Batteries- there everywhere including the garbage

Battery chemistries- more than 1 kind Battery Management Regulations- Many different agencies

Final disposal- it’s more than a COR

Oops- what went wrong and what now  Batteries in the Stream, Electronics too-

◦ Not a new problem or issue

◦ Different problems over time

◦ Many successes over the years- reformulation, collection programs

◦ Technology advancements- solves and creates

 Landfill  Refuse derive Fuel- RDF  Waste to Energy- Mass Burn  - want clean material  Type of facility impacts local government programs and items of interests. ie: heavy metals more of concern in a mass burn

 Batteries come in many different chemistries and often look alike  Different chemistries have different safety, health or processing issues  EPA and DOT requirements  Each can be processed at different final disposal facilities  Different metals can be recovered  Chemistries are changing all the time! and so do the regs!

Most common batteries in use Often referred to as single use or disposable

Alkaline/Carbon Primary Lithium Buttons Zinc • Recyclable at a cost $ • Recyclable most at cost, • Recyclable at a cost some pay if separate. • Contain Li metal, C, Many different chemistries • Contain Zn, Mn, Fe, Fe, plastics C, and older Hg • Contain Zn, Li, Mn, Fe, concern • Manage as a Ag Universal Waste and • Make ups about 80- DOT HM • Manage as a Universal 85% of collection Waste and DOT HM, system, if collect • Always protect unless know its only Zinc protect terminals over terminals Air, if mix protect all 9 volts terminals Often referred to as secondary or rechargeable. Plug in or recharge- laptops, cell phones, power tools, alarms,

Nickel based Lead Acid Li-ion

• NiCd- Wet and Dry • Wet-Vehicle • Many different chemistries, 8 common • NiMH- similar usage • Dry- power back up • Manage as a as dry cell NiCd, NiZn • Always protect Universal Waste and is not common terminals DOT HM • DOT and EPA regs • Manage as a • Always protect Universal Waste and terminals • Protect terminals DOT regs • Want more power based on size over 9 and small size volts Type of Lithium Rechargeable Formula Known as Usage

Lithium Cobalt Oxide- basic chemistry type for Cell, phone laptop,

Li- ion and Li- polymer, most common LiCoO2 LCO camera, electronics Expensive and switching chemistries or reducing Co content

Lithium Manganese Oxide- basic chemistry type LMO/spi for Li- ion and Li- polymer LiMn2O4 nel HEV, cell phone, laptop coin batteries maybe assemble/stacked

bike battery packs, power tools , aviation products, automotive hybrid systems, medical, Lithium Iron Phosphate* LiFePO4 LFP replacement for AA/AAA

LiNiMnC Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide oO2 NMC Vehicle

Gaining importance in LiNiCoAl electric powertrain and Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide O2 NCA grid storage Lithium mixed metal oxide Li4Ti5O1 Lithium Titanate 2 LTO Military

Lithium Nickel oxide LiNiO2 There are 4 main steps in battery , and various regulations along the way.

Final disposal Final processor- Sorter usually based EPA, DOT- on chemistry What are they type, permitted permitted to do to process, and where is export permits, DOT, EPA- signed BOL’s depending the end of life Collect and CORs upon chemistry EPA, DOT, Local different requirements

 Not being managed  Unaware of battery in product- embedded again  Don’t know what to do with them  Improper storage while waiting collection  Mismanagement at collection sites  Each battery chemistry may have different issue  Fires have increased! https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 03/documents/timpane_epa_li_slides312_ll_1.pdf

Pb batteries in transport on a skid (pallets were packaged according to regs and sturdy)……….. Think about how you protect terminal- did you just stuff into a bag, many in a bag?

Did you add packaging material in the box/barrel- if yes was it combustible? Need a DDR collection container- DOT regulated The number of occurrences vs. shipments is a very low percent but I have seen many battery chemistries short out and some burn. Train explosion leads to chemical release in downtown Houston

Li ion batteries for recycling

Houston Chronicle- April 23, 2017

Thank You

Cheryl Lofrano-Zaske, CHMM Senior Compliance Specialist

[email protected] | D 763.479.4241 | C 612.709.6641 1800 Pioneer Creek Center | Maple Plain, MN 55359 • Determine what is to be collected • All batteries, all Chemistries - employees & business • Establish type of collection container- purchase or create own • Many different commercial available boxes and pails • Collected batteries- make sure intact batteries, especially Li • Mark with universal waste storage and accumulation start date •If collect all chemistries in container- should be universal waste and have a DOT special permit, under 66 lbs or 30 Kgs • Protect terminals as you would for shipping prior to placing in container • Bag or use electrical tape/duct tape to cover terminals, without covering labels • Where/how are they being collected - physical location • Place in observed waste storage area or observed area away from food, heat, water (don’t store drums exposed outside) • Container is to be stored closed, but needs to be vented • New US DOT standards to strengthen safety conditions for lithium cells and batteries shipment • The rules provide greater consistency with The International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by air • Replace equivalent lithium content with Watt-hours for Li-Ion cells and batteries. This makes determining shipping classification more clear • Separate shipping descriptions for lithium metal batteries (UN 3090) and Li-Ion batteries (UN 3480) • Revised requirements for the transport of lithium batteries for disposal or recycling • Adopt new provisions for the transport of damaged, defective and recalled lithium batteries • What is a DDR lithium battery? • Swollen lithium ion cells • Lithium ion cell or battery removed from cell phone, tablets, case lifted • All recalled lithium batteries • DDR lithium batteries presents safety issues in transport and storage • Packages/containers for storage and shipment being developed • US DOT Special Permits issued to multiple companies -DDR lithium batteries without Class 9 designation Shipping regulations - DDR for Li Shipping regulations- bulk 1. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) 2. Commercial Targeting and Analysis Center (CBP-CTAC) 3. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), (Co-Chair) 4. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 5. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 6. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 7. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) 8. Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) 9. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) 10. Intellectual Property Rights (ICE – IPR) 11. Maritime Administration (MARAD) 12. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) 13. Department of Transportation - Office of Inspector General (DOT – OIG) 14. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 15. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), (Co-Chair) 16. Transportation Security Administration (TSA) 17. United States Coast Guard (USCG) 18. United States Postal Service (USPS) 19. United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) • Many companies that are battery collectors are sorters not processors • No one processor will process for end of life all the battery chemistries • Determine where batteries are processed and if meets your qualifications- do they even process that chemistry? • Audit battery sorting and processing facilities - get audit reports • If they are ISO certified get copy of last audit findings •If send international obtain import/export permits

• Documents to obtain- want to show full tracking! •Signed shipping docs from your site, •Shipped out of sorter to processor, signed shipping docs and or weigh tickets to show received at facility, COR When managing batteries at your company- keep in mind • Where are they coming from- business and work • What type/chemistry of the battery are you collecting • Are they intact- any DDR Li based batteries • Employee training or certifications • Easy one stop option or want to sort yourself • Costs vs revenue- based on chemistry and program • No matter what or who you choose, verify end of life final disposal!