Tables1. Effects on Energy Expenditure and Hypothesized Mechanisms to Induce Weight Loss

TableS1. Effects on energy expenditure and hypothesized mechanisms to induce weight loss

Food Main active Effect(s) on EE Mechanisms of action References compound(s) Green coffee Caffeine, Enhanced thermogenesis Up-regulation of UCP1 and BAT-selective regulatory genes [55]**** (Coﬀea canephora, chlorogenic acid Increased REE Activation of cAMP [57]** Coﬀea Arabica) Browning of WAT β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors stimulation [58]**** Increased fatty acids oxidation Up-regulation of AMPK [59]* [60] Antagonism of TRPV-4 [61]**** [63]* [62]* [64]**

Green Tea Catechins, caffeine Enhanced thermogenesis Inhibition of phosphodiesterase enzymes [68]* [69]* (Camellia sinensis) Increased EE Up-regulation of the gene expressions of UCPs [70] [71]* Increased fat oxidation Inhibition of norepinephrine degradation with increased SNS activity [72]* [73]** Stimulation of substrates in Cori cycle and free fatty acid-triglyceride [74]**/*** cycle [75]*** [76]* Activation of AMPK Increased glycolysis and ATP turnover

Cocoa and dark Caffeine, Increased thermogenesis in Increased expression of thermogenic genes and release of free-fatty [79]** [80]* chocolate theobromine, liver and in WAT acids [81] [82]**** polyphenols Increased mitochondrial Induced expression of UCPs, PGC-1α and AMPKα [83] [84]* biogenesis Adenosine receptor blockage [85]* [86] [87] Fatty acid oxidation Stimulation of basal and noradrenaline-induced lipolysis [88] [90]* [91] Activation of AMPK [92]*

Yerba Mate Polyphenols, Increased REE Up-regulation of AMPK, [63]* [95]* (Ilex Paraguariensis) alkaloids, Increased fatty acids oxidation Down-regulation of genes Creb-1 and C/EBPa [96] [97]** triterpenoids, Inhibition of adipogenesis [98]** [99] flavonoids, Increased AEE [100] [101] chlorogenic acid Enhanced thermogenesis in WAT Preferential use of fatty acids as energy substrate Reduced fatty acids synthesis Activation of mitochondrial genesis in WAT expression of UCPs

Bitter Orange Alkaloids Enhanced thermogenesis in Enhanced expression of UCPs [104]* [105]* (Citrus Aurantium) (synephrine, WAT [106]* [107]** octopamine) reduced fatty acids synthesis [108]** [109]* in WAT [111] [112] Flavonoids Increased REE and DIT (hesperidin, Increased mitochondrial naringin, limonene, biogenesis tangaretin Ginger Zingerone Enhanced thermogenesis Activation of AMPK signaling in WAT [117] [118] (Zingiber officinale) Activation of TRPV1 channels (adrenaline releasing) [119] [120] Increased DIT Activation of the sirtuin-1 (SIRT1)/AMPK/ PGC-1α pathways [121 [122] Enhanced BAT function Transcriptional regulation of energy metabolizing proteins Activated WAT browning Increased mitochondrial biogenesis Increased fatty acid Activation of the PPARδ pathway catabolism Turmeric, Curcumin, Enhanced thermogenesis Activation of AMPK with increased UCP1 expression [129] [130] (Curcuma longa) turmerone Enhanced lipolysis Increased mitochondrial biogenesis [132] Increased expression of β3- adrenoreceptors (and norepinephrine plasma levels) Upregulation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway Cinnamon Cinnamaldehyde Enhanced thermogenesis Increased expression of UCP1 in BAT [136] [137]** Activation of phospho-AMPK [138]** [140] Regulation of cAMP dependent protein kinase/p38 MAPK-dependent [142] [143] pathway [144] [145] Increased EE Activation of the TRPA1 (adrenalin secretion) Chilli pepper (Capsicum Capsaicinoids Enhanced thermogenesis Up-regulation of the expression of SIRT1 and PGC-1α with increased [19]* [137]** species) (capsaicin and enhanced EE expression of UCP1 and bone morphogenetic protein 8b [151]* [152]* dihydro-capsaicin), Activation and recruitment of Stimulation of the SNS and the catecholamine secretion from adrenal [153]* [154]* capsinoids BAT gland [155]** [156] (capsiate, Increased EE Activation of TRPV1 and stimulation of the SNS [157]* dihydro-capsiate, decrease RQ nordihydro- reduction of the decrease in capsiate) DIT and REE during hypocaloric diet Garcinia Cambogia Hydroxy-citric acid, Increased BEE Activation of the adiponectin-AMPK signalling pathway [159]* [160]* anthones, increased fat oxidation Regulation of thyroid hormone levels [161]* [162]** benzophenones decreased de novo lipogenesis Down-regulation of ATP-citrate lyase [163]*** [164]*** [166] [167] Guarana Caffeine, Increased thermogenesis Induced BAT expansion [176]** (Paullinia cupana) polyphenols, Increased BEE Increased mitochondrial biogenesis [177]*** [178] theobromine, Inhibited adipogenesis Enhanced UCP1expression [179] theophylline AMPK activation

Brassicaceae Glucoraphanin Enhanced thermogenesis Up-regulation of the Nrf2/SIRT1/PGC-1α signalling [182] [183] (or Cruciferae) (hydrolyzed to the increased mitochondrial Enhanced UCP1 expression in beige adipocytes [185] [186] biologically active biogenesis function [187] [188] sulforaphane) enhanced EE browning of WAT

Nuts Flavonoids, Increased DIT [24]* [51]** MUFA, Increased BEE [192]* PUFA, [193]*** Vitamins [194]**

Apple cider vinegar Acetic acid Enhanced thermogenesis and Regulation of α2-AMPK/PPARα-mediated pathway with up-regulation of [198] fatty acids oxidation the expression of genes acetyl-CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and UCP2

Spirulina (Arthrospira No data on EE platensis and maxima)

*Review including trials on humans with acute and/or chronic administration of product(s) ** Trial on humans after acute administration of product(s) *** Trial on humans after chronic administration of product(s) **** Observational study on humans after acute administration of product(s) Abbreviations: AEE: activity-induced energy expenditure, AMPK: adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase, ATP: adenosine triphosphate, BAT: brown adipose tissue, BEE: basal energy expenditure, cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate, CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein , DIT: diet-induced thermogenesis, EE: energy expenditure, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 , PGC-1α: PPARγ coactivator-1 α, PPAR: proliferator-activated receptor, PKA: protein kinase A, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids, REE: resting energy expenditure, RQ: respiratory quotient, SIRT1: sirtuin 1, SNS: sympathetic nervous system, TRPA1: Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1, TRPV: transient receptor potential vanilloid, UCP: uncoupling protein, WAT: white adipose tissue.