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Geochemical Journal, Vol. 54 (No. 2), Pp. 57-70, 2020

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Geochemical Journal, Vol. 54 (No. 2), Pp. 57-70, 2020 Geochemical Journal, Vol. 54, pp. 57 to 70, 2020 doi:10.2343/geochemj.2.0582 Spatial variability of Sr isotope of Gomati River Basin within Ganga Alluvial Plain: Implications for global seawater fluxioning SANDEEP SINGH1* and MUNENDRA SINGH2 1Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, India 2Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226 007, India (Received August 21, 2018; Accepted January 25, 2020) The continuous increase of the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio in the seawater since last 40 Ma has been correlated with the rise of the Himalaya. The Ganga-Brahmputra Fluvial System drains the Himalaya along with the Ganga Alluvial Plain (GAP) and the northern Indian Craton regions. Under the humid subtropical climatic condition, the rivers of the alluvial plain contribute a significant (~50%) in the water discharge. Previous studies have identified the Himalayan Rivers as a poten- tial source for the steady increase of marine Sr budget; overlooking the contribution of alluvial rivers. We attempt to constrain the role of GAP as a source for Sr. The Gomati River, a 900 km-long tributary of the Ganga River, drains about 2 6 3 30,437 km of the GAP with 7,390 ¥ 10 m /a water discharge and provides an ideal opportunity to understand the role of GAP in contribution of the global 87Sr budget. A total of 44 river water, 33 groundwater, 6 rainwater, 3 lake water, and 13 alluvial sediment samples were analyzed for 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio to determine sources and mixing relationships of the rainwater, groundwater and river water within the GAP. In the Gomati River Basin, the average Sr isotopic ratio of the river water (0.7292) is higher than that of the average Ganga River water (0.7246) and much higher than that of world seawater (0.7119) and modern seawater (0.7092). The average Sr isotopic ratio of the shallow groundwater and rainwater was 0.7242 and 0.7139, respectively. The Gomati River drains the GAP having alluvial sediments with more radiogenic Sr isotopic ratio ranging from 0.7655 to 0.7244. Due to this, the river water displays strong seasonal variability with lower Sr isotopic ratio than groundwater during the monsoon season (0.7184). Our data indicate that the high water discharge contribution with reasonably higher Sr isotopic values from GAP river water makes it an important additional source of high radiogenic Sr in addition to the Himalayan source. The chemical weathering of alluvial sediments in GAP under the monsoon-controlled climatic condition is likely to make significant contributions to the evolution and budget of Sr isotope in the global sea. Keywords: Himalaya, Ganga Foreland Basin, Ganga Alluvial Plain, Gomati River Basin, Sr isotope ther in the Ganga Delta or in the Bengal Deep-Sea Fan INTRODUCTION regions (Fig. 1A). An interesting spectacular landscape after a continen- The geometry of the Ganga Foreland Basin is con- tal collision between the Indian and Asian Plates causing trolled by flexural subsidence related to Himalayas with formation of the Himalayas no later than 57 Ma (Leech the depo-center located close to front (Mungier and et al., 2005) is the Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Fluvial Sys- Huyghe, 2006). Geophysical data indicate (Srinivas et al., tem and the Ganga Alluvial Plain (GAP), the middle part 2013; Mangalik et al., 2015 and references therein) the of the Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain which is the world’s presence of transverse ridges and saddles (e.g., Delhi- largest alluvial tract. This is a result of compressional Haridwar Ridge; Dholpur Saddle; Faizabad Ridge; Meja tectonics during Early Miocene and expended in Middle Saddle) along with northern depressions (e.g., the Sharda Miocene and reached present day configuration (Singh, Depression; the Bahraich Depression; the Gandak Depres- 1996). According to Singh (1996), the GAP is in a ma- sion). The northern depressions are associated with ture stage of the evolutionary cycle of the Ganga Fore- graben-like structures (Manglik et al., 2015). The land Basin which had continuous supply and filling up of magnetotelluric profile (Manglik et al., 2015) along a 285 the sediments from Himalaya by fluvial process. Weath- km transverse running close to Lucknow across GAP ering products of the GAP are further transported down- along with receiver functions of BroadBand Seismic sta- stream by alluvial rivers and subsequently deposited ei- tions (Srinivas et al., 2013) indicate that southern end of the basin have thin veneer of sediment (~200 m thick) *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) which gradually increase to 500–600 m around Kanpur Copyright © 2020 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. to 1.2 km to 2.5 km near Lucknow (Fig. 1B). Further, the 57 Fig. 1. (A) The Ganga River System with prominent geomorphic features of the Indian sub-continent. (B) The Ganga Foreland Basin showing the Ganga Alluvial Plain and the Gomati River Basin along with its basement structures. The Gomati River basin covers the southern part of the Sarda Depression and crosses the Faizabad Ridge, the north-eastern extension of the Bundelkhand Massif (B) Geological cross-section along Hamirpur-Bahraich of the Ganga Foreland Basin across the Ganga Alluvial Plain. (redrawn after Manglik et al., 2015). thickness of sediment rapidly increases to about ~4 km changes during the late Quaternary (Singh, 1996; Shukla close to the Himalayan Front with Grabben like struc- et al., 2001; Tandon et al., 2006; Srivastava and Shukla, tures. 2009). The GAP accumulated sediments during Cenozoic Tropical fluvial systems play an important role in char- from various lithologies of Himalayas as well as from acterizing the worldwide elemental cycles as they are re- Peninsular India (Shukla et al., 2012). Weathering is as- sponsible for the 50% global water discharge to oceans sociated with removal of minerals followed by erosion and cover only 25% of the earth’s surface (Meybeck, and sedimentations, which is controlled by climatic and 1987). The process of the recycling of Himalayan tectonic conditions of the source. In the GAP, weathering sediments also led to the pronounced monotonic rise of processes are largely controlled by lithology, climate and 87Sr/86Sr ratio in seawater since last 40 Ma (Raymo et monsoonal patterns (Singh et al., 2005, 2007). Physical al., 1988; Edmund, 1992; Richter et al., 1992; Plamer and chemical weathering is of the moderate-intensity be- and Edmund, 1992). The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of Himalayan cause of temperature variation with annual rainfall con- Rivers is 0.7210 for the Brahmaputra and 0.7257 for the ditions and is also responsible for elemental distribution Ganga (Palmer and Edmond, 1989) or 0.7236 (Richter et within GAP (Singh et al., 2007). The weathering proc- al., 1992) or 0.7213 (Krishnaswami et al., 1992). It is esses are also responsible for elemental distribution within much higher compared to the average 87Sr/86Sr ratio of GAP. The geomorphological character clearly indicates river worldwide is 0.711 (Palmer and Edmond, 1989, evolution under changing climatic conditions, intra- and 1992; Harris, 1995; Galy et al., 1999). Therefore, maybe extra-basinal tectonics and sea-level induced base-level considered that the rivers draining the Himalayan region 58 S. Singh and M. Singh have higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios. However, Singh et al. (2010) STUDY AREA reported 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the Gomati River basin ranges between 0.7232 during the pre-monsoon season and The GAP is located in the south of the Himalaya re- 0.7370 for the post-monsoon season concluded from 4 gion and is characterized by high agricultural productiv- samples. ity to support its exponentially growing human popula- The Sr isotopic budget is a cumulative result of li- tion. It is an alluvial part in the continental drainage of thology, degree of physical and chemical weathering ex- the Ganga Fluvial System and is characterized by its low perienced by the source area and subsequent changes elevation (<300 m above mean sea level), low relief (20– during transportation and deposition processes. The 35 m) and high population density (>500 persons/km2). Himalayan rivers like; the Ganga, the Brahmaputra, the They are also characterized by eroded and incised fluvial Yamuna and part of the Indus, all flowing along the south- terraces which is deeper upstream, close to mountain ern slopes, have increased in the marine Sr after the front. Geologically, GAP is mainly formed by sediments Himalayan collision during Cenozoic period derived from the Himalayan region during Late Quater- (Krishnaswami et al., 1992; Singh et al., 1998; English nary. The uppermost part of the sediment succession in et al., 2000; Karim and Veizer, 2000; Bickle et al., 2001; the basin is made-up of inter-layered 1–2 m thick fine Dalai et al., 2003). The Sr isotopic composition of the sand and silty mud deposits with discontinuous calcrete river is a good tracer to understand the weathering and to horizons (Singh et al., 1999). These sediments are con- determine Sr budget determination (Dalai et al., 2003). sidered as the source material which undergoes the in- The Sr flux can be attributed to either silicate weathering tense chemical weathering processes controlled by the (Galy et al., 1999) or carbonate weathering (English et monsoonal precipitation, extreme annual temperature al., 2000). However, the silicate weathering is responsi- variation and mineral composition of the alluvial ble for Sr contribution as compared to carbonate weath- sediments (Singh et al., 2010). ering. and Sr isotopic ratios indicate the weathering rates The GRB is an alluvial river basin in the north-west- (Miller et al., 1993; Probst et al., 2000; Stewart et al., ern part of GAP and drains 30,437 km2area, located be- 2001). The isotopic variations of Sr also provide natural tween 25–29∞N and 80–84∞E in the interfluve region of fingerprinting of soil-water interaction (Pett-Ridge et al., the Ganga and Ghaghara rivers (Fig.
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