Teaching for sustainability: The role of (benefit) corporations

Jason van Tol Independent Scholar Email: [email protected]

Abstract well suited to this task since, as the opening line of the Rationale of the Australian Curriculum: This article explores the role that corporations Geography states: can play in the creation or failure of a sustainable society. A review of the concept of sustainability In a world of increasing global integration in the Australian Curriculum: Geography is and international mobility, it is critical made and then linked to a comparison of the to the wellbeing and sustainability legal framework guiding business activities of the environment and society that of traditional corporations and those of B young Australians develop a holistic Corporations, which are guided by their own understanding of the world. This requires separate legislation. Business activities of a deep knowledge and understanding of particular B Corporation in Australia, and other why the world is the way it is and the profit-oriented businesses in the same sector of interconnections between people, places the economy, are then compared in terms of four and environments over place and time. earth functions listed in the Australian Curriculum (ACARA, 2016) to determine if one is more sustainable than the other. This comparison concludes that Thus in teaching for sustainability in and of a the B Corporation is more sustainable than a highly specialised and interconnected world, traditional profit-oriented corporation in several we ought to be careful not to view it exclusively respects, though it is not sustainable absolutely. through the narrow lens of our own occupation The example explored is linked to curriculum but be prepared to venture into other fields outcomes and suggestions are made as to how in order to come to the interdisciplinary teachers might apply this content and analysis understanding that sustainability requires. While it when teaching for sustainability in their own is not possible to cover all the nuances associated classes. with the creation of a sustainable society, this article will focus on the important economic role Introduction that corporations can play in the sustainability, or failure, of modern society and how this can In a world of specialisation perhaps no concept is be integrated into the teaching of geography in more deserving of an interdisciplinary approach schools. than sustainability. Since Adam Smith’s ode to the division of labour, most famously depicted Sustainability in the Geography Syllabus in his description of pin production in the opening passage of his Wealth of Nations (Smith, More than any other subject, the interdisciplinary 1776/1999) almost two and a half centuries ago, approach needed when teaching for sustainability occupational specialisation and the knowledge is probably most apposite to geography, which which it requires has continued apace. Today this encompasses both physical and human domains, can be most easily seen in one’s progress through and the Australian Curriculum: Geography primary and high schools, onto university, makes ample reference to interconnections and finally into the workplace (Dyball, Davila, throughout. Maude (2014) has argued that & König, 2016). However, as Diamond (2005) although the concept of sustainability sometimes has described in careful comparative detail, the includes social, economic, political and cultural failure or sustainability of societies throughout sustainability, the curriculum intends it to be the world has always depended critically on how primarily concerned with the environment (p. they respond to the environmental challenges they 19). Indeed, the curriculum defines sustainability face, which are as differentiated as the societies as “the capacity of the environment to continue are themselves. Thus, in today’s globalised, to support our lives and the lives of other living information-laden and highly specialised society, creatures into the future” (ACARA, 2016). It the challenges to sustainability require knowledge elaborates on this definition by stating that “[p] and a broad understanding from many different rogress towards environmental sustainability disciplines. The study of geography is particularly depends on the maintenance or restoration of the

24 GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017 environmental functions that sustain all life and to the environment are demographic, economic, human wellbeing (economic and social).” The socio-political, scientific, technological, cultural curriculum states further that an and religious” which are similar to those identified in the curriculum and certainly require understanding of the causes of interdisciplinary treatment. However, unsustainability requires a study of the “[in] Australia, the key drivers of environmental environmental processes producing the change are population and economic activity” degradation of an environmental function; (Jackson, 2017, p. iv). So, if the primary the human actions that have initiated causes of environmental change in Australia these processes; and the attitudinal, demographic, social, economic and are demographic and economic, which are political causes of these human actions. intimately related (Harvey, 2011, p. 144), rather than political, scientific or otherwise, it seems A few points should be made here. First, essential that teaching for sustainability focuses although the ultimate goal of sustainability is on these causes. To that end, viewing the indeed concerned with the environment, humans earth’s functions listed above through the lens are positioned as key agents whose actions are of economic geography should help us to move compromising it. Second, the actions detracting toward a pedagogy for sustainability best suited from, and similarly contributing to, sustainability to Australia. are manifold and require an interdisciplinary approach as suggested in the introduction. Finally, one of the causes of those human actions What is Driving the Drivers? is economic, which contributes both to human Choosing one particular aspect of economic wellbeing and to the degradation of environmental activity will be somewhat arbitrary, but this functions. This tension of economic contributions section will provide an argument for focusing to modern society can provide a starting point on the role that transnational corporations play for a class discussion about the merits and in the modern economy as they are “the most shortcomings of each position. In order to refine significant units of economic activity world wide” the discussion Maude (2014) suggests we draw (Martin and Steele, 2010, p. 12). A recent Global on certain principles associated with earth’s four Justice Now (2016) report ranks the revenue of functions. These are defined as follows in the the largest corporations in the world amongst Glossary of the Australian Curriculum: Geography: that of national governments and concludes that • The earth’s source function – the production globally, total corporate revenue is roughly the of raw materials from the natural resources of same as total government revenue. Moreover, the soil, water, forests, minerals and marine life; total revenue of the ten largest corporations is on par with that of the bottom 180 governments, with • The earth’s sink function – safe absorption (through breakdown, recycling or storage) of Walmart being richer than Australia, Shell being wastes and pollution produced by production richer than Mexico, and Exxon Mobil, Volkswagen, and human life; and Toyota each being richer than India. This vast wealth gives corporations tremendous power • The earth’s service function – provision of over economic activity and investment decisions. environmental or ecosystem services that National governments have to consider the myriad support life without requiring human action, interests of their entire citizenry in deciding how for example, climatic stability, biodiversity, ecosystem integrity and protection from to spend their revenue, while corporations not ultraviolet radiation; only have the legal right to focus their decisions on turning a financial profit, but the legal duty • The earth’s spiritual function – intrinsic to do so in the interests of their shareholders recreational, psychological, aesthetic and (Gleeson-White, 2014, pp. 114–115, 280–281). spiritual value of environments. The latter is a far smaller group with much narrower interests. This makes corporations Most of the principles Maude (2014) goes on highly adept at making financial profits using to describe are associated with the first three an array of techniques including, externalisation functions which, he argues, require some (considered below), regulatory arbitrage, which is understanding of their related sciences (pp. the practice of taking advantage of legal loopholes 21–22). Moreover, Maude’s argument continues, by playing off the regulations of one jurisdiction many government decisions are based on those against another’s, and transfer pricing, in which sciences, rather than on ideology (p. 23). We will remote subsidiaries of a parent multinational return to these earth functions below, but for now receive profits in order to shift their tax burdens. however, according to the most recent Australia Although the effects of such corporate activity state of the environment: drivers sometimes have disastrous consequences for “[g] lobally, the human-caused drivers of change people and the environment, such activity is quite

GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017 25 rational when viewed within a corporation’s legal made several changes in their teaching framework. programs toward sustainability, the corporate responses related to the students’ action To give just one example of how corporate profit research projects were far more conservative: seeking is degrading the environment and thus “a few projects found that businesses achieved detracting from sustainability, consider the incremental changes” toward sustainable issues, common practice of externalisation. An externality “corporate employees were . . . engaged in is a cost which does not show up on a business’s critical reflection on the interconnected nature accounting ledger. The cost is externalised and of some facets of sustainability”, and “some paid for by someone else, whether governments, businesses indicated that they may implement individuals, or the environment. For instance, some of the suggestions made by students in the health care costs associated with the air their project recommendations” (p. 39). The pollution caused by a factory are an externality authors summarised that “the market-based – the owners of the factory producing that air operational realities of the business schools pollution do not have to pay these costs, which would make it unlikely that a specialist MBA are instead picked up by the health care system of that placed sustainability on par [with] or above a government or private insurer. A comprehensive other business concerns would be launched” (p. report commissioned by The Economics of 9) and more to the point, that future research Ecosystems and Biodiversity, entitled Natural should focus on how to make more permanent capital at risk: the top 100 externalities of institutional change (p. 77). business, concluded that the primary industries analysed therein had environment-related These types of free-market approaches then externalities totalling US$7.3 trillion (Trucost, would seem unlikely to achieve the sustainability 2013). These externalised costs were associated goals desired. Instead, the absence of legislation with greenhouse gas emissions (38%), water to reform the duty of corporate directors to seek use (25%), land use (24%), air pollution (7%), financial profits is a bit like leaving it up to a land and water pollution (5%), and waste (1%). footballer to avoid scoring goals. Unless the rules US$7.3 trillion in externalised environmental costs of the game are changed, even if some accounting is great for the profit margins of the businesses or business students want sustainability included which produced them, though much less so for in their course of studies and universities the environment which has to pay for them. deliver them, the laws associated with corporate behaviour remain the same: corporate directors Integrating Sustainability into Business are bound to seek financial profits on behalf of their shareholders within the existing legislative Education framework above all other considerations. Some studies supported by the Australian Research Institute in Education for Sustainability B Lab and B Corporations have attempted to integrate sustainability into the business world. One such study investigated the The corporate world’s lack of such non- drivers and barriers to integrating sustainability financial evaluation spawned the creation of an into the accounting profession. While the study’s organisation called B Lab in 2006 (Gleeson-White, literature review concluded that one of the key 2014, p. 243) in order to reconstruct the legal drivers to integration is government policy (Martin architecture of corporations by requiring them to & Steele, 2010, p. 4), the study itself focused conduct business which values the environment on university accounting programs and left the and people, in addition to financial profit. responsibility for the inclusion of sustainability up Organisations which meet B Lab’s standards to student demand and the expected concomitant are called B Corporations, where the ‘B’ stands supply by universities (pp. 4, 6), rather than for benefit. Globally, there are currently more government regulation. However, such student than two thousand certified B Corporations, demand was apparently lacking with students in more than 50 countries, and across 130 wanting a traditional focus on core accounting industries (bcorporation.com.au). For B Lab to skills like financial reporting. Not surprisingly, officially certify a B Corporation, prospective little progress was made toward the goal of the organisations need to take what is called the B study. Impact Assessment and earn a score of at least 80 out of 200. The assessment is tailored to the Similar conclusions were drawn by Thomas type of business seeking certification, but includes and Benn (2009) in a project looking at how questions grouped into broad categories such sustainability can be included in teaching and as governance (of the organisation), community learning offered by business schools, which (or social considerations) and, most importantly included an action research project initiated for our purposes, environment. At present, B by students in partnership with a participating Corporation certification is entirely voluntary corporation. Although the business schools – there is nothing to compel a traditional

26 GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017 corporation to become certified by converting to the behaviours according to the earth functions the new accounting standards. Also, critics have listed above to see if one comes closer to being raised concerns such as why, if B Corporations sustainable. What follows is not a blueprint are supposed to benefit the public, they are for sustainability, but an exploratory analysis certified by a private, unelected third party (Andre, of corporate behaviour and its effects on the 2012, p. 148), and whether many registered environment with implications for sustainability. B Corporations are properly maintaining their standards (Allard, 2017). While these and other The information in the next two paragraphs concerns are legitimate, there is no question that relies on interviews with Bill Avery, who is the the B Corporation model is a step in the right head agronomist at Murray River Organics. direction in terms of valuing the environment and, Murray River Organics is an Australian-based by extension, achieving sustainability. B Corporation and the leading global supplier of certified organic vine fruit including grapes, currants and sultanas (murrayriverorganics.com. Sustainability in the Geography Syllabus au). Interviews were authorised by the managing with A Focus on Corporate Behaviour director and conducted over the phone during The Australian Curriculum: Geography contains which notes were taken and questions asked the following outcomes which bear on the issues for clarification. A copy of this part of the article raised in this article and, as will be described, the was later sent to Avery for member checking. application given below (ACARA, 2016): Avery has over thirty years’ experience working on both conventional and organic farms and • Analyse primary sources and secondary has been the head agronomist at Murray River sources to identify values and perspectives since 2014. A key part of his expertise comes on people, actions, events, issues and from his study of soil chemistry and soil biology. phenomena, past and present (ACHASSI157); He has been consulted widely both in Australia • Reflect on their learning to propose individual and internationally on how to reduce reliance and collective action in response to a on industrial-manufactured fertilisers. The contemporary geographical challenge, taking basic question asked of Avery is what are the account of environmental, economic and differences between the agricultural practices of social considerations, and predict the expected Murray River and other conventional farms? outcomes of their proposal (ACHGS054 and According to Avery, there are many differences ACHGS062); between Murray River’s agricultural practices • Environmental, economic and technological and those of conventional growers who have factors that influence crop yields in Australia neither B Corporation status nor organic and across the world (ACHGK062); certification. One of these differences relates to • Challenges to food production, including land the use of fungicides, pesticides, and herbicides and water degradation, shortage of fresh – collectively termed biocides. Conventional water, competing land uses, and climate farms spray fungicides systemically, whereas change, for Australia and other areas of the Murray River uses them only to target new world (ACHGK063); growth. As for pesticides, conventional • Human-induced environmental changes that growers use a suite of agrochemicals including challenge sustainability (ACHGK070); prothiofos and methomyl, which are contact sprays, and indoxacarb and clothianidin, which • The application of environmental economic are systemic. Murray River on the other hand and social criteria in evaluating management uses only naturally-occurring, plant-derived responses to the change (ACHGK075); products, such as pyrethrin, which comes from • Reflect on and evaluate findings of an inquiry the chrysanthemum flower. Finally, in terms of to propose individual and collective action herbicides, conventional farms use glyphosate in response to a contemporary geographical and paraquat, amongst others, whereas Murray challenge, taking account of environmental, River uses instead mechanical methods for economic, political and social considerations; physically removing weeds. and explain the predicted outcomes and consequences of their proposal (ACHGS071 As for the nutrition program of Murray and ACHGS080). River’s orchards, when compared to those of conventional growers the differences are also substantial. According to Avery, conventional To address these outcomes we can choose an growers use fertilisers derived from chemical salts example of economic activity in Australia and – nitrates, phosphates, and sulphates amongst compare the behaviour of a B Corporation to that many others. Avery states that in general about of a traditional corporation or other business 45% to 60% of most chemical salt fertilisers are motivated primarily by profit. We can then analyse lost, either to the atmosphere due to volatilisation

GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017 27 (which is most common for nitrogen) or gravity, is usually provided as a nitrate fertiliser. The as the salts are in aqueous solution and seep predominant source of this fertiliser is the Haber- down below the plants’ root zone. Moreover, Bosch process, which fixes nitrogen from the air Avery believes that chemical salt fertilisers taken into biologically useful forms and which is heavily up by plants cause them to, as he describes, dependent on fossil fuels. By some accounts, choke. The reasons for this are complex, but this industrial chemical process consumes up to essentially, in nature a plant lives in a symbiotic 5% of the world’s annual natural gas production relationship with a whole ecology of soil microbes and about 2% of the world’s annual energy which provide naturally occurring water-soluble production (Ritter, 2008). Phosphate fertilisers minerals. A plant will exchange a sugar with a on the other hand are mined, but their supply particular microbe when it needs the specific is limited and has no replacement, which has nutrient that that microbe has, resulting in natural led to the peak phosphorus scenario, akin to nutrient cycling within the host plant’s root zone. peak oil (see for example Cordell, Rosemarin, Because that microbiological ecology is wiped Schroder, and Smit, 2011). The phosphorus out by heavy biocide use on a conventional farm, cycle has been greatly accelerated by human those plants must get their nutrients en masse agriculture, which is moving vast amounts of while they are hydrating from the chemical salts phosphates to ocean bottoms and other places applied in a pre-determined ratio by the farmer, where they cannot be easily recovered (Cordell which is insensitive to the plants’ particular needs et al., 2011, p. 750). As such, sustaining the use at a particular time. This leads to a surfeit of of industrial-scale phosphate fertilisers requires some nutrients which can then become toxic to phosphorus to be recycled during each stage of the plant. It also limits the effectiveness of the its usage in crop production and consumption. chemical salt fertilisers, which causes farmers While phosphorus recycling has begun to appear to apply higher and higher amounts in their in some major cities (ostara.com), much more attempts to improve their yields, and eventually phosphorus makes its way into rivers, marine just to maintain them once the soil is overstocked systems, landfills, and other non-arable land with the residues of previous applications. Avery (Cordell et al., 2011, p. 750). Given these and believes that the chemical fertilisers sold to other imperatives of industrial processes which farmers, by what he calls sale agronomists, are are essential for conventional farming, from a set in ratios as high as possible to maximise their source function perspective it would appear that sales, but just low enough to avoid an economic the B Corporation, which is less dependent on cost barrier in order to keep their farming these processes, is probably more sustainable. Both business models depend at some level on customers using these products. Murray River’s fossil fuels however (the B Corporation on lignite, nutritional program, on the other hand, uses or brown coal), neither of which can be sustained naturally occurring products, including leonardite in the long term. as a source of carbon, which is a brown coal extract, and fish hydrolysate as the main nutrient source. Avery argues that, because the nutrients Sink Function on Murray River come from a natural source, it is The World Health Organization (n.d.) lists much easier for the plants to absorb them when hazardous pesticides as one of the ten chemicals needed, just as it is easier for humans to absorb of major public health concern. Whether the certain nutrients from food than from elemental environment can break down the toxins sprayed sources. Given these differences between Murray on a farm at a sustainable rate probably warrants River, as a certified B Corporation, and other careful investigation for each herbicide, fungicide, traditional profit-based agribusinesses, is the and pesticide, but should also account for their B Corporation more sustainable? These can be aggregated effects, the unsustainability of which analysed according to the four functions listed might escape individual analysis (see for example above. Carson, 1962, p. 251). No doubt, this would be complex and escape generalisations. Excesses Source Function of chemical salts should also be investigated for their toxicity and the processing times to Both the B Corporation and conventional farms break them down. Because the B Corporation use inputs derived from nature. While tracing the uses far less chemical biocides and industrial supply pathway for all inputs is tricky, the inputs manufactured fertilisers than conventional farms, for the B Corporation appear to be less dependent and in some categories none at all, their business on industrial manufacturing, not only in the case model seems more likely to be sustainable from of the array of the chemical herbicides, pesticides, the perspective of the earth’s sink function. and fungicides used on conventional farms, but also for some of the nutrients. For instance,

plants’ primary nutrient is nitrogen, which has 1 This is the page number of the PDF listed in the References. The no replacement, and on conventional farms it document itself has no page numbers.

28 GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017 Service Function company that the students can create vis-à-vis a traditional corporation whose activities are found Sustainability of several service functions to be compromising some of the earth’s functions differs sharply between the B Corporation and a listed in the curriculum. After the students have conventional farm. For one, the integrity of the made an in-depth comparison of the activities of soil ecology on the B Corporation is undoubtedly the two types of corporations, a teacher could greater than that on a conventional farm due to lead a discussion in which the activities of each the heavy use of biocides on the latter and their type of business are analysed and compared minimal to absent use on the former. Biocides, by for their potential to contribute to sustainability, definition, kill life, which is a key component of any ecosystem. This also has direct implications similar to what has been done in this article. If for biodiversity, which is certainly declining students believe they have found shortcomings in (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010). the B Corporation model, they can give feedback However, perhaps one of the biggest risks to for each such determining question on the B biodiversity loss and ecosystem integrity, from Impact Assessment, which is reviewed and the perspective of both humans and other living updated every two years and is partially based organisms, is the decline in bee population, on such feedback. How B Corporations continue termed colony collapse disorder (CCD), since to evolve, especially alongside their traditional bees provide another crucial service function financially-focused counterparts, can provide an for ecosystem integrity – namely pollination. opportunity for geography students to contribute Although grapes are not pollinated by bees, to the impact that corporations, and the economy about 65% of all flowering plants are pollinated more generally, have on the sustainability of by insects, the most important of which are bees modern society. (Campbell et al., 2010, p. 816). The exact causes of CCD are still debated but one of the leading Conclusion explanations is that it is due to the use of a class of pesticides known as neonicotinoids, which is As human-induced pressures on the environment the most widely used class of insecticides in the mount, businesses which value the environment world (van der Sluijs et al., 2013). Clothianidin and attempt to account for the functions it used on conventional farms mentioned above provides will become increasingly important for has also been implicated (Johnson, 2010). Given the creation of a sustainable society. It seems these differences between the B Corporation and likely that the traditional model of a corporation, conventional farms, the B Corporation is almost which focuses narrowly on creating financial certainly more sustainable than a conventional profits, will need to be replaced with something farm from the perspective of service functions. like the B Corporation model which values the environment and people in addition to profits. This Spiritual Function is not to say that the current B Corporation model is flawless and will invariably foster business This function is the most subjective of the four activities that are sustainable, but it certainly types listed and so it is the most difficult to argue appears to be moving in that direction. The that one or another type of business model, and complexity of the task of achieving sustainability the activities which flow from it, are sustainable. is enormous. However, teachers who take their For instance, from an aesthetic perspective students on the sort of exploration made in this some might view the long straight rows of fruit article can achieve some of the changes needed – which both the B Corporation and conventional from the perspective of economic geography. farms employ – as beautiful due to the ease of maintenance and ability to harvest. Others may, however, prefer a more polycultural design, which References is common in permaculture, for its more natural Allard, E. (2017). B Corp’s paperwork puzzle. New aesthetic appeal. Hampshire Business Review, 39(10), 1, 17. Given this brief analysis of the business activities Andre, R. (2012). Assessing the accountability of a B Corporation and a conventional farm, of the benefit corporation: Will this new gray it seems reasonable to conclude that the B sector organization enhance corporate social Corporation is more sustainable. However, the responsibility? Journal of Business Ethics, source of carbon for its activities needs to be 110, 133–150. reformed to recycle carbon or retrieve it from a Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting renewable source, such as compost. Teachers Authority [ACARA] Version 8.3. (2016). interested in investigating the aspect of economic Australian Curriculum: Geography. geography considered in this article can either research an existing B Corporation or take the Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Meyers, N., Urry, B Impact Assessment online for a hypothetical L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., . . .

GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION VOLUME 30, 2017 29 Jackson, R. B. (2010). Biology (8th Aust. ed.). Martin, A. & Steele, F. (2010). Sustainability in key Sydney: Pearson. professions: Accounting: an action research report: final report. A Report prepared by the Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Retrieved Australian Research Institute in Education from http://library.uniteddiversity.coop/ for Sustainability [ARIES] for the Australian More_Books_and_Reports/Silent_Spring- Government Department of the Environment, Rachel_Carson-1962.pdf Water, Heritage and the Arts. North Ryde: Convention on Biological Diversity. (2010). Global ARIES. biodiversity outlook 3. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Maude, A. (2014). Sustainability in the Australian Curriculum: Geography. Geographical Cordell, D., Rosemarin, A., Schroder, J. J., Education, 27, 19–27. & Smit, A. L. (2011). Towards global phosphorus security: A systems framework Ritter, S. K. (2008). The Haber-Bosch reaction: for phosphorus recovery and reuse options. An early chemical impact on sustainability. Chemosphere, 84, 747–758. doi:10.1016/j. Chemical & Engineering News, 86(33). chemosphere.2011.02.032 Retrieved from http://cen.acs.org/articles/86/ i33/Haber-Bosch-Reaction-Early-Chemical. Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How societies html choose to fail or survive. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin. Smith, A. (1999). The wealth of nations, books I-III. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin. Dyball, R., Davila, F., & König, A. (2016). Transforming the world by transforming the Thomas J. & Benn S. (2009). Education about university: Envisioning the university of 2040. and for sustainability in Australian business The Solutions Journal, 7(3), 12–16. schools stage 3. A report prepared by the Australian Research Institute in Education Gleeson-White, J. (2014). Six capitals. Sydney: for Sustainability [ARIES] for the Australian Allen & Unwin. Government Department of the Environment, Global Justice Now. (2016). Countries vs Water, Heritage and the Arts. North Ryde: corporations data set. Retrieved from ARIES. http://www.globaljustice.org.uk/resources/ Trucost. (2013). Natural capital at risk: The top countries-vs-corporations-data-set 100 externalities of business. Retrieved from Harvey, D. (2011). The enigma of capital and the https://www.trucost.com/publication/natural- crises of capitalism. London: Profile Books. capital-risk-top-100-externalities-business/ Jackson, W. J. (2017). Australia state of the van der Sluijs, J. P., Simon-Delso, N., Goulson, environment 2016: Drivers. Canberra: D., Maxim, L., Bonmatin, J., & Belzunces, L. P. Australian Government Department of the (2013). Neonicotinoids, bee disorders and the Environment and Energy. Retrieved from sustainability of pollinator services. Current https://soe.environment.gov.au/download/ Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5, reports 293–305. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2013.05.007 Johnson, R. (2010). Honey bee colony collapse World Health Organization. (n.d.). Ten chemicals disorder. Washington DC: Congressional of major public health concern. Retrieved Research Service. Retrieved from from http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/ https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33938.pdf public_health/chemicals_phc/en/

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