ODORATA Newsletter

Ocober1988

ett: Chromolaenaodorara. Right: Normal sreenleaf of Cltromolaenaodorua.

tmducedyellowrng m Clvomolacra odorata.

aen4 Parerclnetespseudoinsulara on Rota ( samearea as in the bottom I

lntested pasture arcain Rota.

lr--_ A NOTE FROM THE EDITOR; R Muriappara. Collegeof Agriculh[eand Ufe 3"i.*LrUniversity of G'arq llhngilao,G'am 96923U.S.A"

SHIPMH\TS U' PARWCHAETES PROCEEDINGS IN DEMAND! PSEUMINSAIATA P. pseudoinsulatahasbeen shippgl tq-Yapan{ of the First International Ponapein the Caroline Islands,Thailand and Proceedings the last Workshop- on Biological Control of Soutir from Guam since was prepared and newsletter. mailed in July-August, 1988 to scientists involved or in&cated interest in this subject ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS area. Few copies are still available and will uPon request.to R. The secretariatwishes to recognizeMr. Patrick be distribuied and Muniappan, College of Agriculture and Life E.Q. Perezfor typesetting and formatting University of Guam, Mangilao, thant

c. |D|RATA IN HAINAN, GHINA; F.D. Bennett,De-p_artme_nt. of Entomotogy and Nematology, Uriiversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 3261r-0143 u.s.A.

While on Hainan Island, People Republic feeding,larvae of a polyphagousJ-epidoPtera 1-3 June 1988 to survey for and a green aphid was noted, but these of China, natural enemies of certain citrus pests appearedto have little impact on in the comPany of Dr. Ren Hui, ei6wth. Although a few have Guangdong Entomological Institute, fustained heavy attack of aphids which Guanizhou, I frequently observed solid causedleaf cuiling and distortion of the standi of the following three Neotropical terminal growth, aphids were attactq4 -bV weeds: Chromolaenaodorata, Partheniurn coccinellids, (2 sPP.), sYrPhids, hvsteroplnrus andLantana cunara. Light chamaemyiids(Leucopis sp.), chrysopids a6*age to C. odorata by chrysomalid adult and hemerobiids.

SOME ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ON C. ODORATA Dove,- - M.R. 1986. The practical reasonof weedsin Indonesia: Peasantvs. Stateviews of i^pri"ta andChroniolnena. Human Ecology' AQ): 163-190'

Ooi,- --' p.A.C., Sim, C.H. and Tay, E.B. 1988. Statusof the arctiid moth introducedto control Siu- weedin Sabah,Maliysia. Planter,Kuala Lumpur. 64: 298-3M. (Asteracgf): Seibert,T.F. 1988. Biological control of the weed, Chromolaenaodorara by pareuclwetrt'pi*loi7"ion(: Arctiidae) on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Entornophaga(in press). APPLICATION OF SOILS INFORMATION IN THE STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA Hari Eswaran,'Washington, SMSS, USDA, P.O. Box 2890 D.C. 20013 U.S.A.

'Ut Siam weed (Chrornolaenaodorara) is wide The units, and P' representmoist and spreadin SoutheastAsia and spreadingto humid areasof the warm tropics and theseare also the areaswhere C. odorata is prevalentin other partsof the tropics. Its resilienceis so 'Tw great that it has emergedas one of the most Africa. The units and Sw' and more obnoxiousweeds of the tropics. It has the specifically the latter, are the subunitsof the capability of even smotheringout alangalang regions with a dry season. These subunits, however, have a much longer moist season (Imperatacylindcrica). The recentworkshop 'Sw on 'Biological Control of Chromolaena than the typical (Sa and St). The units odorata'|, has addressedthe issueof its and Ud' represent areas which will be spread, not only historical but also the threatenedin the near future with respect to potential. spreadof the weed. Although they are not ideal for the crop, the weed can survive under This note is based on observationsof the theseconditions. authorand is not substantiatedby any kind of study. Neitheris the authoran experton this The map thus shows current and potential weed. The purposeof the note is to stimulate areasof spreadof C. odorata. T\e map can soil scientiststo be involved in this potential be further refined if other soil properties are problem of global significance as the takeninto consideration. The presentscale of distributionof the weedis controlledby soil the map will not permit it but this can be done andclimate. for any gwen country. Similar mapscould be drawn for other parts of the world and this Preliminary observationssuggest that the would presenta more comprehensivepicture weed prefers acid soils, though it has been of the situation. The agronomicrequirements reportedon baserich soils. It proliferates in of the weed needsmore attentionand would areaswith a meanannual soil temperatureof contributeto its control. more than 22oC and it does not seem to weed is first prolonged Occurenceof this one of the tolerate mositure stress. Even if indicators of soil degradation. prevail, it Colonization these environmental conditions by C. odorata takes place upon deforestation appearsto be concentratedin open areasand or on abandonedland. It can be preventedor not under shade. In rubber and oil-palm retarded establishinga cover as plantationsin Malaysia, if the canopy is by crops such Pucraria sp. or Centrosemasp. Colonization thick, thereis practicallyno weeds;but when place land has penetrates also takes on which been light the canopyor at the edgesof severely eroded and the acid subsoil is the fields, the weedis rampent. exposedto the surface. As it is tolerant to high soil acidity and aluminum saturation,it Soil scientistsconsider soil moistureand soil plant properties.Both establishes before any other can temperatureregimes as soil establish. Once it is established,it has the the Soil Moisture Regimes(SMR) and Soil (STR) advantage of reducing soil loss through Temperature Regimes may be erosion; this is a beneficial role. However, computed from atmosphericdata and the permanenteradiction is a problenl particularly storagecapacity of the soil and the regimes is plotted map, in map in low-input agricultureand this the major can F on a as shown the sourceof concern. of Aftica.

lFebruary29 throughMarch 4, 1988,Bangkok, Thailand. Proc.Publ. Agric.Exp. Station,Guam U.S.A.

i- i cALcULATEosoIL MoISTUREREGIMES I i (TENTATIVE SUBDIVISIONS)

4

I PTIYTOPHAGOUSINSECTS RECORDED FROM C. ODORATA* R.E. Cruttwell McFadyen, Queensland Department of Lands Alan Fletcher Research Station, P.O. Box 36 Sherwood, 4075, Queensland,

Thysanoptera ElaplnthripJ sp.nr. angwticips (Crawf.),Yucatan, . H aplothrips gowd.eyiFranklin, (Anon., I 983-1 984). Leptothripssp., Yucatan, Mexico.

Orthoptera Acrididae: Abracisobliqw (fhun.), Yucatan,Mexico. Chromncrismiles (Drury), Venezuela(Guagliumi, 1966). Osmiliaflavolincata (dec), Yucatanand Veracruz,Mexico. Patangasrrccincta R., Thailand@holboon, 1965). Sitalces trinitatis Bruner, feeding on many other plants, Trinidad. Zonocerusvariegatus in Nigeria Qheagwan1983, Chapman et al., 1986).

Pyrgomorphidae: ? Calanacris sp.,Veracruz, Mexico. Neorthacris acuticeps (Bolivar), India (Muniappan and Viraktamath,1986)

Tenigoniidae: Corcceplnlzs sp. ? circreus Thun.,Turrialba, Costa Rica. Conoceplnlw ictus (Scudd),Veracruz, Mexico.

Gryllidae: Nisitravitnta Scop.,Sumatra (Naezer & Meer Mohr, 1953).

Hemiptera

Membracidae: Acarwphoraconcolor (Walk.), Trinidad. Acutalisfwcorrervosa (Fairm.), Costa Rica. Amastrissp., Costa Rica. Bolbo rnta inacqwlis (Fabr.)Costa Rica. Bolbonota pictipennis Fairm., also on cacao and other plants,Trinidad, Mexico and Yucaun. Campylenchialnstata Fabr., also on pigeonpea, Trinidad. Ceresa vitulis (Fabr.), also on sugarcane,Trinidad and CostaRica. Cocostrephilssp., India (Anon., 1983). C. minutus(Fabricius), India (Muniappanand Viraktamath, 1986). Cyplnnia clavata F., also on pigeon pea and other plants, Trinidad. Cyplnnia flavovittata Stal., Trinidad.

*All recordsftom Crucwell, 1974except where another reference is grven.

) EnctnphyltwndnbiwnFowler, Yucatan and Costa Rica. Enrylia sp.,also on guava,Trinidad. Ennlia carinan (Forster),Costa Rica. nn6tm gemmata(Germ), Venezuela (Guagliumi, 1966). Hyitsop/oracororuta (Fabr.),Costa Rica. I*ptoientrut sp.,India (Anon., t9!3). M embracishwnilis Fowl., Trinidad. M embracistectigera (Stoll), Trinidad. Micrutalis catvd(Say), Trinidad, alsoon many plantsin the U.S.A.(Beirne, 1959). M icrutalis epihippiwn (Burmeister),Costa Rica. Poppeacaphco-mis Fowl., Trinidad and CostaRica. Spltongonophorus sP., Yucgtan Spho n-g o rnp horw gucr i ni Fairm., Trinidad. Srcgaslpbiiridis Funkh.,also on otherplants, Trinidad.

Plataspidae: Coptosom.a sp.,-si India (Anon., 19_83-1984). Cop to s oma amicun Walk., Sumatra--(Naezer&^Meer Ivfohr,1953), also on cropsin Ceylon (Hutson,-1930). Sepontia nigrofus ca Dist., India (Anon., 1983-1984).

Pentatomidae: Acrosterrufin mar ginannn @eauvois), Mexico. Antestia anchoraThunb.,Sumatra (Naezer & Meer Mohr, 1953),also on coffeein Asia. Antiteichust. tripterusFabr., also on Thunbergra,Trinidad' Edcs sa meditabinda F., also on other plants, Trinidad. Edess a rufomargirura (DeGeer),C.osta Rica. Euschistwobscurw @eauvois),Mexico. Podistu sagitta (Fabr.),Mexico. Prorys puictulatus @eauvois),Mexico.

Coreidae: Anoplocnemiscurttipes in Nigeria (Iheagwan1983).^ Anoplocnemis phasianus F., Sumatra(Naezer & Meer Mbhr, 1953),-also on numerouscrop plants in Asia (Maheswariah& Puttarudriah,1956). Archimeru.ssp., Costa Rica. Hypselorntusatratus Dist., CostaRica. ue':p t o c o ri sa acut a (Thunberg),India (Anon., 19 8 3 - 19 84). Mictislongicornis Westw., Sumatra (Naezer & Meer Mohr, 1es3). Riptoius p edestris (Fabricius)r,I1$u (Anon-.,1 983- 1 984). Sirinetha- abdominalis Fabr., Thailand @holboon, 1965). Zicca taenida@allas), Costa Rica.

Lygaeidae: Ligyrocoris abdominalis(Guerin), Yucatan, Mexico. Llsyrocoris litigio sw (Sta.),Yucatan, Mexico. O\lhrimnusmimultts (Stal), Costa Rica. Ochrostornw poeyi (Guerin),Mexico. Ochrostomus verecunfrn @istant), Mexico. Ortlnlomts scolopax(Say), Costa Rica. Pachybrachiusbilobua (Say),Costa Rica. Paromiuslonguhts @allas), Yucatan, Mexico.

6 t-- Pynhocoridae: Dysdcrcw sp.,Yucatan, Mexico. Dysdcrcuscingulatus F., Sumatra(Naezer & Meer Mohr, 1953),also on many Malvaceaein India- Dysdercw dclauneyiI-ett., St. Vincent, W.I., also on many plantsincluding cotton (Sands, l9l7). Dysdercuskoenegii Fabricius, India (Anon., 1983-1984). Dysdcrcw mirruu (Say),Mexico and CostaRica. Dysdercw obscuratusgarsl

Tingidae: Phymata simulans Stal. ssp.recifensis Ker., on flowers, Trinidad.

Miridae: Collaria oleosa@isr), Venezuela(Guagliumi, 1966). Helopeltis ? theivora Wat., Sumatra(Naezer & Meer Mohr, 1953),also on teain India. Lopidea sp.,Costa Rica.

Cercopidae: Sphcrnrhina(Tonaspis) rubra(L.), alsoon Eupatoriurnsp., Demerara(Urich, L9l4).

Cicadellidae: Agallia sp.,Mexico. Agallia sp.,Venezuela (Guagliumi, 1966). Agrosornnplacetis Medler, CostaRica. Agrosornasp., Costa Rica. Cangonalia marginellaFabr., Yucatan, Mexico. D iedroceplnlavariegan (Fab.),Costa Rica Grap In cep lnl a sp.,Costa Rica. Gyponasp., Costa Rica. M etasc arta coeruleovittata (Sign), Venezuela(Guagliumi, 1966). Onlcotnctopiaclaior (Wdker), Yucatan,Mexico. Omcornetopiasp., Costa Rica. Parathona cayenncnsis G., Trinidad. Poeciloscarutlp., CostaRica- Te ni g ella ceylo nic a Melich, India (Anon., I 983- 1 9 84). Jassidae: Siboviaoccatoria Say,Trinidad, also on many other plants in Mexico and CostaRica.

Cixiidae: Bothriocera sp.,Yucatan, Mexico and CostaRica.

De$hacidae: Pere griruu maidis (Ashmead),Yucatan,, Mexico. Flatidae: Gen.near Docerus sp. indet., Veracruz, Mexico. Eu@lopteraconicalk Fenn.,Trinidad. Iawana conspersaWalk., Sumatra(Naezer & Meer Mohr, 1953),also on teain Malaya(Corbett, 1935). Moraflata (sensulatu) sp., Veracruz,Mexico. Poeciloptera plalaernidcs L, Trinidad.

7 Acanaloniidae: Acanalo nia sp.,Trinidad. Acanaloniasp., Veracruz,Mexico.

Aleurodidae: Aleurodicus trinidadensis Q & 8., also on coconut, Trinidad. Bemisia tabaci Genn., Sumatra (Naezer & Meer Mohr, 1953),also on cottonand other crops (Laan, 1940).

Aphididae: Aphis gossypiiGlov., Trinidad, Nigeria (Iheagwam1983), also on many plantsin Thailand (Patch,1938; Pholboon, 1965). Aphis spiraecolaPatch., Trinidad, also on many plants in India (Bennett& Rao,1968; Parch, 1938). Brachycaudatw hclichrysi (Kaltenbach),India (Joy et. al., r979). Dacrynotus ambrosiae(Thos.), Costa Rica, also on many otherplants (Parch, 1938). Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch, India (Ganguli and Raychaudhuri,1980). Toxopteraodinae (v.d. Goot), India (Yadavet. al., 1981).

Orthezidae: Ortheziainsignis Browne, also on manycrops, Trinidad. Orthezia pseudiruignis Morrison, Mexico.

Coccidae: Ceroplastessp., Trinidad. Saissetiasp.,India (Muniappanand Viraktamath, 1986). Saissetiaoleae Bern., also on manycrops, Trinidad.

Pseudococcidae: Dysmicoccassp., Mexico. Plunacoccw gossypiiTownsend & Cockerell,Mexico, also on rnanyplants (McKenzie, L967). PseudococcuJsp., Sumatra (Naezer & Meer Mohr, 1953).

Lepidoptera

Tineidae: Recumariasp. Adults rearedin Trinidad from larvaefeeding in flowers of C. odorata and iresinoides (H.B.K.) K & R, which are only presentDecember_May; other plantsprobably attackedduring remainingmonths. Eggslaid singlyin flower-heads,larraefeed in developing seeds. Mature, larvae pupate in flower-head without a cocoon; adult emergesin one to two weeks. Each larva destroysthe seedsin one flower-head.

Larvaeparasitised by a Eulophid, Eudcrw sp.

Lyonetidae: Bucculatrix sp. Larvaecollected mining leavesof C. od.orata in Mexico andof E. lnolccriarutrnin Tucuman,Argentina. A similar occurs in Trinidad attacking C. iresinoides but not C. odorata. Larvae are solitary and pupatein the mines.

Stenomidae: Antaeotricl* tp., from pupaon leaf, CostaRica.

8 Gelechiidae Diclnmeris (Trichotaplu) sp. nr. eupatoriella Cham.,leaf- roller, also on C. ivaefolia, Trinidad. Adults reared from leaf-rolling larvae on C. odorata were identified as a new speciesof Dichomeris in the delotel/a sub-group. For biology and host range seeCrutnvell, 1973b.

Larvae parasitisedby the solitary endoparasiticBraconids Xantlnmicrogaster seresNixon andApanteles sp., and pupaeby a third solitary endoparasiticBraconid as yet unidentified. Dichomeris sp. nov. 2. Adults reared from leaf-rolling larvae on C. odorata in Belem, Brazil were identified as a secondnew speciesof Diclnmeris, Life-history similar to Dichomerissp.l.

Tortricidae: Amorbia catenana Wals., leaf-roller, Trinidad, also on bananain Brazil, Antilles and Cenral America @a Costa Lima, 1951). Amorbia emigratellaBusck., leaf-roller, Veracruz,Mexico. Archips micaceanus (Walker), India (Muniappan and Viraktamath,1986). Platy non sp.,leaf-roller, Yucatan. Plaryrnn rostrane(Wlk.) leaf-roller,Mexico. Sparganothisrestitutana Wl

Eggs laid in clusterson leaves,newly hatchedlarvae disperseand feed initially on leaf buds. I-arger lanraefeed on leavesor flowers, living and pupatingin a loose leaf- roll or between leaves or flowers fastenedtogether with silk.

Larvae parasitisedby a Braconid and an Ichneumonid as yet unidentified, and pupae by another Ichneumonid and by Spiloclwlcissp.

Cochlidae: Phalonidia multistrigaa Wals., feedingin flowers, Trinidad.

Rerophoridae: Adaina bipunctata Moeschl. Trinidad, rearedfrom flowers of C. odorata andC. iresircidcs. Recordedfrom U.S.A. (McDunnough, 1939) and Puefto Rico, where "larvae were interceptedon Pluchea purpura.rcrJs" (Wolcott, 1948). Flowers of other Compositesprobably attacked when C. odorata not in flower. Larvae stout and cream- colored, feeding in flower-heads,entering new ones by chewing through involucral bracts. Mature larva pupates inside flower-headwithout a cocoon,adult emergesin a few days.

9 Lawae attackedby a solitary endoparasite,Bracon sp. nr. vulgaris Ashm.

Adnina sp.,larvae in hollow stems,Veracruz, Mexico.

Thyrididae: Dyso dia oculataria Clem., leaf-roller, Yucatan, Mexico. Palthis sp. nr. agroteralis (Guen.), leaf-roller, Veracruz, Mexico.

Pyralidae: Mescinia parvula (Tnller). Larvae shoot-borersattacking C. odorata and C. ivaefolia in Trinidad; similar larvae collected on C. odorata in Veracruz, Mexico and Belem, Brazll, and on E. hookerianum in Tucuman, Argentina. The biology and host-rangeof the specieshave already been described (Cruttwell, l9J7a), under the name Mescinia sp. nr. parvula.

Larvae in Trinidad attackedby eight hymenopterousand one Tachinid parasite. One species, a gregarious ectoparasite,Hormius sp. nov., also attackssmall larvae of Hypsipyla grandella (Znll.) in mahogany and cedar in Trinidad. There are four other ectoparasites,Ipobracon sp.,Hormius sp., Euderus sp.,Horismenus sp., and two solitary egg-larval endoparasitesemerging from the pre- pupal larvae,Phanerotoma sp., andMicrochelonus sp. Parasierolc sp. and the Tachinid, as yet unidentified, are both solitaryendoparasites of the larvae.

Herpetogramma sp. ? bipunctalis (Fabr.), pupa on leaf, Trinidad. ? Hyalospila sp.,larvaefeeding in open gall in stemlrps,rn CostaRica, and Veracruz,Mexico. Laetilia portoricensis (Dyer), from withered stem,Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1948). Loxostegenew sp., leaf-roller, Veracruz, Mexico and Costa Rica. Pionea (Hapalia) upalusalis Wkr. Reared from larvae feeding on C. odorata, C. ivaefolia, microstemon, Austroeupatorium inulaefolium and Ageratum conyzoides in Trinidad. Also recorded from PuertoRico and West Indiesgenerally and from Venezuela flilolcott, 1948).

Green sphericaleggs laid in groups of one to three on the undersideof the leaves,newly hatchedlarvae live in a silken tube on the undersideand older larvae in a leaf-roll, usuallyin the leaf centre. Larvaepale greenin colour until mature, when they become pink with white lines and pupatein the tube. No parasitesknown.

Psara ambitalis Reb., defoliator, Sumatra(Naezer & Meer Mohr, 1953), also on tomatoesand tobaccoin Sumatra (Laan, 1940).

10 Geometridae: Apicia asterica Druce, defoliator, Morelos, Mexico. Chloropteryx languescens Warr., feeding on flowers, Trinidad. Eupithecia sp., reared from gall in stem tip, Trinidad. Eupithecia sp. nr. maleformara Warr., feeding on flowers, Trinidad. Hyposidra talaca (Walker), India (Muniappan and Viraktamath,1986). Racheospilaruftlincata Warr., feeding on flowers, Trinidad. Synchlora sp. ?frondaria Gn., defoliator, Trinidad.

Sphingidae: Pholus labruscaeMoss., defoliator, Trinidad (Moss, l9l2), also on Vitis, Cissrzsand Ampelopsis in Guadeloupe (D'Aguilar, 1966).

Noctuidae: Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper), India (Muniappan and Viraktamath,1986). Perigea albigera Guen.,defoliator, also on F. microstemon, Trinidad, Costa Rica and Yucatan, and on Chrys anthemum, Barbados (Bourne, l92l). Sp od o p te r a (Prodenia) Iat ifo sc i a Wkr., defoliator, Trinidad, also on tomatoes and other crops in Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1948).

Arctiidae: Diacrisia (Spilosoma) alcumena Berg., feeding on C. odorata, Bolivia, also on mango, Venezuela(Guagliumi, 1966). D iacrisia obliqm Walker, India (Anon., I 983-1984). Paraeuchetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros (Incorrectly recorded as Ammalo insulata Walker in Bennett and Cruttwell 1973 and Cruttwell 1974), defoliator on C. odorata and C. ivacfolia in Trinidad. Pareuchetesinsulata (Walker) defoliator on C. odorata and Ageratum in Florida, Central America and Venezuela (Cock and Holloway 1982). Peric al lia ric i ni (Fabricius),India (Anon., I 983-I 984).

Riodinidae: lauerna G. & S. This speciesoccurs in Brazil, Venezuela ahd Central America, as well as in Trinidad (Barcant, 1970) where larvae have been collected feeding on C. odorata, C. ivaefolia, F. microstemon and H ebec I i nium macrop hyllum Q-.) DC.

Larvae solitary and sluggish, pale green, covered with long silky green hairs. They feed on the leaves then pupateinside a silk cocoon attachedto leavesor stem.

Larvae parasitisedby a gregariousApanteles sp.

Lycaenidae: Thecla palegon Cr., feeding on flowers, also on C. ir esirnides, Trinidad.

Acraeidae: Actinote anteasDoubleday, defoliator, Costa Rica. Recorded from Trinidad (Barcanr, 1970).

1l Danaidae: Pteronymialincera H-S., Venezuela(Guagliumi, 1966).

Diptera

Ceratopogonidae: Forcipomyia sp., reared from nail-gall on leaf, Turrialba, CostaRica.

Cecidomyidae:(see Gagne, r917)

Asphondyliacorbulae Mohn, (seeGagne 1977)reared from flowers of sp. in El Salvador (Mohn, 1960) and of C. odorata and F. microstemon in Trinidad. Larvae feed singly inside developingachenes which swell to a gall two to three mm in diameter. Two or three galls form per flower-head and few seeds develop. Parasitised by Tenuipetiolus sp. (Eurytomid), Horismenus SP., Galeopsm.yiasp. 3, Tetrastichus dimaclras Walk. and Izptacis sp. 2 (Eulophidae).

Contarinia sp. nr. perfoliata Felt, rearedfrom flowers of C. odorata, C. ivaefolia andF. microstemon in Trinidad. Larvae live and feed in corollas or between achenes, causinglittle apparentdamage. Pupation occurs in the flowers and the adults emerge in a few days. Dasyneuracorollae Gagne,larvae singly within petal-tubes of young flowers, Trinidad and Bolivia. CIi nodip I osls (Hyperdiplosis) eupat or ii (Felt), reared from conical nail-galls on upper surfaceof leaves of Eupatorirtrn sp.in St. Vincent,W.I. felt, 1911)and of C. odorata and C. ivaefolia in Trinidad, CostaRica and Belem, Brazil.

Larvae in Trinidad parasitisedby Horismenrs sp., Galeopsymiasp. l, Achrysocharisnew sp. andLeptacis sp. 1, the last two also occurring in Belem, Brazil.

Clinodiplosrs sp. Adults reared from bud-galls in C. odorata in CostaRica. Larvae occur singly in hollow pear-shaped galls, three to five mm long, in stem tips or axillary buds, with several small leaves developed without internodes beneaththe gall, giving a'rosette'appearance.

No parasitesare known.

Clinodiplosis sp., from bud-galls in C. odorata andC. ivaefolia in Trinidad. one to three larvae live between the bud leaves of stem tips or axillary buds, destroying the tissue and preventing further growth. The bud leaves swell slightly and become red and densely covered with hairs. Mature larvae leave the gall and pupatejust below the soil surface; adults emergein 11 to 18 days. The speciesis widespreadand abundantin Trinidad, breeding throughout the year.

T2 Larvae are attacked by the predatory cecidomyid Lestodiplosis callipus Gagne and by the parasites Tetrastichu.ssp. and Patasson sp.

Neolasioptera cruttwellae Gagne. Adults reared from stem galls in C. odorata and C. ivaefolia in Trinidad and Bolivia. Galls develop in young shootsand when mature reach about one cm diameter. one to three larvae feed and pupatein tunnelsin eachgall.

Larvae in Trinidad parasitised by a solitary parasite Metanopediasbrunneipes (Ashm.) and by a gregarious ectoparasiticCeraphronid as yet unidentified, and in Bolivia by four speciesof Hymenoptera,Leptacis sp. (Eulophid), Aphario gmus sp. (Ceraphronid), Rhoptrocentrus sp. (Braconid)and Eupelmus sp. @upelmid).

Neolasiopterafrugivora Gagne, adults rearedfrom flowers of C. odorata, andadults probably of this speciesfrom F. microstemon, both in Trinidad. Larvae singly inside the achenes,each consuming one acheneand pupating inside. No externaldamage caused. No parasitesknown.

PerasphondyliareticulataMohn. Adults rearedfrom bud- galls on C. odorata andEupatorium sp. in El Salvador (Mohn, 1960) and from C. odorata and C. ivaefolia in Trinidad, in Belem, Brazil, and in Bolivia. Larvae occur singly in a hollow pear-shapedgall, sevento nine mm long and five to six mm wide, in stem tips and axillary buds. Species scarce and confined to the cooler valleys in Trinidad but in Brazil and Bolivia galls were more common.

The following Eulophids were reared from galls in Trinidad: Tetr astic hus valerus Walker, P arag aleop symia sp.,Galeopsymia sp. 1 and Eurytoma sp. from pupae. In Bolivia, Galeopsymia sp. 2 and Rileya sp. were reared from galls.

Trypetidae: Procecidochares new sp., reared from stem-gallsin C. odorata in Veracruz,Mexico, in Belem,BrazTl, and in Bolivia. Similar adults from stem-gallsin C. laevigata in Bolivia did not attack C. odorata. Eggs insertedinto the stem tip by the female; abnormal growth of the stem starts before the eggs hatch.

Larvae feed in curved tunnels in the gall tissue, one to sevenlarvae in separatetunnels in the gall. Mature larvae pupatein the tunnel below an epidermal'window' through which the adult emerges.Galls slow and distort but do not arrestfurther growth of the stem.

T3 Lanae in Brazil parasitisedby a gregariousBraconid Heterospihtspallidipes Ashm. airAUi HZterospilw sD.nr. humeralis Ashm.; in Bolivia by H-eterospilis sp. i and Sytgmosn!ryrurnsp.; in Mexico by Torymw unbilica,tus (Gahan)-,.Eupelmus sp.,Neocatolaccus- sp. and an indet. Pteromalid. Larya9and pupae from C. laevigatain Bolivia wer.e-parasitisedby Heterospilus sp. l, Dimeromicrus cecidomyidaeAshm. andEupelmllJ sp.

Cecidocharesflryiryrysis (Lima). Larvae of this species, prwiously recordedfrom S.E. Brazil (Aczel, t953), feed in the flowers of C. odorata and C. tviqotta in friniAaA. In Decemberand JFryry eggsare inseried singly into the llowgr buds, and the fat, wJr-itepilose larvae ie6d on the developing achenesin one flowerhead,pupating in the cavity formed. Fparia oval, black andpiiose;- adults emergein 10-14days, probably remain in sLxualdiapause for nine to ten monthsuntil C. bdorataflowersagain.'

A Pteromalid,Pseudocatolaccus sp., has been reared from the pupae.

Euaresta?bellula Snow.,from flowers,Trinidad.

Potymorphomyiabasilica Snow, galls stemsof C. odorata rn PuertoRico (Wolcotg 1948). Trupaneasp. from galls,Venezuela (Guagliumi, 1966). Xanthaciura insecta (Loew.), larvae in iowers, also of F. lfi cro s t emon, Ag eraturn co ny zoide s, We de li a car acas ana, Trinidad, from C. odorata, Bolivia, from flowers of Bidenspilosa, Florida (Needham,1946). Lauxanidae: Qaliope sp., frory flowers, also of C. ivaefotia, Trinidad. Sapromyzasp., from pupaeon leaves,Trinidad.

Oscellinae: Olcellapleu.ralisBecker, fromflowers, also of C. ivaefolia and C. iresinoides, F. microstemon,Aperitu^ 99nyryidcs,Aspilia verfosirwides,Wedelia caraiasaru and, Wilffi a bac c at a, Trinidad.

Agromyzidae: Agromyzaeupatoriae Mall., minesleaves, U.S.A. (Frosr, 1924). Caly c omy za flav in^otutnFrick., mines leaves,Trinidad, also 9l^E: purpryreyy,^.Viburnum,Arctium and.Alo'mia, U.S.A. (Frick, 1959). Calycomyzajucunda (Wulp.), mines leaves,also of other _-plants, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1948). Melanagromyzaeupatoriella Spencer,from stem tips of C. odorataand C. ivaefoliain Trinidad,in Belem,grizit and in Bolivia. Larvae-occur singly in young itootr, tunnelling spirally down the itbm, destro-vineth" conductingtissue and killing the shoot for ab6ut 6 "-. Mlture larvaepupate in the holow stemafter cuttine an epidermalwindow through which the adults emeige.

t4 Breedingis continuousthroughout the year; the speciesis abundantgenerally. In Trinidad,larvaeattacked by Eudens spp.,and an indet. Pteromalid,and by two laryal-pupalparasites, Eurytorna walshii How. andTropideucoilarufipes Ashm. In Bolivia larvae attackedby Tropideucoila sp., and in Brazil by Euderussp.,Eurytornc sp.and Opius sp.

Melanagromyzalongicaudalis Mall., on flowers, Bolivia and Jamaica(Spencer, 1963). Melanagromyzamallochi (Kendel), boresin stem,Puerto Rico (Spencer,1963). Melanagromyzarninima Mall., rearedfrom flowers of C. odorata,C. ivaefolia,C. iresinoidcsandWedclia trilobata in Trinidad. one to three larvae in a flower-head, young larvae feeding within single achenesand older larvae betweenachenes. Each lanra destroys2O to 30 achenes andpupates in the cavity left. Two parasites,Tetrastichus sp. and an unidentified Chalcid,reared from pupae.

Coleoptera

Lampyridae: ? Psiloclafin sp.,Morelos, Mexico. Cantharidae: Belotussp., Morelos, Mexico. Cantharisp., Turrialba, Costa Rica. Si/is sp.,Veracnrz, Mexico.

Elateridae: Aelolw sp.w. facetus Candeze,Veracruz, Mexico. Glyplnnyx sp.,Veracruz, Mexico.

Helodidae: Cyclnn sp.,Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Languridae: Inngurites linean (Cast),Veracruz, Mexico.

Anobiidae: Cryptorana sp., Veracruz,Mexico.

Lamiidae: Aerenica hirticornis Klug., recordedfrom Argentina and Centraland SouthernBrazil (Guerin, 1953);collected from C. odorata in Trinidad and in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. No otherhost known. Adults 10-15 mm long, pale buff colour with darker brown markings; when resting in typical position with the head on the plant stem and the body projecting up at an angle,closely resemblethe dried flower-heads. Adults presentin Trinidad from June -August, feed by scraping tissuefrom stemtips, killing these. Eggslaid singly near stemtips, larvaefeed in the pith. Lanae full grown and havehollowed one to two metresof stemby Octoberor November. As only the pith destroyed,stem growth not

15 affected. Frass ejected through holes along the stem. Larvaeremain in stemuntil May when they pupatenear the stembase. Adults emergeseven to ten days later, remain quiescentfor a further two to three weeks;adult activity may be initiated by the rains which commenceat this season.

In Bolivia, south of the Equator, half and fullgrown larvae were present in April and May. Life-cycle synchronizedwith the host, with active stagespresent in the seasonof maximum plant growttr.

In Trinidad, young larvae are attacked by a solitary endoparasiticEulophid.

Cerambycidae: Ataxia sp.,larvaeboring in stem,Yucatan, Mexico. Loplnlia sp.nr. cyanicollis @upont), adultsfeeding inside stembase, Yucatan, Mexico.

Chlamisidae: Aulocochlamyssp. Adults, black, L.8-2.5mm long, and larvae feed by scraping stems and leaf petioles of C. odorata and C. ivaefolia. Eggs laid singly in cylindrical ribbed casesof faecal matter. Theseform the apex of the larvaecase, being graduallyenlarged into a conical case 3.5-3.7mm long and 1.6mm maximumdiameter. Mature larvaeattach the caseto the stem,pupate inside, and adults emergein one to two weeks. Widespreadin Trinidad, occasionally abundant in the valleys of the Northern Range.

No parasitesknown.

Chlamisus insularis lac. Recorded from Mexico and Panama(Blackwelder, L957); adults black with golden markings,3.3-4.3 mm long and 2.5-3.0mm maximum widttr. Widespreadin Trinidad throughoutthe year but not abundant.

Life-history similar to Aulocochlamyssp.; egg case 1.4 mm long and 1.0 mm diameter,mature larval caseconical with a rough surface,six to seven mm long. Feeding adultscollected on C. odorata,C. ivaefullaand Bidens pilosa.

A black Eulophid realedas a solitary egg parasite.

Hispidae: Pentispa explanata Chap. Recorded from Mexico to Colombia(Blackwelder, op. cir.), andVenezuela where it is recordedon Pitlecocteniurn sp. @ignoniaceae)(Maulik, 1937). In Trinidad adults collected on C. odorata and C. ivaefolia would not feed on Pithecoctenium echinatum Jacq.when tested.

16 Adults, present throughout the year, feed by scraping away the tissues of the leaf from below, leaving characteristicscars. March-April, congregateand mate in groupsof six to 20. Eggs laid April-July, inserredsingly under the leaf epidermis, covered with a faecal plug. Larvae hatch in 12 days and mine the leaves,forming irregular blotch mines two to three cm in diameter when full size, 20-25 days later. Mature larvae pupate in the mine; adultsemerge in five to eight days. Newly-emerged adults disperseand feed on the leavesbut do not breed until the next year.

P. explanataoccurs on C. odorata throughoutTrinidad but is rare exceptin the northernvalleys. Adults avoid open sunlighg in the laboratory,adults survive but do not breed in cagesexposed to the sun.

Larvae parasitisedby a solitary ectoparasiticElasmid, Austelasmils sp., and are taken by predatory wasps especiallyPolistes andPo$bia species. Chrysomelidae: Antipw? mutabilisLac., Morelos,Mexico. Ceplaloleia? lirnonensisUhman, Turrialba, Costa Rica- Chelymorpl* tp., Morelos,Mexico. Colaspissp., Morelos, Mexico. Colaspoidesbatesi Jac.,Turrialba, CostaRica. Corynodessp., India (Anon., 1983-1984). Cryptoceplalw ? trizonatl,ts Suffr., Veracruz,Mexico. Cryptoceplnhnl8-punctatus Suffr., Veracruz,Mexico. Ctenochira cumulara (Bog), adults defoliators,also on Citnn, Coffea,and otherplants, Costa Rica. Cternc hira ?ferranti Spaeth,Veracruz, Mexico. Diabrotica sp.,Tunialba, CostaRica- ( Disonycla sp.,Veracruz, Mexico. Disonycla sp.nr. glabrataFab., Turrialba, Costa Rica. Disonyclw sp.nr. poliula Horn., Turrialba,Costa Rica. Exemasp., Veracruz, Mexico. Glyptoscelis sp., adults defoliators, also on other plants, Trinidad. ? Hecataeussp., Yucatan, Mexico. ? Maecolasprsspp., Veracruz, Mexico. ? Malacosomasp.,Yucatan, Mexico. M es omp hali a sp.,Veracruz, Mexico. M etcrcyclamar giruta Chap.,Yucatan, Mexico. Metriona sp. nr. tuberculataF., Veracruz,Mexico. ? Monolept4 sp.,Veracruz, Mexico. Nodornn sp., Veracruz,Mexico and Turrialbe; CostaRica. Omoplnita sp., Veracruz,Mexico. Pachybracftys*., Morelos,Mexico. Plrysorntasp.nr. alutaceaBoh., Veracruz, Mexico. Plectrotreta?clarkci Jac.,Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Plectrotren? dogrniJac., Veracnrz, Mexico. ? Rlabdopterus sp.,Veracruz, Mexico. Saxinissp., Veracruz, Mexico.

t7 Zygograrnmasp., Veracruz,Mexico.

Bruchidae: Acant ho s celides oblongoguttatus (Fahreus),also lawae in seedsof Acacia spp.,Mexico. Caryedonsp., India (Anon.,1983-1984).

Curculionidae: Amblyrrhizarsp., India (Anon.,1983-1984). Apion sp.,India (Anon., 1983-1984).

Apion brunnco ni grwn B.B. Recordedfrom Venezuelaand Argentina (Blackwelder, 1957) as well as Trinidad; the only hostsknown areC. odorataandC. ivaefolia. Biology of this weevil has already been described (Cruttwell, 1973a). In Trinidad, C. odorata flowers in late December; weevils oviposit in flower-buds December- January,larvae feed and pupate in the flowers, adults emergeFebruary-March. Newly-emerged adults initially remain on the flower-heads,then disperseto plants in shadedareas where they feed on buds and young leaves. Adults remain sexually immature until October, when the reproductive system begins to develop. In November when flower-buds are forming on the host plant, the weevils congregateon suitableplants, and mating followed by ovipositionbegins.

Asrycusaurov ittatusHeller, India (Anon., 1983- 1984).

Rhodobaen&rsp. w. cariniventrisChamp. Adults feedon stems and leaf petioles of B. pilosa, C. odorata, C. ivaefolia andA. inulaefolium, and larvaein the stemsof the three latter species. Adults often found togetherwith Rhodobaeru.tsl3-punctatuslll. whoselarvae do not feedin these3 species,but havebeen collected from stemsof 8. pilosa in Trinidad, and in the U.S.A. are recordedfrom severalComposites including Eupatoriadelphns purpureus (Satterthwaite,1948).

Life-history of R. sp. nr. cariniventis describedby Bennett(1955). Eggsare laid in stemtips andlarvae feed in stems.When lnature,lanra cuts off the trp of the hollow stem; the pieceabout 2 cm in lengthcontaining the larva falls to the ground. The openends are plugged with frass andthe larvaepupates within.

Rhodobaenusypsilon Cheor.,reared from lanraecollected in stemsof C. odoratainYera Cruz,Mexico. Adults feedon stemsand foliage.

Adults of the following Curculionidsfeed on the flowers, budsand leavesof C. odorata: Antenistesattennuotus (Fabr.), Trinidad. Anthomussp., on flowers, Trinidad.

18

f Apion sp.,Morelos, Mexico. Baris sp., cornmonon flowers and leaf-buds,also affacks other Composites,Trinidad. Brachyomusoctotuberculatus (F.), on leaves,also attacks crop and garden plants, Trinidad and Venezuela (Guagliumi,1966). Centinaspis spp., on flower and leaf-buds,Trinidad and CostaRica. Coleocerw? setosusBoh., Morelos,Mexico. Compswsimoni Faust., on leaves,also attacksother plants, Trinidadand Venezuela (Guagliuri, op.cit.). Derosomussp., Yucatan, Mexico. Eusryluspuber Oliv., on leaves,also attackscrop plants, Trinidad. Exoptlulrrus jelccliaruzsWhite, Turrialba, CostaRica. Glypnbaris ? vi&nta (F.), Trinidad. H oplopactussp., adultsdefoliators, Trinidad. Hypomecessquarnosus F., Sumatra(Naezer & Meer Mohr, 1953),also attacks crop plants(Hung, 1966). Linn sp.,adults defoliators, also attacksother Composites, Trinidad. Lixus sp.? impressicollisBoh., Porto Alegre, Brazil. Lixus sp. nr. nigrirun Champ.,Yucatan, Mexico. Myrmex sp.,Yucatan, Mexico. Myrmex sp.nr mcxicaruts(Chew.), Veracruz,Mexico. Pantomortnspp., Veracruz, Mexico. Promccopssp., on budsand leaves, Trinidad. Stbinia sp.,Trinidad.

Meloidae: Mylabris sp.,India (Anon.,1983-1984).

Acarina

Eriophyidae: Acalittu adoratusKeifer, causingerineum growth on leaves and stems,Trinidad, Brazil and Bolivia. Calacarussp., India (Muniappanand Viraktamath, 1986). Phyllocoptes cruttwellae Keifer, on leaves, Trinidad. Biology of bothmites described in CruttwellI977b.

Oribatidae: Eremulusflagellifer Berlese,India (Ramaniand Haq, 1983). Galwnnasp.,India (Ramani and Haq, 1983). Lamellobatw palustris Hammer, India (Ramaniand Haq, 1983). Parolamellobate s ben gal ens i s Bhaduri and Raychaudhuri, India (Ramaniand Haq, 1983). P e_!_okyllg^yglabaricaClement and Haq, Indi*(Ramani and Haq, 1983). Scheloribatersp.,India (Ramaniand Haq, 1983).

Tarsonemidae: Polyphagotarsoncmuslatus Banks,India (Muniappanand Viraktamath,1986).

Tetranychidde: Tetranychwsp.,India (Muniappanand Viraktamath, 1986).

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