Animals 2013, 3, 238-273; doi:10.3390/ani3010238 OPEN ACCESS animals ISSN 2076-2615 www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Review Animal Experiments in Biomedical Research: A Historical Perspective Nuno Henrique Franco Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; E-Mail:
[email protected]; Tel.: +351-226-074-900 Received: 15 February 2013; in revised form: 11 March 2013 / Accepted: 11 March 2013 / Published: 19 March 2013 Simple Summary: This article reviews the use of non-human animals in biomedical research from a historical viewpoint, providing an insight into the most relevant social and moral issues on this topic across time, as well as to how the current paradigm for ethically and publically acceptable use of animals in biomedicine has been achieved. Abstract: The use of non-human animals in biomedical research has given important contributions to the medical progress achieved in our day, but it has also been a cause of heated public, scientific and philosophical discussion for hundreds of years. This review, with a mainly European outlook, addresses the history of animal use in biomedical research, some of its main protagonists and antagonists, and its effect on society from Antiquity to the present day, while providing a historical context with which to understand how we have arrived at the current paradigm regarding the ethical treatment of animals in research. Keywords: animal research; animal testing; biomedical research; animal ethics; history of science 1. Introduction Animal experimentation has played a central role in biomedical research throughout history. For centuries, however, it has also been an issue of heated public and philosophical discussion.