Community Report Denham Town June 2020

Conducting Baseline Studies for Seventeen Vulnerable and Volatile Communities in support of the Community Renewal Programme Financing Agreement No.: GA 43/JAM

Submitted by:

4 Altamont Terrace, Suite #1’ Kingston 5, Jamaica W.I. Telephone, 876-616-8040, 876-929-5736, 876- 322- 3227, Email: [email protected] or [email protected] URL: www.Bracconsultants.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0. INTRODUCTION ...... 7 1.1. Sample Size ...... 8 1.2. Demographic Profile of Household Respondents ...... 9 2.0. OVERVIEW ...... 11 2.1. Description of Community Boundaries ...... 11 2.2. Estimated Population ...... 11 2.3. Housing Characteristics ...... 12 2.4. Development Priorities ...... 13 3.0. PRESENTATION OF BASELINE DATA ...... 14 3.1. GOVERNANCE ...... 14 3.1.1. Citizen’s Engagement in Governance ...... 14 3.1.2. Existence of alternate mechanisms for decision-making and/or influencing decision-making ...... 15 3.1.3. Service Delivery ...... 16 3.1.4. Level of alignment of partner programmes / projects with community priorities . 18 3.2. SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION ...... 20 3.2.1. Level of Trust ...... 20 3.2.2. Community Cohesion ...... 22 3.2.2.1. Perceived activities that would improve cohesion and or what they use to gauge the feeling of “belonging” ...... 24 3.2.2.2. Perceived barriers to cohesion and willingness to join cohesion building activities ...... 25 3.2.3. Willingness to shift to another method of community management ...... 25 3.2.4. Inclusiveness and Responsiveness in Decision-Making ...... 26 3.2.5. Perceived gaps in decision making and how to address them ...... 27 3.2.6. Knowledge in stress management, planning, negotiating, problem-solving, and conflict resolution ...... 28 3.2.7. Conflict and Safety ...... 28 3.2.8. Perceived necessity of gangs and criminal leaders for community safety ...... 31 3.2.9. Smoking, Alcohol, and Drug use among Youth ...... 31 2

3.2.10. Parenting and Child Development Skills ...... 33 3.2.11. Attitudes towards mental health ...... 35 3.2.12. Experiences using health services and Health Status ...... 36 3.2.13. Gender Norms and Gender Based Violence ...... 37 3.2.14. Gender-based violence against women and other vulnerable persons ...... 38 3.2.15. Social Expectations of Men and Impact on Criminal Behaviour ...... 39 3.3. SAFETY AND JUSTICE ...... 40 3.3.1. Rate of reported crimes ...... 40 3.3.2. Perception of safety ...... 42 3.3.3. Community perception of the police ...... 43 3.3.4. Community Justice and Safety ...... 46 3.3.5. Perceived relationship between gang activity and justice ...... 47 3.3.6. Level of trust and confidence in the justice system ...... 47 3.3.7. Willingness to report crimes to the police ...... 49 3.4. PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION ...... 51 3.4.1. Level of satisfaction of residents with their area as a place to live...... 51 3.4.2. Use of Public Spaces ...... 52 3.4.3. Knowledge about Disasters and Risk Management ...... 52 3.4.4. Housing Quality ...... 56 3.5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ...... 57 3.5.1. Employment and Job Seeking ...... 57 3.5.2. Population in the Labour Force who are Certified ...... 58 3.5.3. Means of Socio-Economic Survival ...... 60 3.5.4. Attitudes to “hustling” and informal activities ...... 61 3.5.5. Perceived Impact of Gang Membership on Socio-Economic Development of the Community ...... 61 3.5.6. Poverty ...... 61 3.5.6. Debt...... 63 3.5.7. Entrepreneurship ...... 64 3.5.8. Social Protection ...... 65

3.6. CHILDREN AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT ...... 67 3.6.1. Knowledge about the Childcare and Protection Act...... 67 3.6.2. Practice of Safe Sex and Abstinence ...... 68 3.6.3. Student performance at standard examinations (Grade 4 Literacy and Numeracy, GSAT, CXC)...... 69 3.6.4. Youth Involvement in Crime ...... 70 4.0. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 71 5.0. APPENDICES ...... 78 Appendix 1: Indicator Tables ...... 78 Appendix 2: Dimensions of the Community Renewal Index Denham Town ...... 97 Appendix 3: Project Intervention in Denham Town ...... 102 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...... 103 GLOSSARY OF QUANTITATIVE TERMS ...... 106

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Number of EDs Selected for Household Survey ...... 8 Table 2: Sample Sizes for Household and Business Establishment Surveys ...... 8 Table 3: Sex Distribution of Household Respondents (Weighted) ...... 10 Table 4: Age Distribution of Household Respondents (Weighted) ...... 10 Table 5: Sex of the Head of Household (Weighted) ...... 10 Table 6: Estimated Population by Sex ...... 11 Table 7: Estimated Population by Age Group % ...... 12 Table 8: Groups or Institutions considered “Most Influential” in Community Decision-Making 15 Table 9: Residents' Assessment of the Work of Government Institutions in Denham Town ..... 17 Table 10: Level of Trust by Sex of Residents ...... 21 Table 11: Age Distribution of Residents Who Reported that they Trust State and Non-State Actors ...... 21 Table 12: Proportion of Residents who reported whether the Police Resolved Community Conflicts / Disagreements ...... 29 Table 13: Perception of Safety by Sex of Resident ...... 30 Table 14: Proportion of youth 14 – 17 who have ever tried Smoking, Alcohol, and Drugs ...... 32 Table 15: Proportion of Youth 14 – 17 who have ever tried Smoking Marijuana, other Non- Cigarettes, and Cigarettes ...... 32 Table 16: Proportion of Residents who reported whether the Police Resolved Crime ...... 41 Table 17: Z Normal Test Proportion of Persons Feeling Safe Walking Alone at Nights ...... 42 Table 18: Responses of Residents on Statements Regarding Police Performance ...... 45 Table 19: Proportion of Residents Who Reported Knowledge of Disaster and Risk Response by Sex ...... 53 Table 20: Field Assessment of Denham Town ...... 54 Table 21: Housing Quality Index, All Communities (Sorted from highest to lowest) ...... 56 Table 22: Crude Job Seeking Rate by Community (Sorted Highest to Lowest) ...... 57 Table 23: Proportion of Labour Force who are Certified (sorted highest to lowest) ...... 58 Table 24: Poverty Prevalence Index, All Communities (Sorted from highest to lowest) ...... 62 Table 25: Proportion of Residents in Debt ...... 63 Table 26: Household with Children whose Members have Ever Heard of the Child Care and Protection Act ...... 68 Table 27: Awareness and Use of Male Condoms among Youth 14 – 24 years ...... 68 Table 28: Awareness and Practice of Abstinence among Youth 14 – 24 Years ...... 69

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Formula for Sample Weighting ...... 9 Figure 2: Ways Citizens Engaged in Governance in the Past 12 Months ...... 14 Figure 3: Level of Satisfaction with Selected Services ...... 17 Figure 4: Level of Trust between community members and state and non-state actors ...... 20 Figure 5: Levels of Agreement on Inclusive and Responsive Decision-making ...... 27 Figure 6: Proportion of Residents in Denham Town who Reported Knowing How to Manage Stress, Plan, Negotiate, Problem Solve, and Resolve Conflicts...... 28 Figure 7: Nature of Conflict Reported in Denham Town within the Past 12 Months ...... 28 Figure 8: Mean Percentage of Residents Reporting their Perception of Safety ...... 30 Figure 9: The Estimated Amount of Time Adults in Households Spent with Children Under 9 Years Old in the Past Month ...... 33 Figure 10: Proportion of Households that Participated in Activities with Children under 9 years ...... 34 Figure 11: Reported Methods Used to Discipline Children Under 9 Years Old ...... 34 Figure 12: Level of Agreement with Statements on Mental Health ...... 36 Figure 13: Nature of Crimes Reported as Occurring within the Last 12 Months ...... 40 Figure 14: Proportion of Residents Who Reported Feeling Safe Walking Alone After Dark, by Sex ...... 43 Figure 15: Residents' Perception of how the Police Treat Certain Categories of Persons ...... 44 Figure 16: Level of trust in the Justice system ...... 48 Figure 17: Proportion of Denham Town Residents who are Willing to Report Crime to the Police ...... 49 Figure 18: Willingness to Report Crimes to the Police by Age of Residents ...... 50 Figure 19: Willingness to Report Crimes to the Police by Sex of Residents ...... 50 Figure 20: Levels of Satisfaction with Physical Facilities ...... 51 Figure 21: Proportion of Users of Public Spaces During the Last 12 Months ...... 52 Figure 22: Proportion of Residents who Reported Knowing how to Respond to Disasters by Age, Denham Town ...... 53 Figure 23 : Percent of Persons in the Labour Force with Secondary and Tertiary Level Certification ...... 60 Figure 24: Sector in which Business Operates ...... 64 Figure 25:Beneficiaries of PATH and Other Social Protection Programmes ...... 65 Figure 25: Percent of Crime Victims who are aged 20 years and younger ...... 70

1.0. INTRODUCTION

In September 2018, the Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ) engaged the services of BRAC Consultants to conduct the Baseline Study of 17 Vulnerable and Volatile Communities in support of the Community Renewal Programme.

The Baseline Study of 17 Vulnerable and Volatile Communities in support of the Community Renewal Programme commenced on September 11, 2018. Between March 2019 and June 30, 2019, the consultants conducted research activities and data collection. These research activities culminated in the preparation of this final report that contains the baseline data and recommendations for the community of Denham Town.

The baseline study aims to collect data to support a gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation system. The data collected will better inform programming decisions and provide benchmarks against which intended outcomes and impacts of various interventions are measured within the beneficiary communities. In addition, the study is designed to improve the capacity of the Community Renewal Programme (CRP) and various key stakeholders in the collection and management of data.

Specifically, the Terms of Reference for this baseline study outlines the following sub-objectives:

1. Design and plan baseline studies in collaboration with the CRP Secretariat and implementing partners. 2. Develop the overall approach and methodology for the baseline studies. 3. Design and/or revise existing data collection methodology and tools to be used during the baseline studies and for further use throughout the Programme. 4. Provide recommendations and plans for integration of data collection tools and/or other required data sets necessary for programme management and coordination into the CRP database. 5. Collect baseline data that is disaggregated by demographic characteristics, including sex, age and vulnerable groups, such as persons with disabilities. 6. Provide a comprehensive report based on the baseline data, establishing baseline values and accurate status in line with the CRP goals and outcome indicators.

The consultants used a mixed method approach to conduct the baseline study of these communities. Research strategies included a household survey, a business establishment survey, focus group discussions, Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) sessions, Participatory Ethnographic Evaluation and Research (PEER) interviews, and interviews of representatives from community and partner institutions.

A stakeholder validation workshop held on October 29, 2019 presented the opportunity for representatives of the community and partner institutions to review the Draft Community Report. Data collected for this community report have been validated and areas of disagreement addressed.

1.1. Sample Size

The sample sizes used in this survey was drawn using a two-tiered process. The first tier is the selection of Enumeration Districts from the community as shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Number of EDs Selected for Household Survey

Community Total List of Total no. of No. of EDs to EDs selected EDs EDs select (50% sample) Denham Town 24-28,32-33 7 4 26, 28, 32, 33 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

The second tier in the sampling process is the selection of household and business respondents from the sampled EDs (in the case of the household survey), and all EDs (in the case of the business establishment survey). The final sample size for the household and business establishment respondents is shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Sample Sizes for Household and Business Establishment Surveys

COMMUNITIES Number of Households Number of Establishments listed sampled listed sampled Denham Town 646 65 92 10 All communities 15,813 1,570 3,350 405 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

The sample for the households represents 10 percent of the total number of households listed for the selected Enumeration Districts (EDs) in each community (50 percent of the EDs covering the

communities were selected in the first stage, that is 4 of 7 EDs). The sample of household respondents in each ED was selected using probability proportionate to size (pps). The sample size for the business establishment survey represents approximately 11 percent of the number of businesses listed in all the Enumeration Districts identified for the community.

Prior to the analysis of the household data, the following formula was applied to develop the sample weights that were used.

Figure 1: Formula for Sample Weighting

1.2. Demographic Profile of Household Respondents The sex distribution of the household respondents in the baseline study was 58.7 percent female and 41.3 percent male (Table 3).

Table 3: Sex Distribution of Household Respondents (Weighted)

Communities Male Female Total No. % No. % No. % Denham Town 466 41.3 663 58.7 1129 100.0 All communities 13155 45.0 16091 55.0 29246 100.0 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

Table 4: Age Distribution of Household Respondents (Weighted)

Communities 10 -< 20 20 -< 30 30 -< 40 40 -< 50 50 -< 60 60 & over Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Denham 36 3.2 161 14.3 323 28.6 215 19.0 233 20.6 161 14.3 1129 100.0 Town All 661 2.3 5134 17.6 6703 22.9 5428 18.6 5679 19.4 5641 19.3 29246 100.0 Communities Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

As Table 4 above shows, the age distribution of household respondents is spread across the age groups with persons aged 30 and over being in the majority.

Table 5: Sex of the Head of Household (Weighted)

Communities Male Female Total No. % No. % No. % Denham Town 448 42.4 609 57.6 1057 100.0 All Communities 12231 47.1 13752 52.9 25983 100.0 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

The sex distribution of the head of household follows the pattern of the overall sex distribution of household respondents, as female heads of household represented the majority at 57.6 percent (Table 5).

2.0. OVERVIEW

Denham Town is an urban community located in Western Kingston. The description of the community borders are as follows:

2.1. Description of Community Boundaries

North: From where Asquith Street intersects with Studley Park Road proceeding onto Asquith Street, in a westerly direction, in the left, to where it intersects with East Road and Seven Street. South: From the intersection of Little King Street and Spanish Town Road, proceeding in an easterly direction on Spanish Town Road, on the left to North Street, continuing easterly onto North Street to Blount Street. East: From the intersection of North and Blount Streets going in a northerly direction, in the left proceeding in an imaginary line until it intersects with Asquith Street and Studley Park Road. West: From the intersection of East Road and Seven Street going in a southerly direction on the left, in an imaginary line to Minstrel Street, continuous south on Minstrel Street to Race Course Lane, continuing southerly onto Spanish Town Road.

2.2. Estimated Population

These baseline studies show that the estimated population of Denham Town is 2,8311 which is 44.3 percent male and 55.7 percent female (see Tables 6 and 7 below). More than half of the population (53.8%) is aged 30 and younger.

Table 6: Estimated Population by Sex

Estimated Estimated population Population by Sex Total Male Female Number 2831 1254 1577 Percentage 100 44.3 55.7 Source: Estimated from Population and Housing Census, 2011

1 This population estimate (2018) is based on the total number and size of households in the Enumeration Districts (EDs) within the boundaries outlined in the Community Profiles (developed with help from the Social Development Commission (SDC)). 11

Table 7: Estimated Population by Age Group %

Age Group (Yrs) 0 - 10 - 15 - 20 - 25 - 30 - 35 – 40 - 45 - 50 - 55 - 60 & N Community 4 5 - 9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 over Value Denham Town 7.0 7.6 8.2 13.3 10.8 7.0 5.7 12.0 2.5 8.2 5.1 3.8 8.9 2831 Source: Estimated from Population and Housing Census, 2011

2.3. Housing Characteristics

Ninety-two percent of households occupied dwellings that are separate houses or semi- detached apartment buildings. Approximately 56 percent of households occupied dwellings with outer walls made with concrete and block while 31.7 percent of households occupied dwellings with concrete and wood outer walls. The main material used for constructing the roofs of dwellings were metal sheeting (79.4%) and concrete slab (20.6%).

Thirty-five percent of the household respondents reported that their dwelling is owned by members of their household. The data also shows that 32.0 percent of household respondents reported that the land on which their dwelling was constructed is owned by members of their household. Households in this community had an average of 3 persons and an average of 1.64 persons per habitable room2. This statistic indicates overcrowding when compared with the standard for adequate housing of 1.01 persons per habitable room.

Twenty seven percent of households reported that they received public water supply piped into their dwelling. The same percentage of households reported that electricity from the grid was their main source of lighting and 75.0 percent experienced regular garbage collection.

2 Habitable room refers to that used for sleeping. Excluded are kitchens, bathrooms / toilets, verandahs, storage rooms, laundry rooms, hallways/passageways. 12

2.4. Development Priorities

Main development priorities3 for this community as outlined in its Community Safety Plan, 2015 were:

1. Unemployment 2. Lack of educational opportunities 3. Poor infrastructure 4. Crime 5. Poor community – police relations

The list of interventions and projects through which Denham Town received support over the last ten years, covering social services, youth education and empowerment, crime reduction, community capacity building, community infrastructure, and community sports and recreation can be seen in Appendix 3.

3 Social Development Commission, Denham Town Community Safety Plan (Kingston, 2015).

3.0. PRESENTATION OF BASELINE DATA

3.1. GOVERNANCE

Effective Governance is a critical outcome of the Vision 2030 Jamaica - National Development Plan. This outcome, which is also a pillar of the CRP, supports Goal # 2, Jamaican society is secure, cohesive and just. Within the governance pillar of the CRP three results are expected – (1) Strengthened legitimate and participatory local governance structures and the relationship between them in CRP communities, (2) Increased transparency and accountability in governance, and (3) Strengthened community and parish development planning.

The following section presents the data and findings for several indicators that support the first two results outlined above. Indicators discussed include (i) the level to which communities are capacitated and participating in the democratic process, (ii) the number and strength of legitimate and participatory governance structures, (iii) transparency and accountability in governance, and the (iv) quality of service delivered by ministries departments and agencies to the target populations in CRP communities.

3.1.1. Citizen’s Engagement in Governance

From the household survey it was found that 14.6 percent of residents in Denham Town engaged in community activities during the past 12 months. Engagement was primarily in attendance to community and other meetings (17.1%), and voluntary work (3.3%) (Figure 2 below).

Figure 2: Ways Citizens Engaged in Governance in the Past 12 Months

90.0 85.4 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0

Percentage Percentage % 11.4 20.0 5.7 10.0 3.3 0.8 0.0 Attended Attended other Done Voluntary Made a donation None community meetings Work meetings Engagement Activities N=2,204

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019. Note: Multiple responses were allowed 14

3.1.2. Existence of alternate mechanisms for decision-making and/or influencing decision- making

Responses from the household survey to the question “Who or what Institution has the most influence in how decisions that affect your community are made?” show that the Member of Parliament was identified by 65.1 percent of the household respondents followed by 4.8 percent who identified the Councillor / Caretaker, and 4.8 percent who identified the Area Leader among the most influential in community decision-making (Table 8 below). Only 1.6 percent of household respondents identified the CDC among the most influential in community decision making. Approximately 12.7 percent indicated that they did not know of any group that was most influential in community decision-making.

Table 8: Groups or Institutions considered “Most Influential” in Community Decision- Making

Categories Considered “Most influential in decision-making” # % Member of Parliament 735 65.1 Councillor / Caretaker 54 4.8 Area Leader 54 4.8 The Church 54 4.8 Not Stated 36 3.2 The CDC 18 1.6 Other 18 1.6 None 18 1.6 Don’t Know 143 12.7 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019. Note: Multiple responses were allowed.

With regards to the presence of alternative mechanisms for decision-making, or those that influence community decision-making, these are presumed to exist based on the household survey responses4. It is also to be noted that the response “none” (by 1.6% of respondents) to this question indicates that the household respondent did not consider any of the existing decision-making persons or institutions as “most influential”, not that no decision-making mechanism exists.

4 Household respondents were not asked to distinguish between what they considered to be primary and alternative decision-making mechanisms. The responses provided revealed the persons or institutions that influenced community decision making. 15

In the Focus Group Discussions, the older mixed group named the following organisations: “CDC (Community Development Committee), Destiny Youth Club, Police Youth Club, church groups”, but added “Most of them are dormant.” The CDC is reported to be strong and this group said, “They take on a lot of projects in the community”, including summer camps. The young men viewed the CDC as not very active or functional. They said the youth group (no name given) takes on sporting events, football and netball, and youth interaction. The young women mentioned that City Mission Church has a women’s group.

Decisions in the community are taken by the Councillor, the CDC and its leader, the Youth Leader, and the Member of Parliament. The young men commented that “The community trust the leadership qualities and actions of the Youth Club leader, Councillor and Area Leader because they will get things done easier; they have good reputations with the community. They have respect and power.” They commented further: “The Politician, Youth Leader and Area Leader looks out for the people in the community. There is a strong belief by residents of the community in the authority of the Member of Parliament.”

The survey, however, suggested that this was not the view of more than a third of the residents (38%), who did not trust the MP (31.7%) or somewhat distrusted him (6.3%). Just over twelve percent (12.7%) trusted him completely and 23.8% trusted him somewhat, making a total of 36.5 percent who had some level of trust. Decisions are also taken by the Area leaders and “the Don” according to the young men. The other groups did not mention them.

3.1.3. Service Delivery

Findings from the household survey also indicate that the largest proportion of residents who used selected services delivered in their community were satisfied (Figure 3 below).

Figure 3: Level of Satisfaction with Selected Services

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Overs Garba Health Intern Fire Cell eas Street The ge (Clinic School et NWC JPS PATH NIS JFLL SLTOP Servic NWA Servic Emplo Lights Police Collec s/Hos s Servic es es yment tion pitals) es Never Used Service 0.0 0.0 53.6 12.5 83.3 33.3 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 2.8 Very Satisfied 2.2 12.1 14.3 6.3 0.0 33.3 66.7 21.1 33.3 17.3 24.1 43.9 62.2 22.6 18.2 30.6 Satisfied 53.3 70.7 25.0 75.0 16.7 33.3 16.7 28.9 41.0 34.6 27.6 48.8 35.1 48.4 13.6 44.4 Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied 4.4 6.9 3.6 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.3 17.9 9.6 20.7 0.0 2.7 9.7 0.0 2.8 Dissatisfied 33.3 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.1 2.6 30.8 6.9 7.3 0.0 19.4 9.1 8.3 Very Dissatisfied 6.7 5.2 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 5.1 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 11.1

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

The largest proportion of residents were satisfied with schools (97.3%), health services (92.7%), the HEART Trust /NTA’s School Leaver’s Opportunity Training Programme (SL-TOP) (83.4%), the JPS (82.8%), and the NIS (81.3%). Lower proportions of residents, however, were satisfied with streetlights (50.0%) and PATH (39.3%).

Table 9: Residents' Assessment of the Work of Government Institutions in Denham Town

Neither Never Government Very Good nor Used Institutions Poor Poor Bad Good Excellent Service Total # % # % # % # % # % # % # HEART Trust NTA 18 2.0 36 4.1 18 2.0 538 61.2 125 14.3 143 16.3 878 SDC 0 0.0 0 0.0 18 16.7 36 33.3 0 0.0 54 50.0 108 MOJ (Victim 0 0.0 36 15.4 0 0.0 125 53.8 0 0.0 72 30.8 233 Support/Med./RJ) JCF 18 2.9 18 2.9 90 14.3 358 57.1 125 20.0 18 2.9 627 MoH (Hospitals and 0 0.0 36 6.3 54 9.4 340 59.4 143 25.0 0 0.0 573 Clinics)

NHT 18 5.3 18 5.3 36 10.5 143 42.1 36 10.5 90 26.3 340 NYS 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 108 54.5 18 9.1 72 36.4 197 JSIF 0 0.0 18 6.7 36 13.3 108 40.0 72 26.7 36 13.3 269 JDF 18 2.1 18 2.1 36 4.2 663 77.1 108 12.5 18 2.1 860 MLSS 0 0.0 36 16.7 0 0.0 108 50.0 0 0.0 72 33.3 215 CPFSA (formerly 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 72 44.5 36 22.2 54 33.3 161 CDA) Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019. 17

Respondents in the household survey who were aware of selected government services were also asked to rate the work of government institutions using a scale from “excellent” to “very poor”. The majority of residents gave good and excellent rating (Table 9 above) of the Jamaica Defence Force [JDF] (89.6%), Ministry of Health’s hospitals and clinics (84.4%), and the Jamaica Constabulary Force [JCF] (77.1%). Fewer residents, however, gave good and excellent ratings of the Social Development Commission (33.3%).

3.1.4. Level of alignment of partner programmes / projects with community priorities

Appendix 1 lists eighteen (18) projects and initiatives implemented by government and non- government organisation in Denham Town, often with support from the International Development Partners (IDPs). Notable projects include:

• Citizen Security and Justice Programme (CSJP), Inter-American Development Bank/UK Department for International Development; • Residential Automated Metering Infrastructure Programme, Jamaica Public Service Company; • Inner City Community Forum (ICCF), Multiple Donors • Inner City Basic Services Project, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank); • Integrated Community Development, World Bank.

These and other support covered thematic areas such as social services, youth education and empowerment, crime reduction, community capacity building, community infrastructure, and community sports and recreation.

Between 1996 and 2018 the Jamaica Social Investment Fund, which has been delivering community development projects, completed twelve (12) projects in Denham Town. Five (5) projects are also in implementation and one was terminated before completion. Projects completed by JSIF valued J$129.7M while projects in various stages of implementation valued J$308.2M. These projects bring the total value of JSIF investment in this community to J$437.9M.

Closer examination of these projects by JSIF indicated that they fell in the categories of one skills training valuing J$0.64M, four basic community infrastructure or integrated community spaces

(ICS) valuing J$269.4M, eight school rehabilitation valuing J$120.0M, two summer camps valuing J$3.2M, two road rehabilitation valuing J$45.2M, and one other project valuing J$4.1M.

In light of these various projects and initiatives that were implemented in Denham Town, it can be confirmed that there is some alignment between these initiatives and the development priorities the community identified in its 2015 Community Safety Plan. It is also evident that these initiatives were also somehow aligned with the development priorities that residents have identified during this study.

This study, however, did not determine whether the benefits derived from these projects and initiatives have satisfied or impacted the development priorities of vulnerable and volatile communities as such a determination is outside the scope of this research.

3.2. SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

Within the Community Renewal Programme, six results have been identified that would support these higher-level national outcomes. These related results are (1) improved social skills among target population, (2) reduced inter and intra community conflict, (3) improved quality of service to target population, (4) improved health practices, (5) increased parenting skills and practices, and (6) reduced intra familial conflict/abuse/violence.

The data and findings presented in this section speak to the level of social inclusion and cohesion in the CRP communities, level of trust between the communities and state and non-state actors, barriers to cohesion, events that would bring about cohesion in vulnerable and volatile communities, among other relevant indicators.

3.2.1. Level of Trust The level of trust reported by residents in Denham Town varies depending on the state and non- state actors in question.

Figure 4: Level of Trust between community members and state and non-state actors

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Citizen Comm Comm Border Border CDC Associ Church unity unity ing ing Counci The MP leader ation Leader JPs Leader Reside Leader Reside llor Courts s Leader s s nts s nts s No Response 6.3 1.6 3.2 4.8 1.6 17.5 34.9 1.6 4.8 7.9 7.9 Trust Completely 6.3 4.8 3.2 6.3 12.7 4.8 4.8 9.5 30.2 27.0 17.5 Trust Somewhat 15.9 27.0 19.0 22.2 23.8 23.8 20.6 41.3 39.7 30.2 17.5 Neither Trust nor Distrust 33.3 25.4 27.0 25.4 23.8 33.3 22.2 19.0 15.9 22.2 28.6 Distrust Somewhat 6.3 12.7 4.8 6.3 6.3 6.3 3.2 11.1 1.6 4.8 7.9 Do not Trust 31.7 28.6 42.9 34.9 31.7 14.3 14.3 17.5 7.9 7.9 20.6

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

Those trusted most by more than half the respondents were Church Leaders (69.9%) and Justices of the Peace (57.2%). Those least trusted were residents from bordering communities (28.5%), leaders from bordering communities (22.2%), Community Leaders (22.2%).

Table 10: Level of Trust by Sex of Residents

Distrust Neither Trust Trust Trust Do not Trust No Response Somewhat nor Distrust Somewhat Completely M F M F M F M F M F M F Leaders in the 30.8 32.4 7.7 5.4 34.6 32.4 7.7 21.6 11.5 2.7 7.7 5.4 Community Residents in your 26.9 29.7 7.7 16.2 26.9 24.3 26.9 27.0 7.7 2.7 3.8 0.0 Community Leaders in Bordering 57.7 32.4 0.0 8.1 26.9 27.0 11.5 24.3 3.8 2.7 0.0 5.4 Community Residents in Bordering 38.5 32.4 3.8 8.1 26.9 24.3 15.4 27.0 11.5 2.7 3.8 5.4 Community Members of 30.8 32.4 3.8 8.1 26.9 21.6 23.1 24.3 11.5 13.5 3.8 0.0 Parliament Community Development 11.5 16.2 3.8 8.1 34.6 32.4 15.4 29.7 11.5 0.0 23.1 13.5 Committee leadership Citizen Association 11.5 16.2 0.0 5.4 26.9 18.9 11.5 27.0 11.5 0.0 38.5 32.4 Leaders Councillor 11.5 21.6 11.5 10.8 23.1 16.2 42.3 40.5 7.7 10.8 3.8 0.0 Church Leaders 7.7 8.1 3.8 0.0 15.4 16.2 38.5 40.5 23.1 35.1 11.5 0.0 The Justices of 0.0 13.5 3.8 5.4 23.1 21.6 34.6 27.0 26.9 27.0 11.5 5.4 the Peace (JPs) The Courts 30.8 13.5 3.8 10.8 26.9 29.7 15.4 18.9 15.4 18.9 7.7 8.1 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019 Note: n=1,129 (M=466, F=663)

Table 11: Age Distribution of Residents Who Reported that they Trust State and Non-State Actors

Total Groups Less than 20 20-<30 30-<40 40-<50 50-<60 60+ who Trust Leaders in the 1.6 1.6 4.8 4.8 3.2 4.8 20.6 Community Residents in your 0.0 0.0 3.2 11.1 3.2 7.9 25.4 Community Leaders in Bordering 1.6 1.6 3.2 4.8 1.6 7.9 20.6 Community Residents in Bordering 1.6 1.6 4.8 4.8 3.2 7.9 23.8 Community

Total Groups Less than 20 20-<30 30-<40 40-<50 50-<60 60+ who Trust Members of 0.0 0.0 3.2 6.3 12.7 7.9 30.2 Parliament Community Development 1.6 1.6 6.3 7.9 3.2 7.9 28.6 Committee leadership Citizen Association 1.6 1.6 3.2 4.8 4.8 9.5 25.4 Leaders Councillor 1.6 1.6 6.3 14.3 7.9 11.1 42.9 Church Leaders 1.6 1.6 9.5 19.0 11.1 17.5 60.3 The Justices of the 1.6 1.6 6.3 17.5 7.9 15.9 50.8 Peace (JPs) The Courts 0.0 0.0 3.2 6.3 6.3 15.9 31.7 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019 Note: n=1,129

The mixed focus group in Denham Town commented that violence and other social issues have compromised and damaged the trust between residents and rated it as five out of 10. The young men spoke of the “very small amount of trust between community residents”, while the young women commented that “Trusting people hardly exist anymore” and “People don’t trust people in this community.” In times of trouble, disaster, or tragedy all three groups indicated that persons would be willing to help.

3.2.2. Community Cohesion

When it comes to intergenerational relationships, the general view was that the relationship between the youth and the older persons in the community, as the mixed group said, “is not as healthy as it should be”. Most older persons command less influence and authority. On the other hand, there was feedback from all the focus group participants that young people expect respect to be two-way: “Respect is a 50/50 thing. Some older people don’t have any manners and if you tell them good evening, they don’t answer you, so how do they expect young people to respect them?” was the view of the young women. The young men agreed but were a bit more upbeat: “Generally, the relationship between the youth and older persons in the community is good” – for six out of every 10 persons was how they described it. “There is mutual respect with the exception of a few. Some older persons in the community are disrespectful to the younger persons.”

Everyone believed that the senior citizens and the middle-aged persons in the community felt a strong sense of belonging. The seniors had been in the community for a long time and felt safe and a part of it. If they had no family there was the Golden Age Home in the community, although some young women claimed they were not always treated well there. The young men said the middle- aged “are active, they feel safe, have ties in the community- family, homes, business etc.” The young women felt the same way: “A dem people dey a gwan like dem young now”; “40 a di new 16”; “Dem a bleach5 and dem a gwan - life just start fi dem!”

The outlook for the young men and women was quite different, however. The older mixed group commented that many of the young men in the community wanted to leave due to domestic violence issues. Some of them migrated to other places/communities. Many were involved in feuding. Unemployment was affecting their progress and development and their chances were made worse by “community stigma”. The young men underlined this in their group, reporting that they could not access the opportunities in the community, they did not feel safe, did not feel that the community offers incentives to stay, and feared being killed because of the increasing criminality. Most young men would move out of community if they could. Nevertheless, they indicated how deep many of them were bonded with the community when they said that some would build a house in the community but live outside the community. They decried the lack of recreational and competitive activities. The young women added that “Some of them waa leave because of certain circumstances”, “Some a dem waa go down a town and dem caa go”. According to them “From incursion it done down here”; “One time this was the safest community. A violence now…one time you could be right here so a sit down with your daughter.”

The most revealing discussion came, however, in relation to the perspectives of young women compared with young men regarding safety in the community. According to the mixed focus group, many young women wanted to leave the community for a perceived better life. The young men indicated that “The situation here for young women is the same as the young men or maybe worse.” Their interpretation of why the women wanted to leave was that they did not feel protected nor safe. Women also feared for the lives and safety of their male partners and sons. However, according to the men, there is no fear of rape and violence, women can walk anywhere any hour of the night.

5 To stay out late or party hard. 23

The women, however, did not agree. • “The violence draw fear inna dem. Certain woman caa walk pan certain corners at certain hours.” • “Man woulda draw dem wey and do whatever dem waa do, whaever!” • “All rob you! The same man dem you say hello to, will all plan and rob you.” • “Dem even rape a nurse around here one morning when she was going work, like she did a pass Bond Street and dem hold her and rape her.” • “Dem rape my stepmother niece and beat her and tell her fi walk with good phone.” • “Me have a daughter and me no waa her fi see certain things wey gwan round here. Mi waa fi move.”

All the participants in the PEER interviews, also indicated that they felt a sense of belonging in this community. They noted that they were born in the community, they were accepted for who they were, and that the people looked up to them. One of them noted that killing a loved one for a community member was heart rending.

PEER participants believed that the community could be brought together through more activities such as stage shows, treats, sports, arts and entertainment events. Dancing and music were also highly recommended. Respondents also recommended uniting the people through regular communication and ending violence.

These people on the ‘ends’ indicated that they would feel more included if they were invited to participate in events, treated like human beings, and shown respect. Not being judged by other citizens was also important to cohesion.

3.2.2.1. Perceived activities that would improve cohesion and or what they use to gauge the feeling of “belonging”

Employment was mentioned as it is in virtually every community. In the focus groups both the older mixed group and the young men spoke of sports as a unifying force to bring positive change and improvement. Sports is very integral to the community life, according to the young men. 24

The young women, in their desperate need for security, wanted to go back to depending on an Area Leader, clearly articulating how things used to be: “We need back a area leader! Simple! The garrison cannot run without a area leader.” They felt no-one now had the respect to maintain any unity or order, not even the Member of Parliament: “We need someone that the people dem respect. To be honest, after this incursion the whole place mash up and it’s hard to believe and it’s sad to say, which is true, from that individual go up and get incarcerated the place mash up, so it obviously was one man keeping order and that is that…Too much likkle, likkle area leader dey ‘bout wey caa contain. Back then tiefing never did a gwan and back then you haffi get back yu things. Yu a go get some beating behind of it because you no supposed to a tief nobody things, but it wasn’t like how it is now.” They complained that every Sunday they found themselves going to a funeral, “instead of the little gathering we used to have down desso for the pickney dem, from 8-10 we used have a likkle party, that done.” Even small children are now afraid to walk on the street. If something is happening them, no-one will talk: • “Nobody no dey pan di road.” • “All if dem look pan you pickney dem naa say nothing because you might dead fi wey yu see.” • “See and blind, hear and deaf”. Several voices said.

3.2.2.2. Perceived barriers to cohesion and willingness to join cohesion building activities

Barriers to cohesion included the lack of recreational areas and sufficient planned sports events. Youth in Denham Town complained that they have no football field and no team and clearly felt neglected: “This is the only community without a league football team, no football field, no corner leagues.”

The discussion on a sense of belonging recounted above brings out the fear felt by young men and young women, for different reasons. Fear also militates against community unity.

3.2.3. Willingness to shift to another method of community management

Persons on the ‘ends’ reported that they handled conflict through talking or reasoning it out. Other responses, however, included the use of violence and giving warnings. They managed conflict in 25

this way for various reasons. Violence was used because it sent a clear message. Listening to both sides allowed for proper punishment where necessary. The decision to reason things out or to take drastic action depended on where things have reached. How a situation is handled also depended on the level of respect between the two parties. Persons on the ‘ends’ did not engage the police because ‘bad man cyaan go police station.’ The participants noted that gunmen would be at odds one day and drinking together the next.

Education, changing the mind, and conflict resolution training are needed to change how conflict is managed. Giving money and work were also important. One participant noted that the police would have to take responsibility for creating that change while another stated that the police could not be involved.

Most participants expressed negative views about violence and suggested that employment, education, strong leadership, and improving literacy were integral to reducing it.

The youths in the community were believed to be most likely to cause change. The PMI, entertainers, and other agencies were also identified as change agents.

3.2.4. Inclusiveness and Responsiveness in Decision-Making

Respondents in the household survey were asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with four statements that were used to measure inclusiveness and responsiveness in decision making. The results show that inclusiveness and responsiveness in decision making in Denham Town can be assessed at 66.7 percent6 (see Appendix 1: Indicator Tables).

6 This assessment was arrived at by calculating the mean (average) of the percentages of respondents who agreed with the statements that suggest inclusiveness and responsiveness and those who disagreed with the statement that suggested non-inclusiveness. 26

Figure 5: Levels of Agreement on Inclusive and Responsive Decision-making

Nothing happens without the permission of the Leader 25.4 9.5 52.4 11.1 (Area Leader/ Community Leader/ Political…

Decisions are usually what the majority wants/agrees to 12.7 11.1 71.4 1.6

No one is prevented from attending meetings if he /she 9.5 81.0 7.9

Statements wants to.

Everyone has a chance to speak whenever a decision is to 9.5 7.9 66.7 11.1 be made.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Levels of Agreement % N=1,129 Disagree Strongly Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Agree Strongly

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

The majority of respondents agreed to all the statements. A higher percentage than in many communities, nearly two thirds (63.5%), agreed that nothing happens without the permission of leaders, whether area, community or political. Persons on the ‘ends’, however, did not agree that they had a say in decision-making, but they also recognised the reason for this (see below).

3.2.5. Perceived gaps in decision making and how to address them

Most persons on the ‘ends’ indicated that most decisions in the community were made by the political representatives and the don. They, however, expressed mixed feelings about the decisions being taken. Some respondents believed that they were good decisions while others believed that they were poor decisions that nevertheless had to be honoured.

Most respondents indicated that they did not have a say in decisions although they would like to. They suggested that in order to participate in decision making groups persons on the ‘ends’ would require like-minded individuals, joining clubs, training and resources, time effort, recognition, and unity.

3.2.6. Knowledge in stress management, planning, negotiating, problem-solving, and conflict resolution

Household survey respondents were also asked to use a scale from “excellent” to “poor” to rate themselves in their knowledge and ability to manage stress, plan, negotiate, solve problems, and resolve conflicts in their community. Residents were least confident in understanding how to manage community conflicts. Just over one third (36.5%) were, compared to over half (58.7%) to just over three quarters (76.2%) who showed confidence in other areas. Figure 6: Proportion of Residents in Denham Town who Reported Knowing How to Manage Stress, Plan, Negotiate, Problem Solve, and Resolve Conflicts

80.0 69.8 73.0 76.2 70.0 58.7 60.0 50.0 36.5 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

Ability to manage Knowledge of how Ability to Ability to solve Understanding of PercentofResidents % stressful situations to make plans negotiate my problems how to resolve points with others conflicts in my community N=1,129

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

3.2.7. Conflict and Safety Figure 7 below shows that the conflicts most frequently identified by residents as occurring within the last 12 months were domestic quarrels or fights (62.5%). This is followed by conflict with other communities (43.8%) and gang war (37.5%).

Figure 7: Nature of Conflict Reported in Denham Town within the Past 12 Months

70.0 62.5 60.0 43.8 50.0 37.5 40.0 30.0 20.0 12.5 12.5 6.3 Percentage Percentage % 10.0 0.0 Family Feud Conflict with Reprisals Domestic Conflict with Gang war police quarrels/fights other communities N=287 Nature of Conflict

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019. Note: Multiple Responses were allowed.

Table 12: Proportion of Residents who reported whether the Police Resolved Community Conflicts / Disagreements

Not Resolved Don't Know Resolved N Value Communities # % # % # % # Central Downtown 22 25.0 45 50.0 22 25.0 90 Delacree Pen 148 60.0 49 20.0 49 20.0 247 Denham Town 125 87.5 0 0.0 18 12.5 143 Fletchers Land 80 66.7 0 0.0 40 33.3 120 Franklyn Town 133 66.7 22 11.1 44 22.2 200 Greater Allman Town 0 0.0 0 0.0 23 100.0 23 Greenwich Town 21 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 21 Hannah Town 195 47.6 175 42.9 39 9.5 408 Jones Town 100 71.4 0 0.0 40 28.6 140 Majesty Gardens 47 60.0 32 40.0 0 0.0 79 Parade Gardens 78 57.1 39 28.6 19 14.3 136 Rae Town 76 50.0 19 12.5 57 37.5 152 Rose Gardens 90 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 90 Seaview Gardens 23 14.3 47 28.6 93 57.1 163 Springfield Gardens 26 20.0 52 40.0 52 40.0 129 Tivoli Gardens 40 66.7 0 0.0 20 33.3 60 Trench Town 564 41.9 454 33.7 329 24.4 1347 Total 1768 49.8 933 26.3 846 23.8 3548 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

The data also suggest that the police was effective in resolving the conflicts and disagreements that were reported to them. As Table 6 above shows, 87.5 percent of residents indicated that the police resolved the conflict and disagreement that were reported from their community, while 12.5 percent did not know whether the police had resolved such matters.

It is also evident from the household survey and other information that Denham Town is considered safe by a little more than half the residents despite its challenges. On aggregate, the mean percentage of residents in Denham Town who reported that they felt safe under different circumstances was 52.9 percent (Figure 7 below). An average of 39.9 percent of residents, however, reported that they did not feel safe in this community.

Figure 8: Mean Percentage of Residents Reporting their Perception of Safety

39.9

52.9

7.1

N=1,129 Unsafe Neither Safe nor Unsafe Safe

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

When disaggregated by sex, the data showed that while both males and females reported that they felt safe, a higher proportion of residents who reported that they felt unsafe were females. These proportions ranged from 28.6 percent for walking alone during the daytime to 31.7 percent for walking alone after dark and using public transportation after dark. The data also show that females were more likely to feel unsafe than safe in this community.

Table 13: Perception of Safety by Sex of Resident

Safe Neither Safe Unsafe nor Unsafe Total Statements Male Female Male Female Male Female I feel safe walking alone in my community after dark 31.7 22.2 6.3 31.7 3.2 4.8 100.0 I feel safe spending time alone after dark 30.2 34.9 9.5 22.2 1.6 1.6 100.0 I feel safe using public transportation after dark 28.6 22.2 9.5 31.7 3.2 4.8 100.0 I feel safe shopping alone after dark 30.2 23.8 11.1 30.2 0.0 4.8 100.0 I feel safe to go out to a restaurant and eat out after dark 25.4 23.8 11.1 30.2 4.8 4.8 100.0 I feel safe to go to the nightclubs, bar or stage show after dark. 25.4 22.2 12.7 30.2 3.2 6.3 100.0 I feel safe walking alone in my community during the daytime. 21.4 28.6 14.3 28.6 0.0 7.1 100.0 Mean 27.6 25.4 10.7 29.3 2.3 4.9 100.0 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019 Note: n=1,129

3.2.8. Perceived necessity of gangs and criminal leaders for community safety

Participants on the ‘ends’ regarded themselves as playing both positive and negative roles in the community. The term ‘Godfather’ was used to indicate that they took care of children and the elderly. They also believed that they played the role of protector, keeping the people safe against political and internal attack. Some respondents noted, however, that they played a ‘bad role’ including a ‘gun role’.

Most of these respondents believed that the community had positive feelings towards them. They indicated that community members viewed them as protectors or the ones who stood up for them or created change. Other respondents, however, indicated that the community members found them bad for the environment and for business.

Most of the persons on the ‘ends’ indicated that the community needed them to protect the residents. They reported that the police were inactive or not present in the community. Most respondents also believed that the people on the ‘ends’ were responsible for keeping the community safe, although the PMI and the police also performed this role. One participant noted that nobody was keeping the community safe, even the behaviour of the ‘endsmen’ was a problem. Notwithstanding the work of the police and the PMI, most persons on the ‘ends’ indicated that the community could not have safety without ‘endsmen.’

Most respondents also believed that persons on the ‘ends’ hurt the community through the ‘loss of innocent lives’, ‘wars from end to end in this community’, ‘killing of innocent youths and abusing citizens.’ They indicated that at times they reacted negatively because others neglected and rejected them.

3.2.9. Smoking, Alcohol, and Drug use among Youth

The household survey indicated that youth aged between 14 and 17 years old are more likely to use alcohol and to a lesser extent, smoke. A third (33.0%) of these youngsters have used alcohol while 11.1 percent tried smoking. It Is also noted that none of the youth respondents reported that they tried smoking marijuana (Table 9 below). No one indicated that they had experienced drug use.

Table 14: Proportion of youth 14 – 17 who have ever tried Smoking, Alcohol, and Drugs

Percentage of Youth who Percentage of Youth tried/used who have not tried/used

Smoking 11.1 88.9

Alcohol Use 33.0 66.7

Drug Use 0 100

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

This finding should, however, be treated with caution as other evidence7 and information from qualitative research suggested that, as in most vulnerable and volatile communities, marijuana use among youths in this age group has been observed in this community. The same can be said of evidence of drug use among the youth population although none of the youth respondent in this household survey identified with using drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and other hard or party drugs.

Table 15: Proportion of Youth 14 – 17 who have ever tried Smoking Marijuana, other Non- Cigarettes, and Cigarettes

Total Marijuana Other (Weed/ Cigarettes None Communities Non- Ganja) Cigarette

# % # % # % # % # % Delacree Pen 25 9.2 0 0.0 24 8.9 222 81.9 271 100 Denham Town 0 0.0 0 0.0 18 11.2 143 88.8 161 100 Fletchers Land 20 16.7 0 0.0 20 16.7 80 66.7 120 100 Franklyn Town 0 0.0 22 14.2 22 14.2 111 71.6 155 100 Greater Allman Town 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 185 100 185 100 Greenwich Town 0 0.0 0 0.0 21 50.0 21 50.0 42 100 Hannah Town 39 22.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 136 77.7 175 100 Jones Town 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 10.0 180 90.0 200 100 Majesty Gardens 16 34.0 16 34.0 0 0.0 16 34.0 47 100 Parade Gardens 0 0.0 0 0.0 19 8.2 214 91.8 233 100 Rae Town 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 76 100 76 100 Seaview Gardens 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 233 100 233 100 Springfield Gardens 78 21.5 0 0.0 77 21.3 208 57.5 362 100 Tivoli Gardens 20 16.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 99 83.2 119 100

7 The 2016 National Drug Use Prevalence Survey suggest that the average age of initiation of marijuana use among youth in the 12 – 17 years is age 15 years.

Total Marijuana Other (Weed/ Cigarettes None Communities Non- Ganja) Cigarette

# % # % # % # % # % Trench Town 110 19.5 16 2.8 0 0.0 438 77.7 564 100 All Communities 308 10.5 54 1.8 221 7.5 2362 80.2 2946 100 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

3.2.10. Parenting and Child Development Skills

Respondents in households in which there were children under nine years old were asked to indicate the amount of time they spent with children during the last month, as well as the type of activities conducted. As Figure 9 below shows, 68.2 percent of households reported that during the past month adult members had spent six or more times with their children aged under nine years.

Figure 9: The Estimated Amount of Time Adults in Households Spent with Children Under 9 Years Old in the Past Month

27.3

68.2 4.5

Less than once per month Between four to five times per month Six times per month and more N=394

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

Figure 10 below indicates that the great majority of households reported that members participated in a range of activities with children under nine years, the most popular being counting, drawing or naming things with their young children, and the least popular, telling stories to them.

Figure 10: Proportion of Households that Participated in Activities with Children under 9 years

100.0 86.4 90.0 72.7 77.3 77.3 72.7 80.0 63.6 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

Read to or Told stories Sung songs Played games Spent time Took child on PercentofParents % shown the to child with child with / play with child special child books with child counting, activity drawing or naming things N=394

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019. Note: Multiple responses were allowed.

Approximately 6.4 percent of respondents in households with children under nine years indicated that they received training on positive parenting practices.

Figure 11: Reported Methods Used to Discipline Children Under 9 Years Old

70.0 63.6 60.0 50.0 50.0

40.0

30.0 22.7 22.7 20.0 9.1

10.0 4.5 4.5 Percent Percent Households of % 0.0 Child has not Slapping/hitting Beating with an Removing Time out (put in Talk about why Reasoning been disciplined with hands implement (belt, privileges (e.g. room/corner) an action was stick) TV, favourite wrong game) N=394 Methods of discipline

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019. Note: Multiple responses were allowed.

One of the indicators for which baseline data is being provided is the “Number of parents exposed to training in disciplinary techniques who strongly reject the use of corporal punishment as a method of discipline.” While slapping and hitting was a method used by 63.6 percent of households in disciplining children under nine, talking to children about why a behaviour was wrong was also used (50.0%) along with the removal of privileges (22.7%), and reasoning (22.7%).

The data suggest that while adults in households were more inclined to use slapping and hitting as a form of discipline for children under nine years old, they also used positive methods such as talking with their child(ren).

Given the low proportion of residents who reported that they received training in positive parenting practices, analysis on the connection between their training and the use of corporal punishment (beating with an implement) was not conducted.

3.2.11. Attitudes towards mental health

All residents agreed that people with mental health problems should get help and 84.1 % agreed that family members with mental health problems should be sent to a mental institution. Eighty- six percent (85.8%) also agreed that helping persons with mental illness is everybody’s business. However, 61.3% did not agree that the government is doing enough to help persons with mental illness. Approximately 83 percent of residents agreed that persons with mental illness are also vulnerable to abuse and mistreatment and only a minority (20.7%) agreed that persons with mental illness are treated well in the community (Figure 12).

Figure 12: Level of Agreement with Statements on Mental Health

People with mental illness are treated well in my 57.1 15.9 17.5 3.2 community Persons with mental illness are also vulnerable to 4.8 12.7 71.4 11.1 abuse and mistreatment Helping persons with mental illness is everybody’s 6.3 81.0 4.8 business The government is doing enough to help persons 57.1 7.9 28.6 3.2

Statements with mental sickness Family members with mental health problems 4.87.9 71.4 12.7 should be sent to a mental institution

People with mental health problems should get help 84.1 15.9

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100% N=1,129 Level of Agreement %

Disagree Strongly, Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Agree Strongly

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

Concerns were expressed by the young women in their focus group about mistreatment towards the elderly that they had witnessed in the Golden Age Home from family and staff. “I’ve been there on several occasion, visiting family members and see. Some of dem handle dem like dog… It’s not all the time dem deal wid dem good down there.” Another young woman added from her experience: “If you tek too long fi eat dem get mad pan you and tell you fi hurry up and eat. As much as they are getting paid for it, dem have no respect.”

3.2.12. Experiences using health services and Health Status

Approximately 90 percent of residents reported that they were in good health. Notwithstanding this high proportion of residents who perceived themselves to be in good health, the household survey also found that 15.0 percent of residents reported that they were affected by hypertension which is a chronic non-communicable disease. Hypertension is also a leading cause of morbidity for residents in this community as the data show that the morbidity rate for this disease is 14.6 percent. Diabetes (6.3%) and Asthma (5.1%) were other top causes of morbidity in this community.

The household survey also indicated that a high proportion of residents who fall ill sought care (70.0%). Persons who did not seek health care for illness, when asked their reason indicated that they were not ill enough, and that the preferred home remedies. Only 11.0 percent of residents are covered by some form of health insurance (Appendix Selected Tables (Table 7) in Main Report).

Residents have easy access to Denham Town Health Clinic, which they used frequently. Sometimes they may go to KPH and some mothers took their children to Bustamante Hospital for Children. The young men in their focus group discussion indicated that there was a shortage of staff, doctors and nurses and the doctors’ visits can be irregular. The young women reported that sometimes the health facilities experienced a shortage of vaccines.

Residents also reported that the Clinic did not have a pharmacy which is inconvenient, especially for the elderly. Almost everyone seemed to be aware of Drug Serve, which gives an 80 percent discount on certain widely used drugs (e.g. for high blood pressure or diabetes) and of JADEP (Jamaica Drugs for the Elderly Programme).

3.2.13. Gender Norms and Gender Based Violence

Most persons on the ‘ends’ also believed the man should be in charge of the household. Some indicated that the woman should be in charge, mostly from the perspective that she runs the household. Another response was that both should be in charge or whoever had the better leadership skills should be the head. Men were thought to be the better heads because they were stronger, the king and providers, and the protector. Women were perceived as having the ability to take care of things in the house while the men provided.

Responses from the Focus Groups revealed that intimate partner violence is common in the community. They gave the following ratios in estimating how many men beat their partners: nine of 10 (young males), five to eight out of 10 (young females), five out of 10 (older mixed group). The main reasons given were as follows: • Infidelity/Cheating – all groups • Jealousy – young women and older mixed group

• Argument and provocation from the women, seen as “disrespect” by the men – young men. The young women agreed that women can provoke men: “Dem ka manage wi and wi mouth hot.” • Some women wanted it (young men): “Women often want men who can or will beat them. It’s a sign of manliness that the women seek after. If a male don’t beat, the women see him as too soft and nice.” 8 • Financial conflicts when the man failed to bring in money at the end of the week which can lead to some women going out of their way to provoke them (young women) • The man is a habitual beater: “Some of the man dem just love beat.” (young women)

All groups agreed that some women also beat their partners, but this behaviour was less prevalent. Estimates ranged from three out of 10 from the young men to one out of 10 or less from the mixed group. The young women agreed but did not give any estimate or reasons: “My mada beat all a her man dem.”

The main reasons given by participants for women beating their partners were: • Infidelity/Cheating – young men • Jealousy – mixed group • Lack of support for the home and the children – young men • Serious disrespect – young men

3.2.14. Gender-based violence against women and other vulnerable persons

All persons on the ‘ends’ agreed that it was very bad for a man to hit his partner under any circumstances. Respondents indicated that violence in relationships was most likely to be caused by money, jealousy, cheating, and issues with communication.

8 This is not a complete myth. For various reasons, some women yearn for these dysfunctional relationships; some men cannot in fact relate to these women. See Jennifer Jones/Violence Prevention Alliance. 2017. “Findings from Residents’ Feedback on Women and Children’s Safety and Security in 13 Volatile Communities.” CSJP, Ministry of National Security.

PEER participants expressed mixed views on how they would manage conflict within intimate relationships. Some indicated that they would encourage the persons to reason it out and ‘live loving’, Others said ‘jungle justice, don talk stands (whatever the don says, goes)’ which in most instances resulted in the man being beaten. Some indicated that they would try to stay out of it, particularly if no blood was drawn. Another response was that men on the ‘ends’ may try to escalate the issue if they had an interest in dating the woman.

All persons on the ‘ends’ believed that men having sex with girls under age 16 was wrong. They also expressed negative views on rape and incest, which they regarded as unacceptable.

3.2.15. Social Expectations of Men and Impact on Criminal Behaviour

In Denham Town being a man is synonymous with taking care of responsibilities, taking care of himself, working hard, and standing up for himself. One respondent equated manhood with having many women.

People came to the ‘ends’ because they believed that it was a safe space to hang out and have fun, and because there was nothing else to do. Other responses included that some persons came to the ‘ends’ to be a ’shooter’ and to look out for the community.

Participants also reported that young men came to the ‘ends’ because they had nowhere else to go, they were unemployed, lacked education, were fatherless, and lacked care. Other drivers of young men to the ‘ends’ included family deficits, early pregnancy (of their mothers), and gang influence.

People on the ‘ends’ regarded men who were not on the ‘ends’ in a positive light. They were said to be ‘on the safe side’ and without ‘obligation.’ They were also considered hard working and good residents of the community.

3.3. SAFETY AND JUSTICE

For Denham Town, safety and justice are important considerations. Within the Community Renewal Programme, four results for achieving this vital pillar are identified. These are, (1) effective community-based policing supported, (2) increased utilisation of evidence-based approaches to crime and victimisation, (3) increased school safety, and (4) increased access to justice services at the community level.

3.3.1. Rate of reported crimes

The household survey also indicated that the proportion of persons who reported that violent crimes took place in the community during the last twelve months were 59.1 percent (murders/killings) and 54.5 percent (shootings). Approximately 40.9 percent also indicated that other incidents occurred.

Figure 13: Nature of Crimes Reported as Occurring within the Last 12 Months

70.0 59.1 60.0 54.5

50.0 40.9 40.0 30.0 20.0 13.6 13.6 Percentage Percentage % 9.1 10.0 0.0 Murder/Killings Shootings Rapes Assaults Break-ins Other Nature of Crime N=394

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019. Note: Multiple responses were allowed.

The likelihood of citizens reporting crimes to the police is, however, extremely low. This low likelihood is demonstrated by the results from the question on whether any member of the household has ever reported such incidents to the police. Ninety-nine percent of households has no member that has ever reported crime to the police. Only 1.4 percent ever reported robbery to the police. While a high proportion of residents indicated their willingness to report crime to the police, few actually do because of evident distrust and fear of repercussions.

Table 16: Proportion of Residents who reported whether the Police Resolved Crime

Not Resolved Don't Know Resolved N Value Communities # % # % # % # Central Downtown 0 0.0 0 0.0 67 100.0 67 Delacree Pen 247 71.4 49 14.3 49 14.3 345 Denham Town 143 61.5 0 0.0 90 38.5 233 Fletchers Land 100 55.6 40 22.2 40 22.2 181 Franklyn Town 67 42.9 22 14.3 67 42.9 155 Greater Allman Town 46 40.0 0 0.0 69 60.0 116 Greenwich Town 63 75.0 0 0.0 21 25.0 84 Hannah Town 97 29.4 117 35.3 117 35.3 331 Jones Town 100 29.4 40 11.8 200 58.8 339 Majesty Gardens 95 75.0 16 12.5 16 12.5 126 Parade Gardens 97 45.5 78 36.4 39 18.2 213 Rae Town 57 33.3 19 11.1 95 55.6 170 Rose Gardens 23 50.0 0 0.0 23 50.0 46 Seaview Gardens 23 12.5 23 12.5 140 75.0 186 Springfield Gardens 78 33.3 78 33.3 78 33.3 233 Tivoli Gardens 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 Trench Town 517 31.7 501 30.8 611 37.5 1629 Total 1752 39.3 983 22.1 1720 38.6 4454 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

It is also indicated that a large proportion of residents reported that the police resolved crime related matters through investigations and arrests. As Table 10 above shows, 61.5 percent of residents reported that the police resolved crime matters reported to them while 38.5 percent did not know whether the police had resolved such crime related matters.

3.3.2. Perception of safety

Respondents in the household survey were also asked to indicate their level of agreement with seven statements on whether they felt safe carrying out various activities in their communities after dark. One of these statements related to their feeling of safety walking alone in the community after dark. From the responses received, it was possible to determine whether the community can be characterised as ‘safe’ or ‘unsafe.’

The results were also subjected to a Z normal Test for the differences in proportion between those who agreed or strongly agreed that they felt safe walking alone after dark, and those who disagreed or strongly disagreed with that statement.

Table 17: Z Normal Test Proportion of Persons Feeling Safe Walking Alone at Nights

Response (Proportion of Diff Z Significant Difference Total)

Feel Safe Feel Unsafe 0.05 0.01 0.001

0.857 0.143 0.714 22.63 1.96 2.58 3.29

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

The proportion of persons who reported that they felt safe walking alone at nights is significantly greater than the proportion of residents who reported that they ‘do not feel safe’ (Z Normal Test z=22.63, p<0.001).

When the sex of the population is taken into consideration, the results show that a lower proportion of residents who are females (22.2%) reported that they felt safe walking alone after dark in Denham Town. The proportion of residents who are females reporting being unsafe is 31.7 percent, which is equal to the proportion of residents who are males reporting that they felt safe walking alone after dark.

Figure 14: Proportion of Residents Who Reported Feeling Safe Walking Alone After Dark, by Sex

35.0 31.7 31.7 30.0

25.0 22.2

20.0

15.0

10.0 6.3 4.8 Percent Percent Residents of % 5.0 3.2

0.0 Unsafe Neither Safe Nor Unsafe Safe Feeling of Safety N=1,129 Male Female

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

Persons on the ‘ends’, however, regarded themselves as indispensable to community safety. They shared the view that the community was not safe without them. Their role was to help the community in this regard. They, however, suggested that for anything to change in the community employment opportunities are critical.

3.3.3. Community perception of the police

Household survey respondents were also asked to indicate their perception of how the Jamaican police treated certain categories of persons, some of whom can be regarded as vulnerable. As Figure 15 below shows, residents in Denham Town believed that the police treat persons with disabilities better than persons without disabilities (50.8%). Approximately 25.4 percent, however, believed that such persons were treated the same as those without disabilities. Approximately 41.3 percent of residents believed that the police treated homosexuals much worse than heterosexuals.

Figure 15: Residents' Perception of how the Police Treat Certain Categories of Persons

Persons with disabilities better, worse or the same as 50.8 25.4 4.8 11.1 persons without disabilities?

Homosexuals better, worse or the same as 11.1 4.8 41.3 42.9 heterosexual?

22.2 27.0 46.0

Men better , worse or the same as women? Statements Young people better, worse or the same as older 34.9 44.4 12.7 people?

Poor people better, worse or the same as wealthy 12.7 30.2 52.4 people? 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100% Level of Agreement % N=1,129 Much Better Better Same Worse Much Worse Don’t Know

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

Approximately 73 percent of residents believed that the Jamaican police treated men worse or much worse than women. Residents also believed that the police treated the youth badly compared with their treatment of older persons (44.4% worse, 12.7% much worse). The majority (82.6%) also believed that the police treated the poor worse or much worse than the wealthy.

Residents’ perception of the police is dependent on or related to the age of the resident (Chi-Square 2 Test 푥14=255.28, p<0.05, 14 degrees of freedom).

The young men in their focus group regarded the police as unprofessional and providing poor service. They gave them a rating of 1 out of 10. They were generally satisfied with the soldiers who were regarded as much more professional in their behaviour. Some soldiers were believed to be abusive, so the young men gave them an overall rating of 6.

The young women reported that the police have no manners and showed no respect to people. Like the residents of Trench Town and Delacree Pen the women in Denham Town complained about the liberal use of pepper spraying by the police. They described several instances of the police’s use of pepper spray on children including one case that is now before the court (through the Independent Commission of Investigations (INDECOM)). In that case, two “babies” were taken to the Children’s Hospital after the police pepper sprayed patrons at a party ordering it to close at 8:00 pm despite the fact that the organisers were given permission until 11:00 pm. They claimed that the

police used pepper spray to break up children’s fights. Careless driving (by the police) on the streets while children played was another complaint.

The older mixed group were more muted in their comments. The service given by the police, according to them, depended on the mood of the police officers or the compliance of residents toward them. They were satisfied with the actions of soldiers, who were regarded as “much more courteous and understanding.”

Table 18: Responses of Residents on Statements Regarding Police Performance

A Good Job (%) An Average Job A Poor Job (%) Don't Know / No Statements (%) Response (%) Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Enforcing the Law 80.8 75.7 11.5 16.2 7.7 8.1 0.0 0.0 Responding quickly when they are called (within 15 minutes) 30.8 32.4 23.1 35.1 46.2 29.7 0.0 2.7 Being approachable and easy to talk to 34.6 40.5 38.5 40.5 23.1 18.9 3.8 0.0 Supplying information to the public on ways to reduce crime 30.8 29.7 15.4 37.8 42.3 16.2 11.5 16.2 Ensuring the safety of the people who live in your Community 73.1 59.5 23.1 24.3 3.8 13.5 0.0 2.7 Treating people fairly and with respect 23.1 21.6 42.3 48.6 34.6 24.3 0.0 5.4 Patrolling your neighbourhood 65.4 70.3 23.1 13.5 11.5 16.2 0.0 0.0 Managing or fighting criminal gangs 26.9 48.6 38.5 21.6 30.8 29.7 3.8 0.0 Preventing police brutality 23.1 24.3 23.1 45.9 34.6 16.2 19.2 13.5 Preventing corruption and crime among police officers 23.1 24.3 26.9 32.4 23.1 24.3 26.9 18.9 Dealing with public complaints 57.7 56.8 26.9 18.9 15.4 10.8 0.0 13.5 Dealing with domestic disputes and violence 57.7 62.2 26.9 10.8 11.5 18.9 3.8 8.1 Mean 43.9 45.5 26.6 28.8 23.7 18.9 5.8 6.8 Mean both sexes 44.7 27.7 21.3 6.3 Note: n=1,129 (M=466, F=663)

Regarding the job performance of the police, the data show that a mean of 44.7 percent of residents believed that the police were doing a good job in their community. A marginally higher mean proportion of females (45.5%) compared to males (43.9%) held that view. Conversely, a higher

proportion of males (23.7%) believed that the police were doing a poor job overall compared to females (18.9%).

Closer examination of the data indicates that the performance of the police was good in their enforcement of the law (M= 80.8%, F= 75.7%), ensuring community safety (M= 73.1%, F=59.5%), and patrols (M= 64.5%, F=70.3%). Their performance was assessed as good to average for approachability (M= 73.1%, F= 81.0%), dealing with public complaints (M= 84.6%, F= 75.7%), and dealing with public disputes and violence (M=84.6%, F=73.0%).

Resident’s perception of the police’s performance was average to poor in relation to their treatment of citizens (M= 76.9%, F= 72.9%).

With regard to the police’s performance in the response time to community calls, providing public information on crime reduction, managing or fighting criminal gangs, preventing police brutality and corruption among the police, residents’ perceptions were mixed.

Qualitative research also found that most participants were afraid of making complaints to the police about police behaviour because they had no confidence in them, were afraid that the police were open to corruption, and would inform on the complainant leading to their death (“informa fi dead”). The young women indicated that it made no sense to report a policeman to his friend at the local police station. They believed that a better option was to report such matters to the Independent Commission of Investigations (INDECOM) or to the Police Commissioner. The older mixed group indicated that there were trust issues but since the ZOSO has been implemented in the community, they will report any such matters to the Ground Commander.

3.3.4. Community Justice and Safety

From the household survey, it was determined that 7.9 percent of residents used a justice service during the past twelve months. The service used by most residents was that the Justices of the Peace (JPs), at 6.4 percent.

Many believed that community members could not get justice when they needed it. The young women stated that only “Jungle justice” worked; the young men did not believe that people get just rewards - good or bad - as a consequence of their actions. The older group expressed the view that persons could get justice when needed but did not explain how.

For persons on the ‘ends’ justice was synonymous with equal rights and opportunities. It also involved sanctioning wrong doers and not taking sides- dealing with a situation in a balanced way.

Some persons identified the church, police, dons, and the Peace Management Initiative as justice points.

3.3.5. Perceived relationship between gang activity and justice

Respondents indicated that dons/ elders and “top man”, politicians and “ends man” looked out for those on the “ends”. These persons provided meals and income earning opportunities through various initiatives. Participants from most communities acknowledged the role of familial support in providing benefits.

Most people on the ‘ends’ were comfortable going to the don or elders for justice. Few considered the police. The dons were perceived as giving ‘quick and efficient’ justice and solving matters ‘plain and square’. The police were, however, regarded as useful because they were ‘trained professionals.’

Participants reported that people on the ‘ends’ provided fair justice most of the time. One respondent, however, noted that they were biased in favour of their friends.

Respondents were divided on who brought justice to the community. Some believed that the people on the ‘ends’ were responsible, while others believed it was the police.

3.3.6. Level of trust and confidence in the justice system

Figure 16 below shows that 35.0 percent of residents who responded in the household survey indicated that they trusted the justice system – i.e. the courts (Criminal Court, Traffic Court, 47

Coroners Court, Family Court, Gun Court, Supreme Court). Approximately 28.6 percent reported that they neither trusted or distrusted the Courts, while 20.6 percent of respondents indicated that they did not trust the Courts and 7.9 percent distrusted them somewhat.

Figure 16: Level of trust in the Justice system

30.0 28.6

25.0 20.6 20.0 17.5 17.5 N=1,129

15.0

10.0 7.9 7.9

Levels Levels Trust of % 5.0

0.0 Do not Trust Distrust Neither Trust Trust Trust No Response Somewhat nor Distrust Somewhat Completely

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

All the focus group participants felt that treatment in the courts was not even; some people were treated better than others. The young men reported that it was due to their social status, which could include factors such as money, power and politics. The young women commented: “Rich people dem get treated better than poor people dem. Most of the time. If dem ketch [the poor] with illegal cigarette a big fine or jail time.”

Most people on the ‘ends’ also regarded the justice system negatively. They believed that it was corrupt, unfair, biased, non-existent, and an illusion. One person mentioned being a victim of injustice many times. They perceived themselves as victims of the justice system. They felt caged ‘like rats’, abused and as though the system was ‘pure evil’. Police were perceived as sharing sensitive information and the system contributed to an unbalanced society. Other responses were that the effect of the justice system depended on wealth status.

Similarly, participants had a negative perception of the police. According to these individuals the police was as bad as the gunmen, unprofessional, corrupt, untrustworthy, and ‘like is our biggest enemy’.

By contrast, the participants regarded the Jamaican government in a positive light. Many believed that the Prime Minister was ‘trying his best’ or doing a ‘splendid job’.

3.3.7. Willingness to report crimes to the police

Figure 17 below presents the proportion of residents who are willing to report crimes to the police if they occurred in their community. The majority of the population in Denham Town were willing to report any incident or crime (including Category One offences9) to the police if they occurred in the community. Approximately 76 percent agreed or strongly agreed that they were willing to report crime that occurred in the community to the police. On the other hand, 12.7 percent disagreed that they would be willing to report crime to the police.

Figure 17: Proportion of Denham Town Residents who are Willing to Report Crime to the Police

80.0 69.8 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 11.1 7.9 6.3 10.0 4.8

0.0 Percent Percent Residents of % Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Agree Agree Strongly Strongly nor Disagree N=1,129 Level of Agreement

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

There is a significant relationship between respondent’s willingness to report crimes to the police 2 and age (Chi-Square Test 푥1 = 88.58, p<0.05, 1 degree of freedom). Figure 18 below presents the proportion of residents who were willing to report crimes to the police by age of respondent10.The majority of residents across age cohorts agreed that if anything happened in their community that they should report to the police, they were willing to do so.

9 These are Murder, Shooting, Rape, Aggravated Assault, Robbery, Break-in, and Larceny as classified by the Jamaica Constabulary Force. 10 It is noted that the age relates only to that of the household respondent rather than for the members of the entire household. The results may, therefore, not correspond with data for the entire household. 49

Figure 18: Willingness to Report Crimes to the Police by Age of Residents

60+ 10.7

19.6 50 - <60 3.6 19.6 40 - < 50 1.8

Age Age Group 23.2 30 - <40 5.4 12.5 Less than 30 3.6

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 Level of Agreement % N=1,004 Agree Disagree

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

There is also a significant relationship between the respondent’s willingness to report crimes to the 2 police and the sex of the respondent (Chi Square Test 푥1 = 21.87, p<0.05, 1 degree of freedom). As Figure 19 below also shows, both sexes expressed agreement that they were willing to report crimes to the police if they occurred.

Figure 19: Willingness to Report Crimes to the Police by Sex of Residents

50.0 46.4 45.0 39.3 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.7 10.0 Percent Percent Residents of % 3.6 5.0 0.0 Disagree Agree Level of Agreement

N=1,004 Male Female

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

A higher proportion of females compared to males, however, disagreed that they would be willing to report crime to the police (10.7% compared to 3.6%).

3.4. PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION

One of the more tangible pillars under the Community Renewal Programme is the physical transformation of vulnerable and volatile communities. The complete transformation from depressing living conditions to a more empowering and uplifting environment is also supported by Jamaica’s Vision 2030 National Development Plan.

Six results have been identified to support the higher-level outcomes for a sustainable natural and built environments, and effective risk management and disaster mitigation. These expected results are (1) Improved access to quality housing, (2) Reduced informal settlements in CRP communities, (3) Support the enhancement of connective infrastructure, (4) Improved water and sanitation, (5) Healthy public spaces within communities, (6) Increased resilience of households and communities to respond to natural and manmade hazards and climate change.

3.4.1. Level of satisfaction of residents with their area as a place to live.

The majority of residents in Denham Town were satisfied with their roads and bridges (74.6%), and buildings such as schools, clinics, and police stations (77.8%). Fewer residents were satisfied with their public standpipes (27.0%) and streetlights (28.5%).

Figure 20: Levels of Satisfaction with Physical Facilities

Recreational (football field, netball court, cricket pitch) 4.8 34.9 11.1 25.4 7.9 Public Standpipes/Catchments 7.9 30.2 7.9 23.8 3.2 Garbage Skips 6.3 46.0 6.3 28.6 6.3 Public Sanitary Conveniences 7.9 38.1 7.9 14.3 Street lights 11.1 55.6 4.8 22.2 6.3 Buildings (e.g. schools, clinics, police stations) 12.7 9.5 66.7 11.1 Road & Bridges 15.9 7.9 65.1 9.5

N=1,129 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Levels of Satisfaction % Very Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied Satisfied Very Satisfied

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019. Note: Persons who never used the public sanitary conveniences, garbage skips, public standpipes, and recreational spaces are excluded.

3.4.2. Use of Public Spaces

Approximately 18.1 percent of residents used physical facilities such as green spaces, recreational fields and courts, cultural spaces, and multi-purpose spaces in the community. As Figure 21 below shows, only 8.1 percent of residents used recreational spaces, 4.0 percent used multi-purpose centres, and 2.7 percent used cultural spaces. It is noted that 73.2 percent of residents reported that although physical spaces exist, they did not use them.

Figure 21: Proportion of Users of Public Spaces During the Last 12 Months

80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

Percent Percent Residents of % Recreation Cultural al (football Multi- Green spaces field, purpose Exist, but spaces (drama netball (communit did not use None exist inside of theatre, court, y centre any community music, art cricket etc) etc) pitch e Series1 3.4 8.1 4.0 2.7 73.2 8.7 Physical Spaces N=149

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

3.4.3. Knowledge about Disasters and Risk Management

Household survey respondents were asked to indicate whether members of their households knew how to prepare for four disasters – namely fires, earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes. As Table 19 below shows, a high proportion of both males and females indicated that they had knowledge of how to respond during disasters. Males, however, recorded a consistently higher proportion for knowledge of hurricane, flood, earthquake, fire, and other disaster responses.

Table 19: Proportion of Residents Who Reported Knowledge of Disaster and Risk Response by Sex

Males Females Risks Yes No Not stated Yes No Not stated

Hurricanes 96.2 3.8 0.0 86.5 13.5 0.0

Floods 92.3 7.7 0.0 83.8 16.2 0.0

Earthquakes 84.6 11.5 3.8 75.7 21.6 2.7

Fires 88.5 11.5 0.0 75.7 21.6 2.7

Other 7.7 30.8 61.5 2.7 45.9 51.4

Mean 73.8 13.1 13.1 64.9 23.8 11.4

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019 Note: n=1,129 (M=466, F=663)

A high proportion of older residents reported knowledge of how to respond to these disasters. Approximately 14.5 percent of the youngest age group – persons aged 30 and younger - indicated knowledge of how to respond to disasters. The lowest proportion of persons in the 60 and over age group (28.6%) indicated knowledge of how to respond in fires and earthquakes.

Figure 22: Proportion of Residents who Reported Knowing how to Respond to Disasters by Age, Denham Town

120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 Less than 30 30 - <40 40 - <50 50 - <60 60 & over Fires 14.5 53.5 58.8 92.8 28.6 Earthquakes 14.5 50.0 58.8 92.8 28.6 Floods 14.5 53.5 64.6 92.8 50.0 Hurricanes 14.5 53.5 64.6 100.0 57.1

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

During data collection, interviewers used an Observation Checklist to record the condition of physical amenities and spaces that they were able to observe11. Their assessment of facilities and conditions for Denham Town was generally fair to poor as Table 20 below illustrates. It is also noted that the criteria for fair and poor conditions are also presented in the table. In general, the physical facilities observed in Denham Town are in fair to poor condition that require major repair and maintenance to be restored to their optimal state.

Table 20: Field Assessment of Denham Town

Physical Amenities / Field Assessment Criteria Conditions

Drain/Gullies/Culverts In need of significant repairs

Dilapidated condition

Overrun by plants and animals (rodents, goats, etc.)

Contain mountains of garbage / waste material.

Prone to flooding.

Poor Unable to channel water effectively.

Condition of Public Buildings In need of repairs

Dilapidated condition (broken windows, doors, decayed or damaged grills)

Uninhabitable, not fit for human habitation.

Abandoned / Vandalized.

Overrun by plants and animals (rodents, goats, etc.)

Leaking roof, facilities -e.g. kitchen, bathroom, are Fair to Poor vandalized and need major repairs.

Condition of Community Condition neither good nor poor. Centre Minor repairs needed.

Walls, floors, ceilings, roof in need of minor repairs and Fair painting needed.

Schools Building freshly painted

Fit for human habitation.

Good Clean floors and walls, no leaks in roof, ceilings clean.

11 Interviewers were not able to assess all the physical amenities in the community as such facilities were not observed in the section of the community in which interviews were conducted. 54

Physical Amenities / Field Assessment Criteria Conditions

Floor / walls/ roof in pristine condition.

Condition of Unoccupied Dwellings Unable to rate

Proposed Shelters (for natural disasters) Unable to rate

Private fences Fencing material are somewhat sound.

Fair Fence requires minor repairs/ maintenance.

Roads (Main roads) Poor Very little of original road surface remain.

Roads (Secondary roads) Poor Road surface riddled with potholes.

Roads (Lanes) Road is unfit for vehicular or pedestrian traffic.

Road contains blockages, erosions, or other hazards that Poor prevent passage by vehicles or pedestrians.

Bridges Unable to rate

Parks and other open spaces Generally unkempt and overgrown with weeds, shrubs, and bush.

Abandoned and unused.

Overrun with animals such as rodents and goats.

Poor Require significant maintenance.

Open Lots Unable to rate

Streetlights (Missing) At least three streetlights are missing and Fair malfunctioning.

Streetlights (Malfunctioning) Unable to rate

Waste water/sewer systems Unable to rate

Informal Settlements Unable to rate

Garbage Disposal Insufficient number of receptacles for garbage disposal.

Fair Garbage are infrequently collected.

Presence of homeless person Unable to rate

Presence of mentally ill persons Unable to rate

Source: CRP Baseline Field Observation, 2019

3.4.4. Housing Quality

The Housing Quality Index (HQI) measures the housing quality in the community and is a composite index. The components of the Housing Quality Index were Electricity for Lighting (98.0%), Indoor tap (piped water) main source of drinking water (27.0%), Exclusive water closet (flush toilet) (46.8%), Exclusive kitchen (84.7%), Outer wall of dwelling constructed with block and steel (56.0%), and Number of persons per habitable room (1.64).

Table 21: Housing Quality Index, All Communities (Sorted from highest to lowest)

Housing Quality Index Communities (HQI)

Seaview Gardens 95.0 Franklyn Town 86.0 Springfield Gardens 85.0 Hannah Town 79.0 Tivoli Gardens 79.0 Delacree Pen 73.0 Central Downtown 72.0 Rae Town 70.0 Greenwich Town 68.0 Greater Allman Town 67.0 Fletchers Land 66.0 Majesty Gardens 65.0 Trench Town 64.0 Jones Town 62.0 Denham Town 60.0 Parade Gardens 52.0 Rose Gardens 52.0 All Communities 71.0 Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

Housing quality in Denham Town is currently 60 percent. This is eleven percentage points below the overall HQI of 71 percent for the 17 communities. This HQI also indicates that less than two thirds of households in this community lived under housing conditions that are consistent with acceptable housing standards.

3.5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The Community Renewal Programme (CRP) identified three results for the Socio-Economic Development pillar for communities. These are (1) improved employability; (2) increased employment opportunities, and (3) entrepreneurship promoted. For this baseline study, the discussion focussed on the level of economic self-sufficiency among community members, levels of employability and access to employment opportunities (particularly for youth and other vulnerable groups in CRP communities), access to employment opportunities, and the level of support provided to community-based businesses.

3.5.1. Employment and Job Seeking

The level of employment in the 17 communities is an indicator of economic development. In the case of Denham Town, the proportion of household members who indicated that they were employed at the time of this survey was 41.0 percent.

Table 22: Crude Job Seeking Rate by Community (Sorted Highest to Lowest)

Communities Crude Job Seeking Rate Tivoli Gardens 25.7% Rae Town 18.9% Trench Town 13.5% Fletchers Land 10.0% Central Downtown 9.0% Denham Town 8.6% Rose Gardens 8.6% Jones Town 8.5% Springfield Gardens 8.4% Hannah Town 8.1% Parade Gardens 8.1% Delacree Pen 6.8% Greater Allman Town 6.3% Majesty Gardens 5.9% Seaview Gardens 3.3% Franklyn Town 2.6% Greenwich Town 1.6% All Communities 9.5% Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

As Table 22 above shows, the Crude Job Seeking Rate12 of members of the labour force who are actively looking for work is 8.6 percent. This rate is relatively high when compared with the other communities in this list.

3.5.2. Population in the Labour Force who are Certified

The following table presents the proportion of residents in the labour force who reported being certified with secondary and tertiary level qualifications. Persons aged 17 years and older comprised the subject of this indicator. Younger persons below age 17 were excluded since most are still in school and are least likely to have final certification. As Table 23 below shows, only 25.9 percent of that segment of the labour force in Denham Town were certified. The sex breakdown shows 46.6 percent male and 53.4 percent female. While persons in all age cohorts possessed some form of certification, the majority are in the 20 – 50 age group.

The total proportion of the labour force in Denham Town with certification is 9.9 percentage points below the mean for all communities. This result for Denham Town also indicates that the proportion of certified persons in the labour force is in the lower ranges compared with the other communities.

Table 23: Proportion of Labour Force who are Certified (sorted highest to lowest)

Communities Age Group (Yrs) Sex Total Less N Value Certified than 20 -< 30 -< 40 -< 50 -< 60 & 20 30 40 50 60 over Male Female

Springfield 0.0 22.9 22.9 20.5 27.7 6.0 47.0 Gardens 53.0 68.7 2149

Central Downtown 0.0 14.9 26.8 20.9 14.9 22.4 61.2 38.8 68.6 501

Greater Allman 5.4 31.3 22.3 19.6 11.6 9.8 57.1 Town 42.9 51.8 2589

Tivoli Gardens 5.9 39.6 17.8 17.8 15.8 3.0 54.5 45.5 40.6 2008

12 Formula used:

Looking for Work Crude Job Seeking Rate = x 100 (Looking for Work + With Job not Working + Working

Communities Age Group (Yrs) Sex Total Less N Value Certified than 20 -< 30 -< 40 -< 50 -< 60 & 20 30 40 50 60 over Male Female

Jones Town 5.6 32.4 23.9 14.1 22.5 1.4 49.3 50.7 39.4 1418

Delacree Pen 4.3 31.6 26.5 20.5 15.4 1.7 50.4 49.6 35.9 2885

Rae Town 11.3 39.6 20.8 7.5 13.2 7.5 49.1 50.9 35.8 1004

Franklyn Town 0.0 16.2 27.0 32.4 18.9 5.4 64.9 35.1 35.1 821

Trench Town 4.3 27.1 21.5 20.5 18.5 8.3 47.5 52.5 32.3 4745

Fletchers Land 2.5 32.5 30.0 17.5 7.5 10.0 52.5 47.5 30.0 802

Hannah Town 4.0 36.4 21.2 18.2 11.1 9.1 49.5 50.5 26.3 1926

Denham Town 6.9 22.4 27.6 20.7 17.2 5.2 46.6 53.4 25.9 1039

Parade Gardens 1.6 22.6 27.4 25.8 14.5 8.1 59.7 40.3 25.8 1202

Seaview Gardens 2.5 18.3 25.0 29.2 15.8 9.2 50.8 49.2 25.0 2796

Greenwich Town 1.6 21.3 32.8 14.8 21.3 8.2 52.5 47.5 24.6 1274

Majesty Gardens 0.0 29.4 41.2 13.7 15.7 0.0 49.0 51.0 23.5 805

Rose Gardens 1.7 36.2 36.2 12.1 10.3 3.4 48.3 51.7 15.5 1312

All Communities 3.7 28.4 24.9 19.8 16.5 6.7 51.3 (Mean) 48.7 35.8 29275

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

Figure 23 below also shows the proportion of persons in the labour force, aged 17 and over, in Denham Town who reported secondary and tertiary level certification. Approximately 17 percent reported that their highest certification was CSEC General / GCE O Levels. Sixty-nine percent (69.0%) of the labour force in this community did not have any form of certification.

Figure 23 : Percent of Persons in the Labour Force with Secondary and Tertiary Level Certification

80.0 69.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 17.2 20.0 10.0 3.4 3.4 1.7 0.0 CSEC Basic/JSC- CSEC CAPE Unit NVQJ – Level-III None 5/SSC 3rd JL General/GCE O 2/GCE A’Level

Percent Percent Labour of Force % Level Certification N=1,039

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

3.5.3. Means of Socio-Economic Survival

Participants on the ‘ends’ indicated that if they were not there or ‘hustling’ they were prepared to do various jobs including labourer, selling items, site work such as electrical or construction. Some indicated that they wanted to open their business. They estimated that between J$10,000 and J$25,000 per week was a fair wage.

They indicated that the don, political representatives, and ‘elders’ were most likely to take care of people on the ‘ends.’

Extortion, robbery, and contract killing were the most popular means by which people on the ‘ends’ made money. Selling drugs and other criminal activity such as trafficking in guns and ammunition were also mentioned.

Participants, however, had mixed feelings about their ability to survive if they were not on the ‘ends.’ Some felt that the ends provided basic food and supplies for them. Others felt that they would survive by ‘any means necessary’ and that they were ‘not gaining much on the ends’.

Most people on the ‘ends’ indicated that they would want to leave the ‘ends’ in search of better opportunities. Leaving the ‘ends’ would, however, require work, money, and opportunities. Migration was also an option. One person said he would not leave the ‘ends’ because that would ‘spell death’.

3.5.4. Attitudes to “hustling” and informal activities

‘Hustling’ was understood primarily as selling whatever was handy. Extortion was mentioned, although it was noted that this was not acceptable, since for these individuals, hustling only involved legal work. Having a business or anything that “made and honest bread without a 9-5” was also considered hustling.

Survival and providing for self and family were the primary reasons for hustling.

3.5.5. Perceived Impact of Gang Membership on Socio-Economic Development of the Community

All participants agreed that there was a link between poverty and gang activity. The sense was that poverty led to gang activity: ‘most bad men are poor’, ‘nothing nah gwaan so man have to get going’, yes people who are desperate mostly do crime as a means to an end’.

All persons on the ‘ends’ believed they could get out of poverty through getting better jobs, education, and starting businesses. Some respondents indicated that changing thought patterns and going overseas would also be essential. One person indicated that although education was important some people had subjects [exam qualifications] and were still “on the corner” (not gainfully employed).

3.5.6. Poverty

An indicator that is of great concern to these baseline studies is the prevalence of poverty in the seventeen communities, referred to as the Poverty Prevalence Rate. The Poverty Prevalence Rate was developed using the consumption-based approach to poverty where variables13 were selected after being processed using a Regression Model to determine the R-Square (R²).

13 The Regression Model automatically excluded insignificant variables. Also, variables had to exist on both SLC and CRP data sets and asked similarly in order to qualify.

Table 24: Poverty Prevalence Index, All Communities (Sorted from highest to lowest)

Communities Poverty Prevalence Rate (%) Tivoli Gardens 53.3% Denham Town 43.0% Fletchers Land 37.4% Parade Gardens 35.4% Greater Allman Town 33.2% Trench Town 31.8% Jones Town 31.5% Majesty Gardens 28.9% Delacree Pen 26.4% Hannah Town 25.8% Rose Gardens 22.9% Greenwich Town 21.2% Central Downtown 15.4% Rae Town 12.2% Franklyn Town 10.6% Seaview Gardens 9.7% Springfield Gardens 5.3% All Communities 27.7% Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

Denham Town currently has a poverty prevalence of 43.0 percent, which is quite high. This poverty prevalence rate indicates that approximately two in five households are living below an adult equivalent poverty line of JA$211,660.0 applicable to the Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA)14. It is noted, however, that the poverty prevalence for Denham Town is 15.3 percentage points above the poverty prevalence rate for all seventeen communities.

14 These adult equivalent poverty lines were provided by the PIOJ for calculating the poverty estimates. KMA (JA $ 211,660.0), Other Towns (JA$ 201,720.5), Rural Areas (JA$ 187,834.9) and Jamaica (JA$ 199,567.5).

Box 1: List of Variables Used in Regression Model.

Data Dictionary Name of Variable Description of Variable Index Composite variable hhsize How many persons (including yourself) that reside in your household? Tertiary Tertiary education - head Crowd No. of persons per room child0_8 No. of child(ren) 0 - 8 years old laptop Has working Laptop Housety One person household ToiletFacilty Exclusive use of toilet facility LandTenure1 Land Tenure - Owned MaleHead Male Head of Household Tablet Has working Tablet Garbage4_5 Bury/burn garbage Crowdc No of persons per room >= 2 Light1 Access to electricity Wall1 Construction of Outer wall - Concrete and block

3.5.6. Debt The household survey found that approximately 58.4 percent of persons aged 18 and older who has ever borrowed money for household and other purposes are currently in debt.

Table 25: Proportion of Residents in Debt

Yes No Total

# % # % #

Ever borrowed 215 10.9 1756 89.1 1971

Currently owe 125 58.4 90 41.9 215

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

3.5.7. Entrepreneurship

The business establishment survey found that businesses15 within Denham Town were started in order to make money (50.0%), because of an absence of employment opportunities (30.0%), and as a result of inheritance of the business (20.0%).

Forty percent (40.0%) of businesses have been in operation for less than 5 years while 20.0 percent have been in operation for more than 20 years.

Females owned 50.0 percent of the businesses in Denham Town, and males also own 50.0 percent. Approximately 70.0 percent of businesses in Denham Town were sole proprietorships, 20.0 percent were family owned, and 10.0 percent were partnerships. On average these businesses employed approximately two persons.

Figure 24: Sector in which Business Operates

60.0 50.0 50.0

40.0 30.0 30.0

20.0

Percent of Businesses Percent Businesses of % 10.0 10.0 10.0

0.0 Retail Services Other Not known Business Sector N=104

Source: CRP Baseline Business Survey, 2019

15 The following definitions were used for this business establishment survey: Business Definition: any income earning enterprise both formal and informal. The business activity must be a legal enterprise. Formal business is defined as an officially registered business (e.g. registered by the Company Office of Jamaica). Informal business is defined as an unregistered business. Hence enterprises such as stalls, roadside vending, unregistered nail salons, roadside tyre shops / garages, and barbers will be included. Illegal enterprises are not included.

These businesses operated in the services (30.0%), retail (10.0%), and other (50.0%) sectors (Figure 24 above) and offered a wide range of goods and services including:

• sale of breakfast, lunches and other meals (30.0%) • providing hair, nail care and other beauty services (20.0%) • sale of alcoholic beverages and spirits (10.0%) • sale of sweets and condiments (10.0%)

Approximately 30 percent of businesses in Denham Town are registered with the Companies Office of Jamaica.

Ten percent (10.0%) of business operators and employees received some form of training in Business Management / Operations within the last 12 months.

3.5.8. Social Protection Data also show that just over 20 percent of residents are beneficiaries of the Programme of Advancement through Health and Education (PATH) and other social protection programmes. Approximately 10 percent of males and 18 percent of females are beneficiaries of PATH. The majority (87.1% and 73.6% respectively) are not benefitting from any social protection programme.

Figure 25:Beneficiaries of PATH and Other Social Protection Programmes

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Jamaica Drugs National Health PATH Poor Relief None for the Elderly Fund Less than 30 16.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.5 30 - <40 10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.3 40 - < 50 16.7 0.0 16.7 5.6 61.1 50 - <60 7.1 0.0 7.1 0.0 85.7 60+ 12.5 6.3 18.8 6.3 56.3 Male 10.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 87.1 Female 17.6 1.1 5.5 2.2 73.6

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

PATH16 beneficiaries span all age cohorts, with the majority of the less than 30 and the 40 – 50 age groups being supported by this programme. No beneficiary has, however, transitioned from PATH.

16 PATH, which was introduced in Jamaica in 2002 is designed to assist the following categories of beneficiaries: (1) Children: from birth to completion of secondary education, (2) Elderly: 60 years or over, and not in receipt of a pension, (3) Persons with Disabilities, (4) Pregnant and Lactating Women, (5) Poor Adults 18-59 years.

3.6. CHILDREN AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT

The development of children and youth is an important pillar for the Community Renewal Programme. It is closely aligned with goals 1-4 and Outcomes 1 – 6 and 10 – 12 of the Vision 2030 National Development Plan, Jamaica. Within the CRP, five results for children and youth development are expected.

These are:

1. Reduced youth involvement in crime, 2. Increased participation of youth in legitimate governance frameworks and positive development initiatives, 3. Increased support for vulnerable children and youth, 4. Improved sexual and reproductive health and general health practices among youth, and 5. Increased employability and access to employment opportunities for youth in CRP communities.

3.6.1. Knowledge about the Childcare and Protection Act.

Households with children under nine years were asked to indicate whether they have ever heard of the Child Care and Protection Act. Youth aged 14 – 17 were also asked directly whether they have ever heard of this Act. As Table 26 below illustrates, almost forty percent (39.7%) of households with children under nine years have members who have heard of this piece of legislation. Twenty- two percent (22.2%) of youth 14 – 17 have also heard of this Act.

Table 26: Household with Children whose Members have Ever Heard of the Child Care and Protection Act

Households with children whose members have heard of the Child Care and Protection Act

Not stated/No Yes No response Total

No. % No. % No. % No. %

Households with children under 448 39.7 681 60.3 0 0.0 1129 100.0 age 9 years.

Youth aged 14 - 17 years. 36 22.2 125 77.8 0 0.0 161 100.0

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

3.6.2. Practice of Safe Sex and Abstinence Data for youth aged 14 – 24 were extracted to examine their awareness and use of safe sex methods as well as abstinence. Respondents were asked about their knowledge and use of a range of contraceptives including the male condom17. As Table 27 below illustrates, however, over a third of the youth (36.8%) who were aware of the male condom used18 it. Condom non-use among youth in this community was 63.2 percent. The awareness of male condoms and the use of male condoms 2 are statistically significant (Chi-Square Test 푥1 = 183.40, p<0.001, 1 degree of freedom). That is, there is an association between knowledge of male condoms and its use among youth in the 14 – 24 age group.

Table 27: Awareness and Use of Male Condoms among Youth 14 – 24 years

Used Male Condoms Did not Use Male Condoms Total

# % # % # %

Aware of Male Condoms 251 36.8 215 31.6 466 68.4

Not Aware of Male Condoms 0 0.0 215 31.6 215 31.6

Total 251 36.8 430 63.2 681 100.0

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

17 Safe sex, also termed ‘dual protection’ involves the use of a condom (male or female) along with one other contraceptive, such as the contraceptive pill, intrauterine device (IUD), hormonal implant, vaginal rings, or the Depo-Provera injection. 18 This group excludes persons who are not sexually active. 68

The practice of sexual abstinence among youth 14 – 24 is also low as 5.9 percent of youth who are aware of abstinence practice it. Practice of abstinence among this group is currently at 7.9 percent. 2 The awareness of and practice of abstinence are statistically significant (Chi-Square Test, 푥1 = 135.51, p<0.05, 1 degree of freedom). That is, there is an association between knowledge of abstinence and its practice among youth in the 14 – 24 age group. The survey, however, found that 7.7 percent of youth in the 14 – 24 age group were not sexually active (females 7.7% and males 0.0%).

Table 28: Awareness and Practice of Abstinence among Youth 14 – 24 Years

Practiced Abstinence Did not Practice Abstinence Total

# % # % # %

Know about Abstinence 108 5.9 466 25.7 573 31.7

Did not know about Abstinence 36 2.0 1,201 66.3 1,236 68.3

Total 143 7.9 1,667 92.1 1,810 100.0

Source: CRP Baseline Household Survey, 2019

3.6.3. Student performance at standard examinations (Grade 4 Literacy and Numeracy, GSAT, CXC).

Student performance in standard examinations has been selected as one of indicators for children and youth development. Data from the Ministry of Education show that the performance of students attending schools that served the CRP communities is cause for concern.

The performance of 84 students from the Denham Town Primary School indicate a good level of achievement at the Grade 4 Literacy test but poor achievement in the Numeracy Test. Approximately 62 percent of the students who sat the Grade 4 Literacy Test achieved mastery, while only 27.6 percent who sat the Grade 4 Numeracy Test mastered the test.

The data for the GSAT is not available as that examination was replaced by the Primary Exit Profile in 2018.

The performance of students of the Denham Town High School who sat the CXC / CSEC examinations in 2018 also indicates that just over a half of the students achieved passes (55.5%).

This level of performance is average but may be regarded as typical of schools in these vulnerable and volatile communities.

It was not possible to distinguish from the data between children who attend from the community and those from communities outside of Denham Town. See Appendix 1: Indicator Tables.

3.6.4. Youth Involvement in Crime

Available data from the Jamaica Constabulary Force represent the victims of crime. Data on young crime perpetrators were not received.

In 2017 approximately 80 percent of shooting victims, 100 percent of homicide victims, and 77.8 percent of robbery victims were males. All victims of sexual assaults were females.

Approximately 32 percent of shooting, 33.3 percent of robbery, 6.7 percent of homicide, and 91.7 percent of sexual assault victims are aged 20 years and younger. As Figure 25 below also shows 66.7 percent of sexual assault victims were between the ages of 11 and 15.

Figure 26: Percent of Crime Victims who are aged 20 years and younger

70.0 66.7

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0 25.0 23.7 22.2 20.0 11.1 10.0 5.3 6.7 PercentofCrime Victims % 2.6 0.0 ≤ 10 "11 - 15" "16 - 20" Age Group

Shootings Homicides Robbery Sexual Assault

Source: Jamaica Constabulary Force Statistics, 2017

4.0. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As one of the 17 communities surveyed for these Baseline Studies, Denham Town shares the demographic characteristics associated with vulnerable and volatile communities. The population is largely young (below age 30) and it faces much of the same challenges that the other communities encounter. As such, the data collected represent the baseline conditions of this community against which the monitoring of change within the six pillars of the Community Renewal Programme, and the dimensions of the Community Renewal Index can be done.

The following represent the baseline conditions of the community of Denham Town:

Governance 1. Citizen’s engagement in their community is relatively high although the primary channels for engagement observed were community meetings, advocacy, and voluntary work. Knowledge among residents regarding the influential mechanism for decision-making is also high but the CDC was not widely regarded as a key mechanism for community-based decision-making as less than two percent of respondents identified it as such.

2. Residents were generally satisfied with public services, namely electricity, schools, health services, HEART Trust/NTA, and the police.

3. Respondents were also generally positive in their rating of government service delivery in their community particularly the Jamaica Defence Force (JDF), health services (hospital and clinics), and the Jamaica Constabulary Force. They were, however, less positive in their rating of the Social Development Commission (SDC).

4. Some alignment was observed between the projects and initiatives implemented in Denham Town and the development priorities identified in the community’s Safety Plan.

Social Transformation

1. The level of trust among residents varies depending on the state and non-state actors being assessed. Church leaders and Justices of the Peace (JPs) were the most trusted actors in this community. The other actors assessed, including the CDC leadership, did not enjoy a high level of trust among residents. Violence and other social issues have also damaged the trust among residents.

2. Various social and sporting and recreational events contributed to cohesion in Denham Town. The relationship between the youth and older residents has, however, broken down as it was not what it should be (the young men, however, disagreed with this observation). Older residents generally shared a deep sense of belonging in that community.

3. Residents, however, had mixed views regarding their sense of belonging in the community of Denham Town in the face of violence, the erosion of trust, and reduced safety. Women in their focus group lamented the conditions in Denham Town since the security operations of May 2010 (the ‘incursion’) and expressed their wish for the return of the days when the community was under the control of an area leader (or ‘don’). Safety for them has been reduced.

4. Lack of recreation and sufficient planned sports events were identified as barriers to community cohesion.

5. The data suggest a relatively high level of inclusiveness and responsiveness in decision- making although feedback from residents also indicated that major decisions were made by political representatives and the area leader or ‘don’.

6. While respondents were more confident of their negotiation, planning, problem solving, and stress management skills, they were less confident about their conflict resolution abilities.

7. Domestic quarrels, conflicts with other communities, and gang war were the main conflicts reported in this community in the past 12 months, indicating that this community remained

vulnerable and volatile. The data also showed that most residents believed that the police were effective in their response to the conflicts and disagreements that were reported to them.

8. Denham Town is, however, considered a relatively safe community despite its challenges. Females were, however, more likely to feel unsafe in this community than males owing to their greater vulnerability to sexual assaults.

9. More than two-thirds of households had adults who spent time with their children during the past month (at least once). Very few parents / guardians of children under nine years received training in positive parenting practices. The data, however, suggest that while adults were more inclined to use slapping and hitting as a form of discipline, they also used positive parenting methods, such as talking, with their children.

10. Information from qualitative research suggest that intimate partner violence was commonplace in this community, which also affected the quality of intimate relationships. Several reasons have been identified for this behaviour.

Safety and Justice 1. Murders and shootings were the violent crime events that most residents reported as occurring during the past 12 months, an indication of the vulnerability and volatility of Denham Town. Although residents stated a willingness to report crime to the police, the likelihood of such events being reported is extremely low based on the data on actual crime reporting behaviour in this community. This finding confirms feedback from the qualitative research that indicates a general reluctance among residents to report criminal activity to the police owing to the low level of trust between residents and the police that exists.

2. Citizen’s perception of the police in terms of their treatment of certain categories of persons including vulnerable groups varies according to the group involved. Men, youth, and the poor were perceived to be poorly treated by the police while persons with disability were perceived to be treated better than persons without disability. Respondents also believed that the police treated homosexuals much worse than their heterosexual counterparts.

3. The police were assessed by residents to be doing a good job in the community in the various aspects of police job performance that were examined such as enforcement of the law, ensuring community safety, and patrols. Police performance in their treatment of citizens was, however, rated as poor.

4. Citizen’s use of available justice services was relatively low, and the main service used was that of the Justice of the Peace (JP). Feedback from participants in the qualitative research also indicted that the community recognised the police, the Peace Management Initiative (PMI), ‘dons’, and the church as ‘justice points.’ There is, however, a deep distrust of the formal justice system among residents.

5. Persons on the ‘ends’ – that is gang members and their affiliates are generally regarded positively by residents in the wider community. Information also suggest that these persons on the ‘ends’ believed that they provided protection and justice to the community.

Physical Transformation

1. While residents were generally satisfied with most physical facilities, few were satisfied with public standpipes and streetlights. Recreational spaces, although they existed, were underutilised. The physical amenities within the sections of the community that interviews were conducted were mainly fair to poor which indicates that major repair and maintenance would be required to restore them to their optimal state.

2. Housing quality as determined by the Housing Quality Index (HQI) was good.

3. Both males and females reported awareness of disaster and risk response in the case of hurricanes, fires, floods, and earthquakes. Older residents (age 60 and over) were, however, not as aware about how to respond to fires and earthquakes.

Socio-Economic Development

1. Less than half of members in households reported being employed. The proportion of persons in the labour force actively seeking work (Crude Job Seeking Rate) was, however, relatively high.

2. The proportion of persons in the labour force that is certified was low.

3. Poverty prevalence as measured by the Poverty Prevalence Rate was low.

4. Most businesses in the Denham Town community were started to make an income for the owner and have been in operation for 10 years or less. This is an indication of the strong business culture that exists in this urban community. Most of these businesses were owned by females who were also the sole proprietors. These businesses operated primarily in the services, retail, and other sectors. Very few of these businesses were, however, registered with the Companies Office of Jamaica. Few of these business operators and employees received business development assistance and training during the last 12 months.

5. Access to social protection through PATH and other social protection programmes is relatively high. Individuals in the under 30 and the 40 – 50 age groups were the main beneficiaries of PATH.

Children and Youth Development 1. Awareness among members of households with children under nine years old and youth aged 14 – 17 years about the Child Care and Protection Act was low.

2. Condom use and the practice of abstinence among sexually active youth age 14 – 24 years in this community was low. This is an area of concern for improved reproductive health outcomes for young persons (including adolescents), the practice of safer sex, and the prevention of early pregnancy.

3. Available data indicated good achievement among students (males and females) who sat the Grade 4 Literacy Test and attained mastery but poor achievement among students sitting the Grade 4 Numeracy Test. Student performance in the CXC/CSEC examinations, which was average, may be regarded as typical of schools in these vulnerable and volatile communities.

4. Youth aged 20 years and younger remained vulnerable to become victims of certain category one crimes. Young males were highly likely to become victims of shootings, robbery, and homicides while young females in this age group were vulnerable to sexual assaults.

Recommendations Opportunities exist for the improvement of the baseline conditions identified in the baseline study for Denham Town. The following are a few recommended actions:

1. Strengthen the Community Development Committee (CDC) to enable it to become an influential decision-making mechanism in the community. This activity will also require increased engagement of community members and the identification of community leaders that residents can trust.

2. Identify projects or initiatives to improve the poor physical conditions in this community. A collaborative approach involving the community and partner institutions would be required to achieve the best outcome.

3. Improve the relationship between the community and the police as a strategy to reduce the community’s vulnerability to conflicts and the flare up of violent crime. Support may also be leveraged from the church and other actors in the community who are highly trusted by residents.

4. Identify opportunities to strengthen small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMEs) in this community. Access to funding as well as the provision of appropriate training and coaching may be considered to strengthen the economic performance of the small-scale business operations that are currently operated mainly by women.

5. The area of children and youth development requires further attention. The indicators currently being used, such as the practice of safer sex and abstinence, may require further monitoring using a more targeted research instrument (such as an adolescent reproductive health survey).

5.0. APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Indicator Tables

1. Governance

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis 1.1. Communities are Percentage of 14.6% Citizen participation in capacitated and population who in the community-based activity participating in last 12 months had is relatively high compared democratic participated in citizens' with the other communities. processes. engagements19: 1.1.1. Strengthened Percentage of By way of a proxy legitimate and population who are 14.6% indicator – the percentage participatory active members of a of the population who local local community attended meetings during governance organisation or the last 12 months, it was structures and decision-making body. determined that 14.6 the relationship percent of residents between them (Proxy: percentage of reported that they attended in CRP population who community-based communities. attended meetings meetings. during the last 12 months.) Percentage of 80.0% of existing CBOs recognised are part of the CDC organisations structure. represented at various tiers of the The CDC is part of the Participatory Downtown DAC20. Governance Framework.

Existence of legitimate • Member of Responses from the broad-based Parliament: 65.1% household survey show mechanisms for • Don’t Know: 12.7% that very few residents decision making21. • Area Leader: 4.8% regard the CDC as an • Councillor/ influential decision- Caretaker: 4.8% making mechanism in the • The church: 4.8% community. Residents • Not stated: 3.2% were also unable to

19 The following questions were combined to form this new, recoded variable: “Does (name) participate in meetings or activities related to the following community-based organisations?” (12 CBOs listed); “How long ago did (name) attend a meeting or activity put on by the following community-based organisation?” (note: periods older than the “past 12 months” are excluded.); “Has (name) done any of the following in the past 12 months?” (9 activities listed.) 20 Updated list of CDCs and CBOs provided by the SDC, 2018.

21 Question used : “Who or what Institution has the most influence in how decisions that affect your community are made?”

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis • The CDC: 1.6% identify other legitimate • None: 1.6% decision-making mechanism of which they are aware and in which they are involved. Existence of alternate See list above Responses from both the mechanisms for household survey show decision-making that residents regarded the and/or influencing political leadership as decision-making influential in decision- making. Attitudes towards GOJ Top institutions rated and other power “Excellent” and “Good”: holding groups22 • JDF (89.6%), • MoH hospitals and clinics (84.4%) • JCF (77.1%). i. Increased Level of satisfaction transparency and with public service Public services / facilities accountability in delivery. with which most residents governance. are satisfied and very satisfied: 2.1.3. Improved quality of service by • Schools (97.3%) MDAs to target populations (under • Health services Social (92.7%) Transformation) • HEART Trust /NTA’s (SL-TOP) (83.4%) • JPS (82.8%) • NIS (81.3%).

Public services / facilities with which fewer residents are satisfied and very satisfied:

• Streetlights (50.0%)

Level of alignment of There is some alignment partner programmes / between partner projects with programmes and community priorities. community priorities.23

22 Respondents were asked to rate the work of institutions in their community. 23 The development priorities outlined in the community profiles / safety plans and the list of projects / interventions implemented by partner institutions were compared. Scale used for assessing alignment is: Excellent (meeting 4 or more development priorities), Good (meeting 3 priorities), Fair (meeting 1-2 priorities), and Poor (meeting no priority).

2. Social Transformation

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis 2.1. Improved Level of trust between Most trusted actors: social inclusion and community members, cohesion. state actors, non-state • Church Leaders actors and (69.9%) neighbouring • Justices of the Peace communities. (57.2%). % residents Everyone believed that the (adolescents, adults) senior citizens and the that feel a sense of middle-aged persons in the belonging to community felt a strong Community. sense of belonging. The seniors had been in the community for a long time and felt safe and a part of it.

According to participants in the focus groups many of the young men in the community wanted to leave due to domestic violence issues. Some migrate to other places or communities. Existing The general view was that events/activities the relationship between geared towards the youth and the older cohesion. persons in the community, “is not as healthy as it should be”. On the other hand, there was feedback from all the focus group participants that young people expect respect to be two-way. Perceived activities PER participants that would improve believed that the cohesion and or what community could be they use to gauge the brought together feeling of “belonging” through more activities – e.g. the use of the such as stage shows, arts- dance groups, treats, sports, arts and fashion. entertainment events. Dancing and music were also highly recommended. Respondents also recommended uniting the people through regular communication and ending violence.

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis Perceived barriers to Barriers to cohesion cohesion and included the lack of willingness to join recreational areas and cohesion building sufficient planned sports activities. events. Youth in Denham Town complained that they have no football field and no team and felt neglected. Gender norms within Most persons on the intimate partner ‘ends’ believed the man relationships should be in charge of the household. Some indicated that the woman should be in charge, mostly from the perspective that she runs the household. Men were thought to be the better heads because they were stronger, the king and providers, and the protector. Women were perceived as having the ability to take care of things in the house while the men provided. Social expectations of There is a distinct social men and impact on expectation to which men criminal behaviour – operating in the gang gang membership and culture adhere. It is not, gang violence. however, clear how such social expectations impact gang membership and criminal behaviour. Inter-generational The feedback is mixed relationships - although tending towards perceptions of youth & poor inter-generational youth perception of relationships. others -elders

Proportion of residents 66.7% who believe that decision making is • Everyone has a chance inclusive and to speak whenever a responsive. decision is to be made. 77.8% • No one is prevented from attending meetings if he /she wants to. 88.9% • Decisions are usually what the majority wants/agrees to: 73.0%

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis • Nothing happens without the permission of the Leader (Area Leader/ Community Leader/ Political Representative): 27.0%24 Perceived gaps in Most persons on the decision making and ‘ends’ indicated that how to address them most decisions were made by the political representatives and the don.

They indicated that they did not have a say in decisions although they would like to. In order to participate in decision making groups persons on the ‘ends’ would require like-minded individuals, joining clubs, training and resources, time effort, recognition, and unity.

Percentage of Inadvertently the household population that report survey did not collect this that their neighbours data. are willing to help them. 2.1.1. Improved Percentage of • Stress Management: 58.7% social skills population in CRP • Planning: among target communities reporting 69.8% populations knowledge in coping, • Negotiating: planning, negotiating, 73.0% problem-solving, and • Problem Solving: 76.2% conflict resolution.25 • Conflict Resolution: 36.5%

2.1.2. Reduced inter Reported incidents of Proportion of households and intra community inter and intra reporting conflicts/ conflict. community conflict. disagreements in the community - last 12 months: 25.0%

Perceived Safety 52.9%

24 This is related to persons who disagreed with this statement. 25 The following statements were used for each item : Coping: “My Ability to manage stressful situations”; Planning: “My Knowledge of how to make plans”; Negotiating: “My Ability to negotiate my points with others”; Problem Solving: “My Ability to solve problems”; Conflict Resolution: “My understanding of how to resolve conflicts in my community”. 82

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis • Agree Strongly: 8.2% • Agree: 44.8% • Neither Agree nor Disagree: 7.1% • Disagree: 30.7% • Disagree Strongly: 9.2%

Also see graph Willingness to shift to Education, changing the another method of mind, and conflict community resolution training are management. needed to change how conflict is managed. Giving money and work were also important.

Most participants expressed negative views about violence and that employment, education, strong leadership, and improving literacy were integral to reducing it.

Gender-based violence Responses from the Focus against women and Groups revealed that other vulnerable intimate partner violence is persons. common in the community.

They gave the following ratios in estimating how many men beat their partners: nine of 10 (young males), five to eight out of 10 (young females), five out of 10 (older mixed group). Social expectations of Certain activities that are men regarding criminally sanctioned are criminal behaviour regarded in some (for survival). communities as normal

“hustling” that is acceptable. An example is the sale of marijuana. Men are expected to hustle for survival, and this may include engagement in behaviour regarded as criminal.

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis Attitudes toward ‘Hustling’ was “hustling” and formal understood primarily as and informal activities. selling whatever was handy. Extortion was mentioned, although it was noted that this was not acceptable. Having a business or anything that ‘made and honest bread without a 9-5’ was also considered hustling. Perceived necessity of Participants on the gangs and criminal ‘ends’ regarded leaders for community themselves as playing safety. both positive and negative roles in the community. The term ‘Godfather’ was used to indicate that they took care of children and the elderly. They also believed that they played the role of protector, keeping the people safe against political and internal attack.

Most of the persons on the ‘ends’ indicated that the community needed them to protect the residents. Percentage of 94.3% population in CRP communities reporting ability to traverse freely across (invisible) community lines26. 2.2. Reduced Number / percentage • Victimization 1.9% vulnerability to abuse of persons reporting • Abuse: 0.6% / victimization victimization / abuse27 Percentage of Justices of the Peace (JPs) : population reporting 6.4% use of violence Restorative Justice: 0.7% prevention strategies. Peace Management: 0.0% Mediation: 0.7%

26 Question used: “Has anyone been prevented from crossing boundaries /border line over the past 12 months?” 27 Questions used: “Has anyone been a victim of a crime during the past 12 months?” “Has anyone been physically or verbally abused in your community during the past 12 months?”

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis This is related to use during the last 12 months. 2.2.1. Improved Reported cases of 20.0% health practices teenage pregnancies28.

6.1.3. Increased support for vulnerable children and youth (from Children and Youth Development) Perception of general Proportion of residents health status reporting that they are in good health: 90%

Experiences, attitudes Percent of population in towards mental health agreement29:

• People with mental health problems should get help: 100% • Helping persons with mental illness is everybody’s business: 85.7% • Family members with mental health problems should be sent to a mental institution: 84.1% • The government is doing enough to help persons with mental sickness: 31.7% • Persons with mental illness are also vulnerable to abuse and mistreatment: 82.5% • People with mental illness are treated well in my community: 20.6%.

Incidence of intimate According to responses partner violence from the focus groups intimate partner violence is common in the community. Estimates of how many men beat their partners: ranged from five out of ten to nine of 10.

28 Variables used: Reports of Live Births (ages 14 - 19) during last 12 months / Reported of Still Births (ages 14 - 19) during last 12 months. 29 Responses of “agree” and “strongly agree” are combined. 85

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis Experiences using Residents have easy access health services to Denham Town Health Clinic, which they use frequently. Sometimes they may go to KPH and some mothers take their children to Bustamante Hospital for Children. The young men indicated that there is a shortage of staff, doctors and nurses and the doctors’ visits can be irregular. The young women reported that sometimes the health facilities experienced a shortage of vaccines.

Residents also reported that the Clinic did not have a pharmacy which is inconvenient, especially for the elderly. Almost everyone seems to be aware of Drug Serve, which gives an 80 percent discount on certain widely used drugs (e.g. for high blood pressure or diabetes) and of JADEP (Jamaica Drugs for the Elderly Programme). Incidence of smoking 11.1% among youth

Incidence of use of 33.3% alcohol among youth30

Incidence of drug use 0%31 This finding is to be treated among persons 14 with caution in light of years and older other evidence that suggest that drug use among youth occurs. Number of residents 70.0% of persons affected with knowledge of by illness sought care. healthy lifestyle Existing secondary data practices. were not received at the time of writing.

30 Variable used: Proportion of persons (14 < 17 yrs.) who tried/experimented with drinking alcohol. 31 The question asked was “Have you ever tried or experimented with other substances like Cocaine, Heroin, party drugs, etc.?” 86

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis 2.2.2. Increased Percentage of reported Requested data from parenting skills and incidents of child CISOCA were not received practices abuse originating in at the time of writing this CRP communities. report. Percentage of parents 100% who report spending time with children. Regarding how the time was used, the following are the responses to related questions: • 72.7% Read to or shown the child books • 63.6% Told stories to child • 77.3% Sung songs with child • 77.3% Played games with / played with child • 86.4% Spent time with child counting, drawing or naming things • 72.7% Took child on special activity Rate of utilisation of Data from the National parent places in CRP Parenting Support communities. Commission (NPSC) not received.

Number of parents 6.4% exposed to training on exposed to training in positive parenting practices. disciplinary techniques who reject the use of 4.5% of parents beat child corporal punishment with implement/ belt/ stick as a method of in last month. discipline. 2.2.3. Reduced intra Reported incidence of • 62.5% reported familial domestic violence, quarrels/ fights conflict / abuse family feuds etc. • 12.5% reported family / violence originating in CRP feuds communities.

3. Safety and Justice

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis 3.1. Increased safety Rate of reported 34.9% 32 and justice within category 1 crimes. communities The nature of the Category One Crimes reported by residents to have occurred within last 12 months.

• Murder: 59.1% • Shootings: 54.5% • Rapes: 9.1% • Aggravated Assault: 13.6% • Robbery: 0.0% • Break-in: 13.6% • Larceny: 0.0% 3.1.1. Effective Percentage of residents Percentage of residents who reported community-based who report feeling safe feeling safe: 54.9% policing supported walking alone at night in the community / Males: 76.9% area where they live, Females: 37.8% disaggregated by sex, Age %: age. < 30 36 41 46 51 56 60 30 ------+ 35 40 45 50 55 60

54 66 41 57 80 54 0. 62 .5 .7 .7 .1 .0 .5 0 .5

Community perception • Proportion of households of police reporting that the police are 'doing a good job in enforcing that law': 78%

• Proportion of households whose members think that police treat poor people worse than wealthy people: 83% 3.1.3. Increased Number of reported The data requested from the Ministry school safety cases / incidences of of Education Guidance and disruptive behaviour in Counselling Unit was not received. school. Number / percentage The data requested from the Ministry of students reporting of Education Guidance and victimization / abuse. Counselling Unit was not received. 3.1.4. Increased Number of residents Use of Justice Services last 12 access to justice using available months: 7.8% services at the community level Justices of the Peace: 6.4% community level. justice services. Restorative Justice: 0.7% Peace Management: 0.0% Mediation: 0.7% Degree of existence of “justice points” featured a mix of justice points – church formal, established institutions and groups, community informal, community-supported entities and groups.

32 Question used: “Has there been any incidents of violent crimes in your community during the past 12 months?” 88

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis groups, social groups etc. Perceived relationship Most people on the ‘ends’ were between gang activity comfortable going to the don or and justice. elders for justice. Few considered the police. The dons were perceived as giving ‘quick and efficient’ justice who solved matters ‘plain and square’.

Participants reported that people on the ‘ends’ provided fair justice most of the time.

Respondents were divided on who brought justice to the community. Some believed that the people on the ‘ends’ were responsible, while others believed it was the police.

Perception of Citizen’s use of available justice accessibility of justice services is relatively high. The points such as church police, Justices of the Peace (JPs), groups, community the Peace Management Initiative groups, social groups (PMI), and the church are regarded as accessible ‘justice points.’ Knowledge of the Knowledge of the various justice justice system services among community residents (services and duty is relatively good. bearers – e.g. Justices of the Peace, Legal Aid) Community mediation Level of trust and • Trust Completely: 17.5% confidence in the • Trust somewhat: 17.5% justice system • Neither trust nor distrust: 28.6% • Distrust somewhat: 7.9% • Do not trust: 20.6% • No response: 7.9% Perception of self in relation to the justice system Effectiveness of The data collected did not allow for justice mechanisms the analysis of this indicator. Percent of complaints • Proportion of reported conflicts (police related, and and disagreements resolved by non-police related the police: 87.5% resolved) • Proportion of reported recent incidents of crime resolved by the police: 61.5%

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis Willingness to report 76.2% reported a willingness to report incidents to the police.

Actual reporting33: 1.4% • Murder: 0.0% • Shooting: 0.0% • Rape: 0.0% • Aggravated Assault: 0.0% • Robbery: 0.4% • Break-in: 0.0% • Larceny:0.0% • Other crimes: 0.0%

4. Physical Transformation

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis 4.1. Improved quality Level of satisfaction34 • Road & Bridges: 74.6% of the natural of residents with their • Buildings (e.g. schools, and built area as a place to live. clinics, police stations, etc.): environment 77.8% • Streetlights: 28.6% • Public Sanitary Conveniences: 15.9% • Garbage Skips: 34.9% • Public Standpipes/Catchments: 27.0% • Recreational (football field, netball court, cricket pitch etc): 33.3%

See graph 4.1.1. Improved Proportion of residents • Contributed to NHT: 25.0% access to participating in the • Contributed to other quality housing housing contribution housing schemes: 8.0% in targeted schemes. • Received benefits from CRP NHT: 33.0% communities Housing quality 60.0% index35

33 Question used: Has {name} ever reported any of the following crimes to the police?

34 Satisfied and very satisfied are combined. 35 The Housing Quality Index (HQI) measures the housing quality in the community and is a composite index for the following indicators: (1) Electricity for Lighting, (2) Indoor tap (piped water) main source of drinking water, (3) Exclusive water closet (flush toilet), (4) Exclusive kitchen, (5) Outer wall of dwelling constructed with block and steel, and (6) Number of persons per habitable room. 90

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis 4.1.2. Reduced Percentage of • Owners of the dwelling: informal households with 35.0% settlements in security of tenure • Owners of the land on which targeted CRP building is constructed: 32.0% communities 4.1.3. Enhanced Percentage of • Dwellings with legal water connective dwellings with legal connection: 27.0% infrastructure utility connections by • Proportion of households type (water and whose main source of lighting electricity). is electricity from grid: 98.0%36 4.1.4. Improved water Percentage of 98.0% and sanitation households with access to potable water37. Percentage of • Inside: 36.5% households with • Outside: 61.9% access to toilet facilities. • Exclusive Use: 46.8% • Shared: 53.2% 4.1.5. Healthy public Number of areas Condition of unoccupied spaces within covered by abandoned dwellings and open lots: Unable communities / derelict sites. to rate38 Percentage of • Recreational spaces: 8.1% population using • Multi-purpose spaces: 4.0% public spaces / • Green spaces: 3.4% facilities disaggregated • Cultural spaces: 2.7% by sex, age, type of space (e.g. Cultural and recreational). 4.1.6. Increased Percentage of Percentage of households that resilience of population that know know how to prepare for: households and what actions to take to o Hurricanes: 90.5% communities to prepare and respond to o Fires: 80.9% respond to risks disaggregated by o Floods: 87.3% natural and sex, age. o Earthquakes: 79.4% manmade hazards and See Graphs climate change Percentage of communities that are implementing risk reduction and resilience strategies informed by accepted national frameworks.

36 This variable does not, however, represent whether the connection is legal. 37 Variable used: Proportion of households whose main source of drinking water is bottled or piped – treated 38 This may be as a result of their non-existence in the area(s) observed. 91

5. Socio Economic Development

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis 5.1 Economic self- Unemployment rate39 Crude Job Seeking Rate (proxy The Crude Job Seeking Rate of sufficiency (disaggregated by age, indicator) 8.6% members of the labour force who among sex, vulnerable and are actively looking for work is community special need groups). 8.6 percent. This rate is relatively members high when compared with the other communities in this list.

Barriers to There was no discussion on the employment barriers to employment with this community. Perceived impact of All participants agreed that gang membership on there was a link between socio-economic poverty and gang activity. development of the The sense was that poverty community (link between gang led to gang activity. membership and personal socio- economic development)

Percent of households 43.0% Poverty Prevalence Rate. in poverty

Means of socio- Participants on the ‘ends’ economic survival indicated that if they were not there or ‘hustling’ they were prepared to do various jobs including labourer, selling items, having their own business, site work such as electrical or construction.

Extortion, robbing and contract killing were the most popular means by which people on the ‘ends’ made money. Selling drugs and other criminal activity such as trafficking guns and bullets were also mentioned.

They also indicated that the don, political representatives, and ‘elders’ were most likely

39 The data collected did not allow for the calculation of the unemployment rate owing to the omission of the category of persons in the labour force who are interested in work should work become available. 92

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis to take care of people on the ‘ends.’

Number of persons in 125 or 6.4% (or 58.4% of debt40 persons who have ever borrowed for household and other purposes).

Child employment Persons aged 17 years or younger and/or labour are employed in a job for pay: 0% Percentage of CRP 0.0% households transitioning from PATH or other social protection programmes.

5.1.1. Improved Percentage of 58.2% employability individuals completing secondary level • Basic/Primary / 41 education or higher . preparatory/Junior High: 32.9% • Secondary and higher: 58.2% • Other adult education: 3.8% • Other: 0.0% • None: 5.1% 6.1.5. Increased Percentage of working 25.9% employability and age population in access to employment communities certified • CSEC Basic/JSC-5/SSC 3rd opportunities for (disaggregated by age, JL: 3.4% youth in CRP sex). • CSEC General/GCE O communities. (From Level: 17.2% Children and Youth • NVQJ Level I&II/Cape Unit development). 1: 0.0% • CAPE Unit 2/GCE A’Level: 3.4% • Tertiary Certificate/Diploma: 0.0% • NVQJ – Level-III: 1.7% • Associate Degree/NVQJ – Level IV: 0.0% • Degree/NVQJ-Level 5: 0.0% • Higher Degrees & Professional Qualification: 0.0% • City & Guilds: 0.0%

40 Statement used: ”I currently owe money” The response should be “true” or “false”. 41Question used: What type of School did {name} last attended? 93

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis • Other: 0.0%

See graph for age and sex disaggregation Percentage of 11.5% population in CRP communities accessing • HEART programmes to Academy/Workforce increase employment College: 5.7% opportunities. • HEART-VTC/TVET institutes: 4.1% • HEART- SLTOPS/Apprenticeship: 0.8% • HEART – Other: 0.0% • Private institutions: 0.8% • Public institutions: 0.0% Percentage of 0.4%42 community members reporting they are • Accessing employment: either employed or in 0.2% further education or • Accessing further training after leaving a education / training: 0.2% skills training programme. 5.1.3. Number of MSMEs Estimates show that Entrepreneurship established. approximately 42 (or 40.0%) promoted businesses (mainly small establishments) were started within the last 5 years. The remaining businesses have been in operation for longer periods, some for more than 20 years. Number of businesses 10 (10.0%) of 104 businesses receiving business development support within the last 12 months.

42 This percentage represents the proportion of residents who have also reported that they have received training. 94

6. Children and Youth Development

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis 6.1. Holistic Reported incidents of Data from CISOCA was not development of child abuse. received at the time of writing. children and youth ensured Student performance43 • Grade 4 Literacy: 61.9% at standard mastery, 31.6% almost examinations (Grade 4 mastery, 7.1% non-mastery Literacy and o Males: 57.1% mastery, Numeracy, GSAT, 32.7% almost mastery, CXC. 10.2% non-mastery o Females: 68.6% mastery, 28.6% almost mastery, 2.9% non- mastery • Grade 4 Numeracy: 27.6% mastery, 54.0% almost mastery, 18.4% non-mastery o Males: 28.0% mastery, 56.0% almost mastery, 16.0% non-mastery o Females: 27.0% mastery, 51.4% almost mastery, 21.6% non-mastery • GSAT: N/A • CXC/CSEC: 55.5% passes o Males: 57.1% o Females: 54.5% • CAPE: Unit 1: 81.1%, Unit 2: 88.2% o Males: Unit 1 73.3% , Unit 2: 100% Females: Unit 1: 86.4%, Unit 2: 86.7% Number / percentage 39.7%44 among H/H with of residents with children <9 years. knowledge about Childcare and 22.2% among Youth 14 – 17 Protection Act. years. 6.1.1. Reduced youth Number of serious and # of serious crimes: 4 involvement in crime violent crimes in which victims and / or % of Young Victims45 perpetrators are under Shootings: 20.0% 18. Homicides: 5.6% Robbery: 33.3% Sexual Assaults: 91.7%

43 From the Denham Town Primary School and Denham Town High School (CSEC & CAPE). Note that for CAPE Unit 2, only 2 males sat this exam hence their 100% performance. 44 The question “Have you ever heard of the Child Care and Protection Act?” was posed only to households with children under the age of 9 years, and youth between the ages of 14 – 17. 45 The age interval used by the JCF does not use age 18 as an upper limit, it uses age 20. This measure is therefore adapted to accommodate victims aged 20 years and younger. 95

Expected Results Indicators Baseline Data Analysis 6.1.2. Increased Percentage of youth 28.6%46 participation of actively participating youth in legitimate as executives in CDCs Below age 30 yrs governance or other community Males: 14.3% frameworks and governance structures. Females: 14.3% positive (Disaggregated by development Age, sex). initiatives Above 30 yrs Males: 28.6% Females: 42.9% 6.1.4. Improved Proportion of youth Overall: 43.6% sexual and practicing safe sex Males: 23.1% (primarily the reproductive (KAPB). male condom) health and Females: 20.5% (contraceptive general health *Note: Youth aged injection and pill) practices among between 14 – 24 years. youth Proportion of youth Overall: 7.7% practicing abstinence Males: 2.6% (KAPB). Females: 5.1%

Not sexually active: 7.7% Males: 0.0% Females: 7.7% Repeat pregnancy rate. The data collected did not allow for the analysis of the repeat pregnancy rate.

46 This result is from a telephone interview with the President of the Denham Town CDC. 96

Appendix 2: Dimensions of the Community Renewal Index Denham Town

Dimensions Sub-Dimensions Indicator Baseline Data Comments

1. Human 1.1. Educational 1.1.1. Percentage of 61.9% This relates to the capital Attainment students attaining Mastery performance of on the Grade Four Literacy 84 students from Test the Denham Town Primary School. 1.1.2. Percentage of The Primary students who Exit Profile attained the (PEP) replaced minimum the Grade Six standards in Achievement Grade Six Test (GSAT) in Achievement the 2018-2019 Test (GSAT) academic year. Language Arts and Mathematics 1.1.3. Percentage of o CXC/CSEC47 The data high school : Overall represent the graduates that passes: 55.5% proportion of have graduated o Males: students who with five CSEC 57.1% passed subjects o Females: CXC/CSEC. including Math 54.5% There was no and English indication whether these students have passed five or more subjects including Mathematics and English. 1.1.4. Percentage of 9.6% household heads (>14 years) • CSEC with formal/ academic General/ qualifications, by type GCE O Level: 3.2% • CAPE Unit 2/GCE ‘A’ Level: 3.2% • NVQJ – Level-III: 1.6% • City & Guilds: 1.6%

1.2. Health status 1.2.1. Life expectancy at 74.2 years (all) National data 70.5 used as a proxy

47 Students of the Denham Town High School 97

Dimensions Sub-Dimensions Indicator Baseline Data Comments

birth (years) 48 years(males) in the absence of 78.0 years community level (females) data. 1.2.2. Adolescent Household data birth rate (aged was insufficient 10-14 years; to allow for a aged 15-19 calculation of years) per 100 adolescent birth women in that rate. age group 1.2.3. Morbidity rate, by • Hypertension These are the top cause 14.6% three causes of • Diabetes morbidity for this 6.3% community. • Asthma 5.1% 2. Security 2.1. Crime 2.1.1. Murders and No data for shootings per 1,000 murders and population shootings have been provided for this community. 2.1.2. Major crimes per 12.72 Major Crimes 1,000 population, excluding includes: Rape, murders and shootings Aggravated assault, robbery, break-ins and Larceny. 2.1.3. Violence-related Existing VPA injuries per 1,000 data were not up population to date and require data mining from community sources. 2.1.4. Presence of gangs, 3 Number of active disaggregated by tier gangs. ranking 2.2. Community safety 2.2.1. Perceived safety 54.9% This percentage relates to the proportion of residents who reported feeling safe walking alone in the community at nights. 3. Cohesion 3.1. Community 3.1.1. % of residents that Everyone connectedness feel a sense of belonging to believed that the the community senior citizens and the middle-

48 Statistical Institute of Jamaica, Population and Housing Census, 2011, Jamaica General Report Volume 1 (Kingston STATIN) cited in Economic and Social Survey Jamaica 2018 p. 363. 98

Dimensions Sub-Dimensions Indicator Baseline Data Comments

aged persons in the community felt a strong sense of belonging. The seniors had been in the community for a long time and felt safe and a part of it.

According to participants in the focus groups many of the young men in the community wanted to leave due to domestic violence issues. Some migrate to other places or communities. 3.2. Governance 3.2.1. Existence of Yes Approximately legitimate broad- 81.1 percent of the based mechanisms household for decision- making respondents were able to identify a group or individual who is influential in community decision making.

3.3. Inclusive decision- 3.3.1. Proportion of 66.7% The percentage making residents who believe represents the decision-making is inclusive mean of the and responsive responses for four statements as follows:

• Everyone has a chance to speak whenever a decision is to be made. 77.8% • No one is prevented from attending meetings if he /she wants to. 88.9% • Decisions are 99

Dimensions Sub-Dimensions Indicator Baseline Data Comments

usually what the majority wants/agrees to: 73.0% ● Nothing happens without the permission of the Leader (Area Leader/ Community Leader/ Political Representative) : 27.0%49 4. Justice 4.1. Access to justice 4.1.1. Degree of Yes Justice services Mechanisms existence of justice points or accessible by this community mediation community include Justices of the Peace. 4.2. Effectiveness 4.2.1. Percentage of 87.5% Related to of justice complaints conflicts and mechanism (police- disagreements related and reported to the non-police police that related) were resolved resolved through investigations, arrests, and other actions. 5. Economic 5.1. Employment 5.1.1. Unemployment Crude Job The data prosperity rate Seeking Rate collected did not (proxy indicator) allow for the 8.6% calculation of the unemployment rate owing to the omission of the category of persons in the labour force who are interested in work should work become available. 5.2. Poverty 5.2.1. % of households in 43.0% This is based on poverty the Poverty Prevalence Index that has been developed. 5.2.2. Standard of living index 5.3. Entrepreneurship 5.3.1. Proportion of 0.0% This data locally owned relates to

49 This is related to persons who disagreed with this statement. 100

Dimensions Sub-Dimensions Indicator Baseline Data Comments

businesses access to grant accessing formal resources loan/credit sources only. 5.3.2. Number of 104 businesses businesses, with total (estimated). turnover 6. Healthy 6.1. State of the 6.1.1. Condition of the Based on a field environment physical built/physical environment Fair to Poor assessment environment (social infrastructure) checklist used by 6.2. State of the 6.2.1. Condition of the Poor the Interviewers natural natural environment to assess the environmen condition of t amenities that they were able to observe. The scale used were “Good”, “Fair”, and “Poor”. 6.3. Community 6.3.1. Number of Secondary resilience deaths, missing information from persons and directly the disaster affected persons preparedness attributed to natural authorities may disasters per 1,000 be required. population, with total cost ($)

101

Appendix 3: Project Intervention in Denham Town Project Thematic Focus

Project Name Funding Agency Implementing Project Status

Agency

Community Community

Social Services Social Youth &Educational Empowerment Support Victim Restorative Justice Prevention Crime and Safety Community Building Capacity Town Denham Community Community Infrastructure Sports Community & Recreation Citizen Security and Justice Inter American Development Ministry of In implementation * * * * * * 1 Programme (CSJP) Bank/UK Department for National Security International Development Community Renewal Programme Multi Donors Planning Institute of In implementation * * * * * 1 Jamaica Peace Management Initiative (PMI) Ministry of National Security Ministry of National In implementation * * * * * 1 Security Rehabilitation of Offenders/ Ministry of National Security Department of In implementation * * 1 Community Service Correctional Services Community Policing United States Agency for Jamaica Constabulary In implementation * * * 1 International Force (Community Development/UK Safety and Security Department for International Branch) Development New Horizons for Primary Schools United States Agency for Ministry of Education Completed * * 1 /Expanding Educational Horizons International Development Basic Education United States Agency for Ministry of Education Completed * * 1 International Development Career Advancement Programme Government of Jamaica Ministry of Education In implementation * 1 Victim Support Unit Government of Jamaica Ministry of Justice In implementation * * 1 PATH Days for Western Kingston Government of Jamaica Ministry of Labour In implementation * 1 Communities and Social Security Poverty Reduction Programme III European Union Jamaica Social In implementation * * * * * 1 Investment Fund Residential Automated Metering Jamaica Public Service Jamaica Public In implementation * 1 Infrastructure Programme Service Company Company A Ganar/USAID United States Agency for Partners ‐ In implementation * * * 1 International Jamaica ‐ Development/Inter American Western New Development York Chapter Bank/Multilateral Investment Fund YUTE/PRIDE/USAID United States Agency for Private Sector In implementation * 1 International Development of Jamaica Inner City Community Forum (ICCF) Multiple Donors Benevolent In implementation * 1 Societies and Community Development Councils Housing/ Inner City Housing Government of Jamaica * 1

Social Development Commission (SDC) Government of Jamaica Community * * * * 1 Development Mandate Integrated Community Development World Bank Jamaica Social In implementation * 1 Investment Fund Total 4 11 2 2 9 6 7 5 18

Source: Ministry of National Security, Crime Prevention and Community Safety Mapping https://www.mns.gov.jm/content/crime-prevention-and-community-safety-programme-mapping

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

A so di ting set: that is just how it is. That is how things are done. Badmine/d: Someone resentful of the fortune or success of others, wishing for their ruin, downfall, failure, etc. Babymama drama: related to the demand for financial support for the mother of the child(ren), confrontation with mothers. Baxide: a person's buttocks; referring to the entire body in terms of physical abuse Big man / Top man - term of endearment used among men to refer to someone as being the most Bout: about BRAFF - Broke Right After Foolish Flossing Bread - money Buss: to be given an opportunity; burst Caa/n: Can not Catching men: to be promiscuous Clown – (as in she a clown yuh) – to deceive or trick. An example is usually in relation to relationships where one party deceives the other. Crafty - a trickster Cross fun: unconditional fun which supersedes any precursory issues Cruff - an uncouth person with no class Dat: That Deadhouse - Morgue Dem: them Deh: There Di/e: the Doh: don’t Don : The most respected or highest ranking boss in an activity or organization. An influential person in the community, a community leader. Dong/dung: down Dutty: dirty Eat a food: to make money Elder - someone who has been in the gang life for some time or someone who has achieved unexpected things. Some people become elders during their 20’s because one is not expected to live long. Endsman- a man from the ‘ends’ Fah/fe: For Floss – To flaunt, show off style, to indulge in heavy spending Fi: to Fry-Fry – fried products usually offered for sale. Fulljoy- influenced by the language style of the Rastafari community – to enjoy 103

Gallis - a man who has numerous women as sexual interests General - a term of respect between men. May be used to imply a man with some power or status. Gi Weh Di Ting: to have sex with someone else. Usually used to describe women who cheat. Gunmen: men who kill or rob for money and commit gun crimes. Gwan: going on (and all forms of conjugation of the english phrase equates to this phrase) Haffi: Have to Hits: contract killing Hold a vibes- to socialise with friends, may involve drinking and smoking. To Chill carries the same meaning, as does “hold a meds” Inna: in the Jungle justice: an incident in which an alleged criminal is humiliated, beaten or summarily executed by a crowd or vigilantes. Killi/Killi-Killi - a term of endearment or community usually used between men Leggo: let go; loose Likkle/lickle: diminutive Modda: mother Noting: Nothing Nuff: a lot Nuh: Not; no; none; do not Odda: other On the ends : to be at a hangout spot; safe spot Ooman: woman Ova : over Owna : own; owner Page: to visit or check up on or to call on the phone Pickney: child or young adult Pon: on Prime: a girl who is precocious and acts like a woman before her time. Ragga raga: unkempt Ram-up: packed to capacity with people Round Robin: Hosting events in turns, in different sections of the community to benefit various persons. Often used for fund raising. Rub out hand middle: to make a cannabis cigarette Run the ground: to ensure the smooth financial running of the community Shooter -a man who shoots people for money Si dung: Sit down ; stay in a given place/ situation Special - Splitting justice: to be fair and unbiased. Switch - to betray a person or group. Also used to refer to homosexuals. Tax / Taxing People: to request money from people, especially in return for protection

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Tek: take Ting: thing Throw-up wire: to steal electricity using one’s own electric and tapping into the line that was already installed. Top-up: To slap or hit a woman but with less force. A ‘reminder’ slap. Trace: to exchange or express diverging or opposite views, typically in a heated or angry way. “Tun 21”- + Uptown: The affluent sections of KSA Woulda: would have Yuh: you; your Yute: young man; it can also refer to one’s offspring Waste man – An idler who is up to nothing productive. A derogatory term aimed at men who do nothing. Wata: water Weh: What Wey: that/ what Wid: With

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GLOSSARY OF QUANTITATIVE TERMS

Chi-squared test This is a non-parametric test usually done on survey data. Data are often summarized into two- way tables with r rows and c columns. These tests are designed to determine if two variables are independent or otherwise. p-value The p value is a measure of the type 1 error in a statistical test of significance. The type 1 error is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. The smaller the p value, the greater is the probability of making a correct decision when rejecting the null hypothesis.

Normal test or Z test The Z test is a parametric test that is designed to determine if the average (or proportion) of two or several variables are significantly different.

Significant Difference The significant difference is the value that is used to determine the type 1 error in a statistical test of hypothesis. In a Normal test between two means for example, the critical value that determines the acceptance region from the acceptance region is plus and minus 1.96 (5% error, 2- tailed test). This value is the statistical difference.

Degree of Freedom Degrees of freedom of an estimate is the number of independent pieces of information that went into calculating the estimate. It is not quite the same as the number of items in the sample. In order to get the df for the estimate, you must subtract 1 from the number of items. For example, in finding the mean value of a group of 10 items, minus 1 from 10 to get 9 degrees of freedom (df) (i.e. 10 – 1 = 9 df). Mean The statistical mean refers to the mean or average used to calculate the central tendency of a group of data. It is calculated by adding all the data points in a sample or population and then dividing the total by the number of data points. The resulting number is known as the mean or the average.

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