June 11, 2003 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E1223 HONORING THE LIFE AND ACCOM- dedicated his life to ensure the freedom and IN HONOR OF THE RETIREMENT PLISHMENTS OF WILLIAM STILL, survival of others. In addition, I offer my sin- OF DR. ANNA JOHNSON-WINEGAR ‘‘FATHER OF THE UNDERGROUND cere admiration and appreciation to the Wil- RAILROAD’’ liam Still Underground Railroad Foundation for HON. JIM SAXTON planning and sponsoring the first annual Na- OF NEW JERSEY HON. ROBERT E. ANDREWS tional Underground Railroad Family Reunion IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF NEW JERSEY Festival. Wednesday, June 11, 2003 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. SAXTON. Mr. Speaker, today I rise to f Wednesday, June 11, 2003 honor the retirement of Dr. Anna Johnson- Mr. ANDREWS. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to COMMENDING ELROY CHRIS- Winegar after 3 years of public service. Dr. pay tribute to the memory of Mr. William Still TOPHER AND CLAYTON GUYTON Johnson-Winegar led a distinguished career, and to celebrate the upcoming National Un- FOR ACHIEVING A 2003 ROBERT culminating as the Deputy Assistant to the derground Railroad Family Reunion Festival. WOOD JOHNSON COMMUNITY Secretary of Defense for Chemical and Bio- Mr. Still, known as the ‘‘Father of the Under- HEALTH LEADERSHIP PROGRAM logical Defense. In this position, Dr. Johnson- ground Railroad,’’ was one of the primary ar- (CHLP) AWARD Winegar served as the focal point within the chitects of the legendary passage that as- Office of the Secretary of Defense for all sisted slaves in achieving their long sought issues related to the highly critical Chemical freedom in the North. HON. ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS and Biological Defense Program. From early childhood, William Still worked Dr. Johnson-Winegar received a Bachelor of on his father’s farm in Burlington County, New OF MARYLAND Arts degree in Biology from Hood College, and Jersey. When he was 23, he left the family IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Masters of Science and Ph.D. degrees in farm for Philadelphia, arriving poor and friend- Microbiology from Catholic University of Amer- less. But, as a testament to his determined Wednesday, June 11, 2003 ica. Along her career, she has served at the nature and a foreshadowing of his future suc- Army Medical Research and Materiel Com- Mr. CUMMINGS. Mr. Speaker, I rise today cess, Mr. Still taught himself to read so by mand, the Office of the Director, Defense Re- to congratulate, Elroy Christopher and Clayton 1847, he was able to hold a secretarial posi- search and Engineering, and the Office of Guyton, who stood up to drug dealers and tion in the Pennsylvania Society for the Aboli- Naval Research. She also participated as a bi- opened a community center in their Baltimore tion of Slavery. While in this position, Mr. Still ological weapons inspector in Iraq for the neighborhood to save it from the ravages of became directly involved in assisting African- United Nations Special Commission, crime and addiction. Mr. Christopher and Mr. Americans with their escape from the institu- UNSCOM. In 1998 she received the Lifetime Guyton are among an elite group of individ- tion of slavery, and was able to provide board- Achievement Award from Women in Science uals from across the country selected this year ing for many of the fugitives who rested in and Engineering. Dr. Johnson-Winegar came to receive a Robert Wood Johnson Commu- Philadelphia before continuing their journey to to her current position in October 1999. Canada. nity Health Leadership Program (CHLP) award In response to the President’s emerging de- William Still became well known for his hard of $120,000. fense strategy, coupled with the events of work and dedication, and in 1951 when Phila- Elroy and Clayton met while doing volunteer September 11, 2001, Dr. Johnson-Winegar delphia abolitionists organized the Vigilance grassroots work to change the environment of spearheaded a paradigm shift within the De- Committee to assist fugitives traveling through crime and drug abuse in Baltimore. In 1999, partment of Defense Chemical Biological De- the city, Mr. Still was elected chairman. During they combined forces to open the Rose Street fense Program. Under her leadership and ex- this time, Mr. Still used his house as one of Community Center in an abandoned row pertise, defending our men and women in uni- the busiest stations on the Underground Rail- house and ‘‘take back’’ the predominantly Afri- form against the threat of biological and chem- road, being awoken endlessly and tirelessly can-American neighborhood from drug dealers ical attack has taken on a heightened priority throughout the night to provide fugitives with who sold their wares openly on the street cor- at the forefront of defense planning. She has clothing and food. By some estimates, Mr. Still ner. Their goal was to create a ‘‘civil life’’ on lead the effort to improve the overall capability helped a total of 649 slaves obtain freedom. In the street where children could play safely and to defend against weapons of mass destruc- addition, Mr. Still interviewed the fleeing all residents could live without fear. tion, from increasing and focusing research ef- slaves, including the famous conductor, Har- forts which identify and mature promising new riet Tubman, and kept careful records so that Despite regular threats, Elroy and Clayton continue to work with residents to help them technologies, to fielding tested and proven families and friends would be able to locate equipment to the warfighter engaged in on- their relatives in the future. The result was his get addiction treatment and job training. They run a tutoring program for youths in coopera- going operations worldwide. In an era of in- 1872 publication, The Underground Railroad; creasing global threat, Dr. Johnson-Winegar a seminal work documenting the perilous jour- tion with nearby Johns Hopkins Hospital, they help organize computer workshops and Bible has helped shape how this Nation will defend neys slaves took for freedom. both itself and its soldiers, sailors, airmen and In addition to his work on the Underground study classes, and sponsor community events marines against the threat of chemical and bi- Railroad, Mr. Still, an active member of the such as cookouts and tree plantings. ological warfare agents. We honor Dr. John- Presbyterian Church, established a Mission They also created a program for court-or- son-Winegar as a true patriot whose many ac- School in North Philadelphia and organized dered community service participants in which complishments serving our country have one of the early YMCAs for black youth. minor offenders clean up the streets in lieu of helped keep this Nation strong and secure. Through these efforts, Mr. Still helped African- jail time. In the past two years, they have American youth embrace their newfound free- helped 100 men re-enter the community after f dom, and it was with his strong leadership that being in prison. FACTS, NOT POLITICAL CORRECT- the African-American community successfully ‘‘Before these two men began their work, NESS, SHOULD DETERMINE MILI- made the difficult transition from the cruelty of Rose Street was a drug haven with open-air TARY PERSONNEL POLICIES slavery to the joys of emancipation. drug markets, intimidation of law-abiding citi- In honor of his esteemed and gracious zens, and violence and murder,’’ said their HON. ROSCOE G. BARTLETT work, the William Still Underground Railroad nominator, Polly Walker, Associate Director, OF MARYLAND Foundation, Inc., as requested by the Harriet Center for a Livable Future. ‘‘Theirs is a sin- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tubman Historical Society, is sponsoring the gle-minded commitment to help others escape first annual National Underground Railroad Wednesday, June 11, 2003 the cycle of poverty, drug and alcohol addic- Family Reunion Festival to take place in Cam- Mr. BARTLETT of Maryland. Mr. Speaker: tion, and crime.’’ den, NJ and Philadelphia, PA from June 27– The men and women who serve in America’s 29, 2003. The three-day celebration will re- Mr. Speaker, I proudly ask you to join me in Armed Services performed exceptionally well unite descendants of conductors, abolitionists, commending Elroy Christopher and Clayton during Operation Iraqi Freedom. stationmasters, fugitives, and all those whose Guyton for their accomplishments in founding During the three weeks of initial heavy com- ancestors were associated with the Under- the Rose Street Community Center and for bat, members of the Army’s 507th Mainte- ground Railroad in a public arena. their efforts put forth in achieving a 2003 Rob- nance Unit were ambushed along the lengthy Mr. Speaker, I ask that my colleagues join ert Wood Johnson Community Health Leader- supply lines within Iraq. The death, brief im- me in honoring Mr. William Still, a man who ship Program (CHLP) award. prisonment, and serious injuries to three

VerDate Jan 31 2003 06:39 Jun 12, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 0626 Sfmt 9920 E:\CR\FM\A11JN8.054 E11PT1 E1224 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks June 11, 2003 women in that unit briefly captured the atten- All of these documents ask tough questions barracks activities, and ‘‘no talk, no touch’’ tion of the world. about the impact, costs and consequences of rules, which interfere with informal contacts Pfc. Lori Piestewa, a single mother of two between recruits and instructors. current military personnel policies concerning No evidence of objectively measured posi- toddlers, a 3-year old and a 4-year old, was the assignments of men and women. A num- tive benefits from GIBT, and no evidence killed in the attack. Pfc. Piestewa had joined ber of significant changes in military personnel that restoration of separate gender training the military 2 years earlier after being di- policies affecting men and women were adopt- would have negative consequences for women vorced. ed during the previous administration. These or men. Spec. Shoshana Johnson, a single mother policy changes did not receive public attention An admittedly ‘‘inefficient’’ method of basic training that produces little or no tan- of a 2-year old, had joined the Army to gain or scrutiny until Operation Enduring Freedom experience as a cook. She was held briefly as gible benefits cannot be described as ‘‘effec- and Operation Iraqi Freedom. tive’’ in military terms. This is especially so a POW. In gross violation of the Geneva Con- It is not an exaggeration to say that among when findings of two major blue ribbon com- vention, the Iraqis videotaped and distributed policy makers, at least for the public record, missions on co-ed basic training have indi- footage of the clearly terrified Spec. Johnson there has been a reluctance to ask, let alone cated otherwise. and her fellow American captives being inter- endeavor to discover the answers to these GIBT was implemented administratively in 1994. It is possible to restore superior gen- rogated. tough questions. This is a mistake. Pfc. Jessica Lynch joined the military to der-separate basic training, which is both ef- The fear that the facts that we might dis- ficient and effective in military terms, in the earn educational benefits to fulfill her dream of cover about the real world impact of changes becoming a teacher. She is now recovering same way. For the sake of military effi- in military personnel policies might prove in- ciency and the best interests of Army men from serious injuries following her rescue from convenient or politically incorrect is no jus- and women, this should be done without fur- an Iraqi hospital by American Special Forces. tification for ignoring the necessity to do so. ther delay. Spec. Johnson’s family was shocked to find 1. The need for women in the military is From my previous work as a scientist and en- out that her Army career as a cook for a Main- unquestioned and not relevant to the issue of tenance Unit placed her in harm’s way within gineer and now as a Member of Congress, I Gender-Integrated Training. The real ques- enemy territory during the invasion of Iraq. It believe public policies should be grounded in tion is whether it makes sense to retain an was news to millions of Americans that military facts, not wishful thinking. This is especially expensive, inefficient form of Army training that offers minimal benefits in terms of mili- personnel policies deliberately assign women true with respect to military personnel polices. We, as public policy makers, owe the indi- tary necessity. to serve in units that are routinely deployed in The Final Report of the 1999 Congressional harm’s way. vidual men and women who sacrifice so much Commission on Military Training and Gen- As a scientist, I believe that government to serve in our military personnel policies that der-Related Issues noted that ‘‘Whether [gen- policies should be based upon facts. The facts will enhance their capability to achieve the der-integrated basic training] improves the are that men and women are different. As the military’s mission and to protect their lives. We readiness of the performance of the oper- only Member of Congress with a Ph.D. in can never forget that military service is a pro- ational force is subjective.’’ fession where the stakes can not be higher or A close look at data and testimony gath- Human Physiology, I can assert this as a mat- ered by this and other recent studies indi- ter of scientific fact. However, you don’t need have graver consequences. cate that there are no significant benefits to be a scientist to know this is true. It is basic I hope the material I have submitted for from gender integrated basic training, but common sense. publication in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD en- many problems and complications that de- The military is a profession where the courages a vigorous inquiry and debate about tract from the primary purpose of GIBT. stakes involved are a matter of life and death. military personnel policies by both the public 2. The only argument offered by TRADOC and government officials. in 2002 in favor of retaining GIBT is that On a battlefield, the differences between men male and female recruits prefer training to- and women have potentially life and death ARMY GENDER-INTEGRATED BASIC TRAINING gether for social reasons. consequences. I would like to submit for the (GIBT)—SUMMARY OF RELEVANT FINDINGS Young people entering the services today record and edification of my colleagues and AND RECOMMENDATIONS: 1993–2002 are more ‘‘gender-aware’’ than generations the nation a number of documents examining In a slide presentation prepared for presen- past, and making recruits happy is not the the evidence of the impact of the differences tation to the Secretary of the Army on purpose of basic training. Three years after between men and women on the battlefield. March 22, 2002, the Army Training and Doc- the return of GIBT, sensational sex scandals Most of the documents have been orga- trine Command claimed that GIBT is ‘‘effec- involving everything from sexual abuse to consensual but exploitive relationships be- nized by Ms. Elaine Donnelly, the President of tive’’ in terms of social benefits. TRADOC also conceded that gender-integrated basic tween cadre and junior trainees made head- the Center for Military Readiness, an inde- training (GIBT) is an ‘‘inefficient’’ format lines nationwide. pendent public policy organization that special- for basic instruction of recruits. Inefficien- The 1997 Federal Advisory Committee on izes in military personnel issues. Ms. Donnelly cies associated with GIBT, some of which Gender-Integrated Training and Related is also a former member of the 1992 Presi- were admitted but downplayed by TRADOC Issues, headed by former Kansas Senator dential Commission on the Assignment of in March 2002, include the following: Nancy Kassebaum Baker, found that ‘‘. . . Women in the Armed Forces, and of the De- Less discipline, less unit cohesion, and the present organizational structure in inte- grated basic training is resulting in less dis- fense Advisory Committee on Women in the more distraction from training programs. Voluntary and involuntary misconduct, cipline, less unit cohesion, and more distrac- Services (DACOWITS, 1984–86). For addi- tion from training programs.’’ tional information, you may log onto the CMR due to an emotionally volatile environment for which leaders and recruits are unpre- The Kassebaum Baker Commission, whose website: www.cmrlink.org. pared. members were largely independent and free Included among these documents are: Higher physical injury and sick call rates of conflicts of interest, voted unanimously that gender-integrated basic training should ‘‘Army Gender-Integrated Basic Training that detract from primary training objec- be discontinued. (GIBT)—Summary of Relevant Findings and tives. 3. The 1999 Congressional Commission re- Recommendations: 1993–2002.’’ Additional ar- Diversion from essential training time due ported abundant evidence of inappropriate ticles from major news organizations include: to interpersonal distractions and the need relationships and distractions in GIBT. ‘‘No More GI Orphans,’’ Editorial, The Boston for an extra week of costly ‘‘sensitivity The Congressional Commission report cat- Globe, April 9, 2003; ‘‘Mothers at War,’’ Edi- training.’’ aloged numerous policies and practices, torial, The Washington Post, March 25, 2003; A perceived decline in the overall quality made necessary by GIBT, which create inef- and discipline of GIBT; lack of confidence in ‘‘Mothers At Sea,’’ Editorial, The Wall Street ficiencies and detract from concentration. the abilities of fellow soldiers; and the need These include separate changing rooms, loss Journal, December 3, 1999. to provide remedial instruction to com- I am also including an article by Anita of informal counseling opportunities (due to pensate for military skills not learned in the need to meet in the presence of a ‘‘battle Ramasastry, ‘‘What Happens When GI Jane is basic training. buddy’’ on neutral territory), differences in Captured: Women Prisoners of War and the Re-defined or lowered standards, gender- needs and abilities, the need to enforce ‘‘no Geneva Conventions,’’ April 2, 2003. Ms. normed scores, and elimination of physically talk, no touch’’ rules, and miscommunica- Ramasastry is an Assistant Professor of Law demanding exercises so that women will suc- tions due to lost messages between platoon at the University of Washington School of Law ceed. leaders. All have placed great stress on al- in Seattle and the Associate Director of the Additional stress on instructors who must ready overburdened instructors. deal with different physical abilities and Collateral policies introduced to cope with Shidler Center for Law, Commerce & Tech- psychological needs of male and female re- these distractions make it more difficult for nology. cruits. instructors to enforce necessary discipline. I hope these documents will encourage our Contrivances to reduce the risk of scandal, For example, special ‘‘hot lines’’ set up to re- nation and policy makers to address this im- such as changing rooms, extra security ceive anonymous complaints have ruined ca- portant issue. equipment and personnel hours to monitor reers, caused several suicides, and driven a

VerDate Jan 31 2003 06:39 Jun 12, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 0626 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A11JN8.058 E11PT1 June 11, 2003 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E1225 wedge between Army men and women. Toler- study the issue of sexual harassment. The commensurate with wartime demands, in oc- ance of false or exaggerated accusations is as SRP was staunchly supportive of Secretary cupations rated from light to very heavy. In demoralizing as sexual misconduct itself. West’s policies (which several members had both instances, tests showed that most 4. Problems associated with gender-inte- helped to formulate), but nonetheless re- women were unable to meet the standards grated basic training (GIBT) cannot be re- ported disturbing findings. for nearly 70% of Army occupational special- solved with ‘‘leadership’’ or ‘‘sensitivity Among men surveyed, 60% were either ties. The recommendations were never im- training’’ alone. ‘‘not sure’’ or ‘‘disagreed’’ that ‘‘The soldiers plemented as planned because the former De- Continuing a program that increases costs in this company have enough skills that 1 fense Advisory Committee on Women in the and complicates the training mission, while would trust them with my life in combat. ‘‘ Services (DACOWITS) complained that such providing minimal benefits, is not respon- The combined figure for women was 74%. In systems would have a ‘‘disproportionate im- sible leadership. Military policy makers response to ‘‘If we went to war tomorrow, I pact’’ on the careers of female soldiers. should establish basic training programs would feel good about going with this com- 10. Numerous military and civilian studies that encourage discipline, rather than indis- pany,’’ 63% of the men said they weren’t sure done in the United States and in other coun- cipline. or disagreed, while 76% of the women said tries have documented significant dif- Excessive ‘‘sensitivity/diversity’’ training the same. ferences in male and female physiology that has become a jobs program for civilian A 1997 congressionally authorized RAND are relevant to military performance. ‘‘equal opportunity’’ consultants, paid for study on GIBT was released in an edited Numerous American studies have con- with funds diverted from more essential version that differed greatly from the origi- firmed that in general, women are shorter, military training. When the 1997 Army Sen- nal draft. RAND originally found, for exam- weigh less, and have less muscle mass and ior Review Panel (SRP) recommended an ple, that gender-norming reduces female in- greater relative fat content than men. extra week of sensitivity or ‘‘values’’ edu- juries but heightens resentment of double Women are at a distinct disadvantage be- cation to counter sexual harassment, Army standards and degrades morale. In the chap- cause dynamic upper torso muscular Times estimated the cost to be equivalent to ter on ‘‘cohesion,’’ the study declared ‘‘suc- strength is approximately 50–60% that of that of three battalions of soldiers in the cess’’ under a civilianized ‘‘workplace’’ defi- males, and aerobic capacity (important for field. nition, instead of the classic principle that endurance) is approximately 70–75% that of Given today’s threat environment, the sub- ‘‘. . . group members must meet all stand- males. stantial amount of time devoted to sensi- ards of performance and behavior in order A test of Army recruits found that women tivity training in basic training might be not to threaten group survival.’’ had a 2.13 times greater risk for lower ex- better spent on potentially life-saving train- 7. There is no empirical evidence that tremity injuries and a 4.71 times greater risk ing in areas such as antiterrorism and force GIBT improves the quality of military train- for stress fractures. Men sustained 99 days of protection. ing for male or female trainees. limited duty due to injury while women in- 5. Higher physical injury and sick call According to surveys conducted by the curred 481 days of limited duty. rates among female trainees create serious Congressional Commission, 48% of Army re- In the United Kingdom, major studies were ‘‘inefficiencies’’ that detract from the pri- cruit trainers said that the quality of basic ordered in 1998 to ascertain the feasibility of mary goal of basic training. training declines when men and women are co-ed basic training. Army doctors found Prof. Charles Moskos, a respected military in the same units. that eight times as many women as men sociologist and member of the Congressional When asked about the current quality of were being discharged during basic training, Commission, wrote in the panel’s Final Re- entry-level graduates compared to five years due to injury rates that doubled following port: ‘‘I am particularly perturbed by the ago, 74% of Army leaders who responded to the introduction of identical training pro- high physical injury rate of women trainees the survey indicated that ‘‘Overall quality’’ grams for both sexes. Differences in compared to men. Likewise, I am put off by had declined, and 80% said that ‘‘Discipline’’ strength, bone mass, stride length and lower the double-talk in training standards that had declined. body bone structure caused women to suffer often obscures physical strength differences 8. GIBT always requires adjustments in disproportionately from Achilles tendon between men and women. The extraor- standards to accommodate physical dif- problems, knee, back and leg pain, and frac- dinarily high dropout rate of women in IET ferences. Gender-normed qualification re- tures of the tibia, foot, and hip. cannot be overlooked (nor should the fact quirements reduce excessive stress fractures The ‘‘gender-free’’ system was ended in that females are more than twice as likely to and other injuries among female trainees, January 2002 because stress fractures for be non-deployable than are male but also have the effect of making training women rose from 4.6% to 11.1%, compared to servicemembers) The bottom line must be less rigorous for men. less than 1.5% for male trainees. what improves military readiness.’’ Training standards frequently measure 11. Contrary to the claims of GIBT pro- In Great Britain in 1997, Army commander ‘‘team’’ accomplishments rather than indi- ponents, studies conducted by the Army Re- noted that co-ed basic training was causing vidual performance, which contributes to search Institute (ARI) in 1993–1995 did not many young women to drop out early, due to mutual trust, teamwork, and genuine unit confirm that mixed training produced better injuries to their lower limbs. Restoration of cohesion. Under this concept, which is results. all female platoons for a one-year trial in stressed in the TRADOC slide presentation, After a 1993 pilot test at Fort Jackson, SC, 1996 reduced women’s injury rates by 50%, stronger members fill in for weaker ones, commanders recommended the continuance and first-time pass rates increased from 50% and recognition is given for ‘‘equal effort’’ of gender-separate training because they ob- to 70%. Incidents of sexual misconduct be- rather than equal accomplishment. served no improvements in fitness and mili- tween instructors and recruits also decreased This means that some trainees are allowed tary proficiency for men or women. significantly. Col. Simon Vandeleur, com- to graduate simply by trying to accomplish Later in 1993, the Army ordered a new 3- manding officer of the Army Training Regi- given training tasks, such as scaling high year study from ARI, this time to include an ment at Pirbright, Surrey, said that the walls or throwing practice grenades, even if assessment of soldiers’ attitudes toward move to train women separately ‘‘started as they do not succeed. Claims that women’s mixed or separate training. Inquiries cen- a trial, but has continued unquestioned, due training is ‘‘exactly the same as men’’ ignore tered on measures of social/psychological in- to its success.’’ the reality of gender-normed scores and terest (i.e., how well do people get along to- Recent Army figures indicate that female qualification standards that are inherently gether?) instead of measures of military in- soldiers take sick calls at rates double those demoralizing. terest (i.e., how well will people trained in of men. The concept is inherently dubious, since this way fulfill their duties, especially under Extensive tests conducted with ROTC ca- trainees know that there are extra step crisis conditions?) dets indicate that a wide gap exists between stools, protective barriers, or gender-normed The latter 1993 ARI study proclaimed GIBT the physical performance and potential of scores on the battlefield. Attempts to ignore superior because it was found in separate- men and women. Among other things, testi- that reality have hurt the credibility of gender focus groups that the morale of mony and charts prepared by training expert Army leadership. women improved by 14 points. At the same Dr. William J. Gregor indicate that only 9. There is no evidence that GIBT would be time, however, the men’s morale dropped by 2.5% of female ROTC cadets were able to at- more successful if women are actually ‘‘held 17 points. The gap narrowed somewhat when tain the male mean score on the 2-mile run, to the same high standards as men.’’ subsequent focus groups were gender-mixed. and only 4.5% could do so on the strength This argument disregards the effect of po- ARI questions still focused on ‘‘touchy- test. Only 19% of all cadet women achieved litical pressures from feminists who demand feely’’ questions, i.e., whether others want to the minimum level of aerobic fitness set for ‘‘equality,’’ but are the first to demand do a good job.’’ men. ‘‘fairer’’ gender-normed standards so that 12. There are no empirical studies showing 6. Every commission study since 1992, in- women will not fail. In the past two decades, that women perform better in GIBT than cluding the 2002 TRADOC report, found evi- attempts to toughen training or match the they formerly did in separate-gender train- dence that real or perceived double or re- person to the job were withdrawn because or- ing prior to 1994. laxed standards are demoralizing to all who ganized civilian feminists perceived them as After the initial 1993 study, the Army are aware of them. threatening to women’s ‘‘career opportuni- never again compared results of mixed In the aftermath of the 1996 Aberdeen scan- ties.’’ versus separate training formats. Tests dals, then-Army Secretary Togo D. West, Jr., The Army tried twice in the early 1980s to thereafter were to determine the best mix of formed a Senior Review Panel (SRP) to implement realistic strength standards, males and females in a platoon (75/25, a ratio

VerDate Jan 31 2003 06:39 Jun 12, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 0626 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A11JN8.062 E11PT1 E1226 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks June 11, 2003 almost never observed). Even before the ARI force negative attitudes and stereotypes,’’ or to suppose that this enhances their image of surveys of ‘‘attitudes’’ were complete, the hurt morale among female soldiers. being physically challenging. Overall, the re- Army announced its decision to discontinue On the contrary, members of the Congres- sults of the 1998 YATS suggest that the gender-separate training, except for ground sional Commission noticed that GIBT might Army, Navy, and Air Force probably would combat trainees, in August 1994. be reinforcing, rather than eliminating, suffer no loss in terms of recruiting (and When GIBT was implemented in 1994, the stereotypes. Female trainees frequently said might gain) if they decided to change, in training regimen was adjusted to reduce the that they liked training with the men be- whole or in part, from gender-integrated risk of injuries among female recruits. cause ‘‘The guys really help us.’’ When asked training to gender-separate training.’’ Meanings of the words ‘‘soldierization’’ and how, they typically answered, ‘‘They moti- 18. Military personnel policies are bi-par- ‘‘proficiency’’ were re-defined, physical re- vate us. They lift heavy stuff for us. We tisan, but there is evidence of political sup- quirements were de-emphasized, and ‘‘suc- trade—we do their ironing, and they clean port to ‘‘fix the clock’’ on this and other so- cess’’ was measured with new training exer- our floors.’’ Women Marines, by contrast, cial policies implemented during the pre- cises that would not disadvantage women, have to do every task themselves, without vious administration. such as map reading, first aid, and putting passing off dirty or difficult jobs to men. During the 2000 Presidential Campaign, the on protective gear. They must team up and find a way to lug The Army informed the Congressional American Legion Magazine asked then-Texas heavy objects, and are motivated to climb Governor George W. Bush about his views on Commission, in response to a specific de- walls by other women who have dem- mand by Congress, that it has not, and does co-ed basic training. Candidate Bush replied, onstrated that it can be done. ‘‘The experts tell me, such as Condoleezza not plan to, objectively measure or evaluate Separate-gender training develops self-reli- the effectiveness of GIBT. Many officials Rice, that we ought to have separate basic ance and confidence as well as teamwork. In training facilities. 1 think women in the taking this position were responsible for im- the Marine Corps, female trainees must find plementing and making a ‘‘success’’ of GIBT military have an important and good role, ways to accomplish basic training tasks on but the people who study the issue tell me in the first place. their own, without assistance from male 13. The Army slogan ‘‘Train as We Fight’’ that the most effective training would be to trainees to assist them with heavy loads. have the genders separated.’’ is an important goal in advanced training. Military historian S.L.A. Marshall has For basic training, however, ‘‘Train to noted that ‘‘Authentic morale does not grow Dr. Rice, who is now National Security Ad- Transform’’ is a more appropriate slogan. in its own soil, [with] combat efficiency as a visor to President, Bush, voted with all other Basic training is the first step in a progres- mysterious byproduct.... [Rather,] high members of the 1998 Kassebaum Baker Com- sive, building block process of training sol- morale flows when the ranks are at all times mission to end co-ed basic training. diers to serve, fight, and win. conscious that they are service in a highly A mandate for change was evident in votes Within only a few weeks, young civilian re- efficient institution.’’ Attorney Adam G. cast by military personnel, their families, cruits must learn to wear a uniform prop- Mersereau amplified the point as follows: and supporters, who were told by Governor erly, have respect for authority, observe ‘‘[M]orale without combat efficiency is Bush’s running mate, Dick Cheney, that proper customs and courtesies, and accept most likely an inauthentic form of morale, ‘‘help is on the way.’’ and live by the core values of the service. brought on by false confidence. . . To try to 19. GIBT can and should be eliminated ad- Operational commanders should not have to build a military’s morale without first, or at ministratively, without further delay. spend time for remedial training in these least concurrently, establishing a foundation GIBT was not authorized by Congress after matters, due to inadequacies at the basic of unshakable efficiency is a dangerous careful deliberation, but imposed by admin- level. Maj. Gen. William Keys, USMC (Ret.), a error.’’ istrative directives written by former Assist- member of the Congressional Commission, The Congressional Commission found that ant Secretary of the Army Sara Lister, a ci- wrote in a statement to Congress that among male soldiers in training, the most vilian lawyer who notoriously depicted the ‘‘Basic training teaches basic military skills frequently mentioned recommendations for Marines as ‘‘extremist.’’ such as physical fitness, close order drill and change were to separate males and females No one has seen a written order setting marksmanship. It is a military socialization during basic combat training (BCT), make forth a logical rationale for the Army’s ac- process—civilians are transformed into sol- the training harder; and require recruiters to tion. Indications are, however, that the deci- diers, sailors, airmen and Marines. This tell the truth. Female recruits called for an sion was accepted as a trade-off to head off training provides recruits the basic military end to ‘‘battle buddy’’ restrictions, improved even more egregious mandates being pro- skills needed to integrate into an oper- barracks, and more sexual harassment train- moted by Sara Lister at the time; i.e., gen- ational unit. It does not teach war-fighting ing. der integration of multiple launch rocket skills nor should it be the staging ground for 16. Army women deserve the same high systems (MLRS) and special operations heli- ‘‘gender’’ etiquette skills.’’ quality training as women Marines have copters. The slogan is also inconsistent with special today, and Army women had prior to 1994. In 1994, uniformed leaders of the Army im- ‘‘lights out’’ security alarms and other secu- The drawbacks of GIBT conflict with the plemented GIBT without dissent. One bri- rity measures, as described on Slide #18, tradition of Army discipline and the current gade training commander told the Wash- which are not available in an operational en- concept of Transformation, which depends on ington Post that it was necessary to take the vironment, These include barracks guards personnel who are stronger, more versatile, ‘‘Attila the Hun approach’’ with drill in- who conduct ‘‘bed-checks’’ of GIBT trainees and better prepared. structors that resisted. ‘‘I told them that every 30 minutes and are changed every two Short-term costs for returning to single gender integration was our mission, and any hours. sex basic training would be minimal, and outward manifestation of noncompliance 14. The Marine Corps has demonstrated long-term savings related to fewer discipli- would not be tolerated.’’ nary problems and injuries could be substan- that a well-designed single-gender basic Having invested so much in the process, training program, with same-sex drill in- tial. Sound policies regarding basic training some Army officials lobbied hard to defeat structors, can be tailored to challenge male legislation, which passed the House in 1998, and female trainees to the limit. should not be based on unrealistic theories or feminist ideology, including the belief to implement recommendations of the Separate sex training increases ‘‘rigor’’ for Kassebaum Baker Commission. Nevertheless, all soldiers, forces female recruits to be self- that men and women are interchangeable in all military roles. Nor should gender integra- during the March 17, 1998, HNSC hearing, reliant, and reduces the risk of demoralizing senior officers representing the armed forces injuries that cause female recruits to drop tion be considered an ‘‘end’’ in itself. The Army needs to encourage competence in had difficulty making a convincing case for out. gender-mixed basic training. The Kassebaum Baker Commission found training, not egalitarianism at all costs. 20. This is not a question of turning the that the Marines’ single sex approach was 17. It is possible that restoration of sepa- clock backward or forward. If the clock is producing ‘‘impressive levels of confidence, rate gender training would have a positive broken, it should be fixed. team building and esprit de corps in all fe- effect on recruiting for the volunteer Army. male platoons at the Parris Island base.’’ The 1998 Youth Attitudes Tracking Study A five-year experiment with GIBT during The Congressional Commission found that (YATS) found that the great majority of the Carter Administration was summarily female Marine trainees scored significantly both men (83%) and women (77%) said it terminated in 1982 not because of lack of higher than any other group in commitment, would make no difference to them whether confidence in women’s abilities to become group identity and respect for authority—all basic training was conducted with or with- soldiers, but because women were suffering of which are important elements of military out the opposite sex. The YATS also found injuries in far greater numbers, and men cohesion. that young men, who constitute 80% of en- were not being challenged enough. Contem- Separate housing and instruction improves listees, are more interested in seeking phys- poraneous news reports indicated that GIBT the ability of male and female recruits to ical challenge than young women, and they was eliminated in order ‘‘to facilitate the concentrate on transformation. As stated by perceive the Air Force and the Navy as less Army’s toughening goals and enhance the then-Marine Assistant Commandant Richard physically challenging than the Marine soldierization process.’’ I. Neal, ‘‘We don’t want them to think about Corps and the Army. Members of the Con- Civilian oversight of the military includes anything else than becoming a Marine.’’ gressional Commission concluded that: the responsibility to set policies for the fu- 15. There is no evidence that restoration of ‘‘Only the Marine Corps and the Army have ture, not to continue flawed policies of the gender-separate basic training would ‘‘rein- all-male training, and it is not unreasonable past.

VerDate Jan 31 2003 06:39 Jun 12, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 0626 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A11JN8.065 E11PT1 June 11, 2003 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E1227 [From the New York Times, Apr. 9, 2003] er’s kit bag. Sgt. Hurston was headed with serve on extended tours. Turns out that half NO MORE GI ORPHANS her unit to the Persian Gulf. ‘‘Who knows of these Navy women were single or di- Lori Piestewa died in combat in the Iraq when I’ll be back,’’ she said to the reporter; vorced. This meant that when they were war’s first week. She was a single parent who with her children she strove for more cheer- shipped off to sea, many of their children, left two small children. Shoshana Johnson, fulness. More than ever, women are crucial whose ages ranged from one to three, had no who was taken prisoner in the same clash, is to the U.S. military; they make up 16 per- parent at home. the single parent of a small child. It is high cent of the force and perform key front-line If you didn’t even know this was a prob- time the Defense Department redrew its poli- jobs. But the increased integration comes at lem, you’re not alone. The idea seems to be cies to stop single custodial parents—female a price, in the form of tens of thousands of that to admit even the slightest difficulty or male—from being deployed in harm’s way. temporary orphans. with women in the service threatens to drag The military should not run the risk that Almost 10 percent of active-duty service women back to the 1950s. So instead of an children will be orphaned or face extended members are either single with children or open debate we get the movie version. In separations from their single parent. married to another active-duty person, ‘‘Courage Under Fire’’ actress Meg Ryan During the first Gulf War, Senator Barbara which means both can be called up. In the plays a heroic Army helicopter captain who Boxer of California was so concerned that first Persian Gulf war this produced 36,704 leaves her daughter behind with grandma as she sponsored a Gulf orphan bill. Boxer’s children who had no parent left at home; this she goes off to die in the Gulf War—and feels measure would also have kept the services time the number is expected to be much just fine about it. from deploying both parents when both a fa- larger. These children range from infants to Unfortunately, no amount of Hollywood ther and mother were in the military. The teenagers. In school, many act brave and re- glitz is likely to console the real-world chil- Pentagon resisted, however, and before Con- silient; anxieties come out obliquely. Bois- dren of these military moms. And, by the gress could take any action the war ended. terous ones retreat and want only to draw way, it’s not just those children. An earlier About 80,000 children have a single parent or strange pictures; an 11-year-old in Colorado Navy study showed that four out of 10 preg- both parents in the services. Women still has suddenly started failing some of his nancies of women on sea duty culminated in cannot serve in ground combat infantry, classes. abortion or miscarriage. That compares to tank, or artillery positions, but since 1991 Most militaries in the world do not have two out of 10 for women sailors on shore the Defense Department has opened up more women serving; those that do make allow- duty. The news comes in the wake of a con- front-line opportunities to women, who are ances for family circumstance, infant chil- troversial 1995 ruling from the admirals say- more likely than men to be single custodial dren at home or two parents away. But this ing that pregnancy was compatible with a parents. In light of the Piestewa and John- is a touchy issue for the U.S. military. Inte- Navy career, meaning that pregnant women son cases, Boxer and others in Congress grationists have fought hard over the past could even serve aboard ships up to their should force the military to ask why its poli- two decades to win full acceptance of women, 20th week. To put it harshly, there is a sense cies place so many children at risk of being who in many cases bristle at any notion that here that some babies are being thrown out orphaned. they should be treated differently. No one with the seawater. The issue brings into conflict the interests would want to let down her unit; besides, Of course, the problems of the extended of the parent-soldier, the commanding offi- downsizing in the volunteer force means that tour are by no means confined to women. cer, and the child. A parent seeking advance- any no-show is disruptive. During the first Military families have long suffered from the ment might be reluctant to accept limits on Gulf war, a presidential commission tried to prolonged absence of fathers. In his memoir, assignments that could slow promotions. A address this question, recommending flexi- John McCain notes that one reason he found commanding officer does not want to have bility for the primary caregivers of children it so easy, as a child, to idolize his father several positions filled by soldiers who have under 2. Then there was resistance; women was that his father wasn’t around enough to to stay at the base when the fighting starts. were still a fairly new and unproven presence mar the golden image. What makes the But it is the interest of the child in not in many jobs. Now, and especially following Mom-Goes-to-Sea story different is the all- losing a custodial parent forever, or for a this war, they will be tested and no doubt too-frequent absence of any parent. long time, that should be paramount. In- proven: ‘‘Now, you’re the fighter pilot—not Could it be that the unwillingness to ad- stead, the Pentagon, in opposing bills like the female fighter pilot,’’ Capt. ‘‘Charlie’’ re- dress this issue signals a belief that women Boxer’s, worried about the abstract unfair- cently told Time magazine. will suffer from any retreat from the femi- ness of granting single-parent soldiers the If women are to continue their critical role nist absolute? Perhaps. Whatever the reason, full set of career and educational benefits in the armed services, which they should, there is a noticeable slippery-slope effect. without the obligation of front-line service. perhaps it’s time to loosen up a little on the Thus we must have not only a woman in the The military does require that parents sub- deployment rule. Right now families are re- military, but a mother; not only a mother mit ‘‘family care plans’’ for alternative care- quired to have a child-care plan in place in but a single one; not only a trip abroad but givers when they are deployed. But an alter- case of deployment. A commander can grant an extended one, and so on. As the White nate caregiver, whether it is a grandparent, exceptions if no plan is available, but service House wonk bleats in ‘‘Courage Under Fire’’: aunt, uncle, or family friend, is not the same spokesmen say they almost never do. Even if ‘‘She has to get the medal of honor. She’s a as a parent. no family or friends are available, the Navy woman. That’s the point!’’ The late senator John Heinz of Pennsyl- can place children in volunteer families re- Surely we are beyond that. The late 1990s vania favored limits on single-parent deploy- sembling foster care, so it’s difficult for par- are not, after all, the 1950s. No one is talking ment in 1991. To critics who said that parent- ents to say no. Perhaps the flexibility could about keeping women out of the boardroom, soldiers knew what they were getting into, start slowly. For starters, the services could or shutting them out of the officer’s club. A Heinz replied that it was ‘‘questionable coordinate and try to stagger deployments of little consideration for the realities of fam- whether an 18-year-old tantalized by offers of two parents; right now it’s not even a consid- ily life can only strengthen the cause of tuition money has any inkling; of what he or eration. Then maybe they could tackle the women. Owning up to the problem will, how- she is giving up in ‘volunteering’ to leave more sensitive issue of single mothers, giv- ever, require courage. Maybe there should be children yet to be born behind. Our righteous ing, say, mothers of children under 2 a real a medal for that. insistence that ‘a deal is a deal’ is reminis- option of deferring if they had no com- cent of the story of Rumpelstiltskin, the fortable child-care available. Surely integra- WHAT HAPPENS WHEN GI JANE IS CAPTURED? dwarf in German folklore who exacts a ter- tion would survive that. WOMEN PRISONERS OF WAR AND THE GENEVA rible price for helping a desperate young CONVENTIONS woman—her first-born child.’’ A humane [From the Wall Street Journal, Dec. 3, 1999] (By Anita Ramasastry) military would limit the sacrifices it asks of MOTHERS AT SEA Just over one week ago, American tele- parents—and their children. Amid all the flotsam crossing our desk vision viewers saw disturbing images of lately came one surprise: a new Defense De- American soldiers who had become prisoners [From the Washington Post, Mar. 25, 2003] partment report on women sailors. The of war (POWs) in Iraq. Among those taken MOTHERS AT WAR study focuses on families in which the en- captive was Specialist Shoshana Johnson, an Yesterday morning relatives of one of the listed mothers of small children are away at Army cook—America’s first female POW in American prisoners of war in Iraq, Army sea five or six months at a stretch. Not sur- the Iraqi conflict. Meanwhile, two other Spc. Shoshawna Johnson, went on television prisingly, small children who spend months women were missing in action—Privates to say how much everyone missed her: her without their mothers do not fare so very First Class Jessica Lynch and Lori Piestewa. parents, her cousins and especially her 2- well. (Lynch was just rescued yesterday.) year-old daughter, Janelle. Spc. Johnson is a As interesting as the findings has been the Seeing Shoshana Johnson—thirty years single mother, one of about 90,000 in the ac- reaction: zilch. As it happens, these days a old, and the single mother of a two-year old tive-duty service. Lately such women have mom at sea is not so unusual. Of the 51,000 child—held captive in Iraq bothered me more been featured in heartbreaking photos in Air women in the Navy, 10,000 serve on ship- than I would have imagined. Like the male Force Times and Army Times: Staff Sgt. board. Many of them are single moms. The soldiers held with her, she faces a ruthless Rikki Hurston, for example, feeding her four- study, by Michelle Kelley of Old Dominion regime. Unlike them, however, she may also month-old while her 8-year-old daughter University, compared the children of women be the target of misogynistic treatment, and looks up with wide eyes, clutching her moth- with land jobs to the kids of women who a potential victim of sexual assault.

VerDate Jan 31 2003 06:39 Jun 12, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00033 Fmt 0626 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A11JN8.068 E11PT1 E1228 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks June 11, 2003

Anthony Dworkin recently discussed, in a WOMEN AND THE LAWS OF WAR POTENTIAL REMEDIES: RED CROSS FACTFINDERS column for this site, some of the protections The Geneva Conventions of 1949 govern the AND WAR CRIMES TRIBUNALS the Geneva Conventions offer all POWs. But treatment of soldiers and civilians during Iraq has claimed publicly that it is adher- what, if anything, in the Geneva Conven- armed conflicts. The Geneva Convention III ing to the Conventions. But the recent video tions protects women POWs, in particular? relates to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. footage of American POWs has given others Before addressing that question, it’s worth The August 1949 treaties, whose signatories a different impression. examining the history of women in the U.S. include the United States and Iraq, took ef- In addition, past history leads to reason- military in recent years, and of women as fect on October 21, 1950, after the Nuremberg able fears that woman POWs will be mis- POWs, to provide some context for the Con- war crimes trials in Germany. They continue treated by Iraq in ways particular to their ventions’ guarantees. to apply now. gender. Consider, for instance, the sexual as- WOMEN’S ROLE IN THE U.S. MILITARY NOW AND With respect to POWs generally, Article 13 sault suffered by Major Cornum. Will there IN THE PAST of Geneva Convention III requires that they be any recourse if women are, in fact harmed ‘‘must at all times be humanely treated. Any or mistreated? Overall, more than 200,000 women cur- The answer is: Perhaps during the war, and rently serve in the armed forces. These unlawful act or omission by the Detaining Power causing death or seriously endan- certainly after the war. women make up 15 percent of both the en- The International Committee of the Red gering the health of a prisoner of war in its listed ranks and the officer corps, 6 percent Cross (ICRC)—which drafted the original custody is prohibited, and will be regarded as of the Marines, and 19 percent of the Air treaties—serves as a fact finder with respect a serious breach of the present Convention.’’ Force. to possible violations. During war, the ICRC And Article 3 (common to all four Conven- These women serve in a wide variety of po- attempts to protect military prisoners of sitions. In part, that is because in 1994, dur- tions) prohibits ‘‘violence to the life, health, war, civilians caught in war zones, and ing the Clinton Administration, the Pen- or physical or mental well-being of persons’’ wounded or sick service members. tagon discarded the ‘‘Risk Rule,’’ and au- including torture of all kinds, whether phys- An ICRC delegate who witnesses disturbing thorized women to serve in any military post ical or mental. Such acts of violence ‘‘re- violations at a jail, hospital, or other facility other than in frontline infantry, Special main prohibited at any time and in any place has the duty to report it to the ICRC, who Forces, or armor or artillery units. . . .’’ with respect to persons being detained. advise the victim what to do. Thus, if U.S. As a result, women reportedly now are al- The Geneva Convention III says relatively POWs are mistreated in Iraq, and the Red lowed to hold 52 percent of active-duty posi- little about women—primarily because, at Cross is let in to see them, and they feel tions in the Marines—about a twofold in- the time it was drafted, women were not in- comfortable reporting their mistreatment, crease since the 1994 rule change. Women in volved on the battlefield to the same extent there may be some recourse for them. the Army can hold 70 percent of such posi- as men. But all of these contingencies may not ac- tions. And women in the Air Force and Navy It does provide some privacy guarantees tually become reality—and remedies may can perform in 99 percent of such positions. for women, however. Article 25 states that have to wait until the war’s end. At that For example, women in the Navy can now women prisoners must be housed separately point, a special war crimes tribunal may well serve on ships, though not on submarines. from the men. And Article 29, which deals be created in order to prosecute individuals Women in the Air Force can now fly combat with hygiene and medical attention states for ‘‘grave breaches’’ of international hu- missions. that ‘‘[i]n any camps in which women pris- manitarian law. American women have been in combat ever oners of war are accommodated, separate Not all violations of the law of war, indeed since Margaret Corbin replaced her fallen conveniences shall be provided for them.’’ not all violations of the Geneva Convention, husband behind cannon during the Revolu- Meanwhile, Article 14 provides an equality are grave breaches. ‘‘Grave breaches’’ are de- tion. But this war promises to involve more guarantee of sorts for women POWs. It says fined in the Geneva Convention III to include women in combat than ever before. that ‘‘women shall be treated with all the re- intentional killing, torture, or inhumane Meanwhile, due to the nature of modern gard due to their sex and shall in all cases treatment. warfare, and the war on Iraq in particular, a benefit by treatment as favorable as that Today, such breaches would include sexual soldier can be in serious jeopardy whether or granted to men.’’ violence against women POWs. Such vio- not he or she is technically in a combat unit. As with domestic laws, there is a question lence, under international law, is criminal. There is no longer a clear ‘‘front’’ line. as to how far this equality guarantee re- Both the Red Cross and the international Thus, support units, whose job is mainte- quires additional safeguards for women, be- community—through war crimes tribunals— nance or supply, can find themselves in yond what men are entitled to. Some com- should insist on strict adherence to Geneva grave danger. For instance, Shoshana John- mentators argue that it does, for women Convention III, for men and women prisoners son and her fellow POWs were a maintenance have specific needs arising from gender dif- of war alike, and equally. Unless women prisoners are truly pro- crew in a convoy that got ambushed. ferences, honor and modesty, and pregnancy and childbirth. tected equally—meaning that they are pro- WOMEN AS POWS THROUGHOUT U.S. HISTORY Other specific protections are also in- tected when it comes to gender-specific Long before the 1994 rule change, there cluded. Women prisoners who are being dis- crimes and with respect to crimes with gen- were women POWs. During the Civil War, for ciplined are required to be confined in sepa- der-specific additional impact—the equality example, Dr. Mary Walker was imprisoned rate quarters under the immediate super- of women in the military will itself be im- for four months by the Confederacy, accused vision of women—apparently to prevent any periled. of spying for the Union Army. (Doctor Walk- risk that an isolated women might be sub- SEX CRIMES IN WAR MAY ALSO BE BREACHES OF er is the only woman to receive the Congres- ject to sexual assault or mistreatment. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW sional Medal of Honor.) In addition, all women POWs who are preg- As the ICRC has previously stated, ‘‘al- During World War II, more than 80 mili- nant or mothers with infants and small chil- though both men and women are subject to tary nurses, including 67 from the Army and dren are to be conveyed and accommodated sexual assault, a distinction needs to be 16 from the Navy, spent three years as pris- in a neutral country. Shoshana Johnson, as drawn between them. Sexual torture as such, oners of the Japanese. Many were captured the mother of a 2–year old toddler, would particularly during interrogation, with its when Corregidor fell in 1942. The nurses were seem to qualify. full spectrum of humiliation and violence subsequently transported to the Santo And more generally, under international can, and often does, culminate in the rape of Tomas Internment camp in Manila in the humanitarian law, the ill-treatment of per- the victim, and is more common with women Philippines—which was not liberated until sons detained in relation to armed conflict is prisoners. In male prisoners, direct violence February of 1945. Five Navy nurses were cap- prohibited. to sexual organs is more common during this Meanwhile, civilians taken captive are tured on Guam and interned in a military same phase.’’ prison in Japan. meant to be afforded similar protections pur- To note this is not in any way to minimize Meanwhile, during the 1991 Gulf War, there suant to Geneva Convention IV. Women are the terrible things that may happen to male were two American female POWs: an Army to be protected ‘‘against rape, enforced pros- POWs. But it is to say that women do face a Flight Surgeon, Major Rhonda Cornum, and titution or any form of indecent assault.’’ special risk: the risk of rape, and of being an Army Transportation Specialist, Melissa Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conven- pregnant as a result of rape. Rathbun-Nealy. Cornum was subjected to tions, relating to civilians, notes that To cope with a pregnancy as a result of ‘‘sexual indecencies’’ within hours of her ‘‘women shall be the object of special respect rape is terrible enough, and is made all the capture. (She was released eight days later, and shall be protected in particular against worse by being in detention. Women may but said nothing in public about the sexual rape, forced prostitution and any other form also be forced to terminate their ongoing assault for more than a year.) of indecent assault.’’ One need only remem- pregnancies against their will. And women, like men, have been casualties ber the conflict in the former Yugoslavia, Other abuses inflicted on POWs, while not of war. According to various reports, there however, to see that rape has often been used suffered solely by women, could be worse for have also been nearly 1,000 women killed in against civilian women during armed con- women than men. They might include beat- action since the Spanish American War. flict. Finally, with respect to relief ship- ings, strip searches by men, intimate and Women casualties include including two ments for civilians, Convention IV notes abusive medical examinations or body aboard the USS Cole when it was attacked that ‘‘expectant mothers, maternity cases searches, and sexual or gender-based humil- by terrorists in 2000, sixteen in Desert and nursing mothers’’ are to be given pri- iation (such as non-provision of sanitary pro- Storm, and eight in Vietnam. ority. tection).

VerDate Jan 31 2003 06:39 Jun 12, 2003 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00034 Fmt 0626 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A11JN8.072 E11PT1 June 11, 2003 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E1229 Under international law, rape, sexual as- prayerful best wishes and congratulations to Christy has touched many lives while work- sault, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, the Reverend Dr. George E. McRae of Miami, ing in the nursing profession for the past 27 forced sterilization, forced abortion, and Florida, my Pastor and the Pastor of Mount years. As recognition of these years of dedi- forced pregnancy may all qualify as crimes. Tabor Missionary Baptist Church, on the occa- cated service, she was recently named recipi- RAPE AS A WAR CRIME, AND A CRIME AGAINST sion of his election as the new President of ent of the 18th Annual Nightingale Award HUMANITY the Florida General Baptist Convention. Celebrating Nursing Excellence. Coworkers The crime of rape, in particular, has long Reverend McRae is perhaps uniquely quali- nominated Christy for the award through an existed under customary international law. Some treaties have mentioned rape specifi- fied, by both education and experience, to essay and several letters of recommendation. cally, whereas other treaties and inter- carry out this important responsibility. He Peers noted that Christy has an intelligent and national conventions have made reference to earned his Bachelor’s degree at Bethune- passionate approach to nursing, characteris- rape as a crime against humanity when di- Cookman College at Daytona Beach; His Mas- tics she shares with Florence Nightingale, the rected against a civilian population. ter of Divinity degree at the Interdenomina- renowned nineteenth century nurse. Christy The nineteenth century Leiber Code, for tional Theological Center in Atlanta; and his remains humble about her successes and em- example, listed rape as a specific offense, and Doctor of Ministry degree at Columbia Theo- phasizes that her responsibility as an adminis- made it a capital offense. Later, World War II prosecutions, and the Geneva Conventions, logical Seminary in Atlanta. In addition to his trator is to create an environment in which oth- reinforced the prohibitions on rape and other fourteen years as Pastor of Mount Tabor Mis- ers can perform their job well. sexual violence, although the focus was on sionary Baptist Church, Rev. McRae has Mr. Speaker, I am proud to stand before this crimes of sexual violence against civilian served as Pastor of Shiloh Baptist Church in body of Congress today to recognize Christy’s populations. Daytona Beach; and the Bethlehem Baptist compassion and devotion to helping others. I Some evidence of sexual violence was pre- Church and the New Mount Zion Baptist would like to congratulate Christy on her pres- sented before the International Military Tri- Church, both in Palatka. bunals, after World War II. Most notably, in tigious award and the profound respect that the judgments of the International Military Reverend McRae has received numerous she has earned from her coworkers. Her life- Tribunal for the Far East, rape was first spe- awards for his work, including the NAACP’s long commitment to serving others certainly cifically referenced. Allied Control Council Humanitarian Award and the Miami Herald’s warrants the respect of this body and our na- Law No. 10, which governed the prosecution Charles Whited Spirit of Excellence Award, tion. Christy has answered a noble calling by of defendants at Nuremberg, listed rape as and he has lectured extensively. He was also tending to those in need and I commend her one of the enumerated acts constituting a featured in a front page article in the Wall for her selfless public service. crime against humanity. Street Journal, which chronicled his work at In the Tokyo war crimes trials, acts of sex- Mount Tabor and the establishment of ual violence and rape were not placed at a f level that would allow them to stand alone. M.O.V.E.R.S. Inc.—Minorities Overcoming The The Tribunal presented evidence relating to Virus Through Education, Responsibility and HONORING JEFF HANCOCK sexual atrocities committed upon women in Spirituality—which provides comprehensive places such as Nanking, Borneo, the Phil- treatment, education, counseling and housing ippines, and French Indochina. Rape and acts assistance to AIDS victims and their families HON. SCOTT McINNIS of sexual violence were categorized as crimes in low-income Miami neighborhoods. OF COLORADO against humanity because they amounted to In addition to these great achievements, inhumane treatment. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Today, the prohibition against rape and though, Pastor McRae’s highest qualification sexual violence in armed conflict is even as leader of Florida’s Baptist faithful must truly Wednesday, June 11, 2003 stronger. In 1993 and 1994, rape was specifi- be the strength of his commitment to Christ’s Mr. MCINNIS. Mr. Speaker, I would like to cally codified as a recognizable and inde- teachings, as exemplified by the caring and take this opportunity to pay tribute to a suc- pendent crime within the statutes of the humanity of his ministry. cessful businessman who has provided West- International Criminal Tribunals for the He is a person of great personal power ern Colorado with years of service. Jeff Han- Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and for Rwanda whose very presence cheers those who are (ICTR). cock has devoted much of the past ten years afflicted. He is a person of great vision who in- In addition, the ICTY and ICTR cases have to serving as CEO of the Grand Junction- spires people to help other people—from car- also reinforced the legal basis for arguing based organization, Rocky Mountain Nurses, ing for the hungry in the church basement that rape and sexual violence are both indi- Inc. Today, I would like to honor Jeff’s accom- vidual crimes against humanity, and viola- after Sunday services to making health care plishments and the impact he has had on the tions of the laws and customs of war. available, in their own neighborhoods, to peo- Grand Junction community by expanding his Finally, the new statute of the Inter- ple who otherwise could not afford health prominent full-service home health-care firm. national Criminal Court also recognizes rape care, even if they had access to it. He is a as crime against humanity when it occurs in person who has devoted a lifetime of energy Rocky Mountain Nurses, Inc. was founded the context of armed conflict. and creativity to the betterment of others. in 1995 as a small temporary nursing service. I hope that all of the POWs are treated hu- Through small business loans, it was recently manely, and come home soon. And I hope I extend my best wishes to Pastor McRae Shoshana Johnson is transported to a neu- and his wife, Mary, for the sacrifices they have able to add fifty new jobs in Mesa County. The tral country—as she is entitled to be, as the made to help others, for their caring and their firm is now located in a new corporate office, mother of an infant—if she continues to be leadership, and for taking on this additional employs approximately 180 people, and has held. burden and responsibility, which is so impor- opened a medical equipment retail store. The To ensure that these things happen, it is tant to our families and our community. expansion of Jeff’s firm has allowed him to also important for the international commu- provide nursing services to more than 350 nity to make clear what obligations Iraq has f people per month. The U.S. Small Business with respect to all POWs, and the special ob- HONORING CHRISTY WHITNEY Administration recently honored Jeff by select- ligations it bears to female POWs in par- ticular. ing him as Colorado Small Business Person of HON. SCOTT McINNIS the Year. He was one of 53 recipients of this f award, and is currently in the running to be OF COLORADO named as National Small Business Person of TRIBUTE TO REV. DR. GEORGE E. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES MCRAE ON HIS ELECTION AS the Year. PRESIDENT OF THE FLORIDA Wednesday, June 11, 2003 Mr. Speaker, I am proud to stand before this GENERAL BAPTIST CONVENTION Mr. MCINNIS. Mr. Speaker, I would like to body of Congress today to recognize the posi- take this opportunity to pay tribute to a deeply tive impact that Rocky Mountain Nurses, Inc. HON. KENDRICK B. MEEK compassionate and sensitive woman. Christy has had in my district. Jeff embodies the com- OF FLORIDA Whitney has devoted much of her life to help- bination of ambition and altruism necessary to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing others in need as a Registered Nurse, and guide an expanding firm dedicated to serving ultimately as CEO and President of Hospice the community. I would like to congratulate Wednesday, June 11, 2003 and Palliative Care of Western Colorado. him on this prestigious award and the respect Mr. MEEK of Florida. Mr. Speaker, I know Today, I recognize Christy’s years of service that he has earned from his peers. I wish Jeff that my colleagues will join me in offering our before this body of Congress. all the best in his future endeavors.

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