per annum Manpower Commission. the face of obstacles and handicaps in the Chicago area omce of the War Man­ Harry H. Hansborough, Jr., from the State which would have discouraged a less power Commission. of Kentucky, to be area director, at $4,600 per hardy group of workers or an organiza­ John Bradley Haight, from the State of annum, in the Louisville, Ky., area office of tion that did not keep before it the shin­ Indiana, to be area director at $5,600 per the War Manpower Commission. ing goal of conserving wisely and utiliz­ annum in the Indianapolis area office of the Leroy Allison West, from the State of Colo­ ing efficiently the valuable minerals be­ War Manpower Commission. rado, to be area director, at $4,600 per annum, neath the earth's crust. The Congress George D. Penniman, Jr., from the State in the Denver area office of the War Man­ of Maryland, to the position of labor utiliza­ power Commission. deserves gredit for encouraging and sup­ Thomas J. Corcoran, from the State of New porting the Bureau of Mines in its diffi­ tion analyst at $6,500 per annum in the Washington regional office of the War Man­ York, to be area director, at $4,600 per annum, cult task of aiding our mineral industries power Commission. in the Syracuse area office of the War Man­ in the orderly development and exploi­ William P. Edmunds, from the State of power Commission. tation of domestic resources. Ohio, to the position of area director at $6,500 Aloysius J. McGinty, from the State of New Mr. President, with the United States per annum in the Cleveland area office of York, to be area director, at $5,600 per annum, fighting for its very existence and with In the Albany area office of the War Manpower the War Manpower Commission. Commission. irrefutable proof that its existence de­ T. Hilliard Cox, from the State of Ne­ William Parkinson, from the State of Ne­ pends upon many of the things for which braska, to the position of program control braska, to be area director, at $4,600 per the Bureau of Mines has long struggled, technician at $5,600 per annum in the Kansas annum, in the Omaha area. office of the War I feel that every Member of this body City, Mo., regional office of the War Man­ Manpower Commission. power Commission. Daniel J. Boyle, from the State of Massa­ should understand what is being done by Louis C. M. Abolin, from the State of New agencies such as the Bureau. chusetts, to be field supervisor, at $5,600 per York, to the position of assistant labor utili­ annum, in the Boston regional office of the To the Members of the Seventy-eighth zation analyst (trainee) at $4,600 per annum War Manpower Commission. Congress-both the veterans and the in the Washington regional office of the War Frederick J. Graham, from the State of new Members-as a member of the Com­ Manpower Commission. Massachusetts, to be field supervisor, at $5,600 mittee on Mines and Mining, I can Edward L. Stevens, from the State of Vir­ per annum, in the Boston regional office of strongly recommend the work and ac.:. ginia, to the position of field supervisor at the War Manpower Commission. complishments of the Bureau of Mines $5,600 per annum in the Washington regional Julius Cohen, from the State of West Vir­ as well worth serious consideration and office of the w ·ar Manpower Commission. ginia, to be principal attorney, at $5,600 per Ernest James Jaqua, from the State of annum, in the office of the general counsel study, for to understand what this California, to be head employment specialist of the War Manpower Commission. agency is accomplishing brings a grate­ at $6,500 per annum in the Bureau of Train­ Dr. Paul C. Barton, from the State of ful appreciation of the men in govern­ ing in the washington office of the War Illinois, to be assistant director at $5,600 per ment and industry who are constantly Manpower Commission. annum for the Procurement and Assignment working for a better America. Merriam H. Trytten, from the State of Service of the Bureau of Placement in the Pennsylvania, to be" principal employment ADJOURNMENT TO THURSDAY Washington office of the War Manpower Com­ specialist (physics) at $5,600 per annum in mission. The PRESIDING OFFICER

TO BE" BRIGADIER GENERAL Mr. BARKLEY and Mr. BREWSTER members their infiuence in the party antl the Col. Henry Barlow Cheadle, Infantry. of the Joint Select Committee on the part Nation today. Col. Joseph Hampton Atkinson (captain, of the Senate, as provided for in the act I doubt very much whether I would Air Corps; temporary lieutenant colonel, Air of August 5, 1939, entitled "An act to agree with the specific proposal for the Corps; temporary lieutenant colonel, Army of provide for the disposition of certain organization of the wm·Id government, the Upited States}, Army of the United I States-Air Corps. records of the United States Govern­ but also doubt very much whether he is Col. LaVerne George Saunders (captain, ment, .. for the disposition of executive particularly wedded to the plan that he Air Corps; temporary lieutenant colonel, Air papers in the foliowing departments and put forth for discussion. He did not Corps; temporary lieutenant colonel, Army of agencies: announce his plan dogmatically, but the United States), Army of the United 1. Department of Agriculture. stated at the time that he was merely States-Air Corps. 2. Department of Labor. suggesting a possible solution and for 3. Department of the Navy. purposes of opening discussion on the 4. Post Office Department. matter. Far from being criticized for 5. Department of the Treasury. this he should be applauded, and his 6. Department of War. great foresight and vision should be HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 7. Federal Works Agency. gratefully recognized. One of the great MONDAY, JANUARY 11, 1943 8. War Production Board. tragedies of modern history was the fail­ The message also announced that the ure of the Allied Nations after the last · The House met at 12 o'clock noon, and Vice President had appointed Mr. BARK­ war to carefully provide the mechanics was called to order by the Speaker. LEY and Mr. ·BREWSTER members of the to maintain world peace. I am one of The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Mont­ Joint Select Committee on the part of those who do not believe that the League gomery, D. D., offered the following the Senate, as provided for in the act of Nations was the answer. I was op­ prayer: of August 5, 1939, entitled "An act to posed to it, and I would oppose reviving provide for the disposition of certain it after this war; but because no one had Thou blessed Founder of our most records of the United States Govern­ brought before the people that or any holy faith, who came to us in the form ment," for the disposition of executive other plan for discussion from which a of a little Child, teach us that simplicity papers in the following agencies: really workable solution could have been is the pioneer virtue that makes secure 1. Civil Service Commission. evolved, the League of N&tions had no the foundation of Christian character. 2. Federal Works Agency. alternative; and when it was rejected by The1·e is no power that builds up men 3. Office of War Information. - the people of the United States, there in unselfishness and goodness as that The message also announced that the wa..s nothing to offer in its place. Full which radiates from Him whose life on Vice President had appointed Mr. BARK­ and proper discussion during the last earth began in a manger. Let us cast LEY and Mr. BREWSTER members of the World War might very well have pro­ aside our costly treasures, giving us minds Joint Select Committee on the part of duced a real pla.n to which we and all of and hearts to share with all who fear and the Senate, as- provided for in the act of our allies could have subscribed and weep. Dear Saviour, the Friend of August 5, 1939, entitled "An act to pro.­ that would have been workable. changeless love, bless little children and vide for the disposition of certain records FUrthermore, who better has a· right those of ebbing strength who are seeking of the United States Government," for t-o speak on post-war plans, and espe­ the rugged way alone and who never bow the disposition of executive papers. in the ei&liy plans that will prevent the ever­ to defeat. following departments: recurring world wars to which we now We pray that we may ever use our 1. Department of the Navy. seem to be ·subjected than the man who position and privileges to succor the 2. Department of War. shan have taken part in those wars? homeless, the wanderer, and for all who Governor Stassen is a Reserve officer and seek companionship for the day and rest PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE in a few months is resigning his high for the night. · These are they of whom Mr. MAAS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani- office as Governor of the State of Min.:. Thou didst say: "Inasmuch as ye have mous consent to proceed for 10 minutes. nesota to enter active service for the done it unto one of the least of these my Tbe SPEAKER. Is there o\>jection to duration of the war. 1 want to assure brethren, ye have done unto Me.. " Al­ the request of the gentleman from Min­ you that the men who are fighting this mighty God, make us strong to forbear nesota [~. MAASl? war are going to have a g1·ea.t deal to say and unafraid; help us to spread Thy There was no objection. about post-war conditions in this coun­ gracious reign until greed and hate shall REPLYING TO ATTACK ON GOV. HAROLD try and throughout the world when this cease, making us noble in feelings and E. STASSEN'S REPUBLICANISM war is over. They are not going to lose in destiny. No fever of unrest can dis­ the victory in a few years through turb the soul that breathes the lofty Mr. MAAS. Mr. Speaker, I arise to pacifism in this country and through air and learns the way of the Christ.. • challenge the statement questioning international bungling. This Nation Minnesota's Gov. Harold Stassen's Re­ "The holy Supper is kept indeed. has had to support all of the United publicanism and his right to make sug­ Nations in this war, and it will have to In what 'so we share with another's gestions relative to the post-war world, need; do a great deal of the fighting everywhere particularly looking toward maintaining in the world. It will certainly have both Not what we give, but what we share, the peace when the victory shall have For the gift without the giver is bare. the right and the obligation to lead the been won. way in the peace and reconstruction that Who gives himself with his alms, feeds From my long and close personal ac­ three. is. to follow the termination of the war. quaintanceship, I can assure you that I think when the time comes you will Himself, his hungering neighbor, and he is not a stalking horse for anyone. Me ... find Harold Stassen one of those who will Harold Stassen has a mind of his own, be among the leaders at that time. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. and he has always spoken it frankly and fearlessly. I disagree with Mr. Stassen Harold Stassen is not only an out­ standing Republican., but he represents The Journal of the proceedings of on many issues; but his right to express Friday, January 8, 1943. was read and his views is as sacred as any cause we are the finest type of young American. · approved. fighting for in this war. Mr. MAAS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT Far from his Republicanism being mous consent to print Governor Stassen's questionable, he is one of the outstanding remarks to which I referred in the Ap­ Sundry messages in writing from the pendix of the REcoRD. President of the United States were com­ Republican leaders in the Nation, and I know of no one who has any better right The SPEAKER. Is there objection to municated to the House by Mr. Miller, the request of the gentleman from Min­ one of his secretaries: to speak as a Republican on any issue. Harold Stassen was one of the pioneers nesota [Mr. MAAsJ? MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE in the movement of organizing the youth Mr. COLE of New York. Mr. Speaker, A message from the Senate, by Mr. of the Nation under the Republican ban­ reserving the right to object, I do so Frazier, its legislative clerk, announced ner; he led them to victory in Minnesota; only to ask the gentleman what was the that the Vice President had appointed and has contributed tremendously to source of the criticism of Governor