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Status of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus Viridis) in Alberta

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Status of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus Viridis) in Alberta Status of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) in Alberta: Update 2012 Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 6 (Update 2012) Status of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) in Alberta: Update 2012 Prepared for: Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (ESRD) Alberta Conservation Association (ACA) Update prepared by: Kelley J. Kissner Much of the original work contained in the report was prepared by Sheri M. Watson and Anthony P. Russell in 1997. This report has been reviewed, revised, and edited prior to publication. It is an ESRD/ACA working document that will be revised and updated periodically. Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 6 (Update 2012) December 2012 Published By: i i Publication No. T/275 ISBN No. 978-1-4601-0311-1 (On-line Edition) ISSN: 1206-4912 (Printed Edition) ISSN: 1499-4682 (On-line Edition) Series Editors: Sue Peters, Robin Gutsell, and Shevenell Webb Illustrations: Brian Huffman Maps: Darren Bender For copies of this report, visit our web site at: http://srd.alberta.ca/FishWildlife/SpeciesAtRisk/ and click on “Detailed Status” OR Contact: Information Centre - Publications Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Main Floor, Great West Life Building 9920 - 108 Street Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5K 2M4 Telephone: (780) 944-0313 or 1-877-944-0313 This publication may be cited as: Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association. 2012. Status of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) in Alberta: Update 2012. Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development. Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 6 (Update 2012). Edmonton, AB. 49 pp. ii PREFACE Every five years, Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development reviews the general status of wildlife species in Alberta. These overviews, which have been conducted in 1991 (The Status of Alberta Wildlife), 1996 (The Status of Alberta Wildlife), 2000 (The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2000), 2005 (The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005), and 2010 (The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2010), assign individual species “ranks” that reflect the perceived level of risk to populations that occur in the province. Such designations are determined from extensive consultations with professional and amateur biologists, and from a variety of readily available sources of population data. A key objective of these reviews is to identify species that may be considered for more detailed status determinations. The Alberta Wildlife Status Report Series is an extension of the general status exercise, and provides comprehensive current summaries of the biological status of selected wildlife species in Alberta. Priority is given to species that are At Risk or May Be At Risk in the province, that are of uncertain status (Undetermined), or that are considered to be at risk at a national level by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Reports in this series are published and distributed by Alberta Conservation Association and Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development. They are intended to provide detailed and up-to-date information that will be useful to resource professionals for managing populations of species and their habitats in the province. The reports are also designed to provide current information that will assist Alberta’s Endangered Species Conservation Committee in identifying species that may be formally designated as Endangered or Threatened under Alberta’s Wildlife Act. To achieve these goals, the reports have been authored and/or reviewed by individuals with unique local expertise in the biology and management of each species. ii iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A review of the status of the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) in 2000 resulted in the species being designated as Data Deficient in Alberta. The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2010 ranks the species as May Be At Risk in the province, given the many threats to the species and its habitat. Since the initial provincial status assessment of this species in 2000, there have been additional surveys and research projects that have increased knowledge about its abundance and distribution in Alberta. This report summarizes historical and recent information on the prairie rattlesnake in Alberta as background information for a reassessment of its status in the province. The prairie rattlesnake reaches the northern limit of its range in Alberta. It is primarily distributed along major river drainages in the southeastern portion of the province. Historically, the species was found as far north as Trochu, and almost as far west as Calgary. The range of the species appears to have contracted toward the east and south sometime prior to the 1960s, but seems to have remained largely unchanged since that time. There appears to have been a long-term decline in abundance of this species in the province, likely related to significant historical persecution and habitat loss. However, in some areas of the province (e.g., Dinosaur Provincial Park) there is evidence that the species has rebounded or has remained stable over the last several decades. There is evidence for more recent declines of several overwintering populations, possibly related to increasing industrial development and associated traffic. Most hibernacula in Alberta likely contain fewer than 100 mature snakes. The species has low reproductive capacity because of late maturity, small litter sizes, biennial or triennial reproduction and low juvenile survival. These factors make the species slow to recover from population declines. The primary factor that has the greatest influence on prairie rattlesnake abundance and distribution is land use: agriculture, urban, energy and road developments result in loss, degradation and/or fragmentation of prairie habitat and expose rattlesnakes to direct and indirect sources of mortality. A number of initiatives underway in the province will continue to enhance knowledge of prairie rattlesnake distribution and abundance, mitigate some effects of development on the species, and help improve public perception of the species. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the original 1997 report prepared by Sheri M. Watson and Anthony P. Russell: A number of individuals made significant contributions to the successful completion of this report. Although all assistance was deeply appreciated, a few individuals deserve special consideration. We are greatly indebted to Larry Powell for his counsel, for generously providing information, and for critically reviewing earlier drafts of this manuscript. We are also grateful to Dave Prescott and Steve Brechtel (Alberta Natural Resources Service), Andy Didiuk (Canadian Wildlife Service), and Dave Scobie (Operation Grassland Community) for reviewing the first draft of the manuscript; their comments and insights were very much appreciated. We also thank Delinda Ryerson (Alberta Natural Resources Service) for editorial assistance, and Jane Horb for drafting the maps. Also, special thanks to Graham MacGregor for his support and constant encouragement. Production of this report was supported by the Wildlife Management Enhancement Fund of Alberta Natural Resources Service and the Alberta Conservation Association. Information for this report was gathered from a number of sources, and we would like to acknowledge those individuals and agencies who contributed information, both directly or indirectly. Contributors denoted with an asterisk (*) provided records used for determining the current range (see Figure 1). The following individuals are listed alphabetically, but deserve equal consideration: Robert Barclay (University of Calgary), Steve Brechtel (Alberta Natural Resources Service), Doug Collister (URSUS Ecosystem Management Ltd.), Dave Crooks (Dinosaur Provincial Park), Adrien Corbiere (Lethbridge Naturalists’ Society), Ann Dalton (Montana Natural Heritage Program), Jane Danis, Andrew Didiuk* (Canadian Wildlife Service), Dale Eslinger* (Alberta Natural Resources Service, Medicine Hat), Express Pipeline Ltd., Pat Fargey (Parks Canada), Laura Friis (B.C. Environment, Wildlife Branch), David Genter (Montana Natural Heritage Program), Joyce Gould (Alberta Natural Resources Service), Wayne Harris (Saskatchewan Fish and Wildlife), Mike Hauser (Express Pipeline Ltd.), Ed Hofman* (Alberta Natural Resources Service, Hanna), Robert Hugill (Dinosaur Provincial Park), Andy Hurley (University of Lethbridge), Janice James* (University of Calgary), Ann Lane* (Royal Tyrrell Museum), Rick Lauzon* (DELTA/AXYS Environmental Management Group Ltd.), Lethbridge Naturalists’ Society*, Rob Morrison (Alberta Natural Resources Service, Foremost), National Museum of Canada*, Larry Powell* (University of Calgary), Wayne Roberts* (University of Alberta Museum), Edward Ruff, Reg Russell (Alberta Natural Resources Service, Brooks), Delinda Ryerson* (Alberta Snake Hibernaculum Inventory), Elizabeth Saunders* (Helen Schuler Coulee Centre), Dave Scobie (Operation Grassland Community), Paulette Shields* (Alberta Natural Resources Service, Lethbridge), Simon Shonhofer (Majestic Ranch), Wayne Smith*, Howard Troughton* (Palliser Pipeline Project), Cliff Wallis (Cottonwood Consultants Ltd.), Robert Ward* (Writing on Stone Provincial Park), Earl Wiltse (Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management), Robert Wolfe (Alberta Environmental Protection), and the University of Calgary Map Department. For the 2012 update prepared by Kelley J. Kissner: This report benefited greatly from the
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