DOCSLIB.ORG

First Study of Fast Variability in Markarian 421 with the MAGIC Stereoscopic System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
First Study of Fast Variability in Markarian 421 with the MAGIC Stereoscopic System First study of fast variability in Markarian 421 with the MAGIC stereoscopic system Dissertation Physik-Department Technische Universität München Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) vorgelegt von Burkhard Steinke im März 2012 Technische Universität München Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) First study of fast variability in Markarian 421 with the MAGIC stereoscopic system Burkhard Friedrich Walter Steinke Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Physik der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. A. Ibarra Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Hon.-Prof. Dr. S. Bethke 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. L. Oberauer Die Dissertation wurde am 14.03.2012 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Physik am 16.04.2012 angenommen. Abstract Markarian 421 is the closest known and one of the best studied very high energy (VHE) γ-ray emitting blazars. Its spectral energy distribution (SED) shows a characteristic two component structure: The first component ranges from the radio over optical and UV to the X-ray band, the second emerges in the γ-ray regime. The two Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes, measuring in the VHE γ-ray regime, perform regular observations since the end of 2009. In this work, the first stereoscopic observations of Markarian 421 during high source activity from January 2010 were analysed and studied with regard to flux and spectral variations. Two distinct flares were observed on 14–15/01/2010 and 20/01/2010, reaching a flux level of 2.7 Crab units (c.u.) and 2.6 c.u. above 200 GeV, respectively. The observation periods immediately before and after the flares showed comparatively low flux levels (0.5 1.5 c.u.). The corresponding SEDs, obtained from hour-scale − exposures and ranging from 80 GeV to 5 TeV and 8 TeV, respectively, exhibit a clear curvature in case of the flares and the position of the high-energy peak could be measured directly. Due to the low energy threshold and high sensitivity of the MAGIC stereoscopic system, this is the first time that the spectral evolution in a broad VHE γ-ray range could be resolved on these short timescales. Embedded into a framework of simultaneous multiwavelength observations, the high-activity states found with MAGIC in the VHE γ-ray regime showed clear correlations with high emission activity in the X-ray regime. This suggests that both emissions are produced in the same region by (possibly) the same population of particles. Radio and optical/UV data did not show any correlated emission. The multiwavelength results were described with two one-zone synchrotron self-Compton models. One model explains the X-ray and VHE γ-ray emission to originate from a common region and shows a correlation of the electron number density with source activity. It was found that the changes of this parameter can satisfactorily explain the main flux variations in both emission regimes. In this framework, an increased electron number density is responsible for a raised flux level. The other model also includes the optical/UV emission into the description. Here, four parameters show correlations with source activity, but it was found that these parameters alone can not be responsible for the flare emission. The quality of the MAGIC results was crucial in imposing model constraints, since MAGIC was the only instrument covering the high-energy SED component in this analysis. With wide-range measurements obtained on short timescales, these results constitute a substantial improvement compared to preceding works. Kurzfassung Markarian 421 ist einer der am dichtesten zur Erde gelegenen und bester- forschten Blazare. Seine spektrale Energieverteilung (SED) zeigt eine charakte- ristische Zweikomponentenstruktur: Die erste Komponente erstreckt sich aus dem Radio- über den optischen und UV- hin zum Röntgen-Wellenlängenbereich, die zweite Komponente verläuft im γ-Strahlungsbereich. Die zwei Major Atmo- spheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) Teleskope, deren Messbereich im sehr hochenergetischen (VHE) γ-Strahlungsbereich liegt, führen seit Ende 2009 regelmäßige Observationen durch. In dieser Arbeit wurden die ersten stereoskopen Observationen von Markarian 421 während einer Phase erhöhter Quellaktivität analysiert und hinsichtlich Fluss- und Spektralschwankungen untersucht. Am 14.–15.01.2010 und 20.01.2010 wurden zwei Strahlungsausbrüche (Flares) beobachtet, die einen Flussstand von 2.7 Crabeinheiten (c.u.) bzw. 2.6 c.u. über 200 GeV erreichten. Die Observationszeiträume unmittelbar vor und nach den Flares zeigten vergleichsweise niedrige Flussstände (0.5 1.5 c.u.). Die zugehö- − rigen SEDs (80 GeV 5 TeV bzw. 8 TeV), erstellt aus relativ kurzen Expositionen − ( 1 2 h), weisen im Falle der Flares eine eindeutige kurvenförmige Struktur ≈ − auf und der Scheitelpunkt der hochenergetischen SED-Komponente konnte direkt gemessen werden. Aufgrund der geringen Energieschwelle und der hohen Sensiti- vität der stereoskopen MAGIC-Teleskope ist dies das erste Mal, dass die spektrale Entwicklung in einem breiten Bereich der VHE γ-Strahlung auf diesen kurzen Zeitskalen aufgelöst werden konnte. Kombiniert mit simultanen Multiwellenlängenbeobachtungen, zeigten die von MAGIC beobachteten Zustände hoher Aktivität im VHE γ-Strahlungsbereich klare Korrelationen mit Zuständen hoher Aktivität im Röntgenbereich. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass beide Emissionen in der gleichen Region von (möglicherweise) den gleichen Teilchen erzeugt werden. Radio- und optische/UV-Strahlung wiesen keine korrelierte Emission auf. Die Multiwellenlängenergebnisse wurden mit zwei Einzonen-Synchrotron-Self- Compton-Modellen beschrieben. Eines der Modelle erklärt die Röntgen- und VHE γ-Strahlungsemission als aus einer gemeinsamen Region stammend und weist eine Korrelation der Elektronenzahldichte mit der Quellaktivität auf. Es zeigte sich, dass die Veränderungen dieses Parameters die Flussvariationen in beiden Emissionsbereichen generell erklären können. In diesem Rahmen ist eine erhöhte Elektronenzahldichte verantwortlich für erhöhte Flussstände. Das andere Modell bezieht auch die optische/UV-Emission in die Beschreibung mit ein. Hier zeigten vier Parameter Korrelationen mit der Quellaktivität, deren Veränderungen allein allerdings nicht ausreichen, um die Flussvariationen befriedigend zu beschreiben. Die Qualität der MAGIC-Ergebnisse war entscheidend bei der Eingrenzung der Modellparameter, da MAGIC das einzige Instrument in dieser Analyse war, das die hochenergetische SED-Komponente abdeckte. Mit Messungen in einem breiten Energiebereich auf relativ kurzen Zeitskalen stellen diese Ergebnisse eine wesentliche Verbesserung im Vergleich zu vorhergehenden Arbeiten dar. Contents Contents Abbreviations and acronyms v 1Introduction 1 2 VHE γ-ray astrophysics 3 2.1 Cosmicrays............................... 3 2.2 γ-rayastronomy ............................ 5 2.3 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) . 8 2.3.1 Centralengine ......................... 9 2.3.2 Blazars . 10 3Blazarjetphysics 13 3.1 Photon production scenarios . 13 3.1.1 Synchrotron radiation . 13 3.1.2 Inverse Compton (IC) scattering . 14 3.1.3 Synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) scenario . 15 3.1.4 Other leptonic scenarios . 17 3.1.5 Hadronic scenarios . 17 3.1.6 Comparison of scenarios . 18 3.2 Particle acceleration in the jet . 19 3.2.1 First order Fermi acceleration or shock acceleration . 19 3.2.2 Second order Fermi acceleration . 20 3.2.3 Shear acceleration . 21 3.2.4 Maximum achievable energy . 21 3.2.5 Observational constraints . 23 4 IACT technique 25 4.1 Airshowers ............................... 25 4.1.1 Photon and electron energy losses . 25 4.1.2 Electromagnetic and hadronic air showers . 26 4.2 Cherenkov radiation . 28 4.3 Cherenkov radiation by air showers . 30 4.4 Imagingtechnique ........................... 32 ii Contents 5 MAGIC telescopes 35 5.1 Reflectors ................................ 35 5.2 Cameras................................. 36 5.2.1 MAGIC-II camera control . 37 5.2.2 Monitoring of MAGIC-II camera parameters . 41 5.3 Triggersystem ............................. 45 5.4 Data acquisition (DAQ) system . 45 5.5 Calibration . 45 5.6 Observationmode ........................... 47 6MAGICanalysischain 49 6.1 Signal extraction and calibration . 49 6.2 Imagecleaning ............................. 49 6.3 Parametrisation............................. 50 6.4 Data quality selection . 52 6.5 Stereo parameters . 54 6.6 γ-ray and hadron shower separation . 55 6.7 Energy reconstruction . 55 6.8 Calculation of Spectra and Lightcurves . 56 6.9 Signalcuts................................ 57 6.10Unfolding ................................ 58 6.11 Systematic uncertainties . 60 7Stereotriggerinhomogeneity 63 7.1 Appearance of a stereo trigger inhomogeneity . 63 7.2 Methodologyoftest .......................... 65 7.3 Test on Crab nebula November 2009 data . 65 7.4 Test on Mrk 421 January 2010 data . 65 7.5 Comparisonoftests .......................... 68 7.6 Test on background calculation in different positions . 68 7.7 Conclusion................................ 71 8 ReferenceanalysisoftheCrabnebula 73 8.1 Crabnebula............................... 73 8.2 Datasample............................... 74 8.3 Results.................................. 75 8.3.1 Totalsignal ........................... 75 8.3.2 Fluxstability .......................... 75 8.3.3 Spectral energy distribution (SED) . 77 8.4 Conclusion...............................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Gamma-Ray Energy Spectrum of the Active Galaxy Markarian
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1997 The ag mma-ray energy spectrum of the active galaxy Markarian 421 Jeffrey Alan Zweerink Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Astrophysics and Astronomy Commons Recommended Citation Zweerink, Jeffrey Alan, "The ag mma-ray energy spectrum of the active galaxy Markarian 421 " (1997). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11761. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11761 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in ^ewriter &ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missmg pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter Archive the Skyscraper April 2011
    50 Years of Manned Spaceflight• Yuri Gagarin • April 12, 1961 the vol. 38 no. 4 April Skyscraper 2011 Amateur Astronomical Society of Rhode Island 47 Peeptoad Road North Scituate, Rhode Island 02857 www.theSkyscrapers.org April Meeting with Steve Hubbard Seagrave Memorial Friday, April 1, 7:30pm Observatory is open at North Scituate Community Center to the public weather permitting The Mallincam Miracle: Saturdays: 8-10pm Real-Time Enhanced Observing of Deep Sky Objects and Planets Please note that the observatory may be inac- cessible for several weeks following a winter When I started observing over 35 years storm. See web site for updates. ago, visual observing was fun. Modest sized telescopes could show most deep sky objects visually from locations even near big cities. North Scituate Since then, light pollution has wiped out Community Center much of the night sky view for us. From All of our winter meetings (Dec-Mar) are held my backyard near Worcester, ever growing at the Community Center. From Seagrave light pollution has erased my ability to see Observatory, the Community Center is the first all but the brightest deep sky objects even building on the right side going south on Rt. with a 16 inch telescope. Since obtaining a 116 after the intersection of Rt. 6 Bypass (also Mallincam imaging system a year ago, my Rt. 101) and Rt. 116. Parking is across the street. interest in observing has been revitalized by amazing color images in real time literally cutting thru the light pollution and giving In this issue… views similar to those through telescopes 3 times the size that the Mallincam is attached 2 President’s Message to.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Frequency Study on Markarian 421 During the First Two Years of Operation of the MAGIC Stereo Telescopes
    Multi-frequency Study on Markarian 421 during the First Two Years of Operation of the MAGIC Stereo Telescopes Shang-yu Sun Munchen¨ 2014 Multi-frequency Study on Markarian 421 during the First Two Years of Operation of the MAGIC Stereo Telescopes Shang-yu Sun Dissertation an der Fakultat¨ fur¨ Physik der Ludwig–Maximilians–Universiat¨ Munchen¨ vorgelegt von Shang-yu Sun aus Kaohsiung, Taiwan München, den 22.09.2014 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Christian Kiesling Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Masahiro Teshima Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 22.09.2014 Abstract Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) is one of the classical blazars at X-ray and very high energies (VHE; >100 GeV). Its spectral energy distribution (SED) can be accurately characterized by current instruments because of its close proximity, which makes Mrk 421 one of the best sources to study the nature of blazars. The goal of this PhD thesis is to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the broadband emission and the temporal evolution of Mrk 421. The results might be applied to other blazars which cannot be studied with this level of detail because their emissions are weaker, or they are located further away. This thesis reports results from ∼70 hours of observations with MAGIC in 2010 and 2011 (the first two years of the operation of the MAGIC stereo telescopes), as well as the results from the multi-wavelength (MW) observation campaigns in 2010 and 2011, where more than 20 instruments participated, covering energies from radio to VHE. The MW data from the 2010 and 2011 campaigns show that, for both years, the fractional variability Fvar increases with the energy for both the low-energy and the high-energy bumps in the SED of Mrk 421.
    [Show full text]
  • The VERITAS Extragalactic Science Program Is Well Established
    2011 Fermi Symposium, Roma., May. 9-12 1 The VERITAS Extragalactic Science Program N. Galante Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics for the VERITAS Collaboration http://veritas.sao.arizona.edu VERITAS is an array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes located in southern Arizona. Its aim is to study the very high energy (VHE: E > 100 GeV) γ-ray emission from astrophysical objects. The study of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) is intensively pursued through the VERITAS blazar key science project, but also through the large MWL observational campaigns on radio galaxies. The successful VERITAS AGN research program has provided insights to the jet inner structures and started a more detailed classification of blazars. Moreover, the synergy between Fermi and VERITAS on blazar observations resulted in important constraints on the extragalactic background light (EBL) through γ-ray observations, and on the cataloguing of the several AGN sub-classes . VERITAS discovered also the first extragalactic non-AGN γ-ray source. The discovery of gamma-ray emission from the starburst galaxy M 82 by VERITAS and Fermi provides important clues on possible mechanisms for accelerating cosmic rays. I. INTRODUCTION lations is of particular interest for the cosmic-ray com- munity. Beside AGN-related environments, starburst galax- The largest population of VHE-detected γ-ray ies are also good candidates as ultra-high energy cos- sources are blazars, a sub-category of AGNs in which mic rays accelerators. The active regions of starburst the ultra-relativistic jet, produced by the accretion of galaxies have a star formation rate about 10 times matter around a super-massive black hole, is aligned larger than the rate in normal galaxies of similar mass, within a few degrees to the observer’s line of sight [1].
    [Show full text]
  • X-Ray Flux and Spectral Variability of the Tev Blazars Mrk 421 and PKS 2155-304
    galaxies Article X-ray Flux and Spectral Variability of the TeV Blazars Mrk 421 and PKS 2155-304 Alok C. Gupta Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital 263001, India; [email protected] Received: 20 July 2020; Accepted: 1 September 2020; Published: 4 September 2020 Abstract: We reviewed X-ray flux and spectral variability properties studied to date by various X-ray satellites for Mrk 421 and PKS 2155-304, which are TeV emitting blazars. Mrk 421 and PKS 2155-304 are the most X-ray luminous blazars in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. Blazars show flux and spectral variabilities in the complete electromagnetic spectrum on diverse timescales ranging from a few minutes to hours, days, weeks, months and even several years. The flux and spectral variability on different timescales can be used to constrain the size of the emitting region, estimate the super massive black hole mass, find the dominant emission mechanism in the close vicinity of the super massive black hole, search for quasi-periodic oscillations in time series data and several other physical parameters of blazars. Flux and spectral variability is also a dominant tool to explain jet as well as disk emission from blazars at different epochs of observations. Keywords: BL Lac objects; individual; Mrk 421; PKS 2155-304 galaxies; active galaxies; jets radiation mechanisms; non-thermal X-rays; galaxies 1. Introduction Blazar is a subclass of radio-loud (RL) active galactic nuclei (AGN) which includes BL Lacertae (BL Lacs) objects and flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs). Blazar’s central engine is a super massive 6 10 black hole (SMBH) of the mass range 10 M –10 M that accretes matter and produces relativistic jets pointing almost in the direction of observer’s line of sight [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Vsop and Ground-Based Vlbi Imaging of the Tev Blazar Markarian 421 at Multiple Epochs B
    Preprint typeset using j3” style emulateapj v. 04/03/99 VSOP AND GROUND-BASED VLBI IMAGING OF THE TEV BLAZAR MARKARIAN 421 AT MULTIPLE EPOCHS B. G. PINER& S. C. UNWIN Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109; glennOherca.jpl.nasa. ov unwinOhuey.jpl.nasa.gov A. 8. WEHRLE Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Instituteof Technology 100-22, Pasadena, CA, 91125; [email protected] P. G. EDWARDS Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan; pgeOvsop.isas.ac.jp A. L. FEY& K. A. KINGHAM U.S. Naval Observatory, Earth Orientation Dept., 3450 Massachusetts Ave., Washington D.C. 20392; afeyOalf.usno.navy.mil, kakOcygx3.usno.navy.mil ABSTRACT We present thirty VLBI images of the TeV blazar Markarian 421 (1101+384) at fifteen epochs span- ning the time range from 1994 to 1997, and at six different frequencies from 2.3 to 43 GHz. The imaged observations include a high-resolution 5 GHz VLBI Space Observatory Programme (VSOP) observation with the HALCA satellite on 1997 November 14; full-track VLBA observations from 1994 April, 1996 November, and 1997 May at frequencies between 5 and 43 GHz; six epochs of VLBA snapshot observa- tions at frequencies between 2 and 15 GHz from Radio Reference Frame studies; and five geodetic VLBI observations at 2 and 8 GHz from the archive of the Washington VLBI Correlator Facility located at the U.S. Naval Observatory. The dense time coverage of the images allows us to unambiguously track components in the parsec-scale jet over the observed time range.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Multiwavelength Correlations for the VHE Gamma-Ray Blazar Markarian 421 from 1995 to 2009
    Investigation of Multiwavelength Correlations for the VHE Gamma-ray Blazar Markarian 421 from 1995 to 2009 Victor Abelardo Acciari Thesis presented for the award of Ph.D. Department of Life & Physical Sciences Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology Supervisors: Dr. Patrick Moriarty Dr. Trevor C. Weekes Submitted to the Higher Education and Training Awards Council February 2011 To my parents, Vittorio and Clara Abstract The blazar Markarian 421 is an excellent laboratory for studying the physical processes within the jets of active galactic nuclei. In this thesis, a multiwavelength database has been compiled using data from the Whipple Observatory, the Milagro Observatory, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the RXTE satellite, the Very Long Baseline Array, the Metsähovi Radio Observatory and the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory. The Whipple data comprise 878.4 hours of high-quality γ-ray observations taken with the 10m atmospheric Cherenkov telescope over the 14-year period 1995 – 2009; these observations constitute an unprecedented database for examining the long-term very-high-energy (VHE) variability of this source. The level of variability at VHE γ-ray energies was examined on timescales from days to years. Over the 14-year period the annual mean rate is highly variable with values ranging from 0.18 ± 0.02 Crab units to 2.25 ± 0.31 Crab units; a test for constant rate gives a χ2 value of 2669 for 13 degrees of freedom. Within each season the rate is highly variable from month to month with mean monthly rate from less than 0.1 Crab to more than 4 Crab; on the basis of the χ2 test, the most variable season was 2003–2004 while the least variable was 1996–1997.
    [Show full text]
  • Leptonic and Hadronic Radiative Processes in Supermassive-Black-Hole Jets
    galaxies Review Leptonic and Hadronic Radiative Processes in Supermassive-Black-Hole Jets Matteo Cerruti Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] Received: 3 August 2020; Accepted: 22 September 2020; Published: 1 October 2020 Abstract: Supermassive black holes lying in the center of galaxies can launch relativistic jets of plasma along their polar axis. The physics of black-hole jets is a very active research topic in astrophysics, owing to the fact that many questions remain open on the physical mechanisms of jet launching, of particle acceleration in the jet, and on the radiative processes. In this work I focus on the last item, and present a review of the current understanding of radiative emission processes in supermassive-black-hole jets. Keywords: relativistic Jets; active galactic nuclei; theoretical emission models 1. Introduction 1.1. Active Galactic Nuclei The brightest, persistent objects in the Universe are active galactic nuclei (AGNs), compact regions in the center of galaxies that can outshine the host itself (composed of hundreds of billions of stars), and can be detected on cosmological distances, up to a redshift z = 7.5 [1], which means a comoving distance of about 9 Gpc in the current LCDM cosmological model [2]. About 75 years of observations at all wavelengths have collectively shaped the so-called AGN unified model: the engine powering 8−9 the system is a supermassive black hole (SMBH) of 10 M [3], which accretes matter in the form of an accretion disk [4] and which is surrounded at the parsec scale by an obscuring dusty torus [5].
    [Show full text]
  • Acta Polytechnica
    Acta Polytechnica 54(3):210–213, 2014 © Czech Technical University in Prague, 2014 doi:10.14311/AP.2014.54.0210 available online at http://ojs.cvut.cz/ojs/index.php/ap FACT — LONGTERM MONITORING OF BRIGHT TeV BLAZARS Katja Meiera,∗, A. Bilandb, T. Bretzb, J. Bußc, D. Dornera, S. Eineckec, D. Eisenachera, D. Hildebrandb, M. L. Knoetigb, T. Krähenbühlb, W. Lustermannb, K. Mannheima, D. Neisec, A.-K. Overkempingc, A. Paravaca, F. Paussb, W. Rhodec, M. Ribordyd, T. Steinbringa, F. Temmec, J. Thaelec, P. Voglerb, R. Waltere, Q. Weitzelb, M. Zängleina (FACT Collaboration) a Universität Würzburg, Germany — Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, 97074 Würzburg b ETH Zurich, Switzerland — Institute for Particle Physics, Schafmattstr. 20, 8093 Zurich c Technische Universität Dortmund, Germany — Experimental Physics 5, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44221 Dortmund d EPF Lausanne, Switzerland — Laboratory for High Energy Physics, 1015 Lausanne e University of Geneva, Switzerland — ISDC Data Center for Astrophysics, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix ∗ corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract. The First G-APD Cherenkov Telescope (FACT), located on the Canary Island of La Palma, has been taking data since October 2011. FACT has been optimized for longterm monitoring of bright TeV blazars, to study their variability time scales and flare probability. G-APD photo-sensors allow for observations even under strong moonlight conditions, and the telescope can be operated remotely. The monitoring strategy of FACT is discussed and preliminary results of the flare of Mrk501 in June 2012 are shown. Keywords: Cherenkov astronomy; gamma astronomy; monitoring; AGN; blazar. 1. The FACT telescope sensors of background photons not reflected by the mirrors.
    [Show full text]
  • Variability Studies of Multi-Wavelength Data from Gamma-Ray Blazars Mrk 421 and Mrk 501
    Variability Studies of Multi-wavelength Data from gamma-ray Blazars Mrk 421 and Mrk 501 Brandon Becker August 12, 2014 Abstract In this thesis we take astronomical multi-wavelength data from nearby blazars Markarian 421 and Markarian 501 and perform computational analysis and correlative studies to determine any possible time lag across dierent bands of our targets as well as to measure the statistical signif- icance of this calculated result. The data was taken over the interval of December 2010 to May 2012 from multiple instruments spanning a broad range of wavelengths. We used the Discrete Correlation Function (DCF) to determine the time lag factor across data set pairs, focusing on X-ray and Very-High-Energy (VHE; >100 GeV) data. To establish the signi- cance of any correlations found this way, we create Monte Carlo data sets matching the parameters from each light curve's power spectrum distribu- tion, and compare results to our original data. The calculated time lag for Markarian 421 is 2 ± 5 days, consistent with our originally hypothesized zero time lag, indicating the dominant emission process for this target is synchrotron self-compton (SSC). Markarian 501's data provides less reso- lution but also contains zero time lag within its range of error, consistent with our expectation. 1 Introduction It is believed that at the center of almost every galaxy exists a supermassive black hole. Once a black hole has achieved about 106 solar masses it is considered to be supermassive. These singularities bend space and time to the degree that not even light can escape their gravitational inuence.
    [Show full text]
  • L141 the Tev GAMMA-RAY SPECTRUM of MARKARIAN 421 DURING an INTENSE FLARE J. A. Zweerink,1 C. W. Akerlof,2 S. D. BILLER,3 P. BOYL
    The Astrophysical Journal, 490:L141±L144, 1997 December 1 q 1997. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. THE TeV GAMMA-RAY SPECTRUM OF MARKARIAN 421 DURING AN INTENSE FLARE J. A. Zweerink,1 C. W. Akerlof,2 S. D. Biller,3 P. Boyle,4 J. H. Buckley,5 A. Burdett,3 J. BussoÂns Gordo,4 D. A. Carter-Lewis,1 M. Catanese,1 M. F. Cawley,6 D. J. Fegan,4 J. P. Finley,7 J. A. Gaidos,7 A. M. Hillas,3 F. Krennrich,1 R. C. Lamb,8 R. W. Lessard,7 J. E. McEnery,4 G. Mohanty,1 J. Quinn,4,5 A. J. Rodgers,3 H. J. Rose,3 F. W. Samuelson,1 M. S. Schubnell,2 G. Sembroski,7 R. Srinivasan,7 T. C. Weekes,5 and C. Wilson7 Received 1997 July 30; accepted 1997 September 29; published 1997 October 30 ABSTRACT We present the gamma-ray spectrum of the BL Lacertae object, Markarian 421, above 500 GeV during its most intense recorded TeV ¯are, on 1996 May 7. The spectrum is well ®tted by a power law with an exponent of22.56 5 0.07 5 0.1 (statistical and systematic errors). The spectrum extends above 5 TeV with no evidence for a cutoff, favoring determinations of the extragalactic infrared energy density that do not produce a sharp cutoff at these energies. Subject headings: BL Lacertae objects: individual (Markarian 421) Ð gamma rays: observations 1. INTRODUCTION collected during a 3 hr observation, and the source reached an intensity 10 times that of the Crab Nebula.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurement of Spectral Cut-Offs of the Active Galactic Nucleus Mrk 421
    MEASUREMENT OF SPECTRAL CUT-OFFS OF THE ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS MRK 421 WITH VERITAS Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) im Fach Physik eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultat¨ der Humboldt-Universitat¨ zu Berlin von Dipl.-Phys. Roman Welsing Geboren am 7. Oktober 1981 in Borken (Westfalen) Prasident¨ der Humboldt-Universitat¨ zu Berlin Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultat¨ Prof. Dr. Elmar Kulke Gutachter: 1. ........................... 2. ........................... 3. ........................... Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ ........................... Meiner Mutter Gisela Welsing in tiefer Dankbarkeit gewidmet. Abstract VERITAS, an array of four imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, is capable of measur- ing spectra of very-high-energy (E > 100 GeV) γ-rays with high precision. On the basis of these spectra, conclusions can be drawn about the acceleration mechanisms in γ-ray sources. For instance, spectral cut-offs can indicate that there is a maximal energy available in the source. In this work, 108 h of VERITAS data on the blazar Markarian 421 have been analysed by means of an implementation of a Forward Folding algorithm. By Forward Folding the com- plete instrument response function, factors including energy resolution and bias can be taken into account in the energy reconstruction. In particular, this method facilitates significant detections of spectral features, such as an exponential cut-off, and additionally, the spectral parameters can be determined with great accuracy. A dependence of the spectral index on the flux level of Markarian 421 could be detected with a significance of > 3σ. This dependence was interpreted as a shift of the peak energy of Inverse Compton emission to higher ener- gies.
    [Show full text]