International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 2721–2731, Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_272 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=11 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF COFFEE FARMS (CASE IN , NORTH SUMATERA )

R. Hamdani Harahap, Humaizi, Iskandar Muda Universitas Sumatera Utara, , Indonesia Corresponding Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT The sustainable management of coffee farms was analyzed from cultivating social aspect and post-coffee harvesting related to how far coffee growers’ opinion was about good soil for coffee plants, seeds, spacing, shade trees, fertilizing, and pruning coffee plants in Karo Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia and how far their opinion or perception on harvesting red coffeeberries, removing coffee pulps, drying, sorting, removing coffee bean husk, roasting, and packing by coffee growers. The result of the research showed that coffee growers in Karo Regency still put in practice non-standardized coffee growing pattern they still made the seedlings by themselves, they did not do fertilizing and pruning, and they did not grow shade trees. Most of them who harvested red coffeeberries, favored selling coffe beans and cherry since they needed cash and high price. They also did not dry, process, roast, and store the coffee beans, and they did not make standardized ground coffee. The productivity of coffee plants is between 4 and 4.5 kilograms of cherry/tree/year. It seems that the Government does not play its role in making the policy on developing coffee plants. It is recommended that the change in mindset in growing coffee be needed by changing the practice in traditional coffee growing to sustainable one. Key words: Coffee Cultivating, Post-Coffee Harvesting, Policy, sustainability Cite this Article: R. Hamdani Harahap, Humaizi, Iskandar Muda, Sustainable Management of Coffee Farms (Case in Karo Regency, North Sumatera Indonesia), International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(11), 2018, pp. 2721–2731. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=11

1. INTRODUCTION In Indonesia, coffee has been grown and cultivated since decades ago. It began to be grown by a Dutch in the 17th century, about 1646; he got mocha Arabica beans from Arab. Coffee was begun to be grown in Indonesia when General Adrian van Ommen came to Batavia and brought Arabica coffee seedlings in 1696. Since the coffee plants died due to flood, new coffee seedings were imported again in 1699 which then developed in the vicinity of Jakarta

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 2721 [email protected] Sustainable Management of Coffee Farms (Case in Karo Regency, North Sumatera Indonesia) and in West Java, and finally spread to various parts of Indonesian archipelago (Gandul in Prastowo, et al., 2010). Today, coffee plants become the most important commodity. Coffee is one of the most important commercial goods as an exported commodity that is continuously increasing in which its foreign exchange rate ranks the third after rubber and oil palm. Coffee plants are cultivated from small area which only from some ten or hundred square meters to thousands of square kilometers. Coffee is one of the reliable plantation commodities as the producer of exported foreign exchange, the source of coffee growers’ income, industrial raw materials, employment, and regional development. Besides that, coffee also has social function because big coffee plantations can provide employment for the people who reside in the vicinity of the coffee plantation (Anonym, 1991). The data on coffee plantations obtained from the Directorate General of Plantation in 2006 revealed that of 1,308,732 hectares of the coffee plant area, 96% of them were smallholders’, and the remaining 4.10% were cultivated by big plantations with the exported volume of 413,500 tons and the total production of 743,409 tons. The average productivity of coffee today is 792 kg/dry beans per year. The level of coffee productivity in Indonesia is relatively low, compared with the productivity of the countries as the main coffee producers such as Vietnam (1,540 kg/hectare/year), Colombia (1,220 kg/hectare/year), and Brazil (1,000 kg/hectare/year) (anonym, 1998). Indonesia as one of the major coffee producers is now facing great difficulties; most of the coffee plants have become old, its production is low, and its price declines which make coffee plantations are neglected and its productivity becomes lower. The problem of coffee in various parts of Indonesia, as it is reported by mass-media, causes alarm. Several coffee growers cut down their coffee plants and change their coffee farms to other kinds of farms, and some of them even let their coffee farms be neglected. From the observation in and the barn of coffee in North Sumatera, it was found that many coffee growers changed their coffee farms to orange farms. They had to find other jobs to earn their living. In consequence, the Indonesian coffee production tends to decline and its competitiveness tends to be lower (Najiyati and Danarti, 1999). Coffee plants are dominated by Arabica coffee in North Sumatera Province and Karo Regency ranks the fifth in the area of coffee plants and production. The regency which has the widest area of coffee plants is North Tapanuli with the area of 13,995 hectares, followed by Humbang Hasundutan with the area of 11,296 hectares, Dairi with the area of 10,507 hectares, Simalungun with the area of 7,561 hectares, and Karo with the area of 6,213 hectares. The regency which has the highest coffee production is North Tapanuli with 13,995 tons, followed by Simalungun with 9,900 tons, Dairi with 8,621 tons, Humbang Hasundutan with 6,187 tons, and Karo with 4,823 tons (Harahap, 2018). The phenomenon which has occurred in Karo Regency lately indicates that orange growers in Karo Regency change their plants to coffee. There are many factors which cause them to change their plants to coffee plants such as the cost of orange production is high, there are a lot of pests in their orange plants, and orange price becomes very low during the harvest time. The area of coffee farms in Karo Regency is increasing each year. The data from the preliminary survey in Barus Jahe Sub-district revealed that the area of coffee farms was 50 hectares in 2006, 76 hectares in 2007, 95 hectares in 2008, 118 hectares in 2009, 125 hectares in 2010, and 150 hectares in 2011 (Harahap, 2018). These data show the phenomenon which occurs today when a lot of orange growers begin to shift their farms to coffee farms. However, this great number of farmers who change their farms to coffee farms can cause new problems; they surely do not quite understand how to manage this “new” product since they used to take care of orange plants. This is the main problem in managing coffee farms in Karo Regency.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Value Added of Agricultural Products Value added is the added value of a commodity due to experiencing processing, transportation or storage in a production. In the process of added value processing can be defined as the difference between the value of the product and the value of the cost of raw materials and other inputs, excluding labor. While the margin is the difference between the value of the product and the price of the raw material. In this margin, the components of the production factors that are used are labor, other inputs and reciprocation of processing entrepreneurs and empowerment of Human Resouces. Changes in the value of raw materials that have undergone treatment processing value can be estimated. Thus, on the basis of added value, the margin can be calculated and the rewards for production factors can be known. Greater value added to agricultural products can play a role in increasing economic growth. Large economic growth, of course, has an impact on increasing the business field and the income of the people whose end is to improve the welfare of the community. However, the current condition of palm oil and rubber products in significant quantities is exported without undergoing further processing in the country. Finally, the added value advantage of both agricultural products is only enjoyed by foreign parties. Agro-industrial commodities are agricultural sub-sectors which are expected to play an important role in economic growth, export revenues, employment, poverty reduction and regional development equity. Judging from the scope of the commodity, there are hundreds of types of perennial crops and seasonal plants that can thrive in Indonesia, so that the development of agro-industries will be able to reach various types of commodities that are suitable to be developed in each region in Indonesia. Judging from the results of its production, plantation commodities are industrial raw materials and exported goods, so that there is a need to link business activities with various other sectors and sub-sectors. In addition, if observed from the side of the business of agro commodities are smallholder plantation businesses scattered in various regions. Thus the development of the agro industry will have a direct impact on improving the welfare of the community, especially through its role in creating employment and distributing income distribution.

2.2. Coffee Viewed from Social, Economic, Ecological, and Policy Aspects In the global trade, coffee is the second important commodity after crude oil (Gregory, A. and A.M. Featherstone, 2010). The interesting thing about coffee is that it is the most widely traded throughout the world, and it is managed by smallholders with women who play a significant role in them (Amsalu and Ludi, 2010). Coffee is produced by almost 70 developing countries in which 45 of them supply 97% of coffee production all over the world. In 2011, Indonesia ranked the third in coffee production in the world after Brazil and Vietnam, while the fourth country was Colombia. These four countries produce about 59% of the world’s coffee production (Saragih, 2012). The data from the Directorate General of Plantation showed that the biggest Arabica coffee producer in 2010 and (temporary figures) in 2011 was North Sumatera Province, followed by Nangroe Darussaslam (NAD), South Sulawesi, West Sumatera, East Nusa Tenggara, Bali, Papua, and some other provinces (2012). Arabica coffee of North Sumatera which is called Mandheling Coffee (MC) and Lintong Coffee (LC) has been known and had global reputation (Saragih, 2012). Both of these types of coffee are known as specialty coffee (Mawardy, 2008). Arabica coffee is the high ranking commodity in North Sumatera although its productivity is relatively low. AMARTA identifies that at least there are five problems in developing Arabica coffee in : low productivity, low product quality, limit access to market penetration, infrastructure, and regulation (Amarta, 2010). The same condition is also undergone by coffee growers in the other regencies in North Sumatera Province, including Karo Regency.

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Nationally, the obstacle of coffee commodity in Indonesia is low productivity and quality (Ibrahim, 2010).Therefore, a research on determining factors of specialty Arabica coffee production is important to be conducted. Specialty coffee was first introduced in 1978 by Erna Knutsen in the International Coffee Conference in France. The concept was very simple: special geographical micro-climate which produces coffee beans with unique good taste profile (Rhinehart, 2009). Specialty coffee is referred to its difference from the other regular coffee because of its high quality or because the process of its production gets certification such as Organic, Fairtrade, Utz Certified, Rainforest Alliance, C.A.F.É. Practices, Common Code for the Coffee Community (4C), Bird Friendly, and Geographical Indication (Lewin et al., 2004; Mawardi, 2008). Comprehensive agricultural and rural policy is highly needed to cope with poverty and unemployment (Winoto and Siregar, 2008). The government’s program in agriculture and agribusiness influences productivity through human resources (Heimlich, 2003). A research conducted in Nepal revealed that the gap between policy and implementation in the field had caused the quality of coffee in Nepal to be below the international standard (Tiwari, 2010). It indicates that the implementation of a policy done by the government is highly needed so that coffee growers can increase the quality of their coffee. The aspect of policy can be seen from how many programs which are done by the Ministry of Agriculture to help coffee growers increase their coffee productivity.

2.3. Coffee Cultivation and Post-Harvesting Cultivation of coffee plants begins with selecting the land. Selecting the land for growing coffee is closely related to climate, soil, and the altitude of the land to grow coffee, and land feasibility. A research on land feasibility had been done by Simanjuntak et al., (20015). The result of their research showed that the category for potential land to grow Robusta coffee in Silima Pungga-pungga Sub-district was moderately feasible (S2); its inhibiting factors were humidity (wa) and infeasible improvement. A research was conducted by Zahriyah (2012). Her research gives information and recommendation to use the land in Pasjurambe Sub- district, especially for growing and developing Robusta coffee plants which is expected to be able to plan the use of land and to increase the local people’s economic condition by providing fertilizers or making terrace to cope with the slant acclivity and erosion in the research area. A research on land condition was also conducted by Wahyuni, et. al., (2013) which stated that the best and the most unique taste was determined by the elevated place, climate, and the processing of organic Arabica coffee beans. The technique of processing organic Arabica coffee beans in order to yield the best and the most unique taste is by doing it in semi-wash processing. In selecting the seedlings, Susilawati and Robiartini (2008) did the research on the growth of Robusta coffee seedlings on the medium of river mud compost. The next step is that the management of coffee plants needs fertilizing. Rosniawaty, et. al., (2017) indicated that compost fertilizer highly influences the growth of coffee plants. The mixture of soil and the compost of coffee pulps (2:1 or 3:1) and the urine of rabbits had high influence on plant height, tree diameter, and the number of leaves. The mixture of soil and leaf compost (3:1) and the urine of rabbits had the best influence on the volume of roots and leaf width. Another research was conducted by Rubiyo, et. al. (2003) on the use of goat manure as organic fertilizer for Robusta coffee in Bali, while the research related to fertilizing coffee plants was also conducted by Dewantara, et. al., (2007) on the response to the growth of Robusta coffee (Coffea robusta L) seedlings on various kinds of plant media and liquid organic fertilizers. The result of their research showed that the treatment for various plant media had significant influence on the increase in the variable of observation on the total leaf area, crown dry weight, and the ratio of root crown weight. Besides fertilizing, coffee seedlings are also highly influenced by the plants which shade them. Qualified coffee seedlings cannot be separated from the use of shades because they are not able to adjust to the

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 2724 [email protected] R. Hamdani Harahap, Humaizi, Iskandar Muda intensity of bright light. Inappropriate level of shade in the seed bed phase (the cultivation of seedlings) will yield low quality of coffee seedlings (Balitri, 2012). Therefore, qualified coffee seed production will guarantee coffee productivity in farms. A research conducted by Anita, et. al., (2006) showed that there was no interaction between the level of shade and the dosage of N fertilizer in all variables of the growth of coffee seedlings in the medium of peat soil. According to Ross, et. al., (2006), there was the change in censor during the storage of coffee which was caused by the temperature in the storage, since the change in the storage temperature and the storage itself will change the coffee aroma.

3. METHOD The research was conducted in five sub-districts in Karo Regency,North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. The research population was Arabica coffee growers in Karo Regency, and 110 of them were used as the samples. The respondents were coffee growers who had understood and had relations with coffee farms.The selection of sub-districts, , and the number of samples per were based on the number of coffee growers and the land areas at the villages. The location of the survey of coffee growers in Karo Regency consisted of Barus Jahe village and Barus Julu village in Barus Jahe Sub-district, Sukambayak village in Tiga Panah Sub-district, Lingga Julu village in Simpang Empat Sub-district, Pancur Batu village in Merek Sub-district, and Cimbang village in Payung Sub-district. The samples were taken by using purposive sampling technique, while the survey method was done by interviewing all respondents who resided in the five sub-districts in Karo Regency. The data were analyzed by using qualitative and quantitative method; analyzing the first problem formula by using descriptive qualitative analysis by describing social, economic, and ecological aspects in managing coffee plants sustainably.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Result 4.1.1. The Age of Coffee Plants Most of the coffee plants found in the research location were above 6 years old which indicated that they were considered as unproductive anymore since productive age of coffee is below five years. Most of the respondents claimed that they owned the land area of farms from 3,000 m2 until 6,000 m2. Some of them claimed that they owned 1,001 m2 until 3,000 m2. Some others claimed that they owned 9,001 m2 until 12,000 m2, while the remaining respondents claimed that they owned land area of 18,001 m2-2,500 m2, 6,001 m2-9,000 m2, above 25,000 m2 and 500 m2-1,000 m2. These data indicated that most of the respondents had relatively wide land areas even though not all of them were planted with coffee plants. Several of them were planted with coffee plants and other plants such as chilies, oranges, potatoes, cabbages, carrots, and even clove trees. For most of the coffee growers in Karo Regency, coffee plants were not the main crops; they were only supplementary crops.The majority of the respondents had their own coffee land areas. Besides good coffee topography, the soil and land management also needed to be heeded. The topography of coffee plants was flat, and the rest was moderate; they were neither slanted nor flat. Most of the respondents grew coffee with orderly planting range of 2.5m x 2m, 2m x 2m, 1m x 2m, 4m x 2m, and 1m x 1m. The number of coffee plants per hectare was about 2,500 trees which were expected to produce 4 tons of coffeeberry per hectare, or 2 tons of green beans, or 1.4 tons of ground coffee. With other calculations, the productivity of coffee plants in the research location was about 4 kilograms of cherry/tree/year. It meant that 4 x 2,500 tree/ha/year=10,000 kilograms of cherry/ha/year=4,000 kilograms of coffee beans/ha/year= 2,000 kg/ha/year of green beans/1,400 ground coffee. Farmers usually plant coffee by using poly-cultural pattern: coffee

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 2725 [email protected] Sustainable Management of Coffee Farms (Case in Karo Regency, North Sumatera Indonesia) plant was mixed/intercrop with carrots, chilies, cabbages, Chinese cabbages, and white radish. Most of the coffee growers said that they got coffee seedlings from the seeds which were found under the coffee plants, by making them from the extension of coffee plants, and by getting coffee seedlings from the Plantation Agency and from the other coffee growers. This indicated that they got coffee seedlings not from certified or qualified seeds. According to one of the farmers in Karo Regency, even though there were seedlings from the Government (the Plantation Agency),they seemed doubtful about the quality. 4.1.2. Pest and Disease Management Pest and plant disease usually found in Arabica coffee plants in the research location were BPKO (Coffee Berry Borers) (Stephonoderes hampel). This type of pest attacks young coffee berries so that they become perforated and defective. Handling it is done by using attractants and seizure during the last fertilization, harvesting and destroying all coffee berries which fall down, or powder picking during the first fertilization. The handing can also be done by using natural enemy like fungus, Beauveria bassiana, at the dosage of 2.5 kg of solid cultivation per hectare which has been dissolved in water. Spraying is done in the afternoon in order that fungus spore can grow and develop well in the cold night. The other pests which are usually found are black twig borer (Xylosandrus sp.) and red twig borer (Zeuzera coffeae). These pests attack young and old stems and branches so that these stems and branches wither and die. Handling these pests is done by cutting off and destroying the attacked stems and braches. The other pests are Mealy Bug (Planococcus citri) and Green Coffee Scale (Coccus viridis).These types of pest attack coffee flowers, young berries, leaves, and shoots so that they will be withered, turn yellow, die, and fall down. The attack against coffee berries which have become hard will cause them to be withered, wrinkled, and ripe prematurely. The handling can be done by arranging the moisture in the farm through pruning the coffee plants and their shade trees, throwing away the parts which have been attacked, increasing their natural enemies such as spiders and locusts, and using pesticide. Green coffee scales secrete sweet honeydew which is liked by ants, and the honeydew which falls onto leaf surface will form dew soot on the surface of leaves. The existence of dew soot and ants indicates the attack of green coffee scales. Another important disease which is found in Arabica coffee plants is Coffee Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) which attacks the lower part of leaves so that they will become yellow and fall down; the coffee plants will become dry and die. This disease usually attacks coffee plants which grow in the lowland. The handling can be done by using the variety of coffee plants which withstand Coffee Rust or by using fungicides. Another disease is Pink Limb Blight (Corticium salmonicolor) which attacks moist limbs or twigs so that some parts of them will die. The handling can be done by decreasing the moisture in the plant area, the parts which have been attacked should be cut off and destroyed, or by using fungicides. Based on the interviews, it was found that the main pest which attacks coffee plants is Coffee Berry Borer; the damage could reach from 35% until 60%. The purpose is to attract female insects so that they will fall down into the water and die. Female insects are much more than male insects and they are very active. In the dry season, PBKO will attack until 60% of coffee plants, and in rainy season they will attack until 30% of coffee plants because many eggs-to-be become rotten. The other pests are lamb fungi, twig borers, coffee rusts (the way to handle them is when they have become rusty), and root rot. Pruning coffee plants can remove PBKO until 70% because PBKO is a type of lice which cannot stand the heat of the sun. Attractant can be used to kill PBKO when berries are still in the form of milk. According to the informants, the way to handle PBKO was by doing sanitation, keeping the coffee farms clean, burying the fallen coffee berries, and planting shade trees.

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4.1.3. Post-Coffee Harvesting Processing Most of the respondents said that they processed their coffee by themselves while some others said that they did not. Harvesting coffee is done by picking coffee berries one by one. Many coffee growers use wage-earners in harvesting coffee, such as aron in Karo Regency with varied wages. Aron is a concept of working together and supporting each other voluntarily in the Karonese community in North Sumatera in doing something such as harvesting rice plants. As the time passes, aron gradually begins to change. Today, aron is waged-earners during the harvest time; for example, a wet-rice field owner has to hire aron waged-earners to work in his wet-rice field and pays them according to the duration of their work. Besides that, many farmers in Karo Regency invite waged-earners from other regions. For example, many aron waged-earners in come from Samosir and Sidikalang, and many of them are the Bataknese, the Javanese, and the Nias people. Some aron waged-earners get daily wage of IDR 80,000/day without considering how many coffee berries they have picked up. Usually, this type of workers will pick up red coffee berries one by one without stems. Some of them are paid according to the number of coffee berries they have picked up. In consequence, they will pick the berries at random, without selecting the berries; they will pick the red, yellow, and green coffee berries, and even the stems all at once. This condition has made the harvest unqualified and can destroy coffee plants. Most of the coffee growers do not realize this condition.

4.2. Discussion Based on the result of the interviews, it was found that most of the respondents claimed that they dried their coffee beans in the sun, while the other respondents said that they did not because they sold the coffee directly in the form of cherry. The process of drying in the sun was done by the respondents manually in the open places, using mats or sometimes tarpaulins so that the beans did not touch the ground. It seemed that very few coffee growers who dried the coffee beans on racks which were made of wood so that the coffee beans did not touch the ground. Most of them dried the coffee beans in the open places manually and left them there on the ground.Therefore, the way they did the drying did not meet the coffee drying standard. Some obstacles in drying coffee beans in the sun were lack of sun light and high intensity of rain. On the average, they dried their coffee beans 2-8 hours although it depended on weather. Most of the respondents sold their coffee in the form of husk, while the other respondents said that they sold it in the form of cherry, roasted bean, and green bean. This indicated that there were more coffee growers who processed post-harvesting coffee in the form of husk than those who processed in the form of green bean and roasted bean. They tended to sell their coffee in the form of husk and cherry. Selling coffee in the form of husk will decrease the added-value for coffee growers in obtaining high price. A research conducted by Djumarti (2013) revealed that the duration of fermentation process and the types of receptacle had the influence on the SNI quality test, physical characteristics, and the organoleptic properties of roasted and non-roasted Arabica coffee beans. Another research showed that the quality of coffee beans could be determined according to water content, physical quality, and taste. Water content is the most important attribute and becomes the indicator for the quality of coffee, especially for coffee sellers and for those who roast coffee beans. Water content of Robusta coffee beans should be in the maximum of 11% for the stability of storage process. Even though sensory assessment tends to be subjective, taste test indicates that there is the influence of the treatment of semi-wet process on the quality of steeped coffee as the last product of coffee. In general, semi-wet processing treatment, followed by selective picking of coffee berries, can increase physical quality and the taste of coffee beans (Novita et al., 2010). The result of the research above emphasized on the importance for coffee growers to process coffee beans after harvesting in order to get the added-value of coffee sales price. Their

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 2727 [email protected] Sustainable Management of Coffee Farms (Case in Karo Regency, North Sumatera Indonesia) reason for selling coffee in the forms as had been mentioned above were that they needed cash quickly because the sales price was high, they did not have processing machines, and the coffee beans could be collected in those forms. This indicated that the coffee growers wanted to get cash quickly so that they did not want to process coffee beans further; besides that, they did not have any huller which processed husk to become green beans. This indicated that only a few coffee growers who roasted coffee beans by using roasting machines since they were expensive; therefore, many of them roasted manually by using cauldrons and stoves; besides that, they could get cash by selling cherries or husk so that they did not want to have any difficulty roasting coffee beans. The green beans were then stored in a clean place or clean storage. It was not leaking, had good aeration, and free from storage pests and from other materials which had strong odor. Based on the result of the interviews, it was found that most of the respondents had storage spaces for keeping coffee, but some others said that they did not; they only kept their coffee beans in sacks and in storerooms. This indicated that the coffee growers still relied on sacks to keep their coffee beans since they did not have any special place to keep their coffee. The coffee which was stored was in the form of husk, cherry, and green beans. This indicated that most of the coffee growers kept their coffee in sacks in the form of husk. Most of the coffee growers said that the obstacles of storing coffee in storerooms or in sacks were the attack of insects, too high moisture, and the attack of pests and diseases. Concerning the place for storing coffee, the research conducted by Ross, et al., (2006) revealed that sensory changes occurred in ground coffee during storage at room and freezer temperatures, and these changes could be detected by a sensory panel. The specific attributes of the coffee that are most affected by storage were coffee aroma and bitterness, with fresh coffee found to have a stronger coffee aroma and stored coffee found to be more bitter. The panelists had different preferences but overall, appeared to prefer the fresh coffee compared to the stored coffees. The results indicate the importance of proper storage of ground coffee and the idea that freezer storage may be more effective at retarding some of the attribute changes during storage. Concerning the program of managing coffee plants, most of the respondents claimed that they did not get any aid from the Government; only a few of them admitted that they got aid from the Government. Some aids granted by the Government in Karo Regency were the procurement of 120,000 stems of coffee seedlings of sigarar utang varietry in all subdistricts in 2017, 12,995 coffee attractants at the villages where coffee was planted, 7 hullers for coffee growers at Cimbang village, Payung Subdistrict and Kuta Rakyat village, 2 units of roasting machine for coffee growers at Cimbang village and Kuta Rakyat village, 2 units of plastic clamps for coffee packages at Cimbang villlage, water content measurement instruments at Cimbang village and Kuta Rayat village, and 52,000 stems of coffee seedling and compost for Siosar evacuees. However, according to one informant, coffee seedlings given by the Givernment were not the certified and qualified ones. The same was true to coffee growers’ access to Banking credit; the majority of the respondents claimed that there was no access to banking. Only some of them said that there was the access to banking.

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1. Conclusions • Most of the age of coffee plants was 6-12 years; • According to the respondents, the active age of coffee plants was 2-3 years; • The majority of agricultural land area and coffee plants were 1,000-12,000 m2; • Most of the coffee land was owned by the coffee growers themselves; • The majority of the topography of coffee farms were flat;

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• The majority of the coffee growers planted coffee plants with orderly spacing; • The majority of the planted coffee variety were Arabica Katimor Sigararutang and Ateng Super; • Most of the coffee seedlings were made by the coffee growers from the seedlings found under the coffee trees by slipping of the coffee plants, and from the source of information from the coffee growers themselves; • Most of the coffee growers did not fertilize their coffee plants; • Most of the coffee growers pruned and renewed their coffee plants; • Most of the respondents did not plant shade trees in their coffee farms; • Most of the respondents said that big harvest occurred from September until November and from December until February; • Most of the respondents said that they picked red and ripe coffee berries; • The obstacle occurred during coffee harvesting was high rainfall and lacked of waged-earners; • Most of drying coffee in the sun was done manually in the open place, using mats; • Most of the coffee growers sold their coffee in the form of husk and cherry because they needed cash quickly and high price; • Most of the respondents did not roast their coffee beans; • The majority of the respondents kept their coffee in sacks in the form of cherry, husk, and green bean; • Most of the respondents sold themselves their coffee to agents and in the market; • Productivity of coffee plants was between 4-4.5 kilograms of cherry/tree/year; • The price of coffee husk in Karo Regency was from IDR 23,000 until IDR 28,000/kg; • The main pest in coffee plants was PBKO; • The wage for a waged-earner for pruning, fertilizing, weeding, harvesting, and post-harvest was relatively similar; it was about IDR 80,000 until IDR 90,000; • The Government did not play its role in developing coffee farms.

5.2. Recommendation • Following sustainable cultivation pattern such as selecting certified seedlings, planting shade trees, using fertilizers, combating pests, and pruning the plants; • Doing the harvest properly by picking red coffee berries, sorting coffee berries, processing coffee beans properly, starting from sorting coffee berries, removing coffee pulps, drying, grinding, roasting, and storing coffee according to the procedures; • Establishing partnership with coffee traders, coffee business people, cafe owners, coffee shops, • Establishing Coffee Growers Association in order to be able to socialize good • Practice in planting and processing coffee beans; • Establishing partnership with coffee traders, coffee business people, cafe owners, coffee shops, and the Agricultural Agency; • Making Regional Regulation which requires coffee growers to pick only red coffee berries; • Motivating the Karo District Government to activate tourism sector/coffee agro-tourism.

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