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Characterization of Yemeni Natural Zeolite (Al-Ahyuq Area) and Its Environment Applications: a Review

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Characterization of Yemeni Natural Zeolite (Al-Ahyuq Area) and Its Environment Applications: a Review Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2018.10.30 Revised: 2018.12.01 Volume 20, Issue 4, April 2019, pages 157–166 Accepted: 2019.02.16 Available online: 2019.02.27 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/102842 Characterization of Yemeni Natural Zeolite (Al-Ahyuq Area) and its Environment Applications: A Review Aref Alshameri1,2,3*, Wei Xinghu1, Ammar Salman Dawood4,5*, Chen Xin1, ChunjieYan2, Amer M. Assabri3 1 School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China 2 Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterial of Education Ministry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 3 Geological Survey and Mineral Resources Board, Ministry of Oil and Minerals, Sana’a, Yemen 4 College of Engineering, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq 5 School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China * Corresponding author’s e-mail: aref [email protected] & [email protected] ABSTRACT This research characterizes a natural zeolitic-rich tuff from Yemen (Al-Ahyuq area) and its potential in environ- mental applications. A total of 40 zeolite samples of Al-Ahyuq area were selected and fully characterized by a variety technique to obtain the mineralogical and physicochemical parameters. Our results show that the purities of zeolite minerals range from 78 to ~100% zeolite. Clinoptilolite and mordenite are the major mineral zeolite whereas heulandite and stilbite occur in minor amounts present in the zeolite deposit. Accessory minerals include quartz, illite, mica, feldspar, kaolinite, and smectite. In addition, the chemical compositions of Al-Ahyuq zeolitic tuffs are found to be comparable with other zeolites compositions of high economic value in the world. Moreover, its environment application was also discussed in this paper. Keywords: natural Yemeni (Al-Ahyuq) zeolite; mineralogical; chemical compositions; environment application; water treatment INTRODUCTION researchers attending conferences and studying zeolites are just one indication that these natu- Natural zeolites gained a significant interest ral materials find more and more commercial among the scientific community, mainly because uses in a variety of diverse fields. of their abundance in surface in nature, valuable Natural zeolites are generally formed by the chemical/physical properties, as well as their po- durable impacts of mineral alkaline solutions on tential application in numerous fields of indus- variety of rock types of different ages at increas- try and agricultural technology [Kesraoui Ouki ing temperatures. It is not astonishing that depos- et al., 1994; Papaioannou et al., 2005; Bowman, its of zeolite minerals are situated near volcanic 2003]. Zeolites have been used in different sec- craters, the environmental surroundings for which tors such as mining, gas ,petroleum processing, natural zeolites were formed; it reflects their food, water softening, paper products and water particular structure and chemical composition treatment [Feng and Peng, 2005; Chen and Poon, [Moussavi et al., 2011; Townsend and Loizidou, 2009; Wang and Zhu, 2006.]. The 12th internati- 1984]. The natural zeolites are the crystalline, onal zeolite conference, which was held in 1998, hydrated aluminosilicate of alkaline or alkaline had 774 attendees from 37 countries; there were earth metals, especially sodium, potassium, cal- 566 artcles and recent progress reports submitted cium, magnesium, strontium and barium, with [Jacobs et al., 2001]; thus, a growing number of effective physical-chemical characteristics, for 157 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 20(4), 2019 instance, high void volume, high cation exchange safety, low cost as well as relative simplicity of capacity and cation selectivity [Kesraoui Ouki et application and operation are some of the attri- al., 1994; Papaioannou et al., 2005]. There are ap- butes that are attracting an increasing focus on proximately 50 different types of zeolites (clino- the use of zeolite for environment applications. ptilolite, chabazite, phillipsite, mordenite, etc.) Due to the nature of cation exchange, natural with varying physical and chemical properties. zeolites exhibit high performance in adsorption Particle density, cation selectivity, molecular pore of cations in aqueous solution such as ammo- size, and strength are only some of the properties nium and heavy metals [Bowman, 2003]. The that can differ depending on the zeolite in ques- complexity of aquatic systems demands spe- tion. It is important to know the specific type of cial attention in the selection and preparation zeolite one is using in order to assure that it is of materials for water treatment. The adsorption appropriate for one’s needs. Subsequently, while method has several advantages compared to the developing the applications for zeolites, it is im- other treatment processes including simplicity portant to remember that not all of these mine- of operation, health-related points (no need to rals are the same. Zeolites have superior charac- add chemical to water), no sludge generation, no teristics compared to other crystalline inorganic need to pressurize water, etc. Additionally, it can oxide-materials. For instance; they can separate be used for treatment of both contaminants cat- molecules based on the size and configuration of ions and anions, although individually. In order the molecule relative to the size and geometry of for the adsorption to be effective and economi- the apertures of the zeolite structure due to the cal, one aspect to be considered is that the adsor- uniform and microporous pore structure within bent should have high adsorption capacity and their crystals. Accordingly, they act as “molecular high rate [Alshameri, 2015]. sieves”. They also adsorb molecules which have a However, natural zeolites show varying permanent dipole moment with selectivity not fo- ion selectivity and competitive adsorption for a und in other adsorbents [Breck, 1984; Flanigen et multi-component system. In contrast, these min- al., 1991; Alshameri, 2015]. Zeolites are accessi- erals are not good adsorbents for the adsorption ble to perform all sorts of ion exchange reactions of anionic ions and organics. Therefore, to re- [Townsend and Loizidou, 1984]. move anions from the water, zeolite surface has In a natural environment, natural zeolites to be modified by inorganic salts or organic sur- usually do not occur in a pure type but typi- factants the adsorption of which on the zeolite cally together with other minerals and rocks. surface leads to the formation of oxi-hydroxides, The significance is explained by extensive re- which then form stable complexes with anions search centered on the properties of all-natural in solution [Bowman, 2003; Alshameri, 2015]. zeolites and choices for their particular use In the literature, many investigations were con- [Papaioannou et al., 2005; Bowman, 2003]. ducted on modification of natural zeolite with One of the famous types of natural zeolite is the either inorganic salts (for example FeCl3) or cat- clinoptilolite-rich tuff, it has excellent cation- ionic surfactant. which led to a change in the sur- selectivity characteristics with high cation ex- face charge of zeolite from negative to positive. change capacity and is utilized for agricultural Thus, modified zeolite increase its adsorption and environmental purposes. capacity for anions present in water [Campos Nevertheless, the literature review suggests and Buchler, 2007; Chmielewská et al., 2003]. that the zeolites from different sources have dif- In 2011, the Yemen contributed to the world ferent properties affecting their adsorption ability. supply of minerals such as celestine, clays, Each zeolite species has its own unique crystal dolomite, feldspar, gypsum, limestone, mag- structure and hence its own set of physical and nesite, perlite, sandstone, scoria, talc, and zeo- chemical properties, attributing to the differences lite. Natural zeolite occurs in altered volcanic in the geological formation of the zeolite sources. tuffs which covered large areas (> 60,000 km2) Therefore, every special zeolite requires indi- with volcanic ashes according to the Yemen vidual research [Bowman, 2003; Alshameri et al., Geological Survey and Mineral Resources 2014; Alshameri et al., 2014]. Board [Schultz Grafisk, 2009]. A geological Zeolites were thoroughly studied and utilized sketch map with the most promising zeolite oc- as adsorbents, ion exchangers and acid catalysts currences of Yemen is shown in Figure 1. As in petrochemical and chemical companies. High can be seen in Figure 1, zeolitic tuff deposits in 158 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 20(4), 2019 Figure 1. Geological sketch map of Yemen with the most promising zeolite occurrences. Yemen are found in three governorates: Ta’iz, provinces; therefore it is economically consid- Ibb, and Dhamar [Schultz Grafisk, 2009]. These erable to perform a study on Yemeni zeolites fields provide excellent targets for zeolite explo- to enable us to identify their properties and ap- ration and exploitation. plications. Effluents from numerous industrial and agricultural activities are quickly becom- Zeolite in Ta’iz ing an international environmental issue . This necessitates conducting a study on a variety The natural zeolite deposits in the Ta’iz gov- of liquid treatment techniques to make sure an ernorate are found mainly in two areas (Al-Adnah adequate supply of potable liquid for the pop- and Al-Ahyuq). The zeolite minerals occur in vol-
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