Population structure and survival of the critically endangered cycad Encephalartos latifrons in South Africa C. Swarta,*, R. Rowswellb, J. Donaldsonc,d and N. Barkera,e a Department of Botany, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa b Private Environmental Consultant, P.O. Box 462, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa c Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa d Plant Conservation Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, P/Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa ePresent Address: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa *Corresponding author. Present Address: Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs (DEDEA), P/Bag X1006, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa. email:
[email protected] Highlights • At least one wild Encephalartos latifrons population is capable of natural recruitment. • At least one E. latifrons population is increasing under present environmental conditions. • Plants in the seedling stage experience the highest levels of mortality. • Of the reproductive individuals present in the population, females outnumbered males. • All stages were significantly clustered in their spatial pattern. Abstract This study investigates the population structure and life history traits of the Critically Endangered cycad, Encephalartos latifrons. Populations of E. latifrons have been considered functionally extinct because no natural recruitment has been observed in the wild for almost 30 years. The discovery of a previously undocumented population of E. latifrons has made it possible to build on previous research into the life history and regeneration capabilities of the species. This new population was censused annually over 5 years; between 2013 and 2017.