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10. Vision IAS GS Mains Test Series Questions ROLE OF WOMEN AND WOMEN’S ORGANIZATION Student Notes: Women are the largest untapped reservoir of talent in the world – Hillary Clinton Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Social Construction of Gender ............................................................................................ 3 2. Status and Role of Women ......................................................................................................... 4 2.1. The Profile of Women in India ............................................................................................ 4 2.2. Social Structure, Social Institutions and Women ................................................................ 8 2.2.1. Social Structure ............................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2. Social Institutions ......................................................................................................... 9 3. Nature, Range and Patterns of Women’s Work ....................................................................... 11 3.1. What is Women’s Work? ................................................................................................... 11 3.2. Unpaid Work in Household, Home-Based Production and Family Farms ......................... 11 3.3. Female Child Labour .......................................................................................................... 12 3.4. Paid Work .......................................................................................................................... 12 3.5. Women Workers and the Growth of Unorganized Sector ................................................ 15 4. Women’s Issues and Responses ............................................................................................... 15 4.1. Women’s Movements ....................................................................................................... 15 4.1.1. Timeline of Women’s Movements in India ................................................................ 16 4.1.2. Pre-Independence Women’s Movements .................................................................. 16 4.1.3. Post-Independence Women’s Movements ................................................................ 19 4.2. Approach for Women Development Since Independence ................................................ 22 4.2.1. First to Fifth Five Year Plans: Welfare Approach ........................................................ 23 4.2.2. Sixth Five Year Plan: Shift from Welfare to Development .......................................... 24 4.2.3. Seventh Five Year Plan: Women and Development ................................................... 24 4.2.4. Eighth Five Year Plan: Shift from ‘Development’ to ‘Empowerment’ of Women ...... 24 4.2.5. Ninth Five Year Plan: Women Empowerment ............................................................ 25 DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH 1 www.visionias.in # 8468022022 ©Vision IAS https://t.me/UPSC_PDF Download From > https://upscpdf.com https://t.me/UPSC_PDF 4.2.6. Tenth and Eleventh Five Year Plan: Human Development and Inclusive Growth ...... 26 Student Notes: 4.2.7. Twelfth Five Year Plan: Gender Equity ....................................................................... 26 5. Laws and Policies for Women in India ...................................................................................... 27 5.1. Constitutional Provisions for Women in India .................................................................. 27 5.2. Legislations for Safeguarding Women in India .................................................................. 27 5.3. National Policy for Women ............................................................................................... 29 5.3.1. National Policy for Empowerment of Women, 2001 ................................................. 29 5.3.2. Draft National Policy for Women 2016 ...................................................................... 30 5.4. International Initiatives for Women .................................................................................. 31 6. An Analysis of Women’s Current Situation in India .................................................................. 32 6.1. Women’s Issues: A Manifestation ..................................................................................... 32 6.2.1. Economic Empowerment of Women ......................................................................... 33 6.2.2. Social Empowerment of Women ............................................................................... 34 7. Government Response ............................................................................................................. 36 7.1. Institutional Mechanisms: ................................................................................................. 36 7.2. Women Empowerment Programs/Schemes by Government of India .............................. 38 7.2.1. Initiatives to Improve Female Work Participation...................................................... 38 7.2.2. Initiatives to Improve Health of Women .................................................................... 39 7.2.3. Initiatives for Education, Skilling and Training of Women .......................................... 39 7.2.4. Initiatives for Safety of Women .................................................................................. 40 8. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 40 9. Previous Year UPSC GS Mains Questions ................................................................................. 41 10. Vision IAS GS Mains Test Series Questions ............................................................................. 42 Copyright © by Vision IAS All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS. DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH 2 www.visionias.in # 8468022022 ©Vision IAS Google it:- https://upscpdf.com https://t.me/UPSC_PDF Download From > https://upscpdf.com https://t.me/UPSC_PDF 1. Introduction Student Notes: Imagine the following scenarios: • You are waiting for a bus at the bus stop and a young man takes out a knitting needle and wool and starts knitting. A school girl who is also waiting for a bus climbs a tamarind tree to look for a raw tamarind. • A couple lives in your neighbourhood. The husband stays at home and takes care of their two-year-old daughter and manages other household chores while the wife works in a bank as a manager. Do these events surprise you? What reactions do you expect to hear from people with respect to these incidents? What is so unique about these scenes / events that people have to express their surprise or pass such comments? Why cannot a man knit or a girl climb a tree? What is wrong if a man stays at home and takes responsibility for child care and housework? Why cannot a woman give full time attention to her career? These images surprise people because they are contrary to the existing practices, which they usually see in society. We have perpetuated images of mother as the ‘housewife’, father as the ‘breadwinner’; boys playing with guns and trucks and girls playing with toys and dolls. Role stereotyping is a process of reinforcing some specific role for some member of the society. For example, men and women are often socialised in stereotypical roles, as breadwinner and homemaker respectively. Many stereotypes have been built around men and women, and over a period of time most people have come to accept it as the right image. Women play various roles in their lifetime ranging from a mother to that of a breadwinner but are almost always subordinated to male authority; largely excluded from high status occupation and decision making both at work and at home. Paradoxically, in Indian society where women goddesses are worshipped, women are denied an independent identity and status. In recent years, particularly with the rise of Women’s Liberation Movement, this discrimination against women has been widely debated. Two main positions have emerged from this debate. • One maintains that this inequality between the two sexes is determined to some degree by the biologically or genetically based differences between men and women. • As against this, the second position argues that they result from socially constructed power relations and are culturally determined. This brings us to the notion of gender. 1.1. Social Construction of Gender Sex is the biological trait that societies use to assign people into the category of either male or female, through physical ascription. Differences between men and women are often drawing on sex – on rigid ideas of biology – rather than gender. Gender is more fluid – it may or may not depend upon biological traits. More specifically, it is a concept that describes: • how societies determine and manage sex categories; • the cultural meanings attached to men and women’s roles; • how individuals understand their identities. Gender involves social norms, attitudes and activities that society deems more appropriate for one sex over another. The sociology of
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