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TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Gynura Procumbens Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc. 42 (2): 421 - 434 (2019) TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Review Article Gynura procumbens: Agronomic Practices and Future Prospects in Malaysia Martini Mohammad Yusoff*, Azizah Misran, Omar Ali Ahmed, Wan Huda Dinie Wan Majid, Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab and Nur Fatin Ahmad Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Good agronomic practice is a key to a successful crop production aiming at high yield and quality in small or large scale planting. Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (Family Asteraceae) is a herbal plant rich in phytochemical compounds of wellbeing benefits to the consumers. Suitable and complete technology on agronomic practices such as cultivation technique, fertilization application, water requirement, weed control and pest and disease management of G. procumbens or locally known as Sambung Nyawa for the Malaysian environment can ensure quality product and high yield. This may attract local producers and smallholders to cultivate this medicinal plant commercially. Complete technology package documented for commercial planting of G. procumbens may encourage its planting which would ensure the sustainable supply of G. procumbens raw materials for the pharmaceutical and health industries. Suitable agronomic practices adopted contribute to sustainable commercial production of G. procumbens. It endeavours to support the country’s Entry Point Project under The Agriculture National Key Economic Area (NKEA) to become a potential hub for the manufacturing of high-value G. procumbens based herbal products as well as other herbal species. Therefore, it is ARTICLE INFO crucial to develop and to adopt the necessary Article history: Received: 04 December 2018 agronomic practices for the commercial Accepted: 31 March 2019 Published: 30 May 2019 cultivation for this medicinal herb to support E-mail addresses: the demand for the industry while directly [email protected] (Martini Mohammad Yusoff) [email protected] (Azizah Misran) increase farmers’ farm profit. [email protected] (Omar Ali Ahmed) [email protected] (Wan Huda Dinie Wan Majid) Keywords: Agronomic practices, bioactive compound, [email protected] (Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab) [email protected] (Nur Fatin Ahmad) cultivation, Gynura procumbens, medicinal plant * Corresponding author ISSN: 1511-3701 e-ISSN: 2231-8542 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Martini Mohammad Yusoff, Azizah Misran, Omar Ali Ahmed, Wan Huda Dinie Wan Majid, Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab and Nur Fatin Ahmad INTRODUCTION raw materials. Herbs production in 2014 Benefits of medicinal plants or herbs are increased greatly by 37% with 13,567 metric acknowledged by the people nowadays tonnes production using 2,176 hectares of due to the belief that natural remedies are planted area. Looking at this progressive reliable and more effective compared to demand for herbs or medicinal plants, G. conventional drugs (Alsarhan et al., 2014). procumbens has been identified one of 18 For hundreds of years, nature has been the selected herbs under the Agriculture NKEA resource of medicine to treat ailments such Initiative for Herbal Subsector in 2010 as gout, high blood pressure, diarrhoea and (Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based skin infection (Shafaei et al., 2014), with Industry [MOA], 2018). large number of herbal preparations have been concocted from natural sources and Origin and Distribution used in traditional medicine. In Malaysia, Gynura procumbens is one of the most more than 2000 species of medicinal plants common medicinal plants belonging to were recorded which some have been used the Asteraceae family which is widely in herbal products manufacturing such distributed in Africa (Sukadeetad et al., as those with important components of 2018) and tropical regions of South East Asia hypoglycemic agents for the treatment of including Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, diabetes (Bukhori et al., 2015). Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar and China In fact, Malaysia has been acknowledged (Mou & Dash, 2016; Nasir et al., 2015; Tan as one of the 12 mega- diverse countries et al., 2016). The genus Gynura comprises by the United Nations Environment 44 species and is widely distributed from Programme (UNEP) as to harbour the tropical Africa to South East Asia through majority of the earth’s species (Nasir et southern China, Japan, Southeast Asia al., 2015). In addition, since the Malaysian and New Guinea into northern Australia. government had launched the Economic Ten species were enumerated in Thailand Transformation Programme (ETP) in 2010 (Vanijajiva, 2009). In Malaysia this species through the implementation of National has its distribution limited to the western Key Economic Areas (NKEA) including in part of Peninsular Malaysia (Keng et al., the agriculture sector, production of herbs 2009). and the downstream products in Malaysia Gynura procumbens is commonly has significantly increased. The importance known as Sambung Nyawa in Malay which and demand of medicinal plants in Malaysia means “prolongation of life”, whereas can be discerned from the Herbs and Spices in Chinese, it is named as “bai bing cao” Statistics 2016 reported by Department of which bears the meaning of “100 ailments” Agriculture Malaysia. In 2013, a total of (Rohin et al., 2018). Other vernacular names 1,298 hectares of planted area were utilized for G. procumbens according to Global to produce 8,428 metric tonnes of herbal Information Hub on Integrated Medicine 422 Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc. 42 (2): 421 - 434 (2019) Gynura procumbens (Global Information Hub on Integrated flowers, but according to Wiart (2002), G. Medicine [Globinmed], n.d.-a, “Gynura procumbens has purple tubular bisexual procumbens (Lour.) Merr.”, para. 3) are flowers. This plant can grow well in shady listed in Table 1. areas with 25-50% rate of light intensity. The suitable soil pH is around 5.5-7.0, Table 1 whereas for the air temperature is between Vernacular names for G. procumbens 20-30°C and preferably of medium humidity Country Vernacular names with annual rainfall between 1500-2500 Malaysia Daun dewa, dewa raja, akar mm. sebiak, kelemai merah, kacham akar Main Uses Indonesia Sambung Nyawa, daun dewa, kalingsir (Sundanese) Gynura procumbens is an annual evergreen Cambodia Chi angkam shrub with the fresh leaves usually used as Thailand Pra-kham dee khwaai, ma kham vegetables in cooking. In Malaysia, fresh dee khwaai (Pattani), mu maeng leaves of G. procumbens are usually used sang (Chumphon) as salad or ulam (Hew & Gam, 2011) and are eaten raw. Previous studies have shown Morphological Characteristics and that leaf contents did not have any toxic Environmental Requirement effect (Rohin et al., 2018). Apart from Gynura procumbens is a shrub plant that being consumed in the diet, G. procumbens can grow about 1-3 m in height and can also traditionally has been used to treat easily be propagated from stem cuttings. various ailments such as rash, constipation, The plant grows vertically, or sometimes hypertension, migraines, diabetes mellitus, the edge collapses and forms roots. The urinary infection, cancer and as anti- stem is purplish in colour and has fleshy inflammatory and anti-allergic agents characteristics. The stem is also angular (Perry, 1980). In Malaysia, G. procumbens and has many branches with length of node is used by the traditional practitioners to shortens from base to shoot. The leaves control the blood glucose levels of diabetic are ovate-elliptic or lanceolate shape that patients in the form of decoction (Akowuah alternately arranged (Rahman & Asad, et al., 2002). They found that the benefits of 2013). The upper leaf surface is yellowish consuming G. procumbens were related to green colour when matures and light green the amount of bioactive compounds present, colour on the lower leaf surface. The size such as saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids. of petiole is between 0.5-1.5 cm long, leaf Whilst in Indonesia and Vietnam, it is used width between 1-5.5 cm and leaf blades to relieve kidney discomfort and for the measure up to 12.5 cm. In Malaysia, it is treatment of fever, respectively (Tan et al., very rare for G. procumbens to produce 2016). Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc. 42 (2): 421 - 434 (2019) 423 Martini Mohammad Yusoff, Azizah Misran, Omar Ali Ahmed, Wan Huda Dinie Wan Majid, Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab and Nur Fatin Ahmad PRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION cuttings need to be monitored and watering Preparation of Cuttings daily if using sand as the medium or every two days if peat moss is used. This is Propagation of G. procumbens is done because these two media have their own through stem cuttings as planting materials. characteristics in terms of absorption and The middle part of cuttings with a total of water retention capacity. Sand medium is 5 nodes are selected from 2 months old more porous that allows water to drain easily mother plants. The shoot part is not suitable whereas peatmoss remains moist and retains to be used for propagation since it is still considerable amount of water after being young, too sensitive to wet condition and watered. The stem cuttings after reaching 6 can lead to infection of stem rot disease. to 8 leaves with 4 to 6 weeks old are ready Rooting hormone (Seradix 1) can be used to be transferred to the field or shade house. to encourage root growth. Cuttings can be The growth process of cuttings until 6 weeks propagated in plastic cups containing sand of propagation is shown in Figure 1. or peat moss, rather than using trays to minimize the destruction of the root system Field Preparation during the transplanting process. During the propagation stage, suitable places to To achieve maximum crop growth in the place the cuttings can be one of the reasons field, good land preparation is crucial. The for better growth. Normally, a glass house land is cleared before ploughing to remove or other shaded area is suitable. During shrubs and weeds.
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