iii'

~ ~ D'" CD o i :la CENTRAL SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE 0-... House# 1, Purok Aguinaldo University of the Philippines Di/iman, Quezon City Tel. Nos. 978741, 9760611oc. 735 ;0, Box 655, Greenhills, Metro Manila 3173 2/pSSC Social Science Intcrmatlon April - June 19781 EDITORIAL Th, Flip-Flop Power of the Press Release: , .. ,~ . The Case of the Tao't Bato FRANK LYNCH, S. J. When the phone rang I was far gone, Discipline Representative for Anthropology but not completely asleep. So it was not PSSC Executive Board too difficult to locate the source of the sound and pick it up. What came through rim. Fire was made by the use of flint and 1 to me was that the person on the line was tinder, dried moss in particular. A picture a newspaper man with a deadline and some caption referred to the Tao't bato as how much of this release is his; I can't questions. possible descendants of Tabon man. figure out where the publicity ends and He had been furnished a press release The caller wanted answers to three Peralta begins. And we can't get through to about a newly-discovered Filipinb group questions: first, were the people really Dr. Peralta. He's in Palawan." The reporter identified as the Tao't bate, or~ "stone previously unknown? second, were they had a point,and now I had a problem. people," of Palawan. It looked asl though likely descendants of Tabon man? and At my request, he read the release ·again, the item might be important, like the news third, were they genuine "primitives" more slowly, and I concentrated as well as of the Tasaday in 1971, but be coJldn't be - like the Tasaday of South Cotabato, I could at that hour of the night. sure. In matters like this he had ho way, for example? _ Were the Tao't bato previously un­ himself, of telling a press releas~ from a My first reaction was defensive. Palawan known? Put that way, the question had put-on, so would I help? I'd t~, I said. was not my turf, Isaid. Call Bob Fox, or (and has) little meaning, in my opinion, The ethnographic contents o~ the re­ Carlos Fernandez, or Jim Eder, or Eric but I went along with it I recalled that lease were those we all read in the Manila Casino, or the Macdonalds -Ibut not me. Bob Fox had written that two or more dailies the next morning, May 16. The But they were all out of the country or Palawan groups lived seasonally in caves. Tao't bato were reported as ~O families out of town and unavailable, the caller Maybe this was one of them. The passage living in caves "carved out of vertical replied, and this was urgent. . I referred to was from an article Fox cliffs" surrounding the "mile-widefrater of Remembering that Jesus Peralta, curator published in the book edited by Yen and an extinct volcano in Hansanq." (Ransang of the National Museum's division of Nance, Further Studies on the Tasaday is a barrio of Quezon, the Palaw~n rnunl­ anthropology, was mentioned in the news (1976). The quotation would appear in cipalitv in which in 1962 Dr. Robert B. release, I fell back to a second line of a follow-up article on the Tao't bato two Fox discovered the upper Pleistocfne fossil defense. "Look, Jess Peralta is a highly days later (May 18) and be clarified in a remains of Tabon man.) The ren and competent, experienced Stateside-trained subsequent release (May 31), in which Fox women wore barkcloth apparel (g-strings, Ph. D. in anthropology. If he says it, you would be quoted as saying this was not orne tapis). beads, and other ornamerits, They can print it." Satisfied with this master of the groups he had referred to. To some planted cassava, camote, and si1ilar root stroke, I was ready .to hang up. "That's extent, the question was answered by later crops in fields 1000 feet below th1e crater's the problem," said the caller "I'm not sure Continuedon P8fJ8 117

I~ISocal sake • IRFOR".Tlon 1978 Executive Board A quarterly newsletter published ~ the PHILIPPINE SOCIAL Gabriel U. Iglesias,Chairman SCIENCE COUNCIL, INC. (PSSC)lwith offices at House No.7, Vicente R. Jayme, Vice-Chairman Purok· Heneral Aguinaldo, UniversitYof the Philippines, Diliman, Alberto V. Ampil, Secretary-Treasurer Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. P.O. Box 655 Green- Caridad S. Alfonso Frank Lynch, S.J. hills, San Juan, Metro Manila. 3113··1 Phil.. Tel. Nos. 97-87-41, Gelia T. Castillo Natividad J. Munarriz 97·26-71,97-60-61 loc. 735. SUbSCriPtiOn: P15, US$8/year. Mercedes B. Concepcion Cristina P. Parel Editorial: Leni S. Diaz Rosita L. Fondevilla Dominador Z. Rosell Circulation: Sylvia V. Tan, Elvira C. Sevilla Marcelino.A. Foronda. Jr. Bonifacio P. Sibayan Loretta MakasJarSleat, Executive Director PCPMSP No. 315 Member: PAPI Vicente B. Valdape.flas,Jr., Immediate past chairman The PSSC SOCIAL SCIEN.CE INFpRMATIONI primarily seeks to sarve as a c1earinghousafor tha exchange of information, documentation, research activities, and news on people involved in the social sciences. Since 1973, it has endeavoured to be a regular and comprehensiva inventory of infonnation and a catalyst of discussion. ,I Unless so indicated, the views e)(\:)cessed by the authors of feature articles in this publication do not necessarily reflact the policies of the Philippine Social Science Council. ; ALL RIGHTS RESERVED: To quote from an article in this publication, proper acknoWledgment should be given to the name of the publication, date, and volume no. .

i ! 1 PSSC Social Science Information

The Ideology Of Tagalog Socially­ Conscious Literature: 1900 -1930

VIOLETA S. IGNACIO

Literature is significant only in so far as or in a foreign language was virtually ted the different kinds of ideology from the writer is able to draw out truths from stunted because of the strict S'panish the socialism of Karl Marx, the anarchism his interpretations of a social milieu and censorship and influences. For fear of of Michael Bakunin, the utopianism of uses these truths to transform society from subversion, reading matter was limited to Robert Owen to the liberalism of' Jose its oppressive or moribund state. Literature awits, novenas, corridos, pasyons, and Riza!. They were basically reformist but should serve as a medium in which indivi­ komedyas. Although there appeared sometimes anti-American literature that dualism becomes taboo and the writer isolated pieces of work like Pedro Paterno's revealed the economic condition of the integrates with the people. It is only by a Ninay and Rizal's works, they did not workers. courageous assessment of the, social reali­ constitute a product strong enough to Basically, American colonial rule ties, exposing and repudiating human acquire national influence. However, intensified the country's feudal structure exploitation that literature becomes signifi­ Rizal's writings and the literary. works 'that was nurtured by an agricultural eeono- cant and relevant. of. the propagandists introduced litera­ . my. Whatever "development" that: the ture to the Filip,inos as a medium of United States had intended for the country Any modern artist of significance protest, The intellectuals of the first Was directed at developing an excessively cannot remain isolated againstIthe pressing three decades of American rule, in their specialized agriculture entirely dependent needs of his society. He must rove within protest against the existing order, found on America as market which in turn the social realities of his age and serve as themselves heirs to the same instrument. supplied finished goods for the Philippines. .Its conscience. . Thus, conscious . I Iy or un- consciously, he reveals its strength, as well In trade relations, the open-door doctrine, American Economic Policy and Effect as its weaknesses. He becomeJ in effect a contrary to its pronouncements, was practically and irreversibly a closed one. social critic by becoming par~isan to'the In their desire to stifle dissent against' social transformation of a society. Celso With the preferential treatment on their rule, the American coloniaiists passed), Zafranco defines the artist's \'function in American finished products coming into the Sedition Law. The law curtailed the the country and the reduction of the his poem "Ang Makata:" freedom of the press of the Filipinos. United States tariff on Philippine agnicul­ Kapag ang baya'y dinusta't hinamak Faced with this restriction but still Ang me« makata ay nakikiiamos'l tural commodities, the trade relations Na anti glnagamit ay hindi ang ta1Jak, unhampered, the Filipino intellectuals worked to the advantage of the United Kung hindianti kanyantl dakilangpanulat; resorted to literature to expose their States. Specifically, it only reduced the ~g Saksi'y 'BI Del Pilar: 8a bagslk ytak, opposition to American rule. In masque­ Ang moos ngsakim ay nalsambulat. Philippines into an excessively specialized maltrea~d rading their works, they used symbolism agricultural economy with a low purcha­ (If the nation is and and resorted to chameleon plays. But the oppressed, the poets involve thelnselves. sing power while helping industrialize on Using not the arm. But the noble pen: writer-intellectuals had diverse opinions. a grand scale - and on a capitalist-feudal Del Pilar is the witness: to th;e sharp Some stood for political independence, relationship - the United States. Herein mind, The base of the glutton liS shat­ others campaigned for economic liberation. lay the basic truth in American polic\1: it tered.l It was in aspiring for the latter that they. promised to set the Philippines politically Under Spanish colonialism,! a Filipino produced the socially-eonscious literature. free while making her economically depen­ l: literary tradition whether in the vernacular Tagalog socially-eonscious literature reflec- dent on the United States. Patricio Mariano commented:

Paanong di gayon, ay hindi kabalat' ang puhunang dayo ay walang pagli­ ngap•..l The author is an instructor at the ana kung mamatay tayo "tong lahat University of the Philippinesl Extension yumaman langslla't magbalon ng pilakr2 Division, Clark Air Base. Her article (Why should we, when we belong to is based on her Masteral th~sis of the another race? foreign capitalistfs care even less . . ., same title for which she ~as granted what if they enrich themselves with a PSSC Discretionary Research Award. silver, what if we all perish?) Juan C. Bugarin concurred: Bulaklak na put! ang buhay kong 4!PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978 ....

angkin, American patronage of the elitist Federa­ Other writers urged action and called for Nilasog ng isang paruparong itim; lists Party re-inforced the return to power an armed revolution. Jose Gloria for ins­ Bunga ng halaman akong nasa hardin Tinuka sa ubod ng gutom na lawin; of the cacique class whose domination tance, wrote: Para akong Kristong sa huros ng lagim rendered it difficult for the tenant class Parong hindi natatantong ang lahat ng lnulos ng ibig sumaksak sa akin; to assert their economic and political yamang taglay At palayok akong dating walang uling Ay utang sa hukbo·hukbong mangga­ Sinigan sa kalan upang magka-ausing. 3 independence. Writers of the period, ever sensitive, penned their protests. gawang walang humpav; (My life was akin to a white flowe, Sa datgdig, kamlng manggagawa'y Aurelio Tolentino pictured the condition " That was smashed by a black butterfly; kanang kamay, r, I wasa fruit in the garden along these lines: Sa paglaya'y maaarlng lakas nami'y Whose flesh wasdevoured by the hungry gawing hagdan; eagle; Sinarlli ng mga maetnoo ang kaginha­ Kaml'y hindi natatakot na masawi at wahan ~ I looked like'Christ in the ghastly cross mamatay, I Stricken by one who wished mestricken; at itinira sa madla ang lohat ng hirap. Kung ang sanhl ay ang ating minlmlthing And I wasa pot without stain Ang bunga ng biyayang mana natin sa kasarfnlan. 6 Burned in the stove to makemeunclean. I Amang Maykapal ay slnarlli ng mga mayayaman, (It seems that they do not realize that The American colonial rulers in the at ang balat, ang ipa, siyang iplnupukol their wealth. Philippines engaged in winning over sa bay an, upanding pulutin at siyang They owe from the battalionsof workers pagagawanang kanin. 4 who endlessly toll; converts both at home and in the Philip­ On earth we the workersare the pines to their colonial policy in the Philip­ (The elite monopolized comfort and foremost assistants. pines. A colonial policy maintained in left all misery to the masses. The grace For independence our strength could be received from God Almighty was mono­ used as the means; isolation could suffer the absence of polized by the rich, and the refuse, the We are not afraid to perish and die. support and influence. A policy of trash, were thrown to the masses to be If the reason is our cherished indepen- deception was therefore hatched ~o give pickedup and grabbed as food.I dence.1 1. the impression that the retention lof the By tile turn of tile century, the contra­ The writers spoke of a revolution but they I Philippines as a colony was nefessary. diction between the landlord and the overlooked the fact that without an alter­ Colonial policy was couched in d~ceptive tenant had become extreme but without native economic system even a successful terms like "democratizing" the F~IiPinos. severing completely their economic inter­ armed revolution would render the effect A slogan that could win over th~ more dependence. The traditional paternalistic superficial. influential and propertied elite Iin the relation was being replaced by a cash-based Lacking a well-defined ideology to guide Philippines was "economic development." economy. This transformation hastened by them, the writers only exposed the ex­ The slogan gained acceptance frbm the an expanding market for cash crop was ploitative condition of the workers and elite who saw an opportunity to :convert made available by the free-trade system. As urged them either to unite or to reform their lands into export-oriented farms in a result, land became even more important themselves. Protest among the Filipino the name of "economic development," as a source of wealth in the economy. The writers of socially-conscious literature This program of economic development and became an end in itself. There was no I accelerated change was eroding whatever reforms was attractive as it fil~ed the bond the peasant and the landlord still indication that the writers were advocating Filipinos particularly the elite witH awe to shared. Understanding or caring for the a specific ideology as an alternative to the the beneficial potential of Ameridn right, tenants' observed behavior diminished as existing order. Although they were anti­ wealth and scientific advancement In the the relation was reduced to a mere business colonialist, their writings' showed no end, as the American colonial rulers I partnership. Jacinto Manahan stated: evidence that tIley were anti-capitalist; outlined, Filipinos would wish to Identify ••• Ang kadalMang nangyayarl ay patf Their class standpoint did not negate this themselves with the Americans and to form na yaong labas na gawaln sa bukld ay assumption. permanent bonds with them. ipinatutungkol at lplnagagawa pa Tin sa magsMaka. Ang magsasaka sampu ng Labor Movement Towards this end, tile Americans relied asawa at mea anak, kung mlnsan ay Blya upon the network of influenceI of the pang glnagawang utuBan, bataan, tagG­ While it was true that Philippine labor Filipino elite. They became tile active pagllnlB sa bahay ng kaBama, tagapagha­ movement arose from labor grievances, it kot at tagapagbuhat ng mga kasangka­ beneficiaries of the "dernocratizlng" pan at mea Ibang kallangan, tagagawa nevertheless did not originate directly from reform for being granted seatsI in the at tagapagpallt ng mea .'rang tukod, the working class. It had been organized government bureaucracy, and ~romised hallgl, sahlg ng bahay 0 kamallg, at kung and led by the few intellectuals who did mlnsan pa ay tagapagbakod ng silong, retention of their privileged status in the naparangmistulang busabos atallpln .••6 not belong to the working class. Leaders economic set-up. It would therJfore be like Isabelo de los Reyes, Lope K. Santos, (Often, even non-agricultural work are ridiculous to predict that these p61iticians Dominador Gomez, etc., were non­ I assigned to the tenants. The tenant would execute a vigorous nationalistic including his wife and children at times workers. These leaders were able to keep I program that would wrest control of the are enslaved, made cleaner of the land­ their influence over the masses, most af lord's house, carrier and transporter of nation's economy from the colonizers their belongings and necessary things. them by writing. Their prestige was further when they were the beneficiariesIof alien fixer of their torn-clown foundation, enhanced by their proclaimed slogan of favors. Their co-optation with the Ameri- house posts, floor and sometimes as immediate, absolute independence. Having I mender of their fence much like cans defeated any hope of expeqting any servants; to others, they look like slaves thus the movement under their control, truly socio-economic change from them. or serfs ...1 they used the workers to bargain with I i r I :~ PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978/5

their demands on the colonizers. Keeping even more widening gap in the cIassstratifi­ not depart from the moral themes of the in mind the masses' fighting will during the cation of the people. Higher education moro-moro, awit, and corrido. There' was Revolution, the majority of the labor contributed to the tightening of the social no originality in subject matter nor tech­ leaders could not unleash the workers' cleavage in the country. The university nique in writing. Even the most serious capacity against the status quo lest they made it inevitable for the young intellec­ socialist literature tended to be romantic. would be caught in the crossfire or find tuals to come into an alliance with the This being the case, the economic ideas it themselves siding with the masses which moneyed class. Their immediate concern tried to present were muddled by the love­ was inimical to their elitist outlook. They was to climb up the ladder and join the story and the idealism the story contained. would just be instrumental in enabling the elite someday. In Europe, the intellectuals The literary works of the first three elite in asking more concession, Francisco had no enduring tie with the feudal nobill­ decades as a whole were nothing more than laksamana claimed: ty. This being so, they managed to a call to unite for the defense of workers' challenge the power of the nobility and rights, regard for the dignity of labor' and Matunda na ang ating binubuons an expose of the workers' way of life. In kQPisanan, ngunlt hanggang ngayo'y wala eventually replaced them without being tayong nagagawa kundl mag·abuluyan materially affected. But in the Philippines, the works of this category, it was clear that pagka may namamatuy na kasama 0 the intellectuals came mostly from a group the writers had not yet grasped the socialist kamag·anak nlto. at bahagya nang ideology. Although it was possible that pagdalaw-dalaw at katlkatltlng na abuloy whose main avenue for advancement in sa mga nagkakasaklt. 7 the social scale was education if not with the introduction of western marriage. Being economically dependent education, they had read the works of (It had been years since we estab­ Western socialists, their works reflected lished our labor ,union but until now, upon the elite, the intellectuals did not we have not done anything except to have the means to challenge the upper nothing but shallow comprehension of the contribute when II relative or a member class. The most they could do was to true meaning of sOCialism. In fact, the dies, and sometimes to visit and give aid become meek followers, ready to serve number of socialist names frequently to the sick'! ! the master at his bidding. In fact, the intel­ mentioned revealed that there was no one The labor unions and the ~riter-Iabor lecttials did not hesitate to acknowledge ideology guiding them. On one hand was leaders, while urging the workJrs to orsa­ their identification with them. Such was the anarchism of Michael Bakunin, Peter nize, preached reformism. Isatklo de los the quality of the intellectuals who volun­ Kropotkin and Eliseo Reclus. In between Reyes, for instance, voiced theiaim of the teered and claimed leadership for the these two was the Utopianism of Robert union as "a friendly assoclatlon of capital masses. Owen, Claude H. Saint·Simon, Charles and labor."s These writer-labor leaders Fourier and others. There were times when found some support from other\writers. To Conclusion Filipino heroes like Jose Rizal and Baltazar lend service, Julian C. Balmaseda's poem were cited too. Even Pope leo XIII did not o I went th IS way: I The Filipino writers were free to escape citation. Due to this confusion, explore the various techniques of art ­ the scientific understanding of the struggle "Lumaya ang Paggawa 'a Lupang Tinubuan at magkasundo through symbolism, stage trickery, perso­ between labor and capital had not been lagl ang Pawl8 at ang Yaman •.•" nified abstraction, etc. - tomake literature made evident except for the fact that labor Ito ang darokilang nail ng Khtauhan significant. But the Tagalog writers even in was exploited and the capitalist profit at Ito ang pangarap ng KaJ,aiPlnu. han. 9 the first half of the twentieth century were came from the sweat of the oppressed still bound by folk tradition. Most of them class. The outcome of this lack of socialist ("Set labor free in one's Native had allowed themselves to be influenced by orientation if not superficial flattery to the land and always mend things between labor and Capital . • ." audience interest - or what they assumed worker, was nothing but a narration' of This is the noble wish of rlankind to be - producing literature that was an the conflict between the laborers and the and this is the dream of the Filipino inadequate vphicle unable to interfere with management. In this context, the writers land.) . i the lives of the masses. This convention were rebellious but not revolutionary. The writers were sometimes! anti-Ame­ ~na,!owed down their approach, writing They failed to relate economy with ideo­ rican, but they were not antl-cepltal. They content suffered from repetition and the logy or politics. They limited themselves were just anti-elite, not as a class but writers as a rule, refused to engaged in to preaching the importance of unity. It in the way they used the sFmi.feudal experimentation. Their works often dealt was possible that the writers were j~st and capitalist system against the masses. with the. life of two people whoSe love was keeping pace with the time in producing I One is therefore tempted to ask why the undermined either by parental objections the socialist work. intellectuals, some coming from! the labor or by another suitor. Filipino literature Considering the effectiiiity of the class themselves, still opted for the preser­ reflected Filipino feudal cultural behavior. writers' medium of communication, they vation of the very system that vyas oppres­ Not only was there excessive sentirnenta­ could have used their literary works as sive and over which they displayed in­ lism, but there was also sentimentalized a medium not only to unfold reality but dignation. Having all the qualities to lead idealization of life. This technique became also to disseminate ideas that would help the masses - leadership, intelligence, overused that even the socialist literature the masses develop firm determination to persuasiveness - why, if reform was provi· was unable to escape from it literature change the prevailing condition. Of all the ded, were they willing to join the elite? therefore became pure entertainment and a social classes, lnsplte of their lack of educa- Education in the Philippines had left an vehicle for moralizing, something that did Continuedon page ,31 6/PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1975:

Sex and the Single Filipino: A Holistic Approach

ALEX GILANDAS,ICECILIA GASTARDO - CONACO, JUDY SEVILLA

This article is an abstract of volume one an opportunity to express the meaning of economic strata and various othen sub­ from a four volume cross-cultural series on their own sexuality in their own words. cultural clusters. Most importantly, F. the sexuality of Third World Women.! Breaking the sexual silence between the Landa Jocano's field studies have demons­ Special emphasis has been given to the sexes can only have a positive ripple effect trated that there is no tight fit between 3 single Filipina in order to emphasize the upon the culture in general and facilitate Filipino norms and actual behaviors. truism that human sexuality does not begin authentic heterosexual relationships in par­ Every quantified sample of Filipino sexual on one's honeymoon but is a major deter­ ticular. behaviors produces different. statistics minant of personality, and as a central This longitudinal study deals with the which may have no meaningful relationship life force pervades one's existence from Filipina's sexuality from her own experi­ to other groups. It is not even possible to womb to tomb. Such a focus ~Iso dramati­ mental point of view, as the first erotic generalize the content of an individual zes the social consequences of ithe denial of throb of childhood evolves into the sharp­ female's sexual statistics even to herself the existence of sexuality i~ unmarried ly focused sex drive of the young adult (let alone to others) if the context of her women upon Filipino culture +a whole. woman. A broad spectrum of the Filipi­ love relationship changes. Consequently, Much of wtJ.at a. woman introjects na's sexual activities, both overt· and any statistics reported are the least impor­ about her sexuality is too of.ten a process covert, is documented. Her fantasies, feel­ tant aspect of this research and is certain­ I of mystification - anatomical~y, physiolo- ings about masturbation, reactions toward ly not the main thrust of the study. gically and psychologically erroneous. That kissing, necking, petting, and intercourse, No specific hypotheses were formulated female sexuality may have I a complex together with the types of sexual inter­ for the project. It was only assumed that nature of its own beyond beIng merely actions most satisfying and/or disturbing the individual differences exist in humans a passive reaction to male ~e*uality is an to her are related verbatim. The sexual and that healthy, integrated females who exciting area of research witt, profound awareness of the subjects who participated are characterized by generally superior implications for both men a~d women.? in the study was also assessed on the basis levels of functioning have also achieved a Although some superficial attitude of somatic, psychological and intellectual relatively healthy sexual adjustment No surveys are available in the loc~lliterature, criteria. Finally, the meaning of the sub­ assumptions were made about what form Filipino women have never been seriously jects' erotic activities were evaluated by their sexual functioning would take within consulted about their sexualitv. Much is monitoring the various contexts in which Filipino culture. Indeed, since a hypothesis written about how females SHOULD feel they expressed their sexuality. is merely a set of expectations based upon but no attempt has been ma8e to expli­ a particular experimenter's fantasies, rigid citly document their real er6tic feelings Methodology preconceptions may unduly limit the scope and sexual behaviors. Conseq~ently, this Pilot studies showed that the normative­ of research within emotionally loaded area of female personality funftioning has statistical attitudinal approach is inade­ areas. been surrounded by euphemism, leaving quate when used alone in the investigation In order to identify the causal factors a vacuum in the psychology 10f Filipino of such an intimately personal behavior functioning in Filipina sexuality, a small women. as sexual functioning. Sexual attitudes purposively defined sample of women was Here, for the first time, young, highly vary remarkably across Filipino ethnic - selected and their psychosexual behavior educated and articulate womenl were given groups, age levels, peer groups, socio- was monitored longitudinally as 1they interacted within specific contextual situa­ tions which varied over time. Stringent The senior author is a visiting professor medical and psychological evaluations toge­ of the Department of Psychology, Univer­ ther with exacting vocational performance lisl~n sityof the Philippines. He Australian criteria were used to isolate 40 intellec­ with permanent residency papers in India tually gifted and emotionally integrated and the Philippines whO\ has done field females (free of neuroses and personality work throughout Asia. He obtained his Ph. disorders) between the ages 20-25 from all ~e D. in psychology from University of over Metto Manila. Technical consultants Oregon and has published: two books and from ob-gyn, neuropsychiatry and clinical 10 articles on cross-cultu tal research. Dr. I psychology collaborated in comprehensive­ Gilandas is married to a Hllpina physician. , ly monitoring the sexual functioning; of the subjects (the holistic approach).4 PSSC Social Science Information April-- June 197817

Such in-depth studies of the sexuality of evaluated the latter's transcript together, boyfriend and I think the word sharing Is more appropriate. Inter­ emotionally integrated women have a high and the data base was classified to be course removed a barrier and probability of yielding objective data complete when both parties were confi­ opened a door for both of us to concerning the characteristics of healthy dent that it reflected as much as possible a deeper relationship In terms cf love, caring, respect and confi­ female sexual adjustment Being the the sexual status of the female concerned. dence." "cream" of their culture, thls purposive 3. All the data collected in this study MariaS..... selective sample has an additional signifi­ was coded using Alex Gilandas' problem­ 22 year old graduate cance in that it may be the harbinger of oriented psychiatric recording system to !ltudent In Psychology changing sex roles within a society in monitor the heterogeneous information Qn: "If you are still living at home transition. processed from the data base. 5 This with your parents what explicit! implicit rules about sex are ope/l&o The data base was formulated, collect­ coding system allows the study of the in­ tlng within your family milieu? ed and processed in the following manner: teraction of various levels of personality How do such rules affect you? 1. Filipina sexuality was demarcated with certain sexual themes and isolated any Would you like less or more res­ trictions on sex? If you have had into 70 sub-categories containing 112 patterns that may emerge. Such a standar­ intercourse with your boyfriend themes that would be amenable to analy­ dized classification of overlapping emo­ do your parents know? How did sis. These topics derived from a review of tional themes allows a quantitative .ap­ (would) they react?" empiricallitera~re, Ans: "If only possible, my parents ... the pertinent and more proach to subjective realities and may be lilly father is Chinese • • • would importantly the subjects themselves were termed phenomenological statistics. Conti­ prohibit aven the simple gesture consulted concerning what they deemed to nual feedback from the subjects was a of holding hands. But becauSe ~ursue they know it's Impossible they be the most valid areas to for an feature of the monitoring process. can tolerete subtle gestures of understanding of their sexuality. Each sub­ A by-product of the longitudinal study intimacy (holding hands, emb... category was formulated inti> a series of was a cross-sectional analysis of the sexual cing. kissing) as long as It Is never done In their presence. explicit questions which I helped the behaviors of more than 3,000 females The thought of any deeper forms subjects to concretely encounter their between the ages of 16 and 18 who were of sexual Intimacy would defi­ sexual realities. Since this atea of female enrolled in first year at the University of nitely cause them untold horrors. I These rules are pathetic because psychC"logy was "virgin territory," these the Philippines during the 1977-78 acade­ no honesty and openness can questions were approached bpen-endedly mic year. This sample came from all over exist In our family. It can be quite in unstructured interviews. IThese inter­ the country and represent an intellectual ridiculous since my parents still live in the 19th century and don't views were the basis of the Sexual Status who's who of the younger generation.' The allow me to 90 out without a Examination, an instrumeni which was SexualStatus Examination was formulated chaperone .. : but I litill manage specifically designed to asseSs the sexual into ballot papers; these were filled in ano­ to have Intercourse with my boyfriend whenaver I want to. Of functioning of our subjects. I nymously and collected in ballot boxes course my parents don't know 2. A longitudinal approach was used to during the compulsory State University about this since I live in a dormi­ monitor the subjects' sexu~lity. During social orientation program for freshmen. tory. If they did, I'd expect two things to happen: my mother these long-term relatiOnShiPsl the subjects This tabulation of contemporary teenage would have a heart attack and my and the investigators worked together for sexual activities gave the more intensive father would try to force my boy­ two years in clarifying the totality of the investigations of the 2Q.25 year old sample friend to marry me immediately ... although we both have three former's sexual functioning.!The subjects a broader social context and generated yearS to··go before completing generated transcripts of thei~ sexuality by some interesting questions concerning the medical school, another year's writing down all the erotic ~ctivities they future Filipino sexual scenario. internship plus three more years in the reside.ncy program. I'm not engage in. These were recorded on large in a position to get married for standardized index cards which were sorted Results another seven years but that into the 70 sub-categories ~tudied. The doesn't mean I'm not in a posi­ The major purpose of this study is to tion to make love with my boy­ investigators' role was to ~acilitate an • ..1 .. introduce an authentic sourcebook of friend..." accepting, supportive environment In female psychosexual data into the local which the subjects could u~obstructedlY PiaG ... clinical-personality research literature. The 20 ye.arold medical student record the raw data of their sexuality in text documents approximately 1,000 pages privacy and without a time Illimit Empha­ The processed data yielded 307 conclu­ of sexual communications from young, sis was placed upon documenting explicit sions concerning the Filipina's premarital single Filipino women at a level of trans­ ' descriptions of on-going sexutllfeelings and sexual behaviors ranging from the reflex parency not previously available in print behaviors. Every effort w made to level (physical symptoms during orgasm) to Some typical excerpts from the Sexual contact the experiential foun .ations of the complex relationship variables (psychologi­ Status Examination appear below: Filipina's sexuality and to avo d conceptual cal mechanism used after a broken love mo~itoring Qn: "Have you experienced sexual material such as merely atti­ intercourse? What are (were) affair). Space merely permits briefi refe­ tudes, since the latter are often discrepant your feelings about losing your rence to the following five recurring: with actual behavior. Verbal !anguage is virginity?" themes: Ans: "I wouldn't say I 'lost' my virgini­ notoriously more' unreliable. than body ty, because this suggests I ceased 1. There appears to be no tight fit bet­ language. The investigator and the subject to possess something. In fact, my ween the traditional Filipino norm of 8/PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978,

strict abstinence from all forms of premari­ functioning if adequate contraceptive pre­ tionale for the double standard of morality tal sex in females and the actual sexual cautions are taken. The stigma of "Ioss" has been broken by the advances of effec­ behaviors of the subjects. In fact it was of virginity does not appear to be an tive contraceptive technology. The physi­ unusual for the subjects not to display objective female status but is perceived to cal results of coitLis need no longer differ some degree of sexual involvement if they be an iatrogenic problem manufactured between the sexes; only psychological were emotionally involved. The discrepan­ by the double standard of rnoralltv.? restrictions remain. cy between the Filipina's public "face" 4. Religious devoutness did not signifi­ Perhaps our most controversial finding and her private sexual behavior is dramatic cantly influence the occurrence of coitus is that a significant percentage of ¥oung indeed. The double standard of morality but merely limited its frequency for the Filipinas engage in premarital coitus if ensures that sexually active single women subjects. This finding is discrepant with the they are in love. The following suppor­ take strict precautions in order to become Western literature which consistently tive studies carried out within the last 12 "invisible" entities. Indeed, i~ is question­ reports that devout Catholic women have months suggest that permissiveness with able whether traditional norms reflect the a lower incidence of premarital coitus than affection may already be a well-established contemporary sexual behaviors of the the less devout although the degree of in­ although covert sexual ethic in courting younger generation of females or serve volvement in other forms of premarital couples today: more to mask them. 6 Two tables (which sex is not significantly different between 1. The Child and Youth Research could not be printed due to sPfe problem) the two groups. 1 0 Center's national survey of the sexual indicate that virtually all the women in 5. Marriage appears to be more popular practices of rural and urban Filipino ., the older age group have (o~ have had) than ever among these intellectually gifted adolescents across nine ethnic groups and I boyfriends. Only approximately 30 percent Filipino women although they tend to all socio-economic levels concluded that of the girls in the younger gro~p have boy­ marry later and desire fewer children premarital sex was "part of the changing friends. The rest have not yeti had an ade­ (approximately half of the number their times, lifestyles and outlook." Twenty­ quate opportunity to engage in the broad mother had). All of the subjects plan to three percent of the teenage female: sub­ spectrum of sexual activities with a marry eventually and 35 percent have jects reported knowing one to three girl­ partner. Sexual activities, however, tend to already done so since the termination of friends who engage in intercourse. More escalate rapidly after the teenabe years. the study. suprisingly, 30 percent of women today 12 2. Premarital sex was not Iapproached In conclusion, it must be emphasized propose marriage to their boyfrienCils. casually by the subjects and promiscuity that the results from the purposive selec­ The possibility of a respectable Filipino held no attraction for them. fhe prevail­ tive sample must not be indiscriminately girl making the first move, let alone ing sexual ethic appears to be permissive­ generalized to other groups of Filipino courting and proposing marriage to a man ness with affection; that is, the subjects women since the normative-statistical ap­ she is interested in would have been un­ tended to regulate their sexual ~tivities by proach was not the intent of the study. thinkable only one decade ago. the amount of affection they ~ad for their Obviously, the findings at the reflexive 2. Sister Jeanette Rimondo's study of boyfriend. This ethic has been widely level (e.g. the characteristics of orgasm) the sexual behaviors of female adolescents reported in contemporaryI literature may be applicable to all women but the in Baguio and the surrounding Mountain and is popularly called the "rew" mora­ data concerning the higher psychological provinces reveals that 21 percent engage in lity.7 The intellectually gifted and emo­ processes may b& less so. As the traditional coitus. There were no significant differen­ tionally mature women co~posing the Filipina's status continues to rise, however, ces in sexual activities of girls from urban Metro Manila sample tended to integrate it will tend to a~proximate the sexuality and rural areas. Religious devoutness did their degree of emotional involJement with of the more educated subjects in this re­ not influence the extent of participation in 1 a congruent level of sexual i?VOIVement. .search, premi. . tal sex. 3 3. No specific personality profiles, Discussion 3. Aurora Palacio's (on-going longitudi­ behavioral patterns or particular lifestyle nal research) study of. "Sex and the served to distinguish the sU~jects who The question. is not whether the single Teenage Filipina" shows that of the State engage in premarital coitus fro"? those who Filipina's sexual behaviors are changing but University students between the ages of 8 do not. Rather, coitus app~ars to cut rather how quickly. For example, demogra­ 16 and 18 with boyfriends, 22 percent across all known psychological factors, phic studies at the University of the practice intercourse with their respective making it a useless criterion for predicting Philippines Population Institute show that i partners.I" There is no evidence to suggest ->4 anything about the subjects except for the marriage patterns are shifting rapidly that premarital coitus rates are lower in truism that the Filipino women who throughout the country. Filipinas are private schools. engage in it are in love. If an~thing, the marrying later than the bride of a decade 4. The longitudinal studies of the 2Q.25 virgins and the non-virgins in ~he sample ago, the average marital age today being year old age group reported in this abs­ shared more similarities than differences. 25. Jose Caluag's profile of the '77 bride­ tract show that there is a significant rise Although the fact of genital ~enetration to-be Is of a radically different woman to in sexual activities as the Filipina moves obviously has profound personal meaning that of her mother, being more ambitious, from adolescence to the early twenties; for the particular female concerned, there desiring fewer children (two only) and 72 percent of our subjects have expe­ is no evidence that this has any real objec­ having a knowledgeable commitment to rienced intercourse after leaving the teen­ tive significance in terms of her general contraception.II The physiological fa- age years. PSS.C Social Science Information April - June 1978/9

5. Zelda Zablan's studies of National "action" (and the "talent") is, in terms of Iy have to postpone marriage to a leiter age Demographic Surveys show that "about 20 preparing the take-off stage for modemi­ in a more complex society. Moreover, percent of first births to ever-married zation. Since some form of industrializa­ "today, girls everywhere are sexually women in the Philippines are premaritally tion seems necessary to reach higher mature at an earlier age than previous conceived as of 1973; Southem Mindanao levels of productivity, it is inevitable that generations since the trend toward Iearlier showed 24 percent of first births as prerna­ old customs give way to new life-scripts menarche appears to be universal:'25 By ritally conceived, Metro' Manila and which are more adaptive to the changing the time they marry, Filipino women will Northern Mindanao had 23 percent, environment. bring approximately ten years of sexual Cagayan Valley had 22 percent and Central Margaret Mead2o. and P. Jalee H have experience to the marriage bed assuming Visayas had 21 percent.,,15 Since only a documented a familiar pattern which that they began petting at an average age of minority of women who experience pre­ shows that the period wherein moderni­ 16. If thi~ trend continues, the IHlipina marital coitus become pregnant, it is prob­ zation takes place is a time of repid who marries as a virgin will certalnlv .be able that a majority of Fil,ipino women change regardless of the path taken, be it within a statistically deviant minority ilil today are no longer virgins prior to capitalist or socialist. Betty Yorburg's two generations' time, if she is not already marriage (65 percent being a statistically cross-eultural review of the interaction of so today. conservative estimate, based on a 30 technology with culture summarizes this The Sex Information and Educational percent pregnancy rate for the highest ubiquitous pattem: Council of the United States (SIECUS) risk sexually-active adolescent age As societies develop technologically. points out that during the past two thou­ group).16 and as scientific knowledge accumu­ sand years, the world "has never succeeded 6. Victoria Belo's investigation of a lates, certain values that are almost in bringing to adulthood as virgins the randomized sample of 1,006 Metro Manila universal in traditional societies ­ familism, ethnocentrism, religiositY, majority of even one generation of males showed that "73.3: percent of fatalism, and authoritarianism - are males.',26 David Shope has documented Filipino men under 30 years of age no gradually replaced by an oppcslts that as female status rises the sexuall beha­ longer strongly desire to +arry virgins, set of values. The modem values ­ individualism, tolerance and cosmo­ viors of women tend to approximate male the most typical response beillg, 'I'm not politanism, secularism, rationalism, patterns.27 Consequently, sexual absti­ a virgin, I can't expect to mlarry one!' In achievement and equalitarianism ­ nence is more likely to be an altemative fact, the young Filipino male prefers an become Incorporated Into the roles that men and women play, both in rather than a requirement for the single experienced 'virgin' for a I wife. Most the family and in other spheres of Filipina of the future. This need not be women tried to satisfy this paradox by life. These values affect sexual iden­ interpreted as a shift from purity to immo­ l titY, and they transform tYpical engaging in premarital intercourse only rality but is more adequately explained as ~ expectations in the relationships with the man designated to their future between the sexes in modem socie­ a challenge to the double standard. husbend,"! 7 I ties ••. DeveloPments in science and Vorburg anticipates that the current trend These radical alterations ih customary technology, rapid social changes and the women's movement are current­ toward sexual liberalism will continue but life-scripts between the sexes! are a conse­ ly providing the motivation for ques­ that "promiscuity without regard to person quence of the rapid socio-economic tioning traditional sex-typed role is definitely NOT the wave of, the changes occurring in the Philihpines which definitions. Increasingly men and future.,,28 women can base decisions about signal the transition of traditidnal patterns. I their activities, identities, destinies on As more Filipino women choose to Every major technological change produces knowledge rather than on dogma or express their sexuality within the confines tradition.22 social changes and "what is cJmmon to all of their own love relationship rather' than sociological thought today is Ithe sense of Alex Inkeles and David Smith have having their man seek casual relief from a i~ profound transformation industrial demonstrated. that the above values are not third party, premarital coital rates in fe­ society:,18 : intrinsically Western. Their analysis of a males must inevitably escalate. The long­ The developing countries \account for sample of 6,000 subjects from six develop­ term results may be a drop in promiscuity po~ulation two-thirds of the world's and ing countries identified a distinct psycholo­ rates among Filipino men. Commercial are moving in the direction of industriali­ gical profile of "modern" functioning and other superficial sources of sex are zation, health care and popular education which was remarkably alike in all the generally empty experiences and cannot on their own terms. Seymour Upset countries and cultures studied. The forces compare with sexual satisfaction within an perceives such creative technological forces which make persons "modern" were also involved emotional context that only' a as the harbinger for egalitarian relation­ found to be identical across culture.23 loving partner can provide. 19 ships between men and women. There are no longer any communities Female promiscuity is no more a crite­ Filipino sex roles still derive from tra­ which are totally isolated from the world rion of sexual liberation than is male ditional society with an agricultural base. at large. The steady rise in premarital promiscuity. The subjects we studied were lt wquld be more accurate to describe the coitus for females is a global trend from not interested in imitating the machismo Philippines as two societies !in one for which the Philippines has not been model of superficial sexual encounters. 24 within the traditional culture an industrial spared. There is every indication that This was perceived to be mutually exploi­ milieu is emerging with urban social this trend toward premarital sex will tative and hence the antithesis of sexual values. Twenty-five percent of Filipinos escalate steadily with rapid changes in liberation. A ubiquitous and oft-repeated live in Metro Manila and this is where the social conditions and as women increasing- theme in OUr research results was the 10/PSSC Social Science Information April - June '1978

subjects' desire for deepest sharing where­ of teenage pregnancy have been well To-Be" Philippine, Panorama, December 11, in their sexuality could be meaningfully documented.33 1977). expressed within an enduring love rela­ What is a national response to the 12Child and Youth Research center, Republic of the Philippines, "The Sex Practices tionship, Lourdes Lapuz suggests that the sexually active single Filipino women in and Problems of the Adolescent Filipino Stu­ putting aside of old categories brings good our midst.? To its credit, the nationwide dent," Philippine Journal of Child-Youth news to both Filipino men and women: symposium on the "Continuing Develop­ Development, Vol. VII, No.2, 1978. A new philosophy of relating ment of Fertility Control" sponsored by 13Sister Jeanette Rimondo, ..Disposition of is being evolved. Women do not the Family Planning Organization of the Female Adolescents Towards Premarital Sex," Doctoral Dissertation, submitted to the Depart­ have to join the men in playing Philippines has courageously confronted musical beds, but by shedding 34 ment of Psychology, St. Louis University, Baguio, prescribed roles they are assert­ this issue. It is hoped that other ele­ Philippines; ing themselves full persons. as ments in the community also display such 14Aurora Palacio, "Sex and the Teenage Roles decreed by customs are openness and courage. Multidimensional Filipina," on-going longitudinal project, nsting limited in scope and rewards. As and Research Department,' Division of Counsel­ full persons, both hope to learn programs are needed with a primary focus ling and Guidance, University of the Philippines, to love, honor, and innovate, and dis­ on education toward sexual responsibility 29 Diliman. cover deeper fulfillment in marriage. together with a secondary stress upon the 15Zelda Zablan, "Adolescent Pregnan­ Marriage is more popular than ever in availability of contraceptive services for all cy and Fertility: Their Demographic and Social the younger generation but couples are no women who need them regardless of civil Implications," Symposium in Fertility Control; longer marrying solely for sex per se but status. Manila Midtown Ramada Hotel, April 19, 1978. for more endu ring reasons.3 Paradoxi­ "Adolescents will have sex whether we 16Melvin Zelnik and John Kantner;. "A ° National Survey of Teenage Sexuality," (Balti­ cally, sex is both more and less important like it or not, whether there are restrictive more: John Hopkins University Press,1978). to the new Filipina than to thJ woman of laws or not. whether there is sex education 1 17Victoria Belo, Filipino MaleSexuality (In tradition. Being more accepting of her in the schools or not.,,3S Contrary to press). sexuality, the former is lessl anxiously popular belief, "birth control for adoles­ 18Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Indus­ preoccupied with conflicts oJer expres­ cents does not seem to lead to an unravel­ trial Society: A Venture In Social Forecasting sing her sex-drive than the latJr. Accord­ ling of social relations or to greater promis­ (New York: Basic Books, 1973). ing to Mead this is a mature t~end which cuity. Therefore, this development is not 19Seymour Upset, "The Computer Socie­ allows more emphasis to be p1laced upon something to be alarmed about in ethical ty," Time Magazine interview, February 20, the importance of cultivating: a deeply terms,',36 1978. personal human relationship end less upon 20Margaret Mead, Cultural Patterns and Technical Change (New York: Mentor, 1955) .. sex as a physiological need.fl To be FOOTNOTES pressured by sexual urges whic~ a couple 21p. Jalee, The Third World in World cannot handle outside of marriage is a 1Alex Gilandas, Cecille Gastardo-Conaco Economy, (New York, Monthly Review Press, and Judy sevilla, Sex and the Single" Filipina: A 1969). negative motive for wedding. I Holistic Approach lin press). New freedom brings new \problems. 22Betty Yorburg, Sexual Identity, Sex 2Helen Kaplan, The New Sex Thera­ Roles and Social Change (New York: John Wiley, "Many societies including the Philippines, py (New York: Bruner/Mazel, 1974). 19751. are in transition from the did mores I ' 3F. Landa Jocano, "Rethinking smooth 23Alex Inkeles and David Smith, Individual greatly designed to control sexual behavior, inter-personal relations," 'Philippine Sociological Change in Six Developing Countries (Cambrid'ge: towards new mores more sbecifically Review, Vol. XIV, No.4 (October 1967). Harvard University Press, 19741. arrived at the control of reproduction 4Jaime Zaguirre, Integrated Medical Psy­ 24Melvin Zelnik and John Kantner, A behavior. The large question whiJh remains chology (Quezon City: University of the East National Survey of Teenage Sexuality (Balti· more: John Hopkins University Press, 1974). is: Is it possible and desirable io remove Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical center, adolesc~nt College of Medicine, 19771. 2SZeida Zablan, Adolescent Pregnancy and society's iron leash upon sexual Fertility: Their Demographic and Social Implica­ I SAlex Gilandas, "The Problem-Oriented behavior while yet controlli,ng their tions, 1978. Record in Psychiatry," Australian and New reproduction, or is it still essential to Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 7: 138, 1973. 26Sex Informetion and Education Council of the United States (SIECUSI, Sexuality and control sexual behavior?"32 ' 6 Robert Lawless, An Evaluation of " Man (New York: Charles Scribners' Sons, 19701. The above is an academic question since Philippine CUlture-Personality Research, Mono­ the single Filipina has already broken this graph series No.3 Asian Center (Quezon City: 27Shope, Interpersonal sexuality, 1975. University of the Philippines Press, 19691. "iron leash." The principle devices for , 2&Betty Yorburg and I. Arafat, "On the repressing female sexuality in the form of 7Daniel Yankelovich, The New Mora­ pattern of living together without marriages." J lity: A Profile of American Youth in the Seven­ Journal of Sex Research. segregation and chaperoned dating have ties (New York: McGraw, 1974). ceased to exist. If premarital coitus 29Lourdas Lapuz, Filipino Marriages in Crisis 8David Shope, Interpersonal Sexuali­ (Quezon City: New Day Publisher, 19771. becomes an established norm in Filipino ty (Philadephia: W.B. Sounders Co., 1975). women without a parallel rise in contracep­ 30Paul Gephard (Ed.), American Sexual 9Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on Standards (Institute for Sex Research, Indiana tive responsibility, however, then ihere will the Management of Spoiled Identity (New University: in press). I .. be an increase in unwanted prebnancies. Jersey: Prentice Hall, 19631. 31Margaret Mead, "Marriage in two steps, Early parenthood destroys the prospect of 10Morton Hunt, Sexual Behavior in the Redbook Magazine,July, 1966. a successful economic and family life. 70's (New York: Dell Publishing ce.. 1974). Also, the medical and psychologlcal risks 11Jose Caluag, "Profile of the '77 Bride- Continued on page 14 PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978/11

reacted to the chosen field Research report d. How the students' occupational plans influenced the selection of their major field Student Satisfaction with College Environment 2. How satisfied are the senior college. students with their major field with respect in Selected Institutions of Higher Learning to: a. their academic standing ZENAIDA L. CRUZ b. the degree of interest of their course work The Pfiilippines has the distinction of tration and the faculty represents only the 3. What is the degree of satisfaction having the "most extensive system of opinion of two sectors of the tripartite of the senior subjects enrolled in three higher education in Southeast Asia." The community. The opinion of the students is types of educational environment - secta­ State operates thirty-nine (39) higher necessary to complete the total picture of rian, non-sectarian and state concerning educational institutions and the private the self-knowledge and image of colleges a. the faculty sector, six hundred seventy-two (672). and universities. Evaluation by graduating b. the administration The estimated collegiate enrollment for the students, who have the most mature and c. the students school year 1975-1976 in the private sophisticated view o·f their college, having diffe~ences colleges and universities in the Philippines been with her for four or five years, should 4. Are there any significant in the degrees of satisfaction of students is 739,494 while the estimated collegiate be valuable for the institution. enrollment in state colleges and universi­ coming from different types of educational ties is 90,390. Theoretical Framework environment, namely: Higher education is an important part a. sectarian This research is anchored on the theory of the Philippine educational system. b. non-sectarian that in the study of student satisfaction c. state Since it provides the nation with with college across schools providing its leaders, the economic development arid 5. Are there any significant relation­ different types of educational expe­ social proqress of the nation depends on ships between the students' academic riences, there are variables which relate and the quality of its graduates. In order to performance and their degrees of satisfac­ affect satisfaction with specific aspects of produce quality graduates, colleges and tion on various aspects of college environ­ the college environment It also assumes unlverslties in the Philippines should ment, namely: that relationships exist between selected strive to "grow in and towards intellectual a. the faculty variables and scales measuring satisfaction excellence." In order to achieve intellec­ b. the administration with various aspects of the campus environ­ tual excellence, colleges and universities c. the students ment must be committed to the acquisition of 6. Are the relative weights of the the most complete and up-to-date self­ Statement of the Problem degrees of satisfaction on various aspects of knowledge which serves as a pointer for college environment sufficient to predict further growth and development in the The specific questions answered in this the students' academic performance? • i varrous areas. : study are the following: Importance of the Study In the past, there had been much effort 1. What are the underlying circumstan­ at undertaking objective studies and evalua­ ces concerning the subjects' major field of This study is important because so far tion of colleges and universities. The most study with respect to the following: there are limited number of studies con­ common method used for evaluating the a. When the major field was decided ducted in the Philippines that are directly standards of institutions of high~r learning b. Who influenced the choice of concerned with the lever of satisfaction of is the evaluation of the administration and their chosen major college students with specific aspects of the faculty. The evaluation of the adminis- c. How the parents or guardians the college environment. While it must be recognized that student satisfaction does The author is assistant professor at the not necessarily imply that the gClals of Polytechnic University of the Philippines education are being achieved it may be (formerly the Philippine College of Com­ hoped that the identification of groups merce). that are relatively dissatisfied with their Her research report is an abstract of her college experience will stimulate develop­ dissertation of the same title for the degree ment of programmatic and procedural of Doctor of Education major in Adminis­ changes that are both educationally effec­ tration and Supervision. tive "and provide these students with a Mrs. Cruz is the recipient of a PSSC greater level of satisfaction. Thus, this Discretionary Research Award for this study may contribute in stren!TI:hening study. higher education through the improved relationship of students towards the facul- 12/PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978

ty, towards the administration, and mic standing in their major field of About fifty percent of the parents of I the ti~ld towards their fellow students. study. subjects strongly approved the major b. As a whole, the biggest number of chosen by their children. The selection of Methodology and Procedure subjects found the course work in their the subjects' major field was strongly major field very interesting. influenced by their occupational pllans. The subjects of the study were the The students from sectarian, non­ 3. The degree of satisfaction of senior senior students from three distinct types of sectarian and state institutions showed a subjects enrolled in different types of educational institutions, namely, two fair degree of satisfaction with their course educational environment - sectarian, non­ Catholic sectarian, two non-sectarian and work. They also showed a fair degree of sectarian and state institutions revealed two state colleges. These schools were the satisfaction with the faculty. the adminis­ College of the Holy Spirit, San Beda that: ] tration and their fellow students. College, University of the East, Manuel a. The students in the sectarian, non­ The faculty of sectarian schools had L. Quezon University, the Philippine sectarian and state institutions showed a more genuine interest in the problems of College of Commerce and the Philippine fair degree of satisfaction with the fa­ their students. The facilities, library and College of Arts and Trades. The subjects culty. equipment of sectarian schools are more were chosen by applying the systematic b. A bigger percentage of subjects adequate in comparison with state coUeges sampling procedure. from the state and non-sectarian institu­ and non-sectarian schools. The main tool in gathering data for this tions were fairly satisfied with the There are significant relationships study was a questionnaire constructed by competence of the administration. between the students' academic perfor­ the researcher patterned after Peterson's c. In general, the three groups of mance and their degrees of satisfaction College Student Questionnaire, Part II subjects showed a fair level of satisfac­ with the faculty and with the administra­ (CSQ - 2), devised at the Educational tion with their fellow students. tion. There is no significant relationship Testing Service of Princeton, New Jersey. 4. The significant difference in the between the subjects' academic grades. and Only those items in the CSQ which have degrees of satisfaction of the students their degree of satisfaction with their direct bearing on this study were selected, when they are grouped according to the fellow students. modified and used to suit the conditions in three types of educational environment, The faculty and the administration are local campuses. The responses of the namely: sectarian, non-sectarian, and state important components of the campus subjects were given the equivalent weights showed that: environment and are very good predictors or numerical values of 1-4 with the higher a. A bigger proportion of the faculty of academic performance. value indicating a greater degree of agree­ in the sectarian schools under study The best predictor of academic grades ment to the statement presented. Statisti- . I were generally interested in the is the students' satisfaction with the facul­ cal measures used were percentages, problems of the students than those of ty. weighted means, F-test, Pearslm r coeffi- the state college. . fl' I cient 0 corre anon and regression coeffi- b. The subjects from the state Recommendations cients. institutions strongly felt that their 1. Since the majority of the students school facilities were very inadequate showed only a fair degree of satisfaction in Findings for their use. their major field, there is a need to revita­ The signifi~ant .findings arei as follows: 5. The significdnt relationships between lize existing academic orientation proce­ 1. Underlying circumstances concerning the students' academic performance and dures. There is also a need for the schools the subjects' major field of study. thei r degrees of satisfaction on various under study to establish systematic a. On the whole, the bidgest percen­ aspects of the college environment namely, guidance programs, co-curricular activities tage of the total subjects Ichose their faculty, administration and students and other school programs to assist college major while in college. showed a significant and substantial students for better adjustment and to b. The majority of the subjects from positive relationship except on the last further improve them if needed. the sectarian, non-sectarian and state aspect - the students. 2. College professors and administrators institutions personally chose their major 6. The relative weights of the degrees should always be aware of the satisfactions field. of satisfaction on various aspects of.the and social relations of college students so c. In general, the biggest number of college environment on the students' that they can have a better understamding subjects felt that the selection of their academic performance revealed that of the student and his needs on one hand major field was strongly in1fluenced by satisfaction with the faculty had the and strengthen college education on the their occupational plans. I other. I strongest influence followed by satisfac­ 2. Satisfaction of college students with tion with the administration. . 3. Since the students from the state their major field with respect to their institutions strongly feel that their faculty (a) academic standing, (b) hnteresting­ Conclusions members 'are not genuinely interested in ness" of their course work. Almost fifty percent of the subjects the students and their problems, there is a. The students from sectarian, non­ decided on their major field while in a need for the faculty members of state sectarian and state institutions were college. Personal choice influenced the institutions to be oriented on their respon- fairly satisfied with thei r present acade- subjects in selecting their major field. .Continuedon pagf131 PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978/13

can be extended to a summer or fourth 1. A clear description of the project Announcements quarter. They can be offered for the full 2. Name, faculty and specialization of academic year (3 quarters) or for Winter/ the project participants Spring or Spring depending upon when 3. Objectives and methods the student enters. 4. Details of cooperation and contacts Research fellowships Recipients are required to maintain a in the inter-regional area of research in ASEAN affairs "B" average and to live in university dor­ 5. Relevance to the present state of The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies mitories or married student housing. No research on the subject announced the establishment of two stipend or travel allowance is provided. 6. Schedule of expenses Research Fellowships in ASEAN Affairs. All students from outside the United 7. Work and time schedules The fellowships were established as part of States are required to take the English 8. Short summary the Institute's programme to improve Proficiency exam upon arrival. Students Further details and information about knowledge on, and opportunities for from universities at which English is not scholarships and symposia are available on research in the region as well as contacts the medium of instruction are required to request from the Head office, Stiftung between the region and its neighbors. take the Teaching of English as a Foreign Volkswagenwerk, Kastanienallee 35;. 3000 Made possible by a generous annual Language (TOEFL) Examination. Hannover 81, Federal Republic of grant from the New Zealand government, Interested students may request for Germany. the fellowships are open only to nationals application forms and further information or permanent residents of 'ASEAN coun­ from the: APDI scholar-in-residence tries.Research under these fellowships can Dean of the Graduate College programme be undertaken on any topic pertaining to Ohio University Since 1975, a scholar-in-residence developmental and associated problems Athens, Ohio programme has been undertaken by the of ASEAN with special emphasis on pub­ l United Nations Asian and Pacific Develop­ lishable research. Stiftung Volkswagenwerk ment Institute to enable senior adminis­ ! Further information may be obtained trators, development workers and from the Institute of SoLtheast Asian The Volkswagen Foundation, a private university professors to get involved in Studies, Cluny Road, Singapqre 10. institution for the advancement of science, "thin king" and writing about their technology and the humanities in research experiences in development work in their Scholarships on SEAistudies and university teaching, has been funding own countries. The institute in turn hopes Ohio University is offering full tuition a specific Southeast Asia Programme since to gain from their experiences and enrich scholarships for students frbm Southeast the end of 1976. its own programmes of activities. Asia to study in the SoJtheast Asian At present, the foundation is exerting The scholars-in-residence are paid per Studies specialization of its Master of Arts efforts to make more use of the possibi­ diem at UN rates to defray the CIDSt of in International Affairs de~ree program. lities offered within this priority for more living expenses in Bangkok and costs of Southeast Asia Studies is an interdis­ involvement of Southeast Asian scholars travel to and from place of residence to ciplinary graduate program !which allows and academic institutes in the -reqion in Bangkok. Because the number of such the individual freedom to develop a cooperation with German scholars. fellowships per year are limited, requests program best suited to his/her academic Regional priorities of the Foundation for participation from qualified persons in I and professional interes.ts. It provides a are arranged such that the scholars may do the ESCAP region are considered on a geographic focus on Southeah Asia at the research in their own individual social case-by-ease basis. graduate level while encompbssing several science disciplines although interdiscipli­ Applications should clearly state the disciplines. Work in at leas~ three disci­ nary studies are also encouraged. topic to be studied or researched into, plines is required. Recommended discip­ The foundation offers the following preferably with an outline, the estimated lines are anthropology/sociology, arts, busi­ types of support: period of time required for the proposed ness administration, history, communica­ 1. General Funding of the project studv and the kind of assistance required tions, literature, economics, education, 2. Symposia and specialist meetings from the Institute. Applications can be geography, government, and philosophy. 3. Scholarships for German graduate sent through the UNDP Resident Hepnesen­ A minimum of 45 quarter credit hours are researche rs tative in the country , which wi Iii be required which can normally be completed 4. Special assistance for strengthening processed through the appropriate channels in one academic year. Knowledge of a academic cooperation (period of residence of the national government concerned. baslc literature and a comprehensive oral in West Germany for the purposes of examination are also required. However, training, research and teaching for scholars Toyota Foundation grants a thesis is optional. ' from Southeast Asia). Scholarships cover all regular fees and The Toyota Foundation is a private, tuition (except the original application fee 5. Development of language courses nonprofit organization established in 1974 of $10 and the graduation fee of $20). Application should include the follow­ to "contribute toward the realization of They are awarded for three quarters but ing information: a human-oriented society by providing I 14/PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1!)78

grants for research and projects related to For clarification, the Foundation does titutional participation in a cross-national the human and natural environments, not approve grants for capital investments, study of the topic; social welfare, education, culture, and plants or equipment; endowments; Participants to the Workshop will other fields." museum or library acquisitions; annual review research results since the December Proposals are reviewed and evaluated budgets; propaganda or lobbying activi­ 1974 Honolulu Conference. They are periodically by the Foundation's Selec­ ties; religious activities; and unsponsored expected to design multinational, cross­ tion Committee before making recommen­ individuals. cultural comparative studies of the role of dations to the Board of Directors. However, preferred sex and number of children in prior to the Committee's evaluation, Interested parties may send their pro­ determining fertility behavior. proposals falling within the Foundation's posals to: Deadline for the submission of appli­ areas of interest are investigated by the The Toyota Foundation cation forms is July 15, 1978. Foundation staff for a period of about six Shinjuku Mitsui Building 37F Further information and application months. Applications are approved based 2-1-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku forms may be obtained from: on. the following criteria: 1) the need Tokyo, Japan The Executive Director addressed by the proposal and the exis­ Philippine-American Educational tence of other past or ongoing attempts to APDI research assistant programme Foundation meet it; 2) the capability of the applicants t P.O. Box 151 to achieve the expected results; 3) the The United Nations Asian and Pacific Manila, Philippines adequacy of the proposed prog~am; 4) the Development Institute (APDI) has been assurance of cooperation ,ith other operating a reasearch assistant programme concerned groups; 5) the appropriateness for several years now. POSITION OPEN of timing; 6) the possibility 10f future The programme is directed to younger Graduate Assistants: To abstract/document support by other agencies; a?d 7) the persons with university degrees in social population-related researches improbability of current support from sciences and often with intention fOI work" Qualifications: other agencies. . I ing towards thei r doctoral degrees. 1. Graduate student of Psychology, During the course of the investigation, A research assistant works under the Sociology, Demography, Econo­ a staff member will meet persohally with guidance of a professional staff member of mics, Public Health, Medicine or - - - I the appllcantls] and whenever possible will the Institute. Such assistantships are nor­ MassCommunication make an on-site visit I mally given for periods of three months to 2. Acquainted with research metho­ Since the Foundation receives many one year. 'Selectlon is made from nationals dology applications and has Iimited]resourt:es, of ESCAP member countries based on their Send application letter with transcript of applicants are advised to ek other academic quali.fications, research and other I records and a recent photo to: funding sources as well. It is emphasized experience if any, and on as wide a that declination by the Foundation's geographical basis as possible. Relevance of Prof. Noe R. Tuason Board Directors does not necesJarily indi- their topics of research to the Institute's Department of Philosophy cate disapproval of a project I work programme is also taken into Faculty Center 302'/ account. There is no standard application form. University of the Philippines Applicants are requested to SUbrit to the Applications to the programme can be Diliman, Quezon City International Division a brief letter sent through the UNDP Resident Represen­ written in English indicating: 1)1 the goals tative in the country. These will have to be of the project; 2) the need for undertaking processed, however, through the appra­ SEX AND THE SINGLE FILIPINA it at this time; 3) the major P~rticiPants priate channels of the national government and their qualifications; 4) the institutional concerned. Continued from page 10 or other facilities available to the appli­ cant; 5) the stage of the project ~or which E-W Professorial Research 32Zelda Zablan, Adolescent Pregnancy and Fertility: Their Demographic and Social Implica­ funding is sought; 6) an itemized estimate Associate Awards tions, 1978. of the total budget required; 7) ~ere the The East-West Center is offering six (6) applicant expects to obtain funds not 33Nora Ignacio-Silao, The Risks "f Teenage Professorial Researt:h Associate Awards in Pregnancy, Symposium in Fertility Control, requested from the Foundation. I the Sex Preference Workshops to be held Manila Midtown Ramooa Hotel, April 19, 1978l Proposals should be approved by an September 14 to 20, 1978 at Honolulu, appropriate officer of the in1dividual's 34Family Planning Organization of the Hawaii. Philippines, A Look at Adolescent Sexuality, home institution or sponsoring agrncy, and The awards are open to scholars with Symposium in Fertility Control, Manila Midtown ~ho~ld .include general informati~n on the research experience on demographic effects Ramada Hotel, April 19, 1978. institution or agency. I of preference for offspring of a particular 35S01 Gordon, The Sexual Adolescent There are no fixed deadlines for submit­ sex or on socia-cultural determinants of (Mass: Duxbury Press,1976). ting applications. All proposal materials such preferences in Asian, Pacific and become the property of the Foundation 36John Kantner, Social Consequences of United States societies. The applicants Adolescent Pregnancy, Reprint issued by the and will not be returned. must have potentials for personal and ins- Family Planning Organization of the Philippines. PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978/15

Proficiency, Usage, Attitudes and Motiva­ GTAP grantees PSSC activities tion Toward Pilipino and English;" The Executive Board approved four more applicants for the Graduate Ttaining Plans broached on research diffusion Assistance Program (GTAP). Allan rFeranil and utilization seminar and Ma. Aurora Ruiz, graduate students The PSSC Special Projects Committee of the University of the Philippines Popu­ met in late April to discuss the Council's lation Institute, are currently in the thesis­ plan to popularize PSSc.sponsored research writing stage, while Fely Panoy-David of projects through a research diffusion the Central Philippine University is pur­ and utilization seminar. OLONAN GASTON CASTILLO suing her Master of Arts in Sociology­ Headed by Fr. Alberto V. Ampil, S.J., 5. Anicia P. Castillo, Department of Anthropology at the Ateneo de Manila, the Committee undertook the initial re­ Sociology and Anthropology, Ateneo de University. Isagani Fernandez is working view of all submitted reports in prepara­ Manila University: "Adaptation to Insecu­ on his thesis for his Master of Arts in tion for the proposed seminar. Abstracts rity of Houselot Tenure in Metropolitan Sociology at the Silliman University. of the research projects are now being Manila: A Case Study;" prepared by the Secretariat for further 6. Ma. Elena B. Chiong-Javier, Institute study by the Committee and'. later by the of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila Board. University: "Urban Low-Income Women in The studies which the Council thinks Market Vending: Problems and Responses should be popularized could hopefully be of Vegetable Sellers," disseminated through the ma4s media and 7. Clemencia D. Romo, Bukidnon State the PSSC regional research centers. College: "Child Rearing Among the PSSC grantees \ Bukidnon;" RUIZ FERNANDEZ DAVm The Research Committee ~as approved PSSC holds luncheon meeting 11 more proposals for grants under the for Network staff Discretionary Research Awards Program. The grantees and their Jrojects are: Dr. Loretta Makasiar Sicat, Executive 1. Jesus F. Ramos, Depbrtment of Director of the Philippine Social Science Filipino and Philippine LanguJges, Univer­ Council presided over a luncheon meeting sity of the Philippines: "Hlstorical Deve­ with 10 staff/faculty members of PSSC­ lopment of the National Lan~age of the JAVIER ROMO OFRENEO affiliated research centers, April 20, 1i978. Philippines;" I 8. Rosalinda P. Ofreneo, Office of the In the meeting, the research staff 2. Mario R. Pasay-an, l~stitOte of Secretary, Universi:tv of the Philippines: brought up some of the problems they en­ Asian Studies, Philippine Center for "The Philippine Press: 1945-1972 ­ counter in the centers. These problems in­ I Advanced Studies: "Field ~esearch on Problems and Trends;" clude the difficulty of keeping the person­ Acculturation among the Kankana-ey in 9. Caridad N. Singson, Department of nel who underwent training under the I Bauko, MO':!.':!tain Province;" , Psychology, University of the Philippines: PSSC Research Training Program and the "Freudian Symbolism: A Philippine need for more research projects. Validation;" . Dr. Sicat informed the staff that: the 1O. Corazon Gaabucayan, Liberal Arts PSSC is negotiating with the National Eco Department, Assumption College: "The nomic and Development Authority (NEDA) Dynamics of Creativity: An In-depth Study on long and short-term research projects of Eminent Pillplno Writers;" and at the various regions. \ 11. Concepcion L. Brion, Deaprtment of Also present during the meeting was Ms. Sociology-Anthropology, Ateneo de Manila Pilar Ramos Jimenez, PSSC Program RAMOS PASA1V-AN University: "A Case Study of People's Coordinator. I Participation in Social Science Develop­ 3. Zenaida A Olonan, R\aCulty of ment" Arts and Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Philippines (formerly IPhilippine College of Commerce): "Lanquaqe Use in a Multilingual Community;" I 4. Irene D. Gaston, Department of Linguistics and Language Teaching, Ateneo de Manila University; "A Descriptive Study of the Language Behavior Profile of Hiligaynon Speakers in Terms' of their SINGSON GAABUCAYAN BRION I ! 16/PSSC Social Science Information April- Junel1978

Davao research projects PSCC meeting/excursion at The Covelandia Island Resort on May 27, Two projects of the Ateneo de Davao . 1978 with some Executive Board Members, PSSCSecretariat Staff, Research Research Office, a PSSCaffiliated research Network Staff, GTAP grantees, and Popcom Trainees. center, were discussed in a'PSSC-sponsored meeting/excursion_held ~..the _Covelandia Island Resort, May 27, 1978. Findings of the study on the socio­ economic profile of Malita, a third-class municipality in Davao del Sur, were pre­ sented by Research Office Director Teresita Angeles. The results reaffirm the fact that the municipality is a coconut­ producing, cattle-raising and fishing town. One significant finding is that there exists basically a two-class system, the very high and the very low. There is a very weak middle class which is characteristic of the economic order of the municipality. The study was conducted under the auspices of the Department of Local Go­ vernment and Community Development. Heidi K. Gloria reported on the progress of her personal study "Kasaysayan ng Davao", a narrative perspective of Davao history. The study was approached from two directions, namely, an examination of existing records, and oral history, the second having been conducted by inter­ viewing Davaoeiios who have bJen residents for the past 60 years. I

ANGELES PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978/U

THE FLIP-FLOP POWER OF THE PRESS RELEASE Continued from page2 news bulletins which reported the Tao't bato's trade relationships with adjacent groups. They were previously known to others, to be sure. though perhaps not directly toanthropologistsor other visitors. Were they likely to be related to Tabon man and his contemporaries? Well, let's see, I said. Tabon man lived about 23,000 ~ years ago, during the Pleistocene. That's I a lot of generations, and possibly a lot of moving around in between. Think of parallels. Are todav's people of Central Java to be taken as the offspring of Pithe­ canthropus just because he was found nearby? More facetiously still, should elephants in the Manila Zoo be traced to the Pleistocene elephants whose remains are found in Rizal and Batangas? Connec­ tions of this kind, even if they are not overruled by particular historical evidence (knowinq where today's Manila Zoo elephants actually come from for example). are at most doubtful, unproven, and un­ provable. The photos that appeared in the newspapers next morning would furnish more clearly negative evidence: the Tiao't I bato seemed physically to be variety of Malay, or southern Mongoloid;',Tabon man was apparently an Australoid type. Finally, were the Tao't bato "primi­ tives"? That word has many meanings, I said, but at least this is clear frbm the few details found in the first pr~ss- release: this Palawan group and the tasaday of South Cotabato are very different from each other. The Tao't bato are planters: the Tasaday are not. They are, lin a sense, in two different worlds, that of food producers, on the one hand, .and food gatherers, on the other. Subsequent newspaper articles (May 19 and', June 16) would confirm the technoloqical'superiori­ ty of the Tao't bato, whose .aocompllsh­ ments include swidden (kaingih) multi­ croppinq, advanced hunting techniques, pottery-making and the construction (with bolos) of raised houseplatfor~s, walls, Dr. John Bresnan of Ford Foundation, New York, Dr. Peter Geithner, Ford and roofs inside their caves. Their cosmo­ Foundation, Bangkok and Dr. Ozzie G. Simmons, Ford Foundation, Manila met with logy and religious beliefs are a~parently severalmembers ofthe PSSC Executive Board to discuss the future plans and perspectives I very SImple, but have much more content of the' Philippine Social Science Council. The meeting was held at the PSSC Conference . than those of the Tasaday. They ~ISO have Room, May 16, 197B. • the jew's harp, a two-stringed guitar, and The PSSC Board members present were: Dr. Gabriel U. Iglesias, Dr. Bonifacio P. a repertoire of at least. 14 melodies. The Sibayan, Dr. Caridad S. Alfonso, Dr. Cristina P. Parel, Dr. Marcelino A. Foronda, Prof. article by Alberto T. RoiJs (Times Journal. Dqminador Z Rosell, and Dr. Loretta Makasiar Sicat Also present was Ms. Pilar Ramos, Continued on page 30 Jimenez, PSSC Program Coordinator. 18/PSSC Social Science Information. April - June 1978:

research in physical anthropology; advocating positive discrimination in I tavor Jonathan Malicsi (UP Diiiman) - on of the rural sector. It is a three-volume News Briefs ethnolinguistics; E. Arsenio Manuel (UP study conducted by the author with the Diliman) - on methodology of Philip­ financial support of the International pine ethnography; Celia Antonio (UP Development Research Centre (Ottawa). Diliman) - 011 lowland group; Juan Two chapters outline the pattems of Francisco (Philippine-American Education­ poverty, inequality, employment and lSP annual convention al Foundation) - Muslims; June Prill income sources. Another two chapters Brett (UP Baguio) - Cordillera; Timoteo attempt to identify, define and describe The Linguistic Society of the Philip­ Oracion (Silliman University) - N,egrito the different varieties of farms, fanners, pines (LSP) held its annual convention Studies; Jesucita Sodusta (UP Diliman) and farmers' laborers. One chapter is May 6, 1978 at the Pablo Nicolas Audito­ - ecology; Francisco Demetrio, $1 J. devoted to the family and household of the rium, De La Salle University. Papers on (Xavier University) - folklore; Leticia Filipino while one chapter portrays the language surveys, empirical studies and Lagmay (UP Diliman) - culture and per­ Filipino woman as wife, mother, worker national language development were read sonality; Mariflor Parpan - applied anthro­ and citizen. A~other chapter designs the by experts before an audience composed of pology; Carlos Fernandez II (Develop­ future through a description of the rural LSP members, guests and observers. ment Academy of the Philippines) - ethnic youths. Four other chapters deal with Bro. Andrew Gonzalez, F.,S.C., Execu­ relations; F. Landa Jocano (Philippine education, technology transfer, internal tive Secretary of the LSP presented the Center for Advanced Studies) - social migration and time as a dimension of Annual Report and presided dver the busi­ organization; and Prospero Covar (UP development The last chapter reflects on ness meeting. A report o~ "Bilingual Diliman) - religion. and proposes an action agenda on rural Education in the Philippines- Strategies development It emphasizes· the fact that and Structures" was read by 1977-78 rural development requires an investment president Dr. Bonifacio P. Siba~an. UP research award to 3 papers not only of resources but also of time. It Among the paper readers rere: Curtis goes on to give five definitions. of the McFarland - "Progress Report on the Dr. Gelia T. Castillo's "Beyond Manila: concept in operational terms and these are Linguistic Atlas;" Ernesto Cdnstantino ­ Philippine Rural Problems in Perspective" that rural development means: "Codification of the Lingua F1ranca of the was one of the three research papers that 1. Making it possible for the rural Philippines;" Emy M. Pascas1'0 - "Code­ copped the top prize in the 1978 annual populace to develop their productive Switching in the Business Domain; research awards of the University of the capacity to increase incomes and purcha­ Jose J. Reyes and Ma. Lourdef Bautista ­ Philippines. Dr. Castillo, professor of rural sing power "Ethnographic Study of Pihpino Radio sociology at the UP Los Banos, is a Board 2. Support for decentral ization Soap Operas; " Emma Bernabe - "Histori­ member of the PSSC representing the dis­ 3. Participation of the rural popullation cal Notes on Language Plannihg in Philip- I cipline of sociology. 4. Improving the quality of life and the pine Education;" and Andrew B. Gonzalez, Nati~nalism The other two papers were: ..Alterna­ quality' of the rural people themselves F.S.C. - "Language and and tive Fuels for lntemal Combustion Engines 5. Reducing the inequality between the the Philippine Experience:' l from Indigenous Sources" by Dr. Ibarra rural sector and the Metropolis such that E. Cruz, UP College of Engineering, and the rest of the country may have j~st a "The Integration of Adult Farmer Educa­ little bit more of what Manila enjoys. UGAT conferenc tion Program in Rural Development" 1 by Dr. Arsenio O. Gagni, UP College of The Ugnayang pang-Agh4mtao, Inc. Agriculture. (UGAT) assessed the curren~ status of Dr. Castillo's study defines rural Philippine anthropology in its ~irst national development as the process wherein "a conference held at the University of the nation's political development has been Philippines, Los Banos, April 1[4-16, 1978. translated into a decision to allocate a Several sessions on teaching and research major portion of its financial, material, and focusing on the different bra~ches of the trained human resources toward the needs discipline were held. I of the rural sector where a majority of our The paper readers were: safuel Briones people live in poverty:' [Mindanao State University) - 'Ion teaching Beyond Manila presents a "research­ of archaeology; Jules de Raedt (UP based picture of Philippine rural problems Baguio) - on teaching of social anthropo­ with a rural-urban perspective and a logy; Jerome Bailen (UP Dilifnan) - on regional dimension" with the end in view teaching of physical anthropol9gy; Alfredo of stimulating in a small way, greater rural­ Evangelista (National Museu'm) - on mindedness among Philippine social science research in archaeology; Marcelino Maceda . students and those who charter the course (Central Mindanao State univ1rsityl - on of Philippine national development and

I PSSC Social Science Infqrmation April - June 19718/19

Experts confer on social giving recommendations for the formula­ was that social science policy would have science policies tion and development of social science to be a national rather than a regional concern because there is a tendenev for Policies for the development of social policy in each particular country and in the region as a whole. it to be political in nature due to the va; science disciplines and institutional frame­ rying levels of development of each works and methods of utilizing social An important point that was brooght up country. science knowledge in national policy­ making served as the main points of dis­ cussion in the Manila-held Experts' Meeting on Social Science Policies in Asia and Oceania from April 3 to 7, 1978. The meeting also reviewed the feasibility of establishing a regional centre for social science research, documentation and train­ ing for the region. Held at the Manila Peninsula Hotel, the meeting was hosted by the UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines. Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz, University of the Philippines president, keynoted the opening ceremonies. About thirty partici­ pants and observers attended the meeting. PSSC Executive Director Loretta Makasiar I Sicat was the lone Philippine dFlegate and was subsequently elected chairran during the first day. The representatives from Australia, Pakistan and Russia Iwere elec- ted Vice-Chairmen. I Fifteen papers from each of the partici­ pating countries were read identifying and analysing the status and problems of the social sciences in each, at the Isame time 20/PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978

IPC revives publications program Book launching Preferences for Fertility Regulating Methods and Personnel in a Free Choice The Institute of Philippine Culture is The Centro Escolar University launched Situation in the Philippines. This is part of 1l!viving its publications program through on February 21, 1~78 a book by Dr. Paz a three country study being undertaken by a grant from the Ford Foundation. The Policarpio Mendez entitled Adventures in the World Health Organization. The IPC program includes the IPC Papers, the IPC Rizaliana. was commissioned to undertake the Philippine portion. IPC research associate Monograph Series, and other related Published by the National Historical Carmen E. Santiago heads the project. The publications like books and brochures. Institute, Adventures is an account of the study seeks to: 1) examine women's The IPC publications program aims to author's researches on Rizal in Paris. selection of. and factors intruencing the provide a channel to disseminate findings Ghent, Brussels, Heidelberg, Strasbourg, choice of. a given contraceptive; 2)1 in­ of IPC-eonducted research projects. Wilhelmsfeld, New York City, and Tokyo. vestigate women's preferences among the A committee organized to formulate In Wilhelmsfeld, the author discovered personnel offering the contraceptive servi­ policies for selection of studies ,and papers Rizal relics in the form of letters and ces; and 3) investigate continuity of to be published is composed ~f Ricardo drawings, and a first edition of the Noli , contraceptive use and factors influencing G. Abad, IPC director, Frank ~ynch, S.J. Me Tangere which she later secured as discontinuation. resident consultant, Mary R. Hpllnsteiner, donation to the Philippine government. I The Bicol Multipurpose Survey: Base­ I senior research associate, crnthia C. Dr. Mendez isvice-president for Research line Phase. Handled by Sulpicio S. Roco~ Veneracion, technical writer, 1d Marie S. I~ and Development and Chairman of the Jr. of the Social Survey Research Unit I Fernandez, publications editor. I Graduate School, Centro Escolar (Naga), the study has two objectives name­ Off the press at the end cf the first University.. Iy: 1) to gather in the 17 Integrated Area quarter of 1978 was IPC Papers No. 12: Development (lAD) areas of Camarines The Filipino Family, CommJnity, and IPC launches new projects Sur and Albav, baseline intormatloru on Nation. I socio-economic characteristics of howse­ The three volume Society, Culture and holds. health status of household members, the Filipino has been condensed into one The Institute of Philippine Culture and selected community data; and 2)1 to volume of approximately 250 bages. The (lPC) is currently undertaking three new process these data with an end towards trial edition is now being prJpared for projects. These projects are: providing qualified Filipino and non­ final printing. 1 Filipino researchers a computer tape for Delivery of Social Servic~ to Low-In­ analysis and re-analysis. Data gathered are UP First Summer Insti te come Urban Communities in Developing expected to assist the Philippine govern­ Countries. The Social Development Branch ment and the Bicol River Basin Develop­ Successful participants in the Refresher of the United Nations has commissioned ment Program (BRBDP) in the institution Course in the Social Sciences for College the IPC to undertake the study. The of policies and programs geared towards Teachers and the Social Science! Research research will be carried out through case the improvement of actual and perceived Institute received their certifica~es in sim­ studies, the emphasis of which will be on quality of life of the Bicol River Basin ple rites that marked the closinglceremony the process of social services delivery rather populace. Funding agencies for the project of the First Summer Institute ~f the UP than on the services themselves. IPC are the United States Agency for lnterna­ Division of Social Sciences. I research associate Carmen Enrile-Santiago tional Development and the Bicol Hiver has been assigned project director. Basin Development Program. Guest speaker for the occasion was Dr. Faustino Quiocho, Director for IPrograms of the Fund for Assistance to Private Edu­ cation, who delivered a short tJlk on be­ half of FAPE President Dr. \!Abraham Felipe. ! Fifteen of the 20 graduates qf the Re­ ! fresher Course for College Teachers were I FAPE-PSSC grantees.

Graduation rites were held at the Law Center. Bocobo Hall. University of the Philippines, Quezon City. Heceptlon was held at the Executive House. I The First Summer Institute graduated 56 teachers and researchers frorh private and state colleges and government agencies Some of the successful participants in the recently-concluded First Summer Institute conducted after an intensive five-week Iive-i~ seminar. by the Division of Social Sciences. University of the Philippines I PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978/21

First Linguistics Congress

"Trends in Philippine Linguistics" served as the main theme of the week-long First Philippine Linguistics Congress held May 29 - June 2, 1978 at the Faculty Center Conference Hall, University of the Philippines, Diliman. The Congress, spon­ sored by the Department of Linguistics and Asian Languages of the UP College of Arts and Sciences, featured papers present­ ed by noted Filipino linguists. Dr. Cecilio Lopez, the dean of Philip­ pine linguists, keynoted the opening cere­ monies. At the closing ceremonies, Dr. Lopez was presented with a plaque of re­ cognition by the sponsor of the Congress for his invaluable contributions to the growth of Philippine linguistics. The Congress was attended by partici­ pants from as far south as Marawi City and as far north as Isabela and La Trinidad, Benguet. They were given ce,rtificates of attendance on the last day Of the Con- gress. I Dr. Cecilio Lopez delivers his acceptance remarks upon being awarded a plaque of appreciation Among the paper readers were: Dr. Einy at the closing ceremonies of the First Philippine Linguistics Congress. I Pascasio on Socio-linguistics~ Dr. Nelia Casambre on Applied Linguistics, Dr. Vir­ gilio Enriquez on Psycholinhuistics, o-. Consuelo Paz on Historical-Comparative Linguistics, and Mr. Jonatharl Malicsi on Ethn.olinguistics.

Linguistics Congress master, of ceremonies Mr. Jonathan Mallcsi.

Some of the participants during the first day

of the week·long Linguistib Congressl among them Dr. Lourdes Bautista and Dr. Curtis McFarland of De La Salle U iversity. ' 22/PSSC Social Science Information April - Junel1978

Round table meetings political and socic-cultural aspects of the Indonesian seminar tackles North South Dialogue and emphasizes the SEA population movements The Society for International Develop­ importance of the political character of ment-sponsored North South Round Table the Dialogue. It explores the posslbllltv of Scholars from Indonesia, Burmlll, Meetings held May 18 to 20,1978 in Rome a breakthrough by concentrating on the Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines sought to bring out the common interests common turmoil that pervades the value were invited to the National Seminar on of all those engaged in bujlding a new system of the world as a whole. Southeast Asia sponsored by the lndone­ world economy. It was the consensus that Working Paper No.5: Can the Rich sian Association for the Advancement of in a realistic world, only a recognition of Prosper Without the Progress of the Poor? the Social Sciences and the Depanment of common interest will provide the policy - Presents concrete evidence to support Education of the Republic of Indonesia. workers with the political will to achieve the contention that continued growth and The seminar, which was held in Vog­ conciliatory approaches ahd practical the attainment of other economic goals jakarta from May 3 to 6, 1978, identified compromises. The Round Table Meetings such as high rates of employment and problems relevant to the Southeast Asian initiated a dialogue among the participants control of inflation in the rich countries countries and the whole region as well. themselves. Participants came from all over depend, to a much larger degree than The discussions were aimed at formulating the world representing the developed, heretofore admitted, upon the growth and research strategies according to which developing, and underdeveloded countries, prosperity of the developing countries. specific .research problems woul~d be The Philippines had, as its rkpresentative, The paper examines certain specific conceptualized and implemented. the PSSC's Executive Directorl, Dr. Loretta linkages: between the economies of the The central theme was "The Movements Makasiar Sicat. developed world and those of the develo­ of People in Southeast Asia." This theme Six working papers were ~resented for ping world that will be important in the was divided into four subthemes namely: . the primary purpose of identifying the next few years. It also analyzes some of the 1) problems pertaining to the genesis and basis for a constructive approach to the issues that must be addressed by the year motivations of population movements; second phase of the Dialogu~ and within 2000, if global efficiency is to be achieved. 2) problems connected with the trajectory r the context, to identify Issues which Working Paper No.6: How to Meet along which, and means by which the deserve priority attention. I Basic Needs - A New Approach - Rede­ population movements occur; 3) problems Working Paper No.1: Purpose, Key fines the concept of basic needs as the connected with the consequences or im­ Issues and Organization of Work of the main object in the search for new areas of pact on the areas where the people finally Round Table - Examines cettain selected international cooperation for develop­ settle down; and 4) problems connected but key conceptual issues thJt need to be ment. The paper emphasizes the need to with the inter·relationship between the I classified if the real causes of the current combine the concept of basic needs with area of origin and area of settlement. stalemate in the North South !DialOgUe are certain other elements of the new interna­ to be identified and the prospects and Iimi- tional economic order, through a new and I tations of different approaches toward the more imaginative approach in initiating future course of action are t6 be brought concrete international action in this area. Seminars, Workshops, Conferences to the surface. I Working Paper No.2: Historical Pers­ pectives on the New International Econo­ The Foreign Service Institute sponsored mic Order -Emphasizes the dlobal nature IPC-Kyoto U team-up in April and May a lecture series 0111 the I of the current world economy and sets New International Economic Order (I\fiIEO) the demand for a new internJtional order The Institute of Philippine Culture and Philippine Economic Policy. 'in a historical perspective. I collaborated with the Kyoto University The schedule was: Working Paper No.3: North South research team on a study entitled Leaming. A. Theoretical Framework Dialogue: The Second Phase t Brings out and Adaptation of Overseas Japanese April 19, 1978 the weaknesses and inequities of the Children: Case Studies in .Manila and 1. The Current World Order - Prof. existing system and presents some ideas for Singapore. Gonzalo Jurado; the second phase of the Nbrth South The study investigated the education of 2. The NIEO: Structure and Outline Dialogue. It suggests a framework of Japanese children living in these two places Based on UN and Third World . principles to provide a, broad c10nsensus on and sought to determine the special charac­ Declarations - Dr. Caesar A. objectives, identifies some areas of teristics of their learning experiences in Espiritu; common interest and urges fO~ fundamen­ 3. Philippine Response to the relation to the social and cultural environ­ tal institutional changes which are inevi­ ment of their host communities. Demands of the NIEO; table, i. e., a system of ihternational 4. An Alternative to the NIEO taxation, an intemational centr~1 bank, and Dr. Tetsuya Kobayashi headed the B. The Philippine Economic Policy/ a global planning system. Japanese team while IPC research associates Stand on the NIEO Issues Working Paper No.4: Politidal Facets of Cynthia Veneracion and Emma 'Porio April 21: Transfer of Technology ­ I the North South Dialogue - Br~ngs out the served as Project Coordinators for the Mr. Hilarion Henares, Jr. and Dr. interrelationships between the economic, Manila portion. Manuel Alba PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1978/23

April 24: Foreign Aid and Invest­ leaders and volunteers and to identify Peter G. Gowing, director of the Dansa­ ments - Atty. Merlin Magallona objectives, roles, functions relevant to Ian Research Center left for the United and Prof. Froilan Bacungan national efforts, April 17-21, 1978. States on April 30 for speaking engage­ April 28: Trade and Commodity 3. Review course for Examinees to the ments and meetings in various places. He Protection - Mr. Hilarion Hena­ Social Work Board Exams, May 24-31, also attended a meeting of the Programme res, Jr. and Dr. Vicehte B. Valde­ 1978 (morning sessions), May 11 - June 4 Unit on Dialogue of the World Council of pefias, Jr. (evening sessions). Churches in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad held May2: International Monetary Re- May 17 to 24,1978. form - Mr. Edgardo Zialcita The Mindanao State University Science Jose D. Drilon, Jr. has been eppointed and Atty. Luis Villafuerte Center and the MSU Psychology Depart­ by the governingcouncil of the Philippine May 5: Debt Relief - Mr. Guiller­ ment co-sponsored a two-day seminar on Council for Agriculture and Resources mo Sison "Evaluation of Educational Progress, Re­ search and Extension Programs." The Research (PCARR) as the new PCARR The Graduate Seminar Series 1978 of seminar was held at the Mindanao State Director General. Dr. Drilon, currently the UP Graduate School and the UP University in late 1977. It focused on eva­ director of the Southeast Asian Regional College of Arts and Sciences had, as one of Center for Graduate Study and Research in I luation design, test construction, analysis its speakers, Mrs. Angelita Tangco, who and interpretation of test scores, and the Agriculture (SEARCA), assumed the presented the findings of her IIM.s. in Psy­ evaluation of extension programs. position last May 1. He succeeded Dr. chology thesis. "The Effects of Frustra­ Joseph C. Madamba. tions on the Flexibility of Internals and Hong Kong University will serve as the Aurelio Calderon, professor of political Externals" was discussed by two instruc­ venue of the 2nd Asian Conference-Work­ science at De La Salle University was the tors of the UP Department 6f Psycholo­ shop in Guidance and Counseling from recipient of a Fulbright lectureship award. gy, Mr. Rogelio Pe and Ms. ~usan Cipres July 24-29, 1978. Participants' papers He served a six-month lectureship stint last May 13, 1978 at the Faculty Center will deal mainly on the theme "Counseling with the University of South Carollna, In 2104. The speaker was the rej1iPient of a in the Context of Asian Orientation and the Fulbright Conference at the University PSSC Discretionary Research Award for Values." of Massachusetts, Dr. Calderon was one of her thesis. the discussants. The Second Annual Social Science The National Archives of Malaysia· in Conference of the Division \ of Social cooperation with the Universiti Sains Antonio S. Tan, professor at the Univer­ Sciences, University of the Phi~ippines de­ Malaysia invited noted historians from sity of the Philippines and a Fulbright liberated on the theme "Social Sciences for Asia to a "Colloquium on Oral History" Asian Scholar·in-Residence taught courses the People: Ways and Means 6f Planning held May 8 - 11, 1978 at Penang,Malaysia. on Chinese History and Modern Chi-. Social Science Research in the \Service of na at the University of Oregon, Eugllne, the People." The two-day conference The Ninth World Congress. Sociology, and Michigan-State University, East I ' which was held April 3 and 4, 1978 at the Socio-Iinguistics Program will be held in Lansing with about three months duration Covelandia Resort, was attendedlby faculty Uppsala, Sweden from August 14-19, at each institution from January to June members of the Social Science Division and 1978. 1978. Dr. Tan's lectureship award was elso several other guests and observer!s. granted by Fulbright.

The Philippine School of sJcial Work Beniamin N. Muego, assistant professor conducted three summer wor!&hops for of political science at the Illinois State University has been granted a Research social work executives and prclctitioners, Social scientists on the move educators, civic leaders and volunteers, and Fellowship Award by the Singapore­ based Institute of Southeast Asian Studies social w.ork-board reviewees. I These seminars were: (ISEAS). The research fellowship is being utilized by Dr. Muego to revise and update 1. Seminar-workshop on Curriculum/ Wilfrido II. Vil/acorta, Ph. D., was re­ I his doctoral dissertation on "The New Program Development and E~ucational cently elected Secretary-General of the Society of the Philippines: A CaseStudy of Management- designed to provide trainors Association of Christian Universities and and educators in social work, deJelopment a Developmental Movement Regime." The I Colleges in Asia (ACUCA). Its secretariat planning and military civic action units is housed at De La Salle University. study focuses on the martial law regime of with the opportunity to bring themselves the Philippines. Dr. Muego is currently on I Member-institutions from Southeast Asia, updated on current theories and~skillS of as well as Japan, Korea, Pakistan, and leave of absence from the University of the Philippines. curriculum/program development and edu­ Taiwan are represented in the organiza­ cational management, March 27, April 5, tion. Prior to his new position, Dr. Vllla­ Nine researchers have joined the Insti­ 1978. corta was Senior Specialist of the SEAMEO tute of Philippine Culture under its Visiting 2. Workshop on Human Development Centre for Educational Innovation and Research Associates Program. They are: and Leadership - designed to enrich Technology (INNOTECH) and served as a George Carter Bentley, Ph. D.candidate leadership skills and commitment of civic member of the PSSC Research Committee. in socio-cultural anthropology at the Uni- 24/PSSC Social Science Information April - Junel1978

versity of Washington. He is doing a study Richard Ammann are conducting a study and Curator of the DWU Museum, on "Legal Pluralism and Philippine Muslim on "Rural-Urban Migration. Flows in the Divine Word University of Taclobam will Ethnicity" the primary purpose of which Philippines.", Dr. McGee is a senior fellow left in June for the United States to is to investigate Philippine Muslim ethnlcl­ at the Department of Human Geography, assume the presidency of the Divine Word ty as it is expressed in and affected by legal Research School of Pacific Studies, College, Epworth, Iowa, Fr. Quetehembach pluralism in Muslim occupation. Australian National University. Dr. Trager was elected to a three year term which is associate professor at the pivision of started in June 1978. Ma. Concepcion Lara Brion, M.A. Social Sciences, University of Wisconsin, candidate at the Department of Sociology Four student grantees of the Philippine­ while Mr. Ammann is a Ph. D. candidate on and Anthropology, Ateneo de Manila American Educational Foundation are in Urban Education Program at the University University. Her project on "A Case Study the Philippines to work for their graduate of Wisconsin. of People's Participation in Social Develop­ dissertation research. They are: ment" will test the overall worth and effec­ Jean Peterson, Ph. D., is back in the David Bradley from the Harvard Busi­ tiveness of people's participation in social Philippines to undertake a study on the ness School is conducting research on the development. relative roles of colonial ilctivity and indi­ effects .of the Philippine-U.S. investment Jill B. R. Cherneff of the New School genous farming expansion on the availabi­ agreement on the Philippine gross national for Social Research is undertaking a study lity of game for Agta hunter-gatherers in product; on "Women and Economics and Influence Northern Luzon. Mellie Leandicho Lopez, a doctoral in the Public Domain." The study seeks to Robert J. Morrais, Ph. D. candidate in candidate in anthropology, University of determine the degree of i access to anthropology at the University of Pitts­ California at Berkeley who will undertake legitimate power and authoJity that is research in Philippine folklore; socie~ burgh. He is currently doing research on available to women in a where they the "Dyadic Bonds and Socio-economic Thomas S. Goodrich, a Ph. D. candidate maintain control over the al1location of Experience: A Study of Concepts and in education and anthropology ..from their s.ubsistence contribution and other Culture in the Philippines."The study aims Stanford University who plans to utilize. strategic resources. It to describe and analyze the affective attri­ both anthropological and linguistic theories Michael Joseph Connolly, S.J., Ph. D. butes of various dyadic bonds in the and techniques to explore how individuals student at the Department bf Political lowland Philippines. become members of linguistic and cultural Science, Monash University, A~stralia. His Dr. Wolfgang Wittwer of Stiftung identity group; research on "Some Questi6ns About .Volkswagenwerk was in Manila from May Causes of Peasant Unrest in 2bth century Stephen James Banta, an Ed. D. candi­ . I 5 to 8 on an observation-information tour Luzon" will put to test some o~ the hypo- date at Columbia University Teachers of Southeast Asia. The members of the theses put forward by Kerkvliet and ·College in New York whose area of study PSSC Executive Board headed by Dr. Larkin in thei r works. Father Connolly's is educational history. He is partieularlv i Gabriel U. Iglesias met with him last research is concerned with church lands interested in minority education in the May 7. Dr. Wittwer is on tour to observe questions after the sale of thle so-called Philippines. At present, he is affiliated with the possible research areas for funding as "friar lands." \ the UP College of Education as visiting well as to inform Southeast Asian scholars research scholar. Theodore S. Jojola, Ph. D. candidate in of the Foundation's funding programmes. U~iversity political economics at the of Edi MasinambouVli, Ph. D., has been underta~ing Hawaii. He is presently a study appointed ·Secre~ry of the Nationa.1 on "Tribal Survival, Nationrlism, and Institute of Social and Economic Research Social Transformation." The re~earch aims (LEKNAS-L1PI) in Jakarta. He is currently Information section to assess the position of the cultural mino- I teaching a. course on Philippine society at rities within a larger independent social the University of Indonesia and has done schema and from this, to gain \an under­ linguistic research in Bicol and Pampanqa. PARTIAL INVENTQRY standing of the continued main\tenance of the cultural minorities. Bssri H8S8fIuddin, Ph. D. in economics OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS from the University of the Philippines, has BenedictJ. Kerkvtlet, assistant professor ANTHROPOLOGY I been designated coordinator of staff at the Department of Political Science, training at Hasanuddin University, Ujung . GARILAO, Ernesto D. 1 University of Hawaii. Dr. KJrkvliet is I Pandang, South Sulawesi. M.A Anthropology, 1970, Ateneo U conducting a research on "Flljplno Pea- Understudy Executive Director, Philip­ Bambowo Laiya, A master's degree santi and their Struggle for Survival." The pine Business for Social Progress holder in anthropology from Silliman research seeks to determine tHe agricul.­ JAVIER, Ma. Elena C. University, was appointed lecturer in an­ tural changes in Central Luzdn villages M. A cando Anthropology, Ateneo U thropology at the Faculty of Arts and since• the Huk rebellion and the kaysI with Lecturer, Socio-Anthro, Ateneo U Letters, Gadjah Mada University. which the peasants tried to cope with these LOPEZ, Ma Elena Z. changes. I Raymond Thomas Quetehenbach, SVD, Ph. D. cand Anthropology, Harvard IU Terry G. McGee, Lilian Trger and editor of the Leyte:"Samar Studies Lecturer, Socio-Anthro, Ateneo U

, PSSC Social Science Information April -:- June 1918/25

UY, Zenaida R. lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U TUBANGUI, Helen R. Ph. D. Anthro student, U of San Carlos MANALO, Zenaida M. A. Phil. History 1956, Ateneo U Professor and Dept. Chairman, Dept. Assoc. Professor, History, Ateneo U I M. A. Econ. 1971, U of the Philippines of Socio-Anthro, U of San Carlos lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U LINGUIST'ICS VANCIO, Joseph A. McPHElIN, Michael, S.J. M.A. cando Anthropology, Ateneo U Ph. D. Econ., 1950, Harvard U PALO, Teresita Martin lecturer, Soclo-Anthro, Ateneo U Professor, Economics, Ateneo U M.A. Linguistics 1974, Ateneo U ZIAlCITA, Fernando N. MORAlEDA, Gabrielito Faculty, language and Linguistics, Ph. D. cand Anthropology; U of Hawaii M. A. cando Econ. Ateneo U Ateneo U Asst. Professor, Soclo-Anthro, Ateneo U lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U pASCASIO, Emy M. PACHECO, Jaime Ph. D. in Applied Linguistics, COMMUNICATION M.A. Duke University 1960, U of Michigan ARBOLEDA, Corazon lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U Chairman, language and M. Ed. 1963, U of the Philippines PAlANCA, Ellen H. Linguistics, Ateneo U . Faculty, Communications, Ateneo U Ph. D., cando Econ., U of the Philippines QUETUA, Fe Del Rosario M. A. Linguistics 1973, Ateneo U CRUZ, Nicasio, S. J. I lecturer, Economics, Atenes U M.A, Be!'.9.hmans College QUETUA, Rodolfo N. Faculty, language and Linguistics, Faculty, Communications,' Ateneo U M.A. cand.lndustrial Econ., Center for Ateneo U DAVID, Benedicto Research and Communication RIBAY, Liwanag M. A. Joum., 1955, Marquette U, lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U. MA 1961, Philippine Normal College Wisconsin; SANCHEZ, Aurora Graduate Faculty, Colegio de Santa Faculty, Communications, Ateneo U MA, cando Econ., U of the Philippines Isabel, Naga City DOMINGO, Zenaida . lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U POLITICAL SCIENCE M. A. Comm., 1974, Ateneo U SEE, Kenneth K. Y. Faculty, Communications, IAteneo U M. A. cand., Ateneo U ADVINCUlA, Shirley C. FAJARDO, Carolina lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U M.A. Political Science 1966, George­ M. A. Comm., U of the Philippines SINGZON, Cesar R. town U, Faculty and Dept. Chairman, Communi­ M. A. Econ., U of the Philippines Asst. Professor, Political Science, cations, Ateneo U lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U Ateneo U ITURRAlDE, Francis TOLEDO, Florinda J. GOMEZ, lourdes Rausa M. A. Comm., 1972, Ateneo U M.P.A. Econ. Devt. 1975, Harvard U M. A. Government Area Studies, Faculty, Communications, IIAteneo U lecturer, Economics, Ateno U 1959, New York U PESTAI\IO, Rebecca TONGZON, Jose L. Asst. Professor, Political Science, M. A. Comm., 1974, U of Hawaii M.A. cando Econ., Ateneo U AteO.~U Faculty, Communications, Ir:teneo U lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U TENDERO, AvelinoP: SUSSMAN, laurice Guillen VAlDEPEI\IAS, Vicente B., Jr. M.PA 1956, U of the Philippines M. A. Comm., 1974, Ateneo l!J Ph. D. Econ. 1969, Cornell U lecturer, Political Science, Ateneo U Faculty, Communications, A:teneo U! Professor, Economics, Ateneo U YU, lydia N. VAlDEZ, Victoria V. M. A. Political Science 1970, Ateneo U ECONOMICS MA Econ., 1965, Ateneo U Asst. Professor, Political Science, ABUEG. Elrner Asst. Professor, Economics, Ateneo U Atene~ M. A. Econ., 1969, Fordham U PSYCHOLOGY lecturer, Economics, Ateneo IJ BANTA, Virginia Raymundo ARROYO, Gloria M. \ HISTORY Ph., D. Psychology 1977, Columbia U M. A. Econ., 1976, Ateneo U I lAHIFF, Bartholomew, S.J. Asst. Professor, Psychology, Ateneo U Instructor, Economics, Atened U Ph. 'D. Modem History 1965, George­ BERCASIO, Teresita BAlAGOT, Beta P. . ,I town U, M.A. 1974, De la Salle U M. A. Econ. 1977, U of the ~hlJlppines Assoc. Professor, History, Ateneo U ,Graduate Faculty, Colegio de Sta, lecturer, Economics, Ataneo U lEONARD, Richard, S.J. Isabel, Naga City BAUTISTA, Germellno M. \ S.T.L., 1954, Woodstock BULATAO, Ja!'!Ie, S.J. M. A. Econ. 1978, Atenao UI Assoc. Professor, History, Ateneo U Ph. D.Clinical Psychology 1961, ..Lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U TIRONA, Mary Grace Fordham U, Professor, Psychology, BERNARDO, Romeo l. \' M.,A. Asian Studies 1965, U of Hawaii M. A. Devt. Econ. 1977, Williams Asst.. Professor and Chairman, History, Ateneo U College, . Ateneo U CARANDANG, Ma., lourdes lecturer, Economics, Ateneo U SANTOS, Antonia SL. Ph. D. Psychology 1977, U of California DORADO, Hermes J. I M.A. Phil. History 1977, Ateneo U at Davis, M. A. Econ. 1970, U of the Philippines Instructor, History, Ateneo U Asst. Professor, Psychology, Ateneo U 26/PSSC Social Science Information April - Junel1978

CASTIGLIONI, Rosalinda Sanchez' SOCIOLOGY Institute of Linguistics. Special M.A Behavioral Sciences 1976, Centro Monograph Issue No.7. June 1977. Escolar U, AGPAOA, Fe Barbado 345 pp, Linguistic Society of the Instructor, Psychology, At~neo U MAT (Social Studies) 1976, U of the Philippines. Philippines, CRUZ, Alma S. dela " A Profile of Filipino Women. Isabell Rojas I Instructor, Polytechnic University of M. A. Psychology 1973, U of California Aleta, Teresita L. Silva, and Christine the Philippines at Davis, i P. Eleazar. Philippine Business for Instructor, Psychology, Ateneo U CASTILLO, Anicia P. Social Progress. Book. 1978. Available M.A. cand., Sociology, Ateneo U DOHM, Thomas I at all Bookmark stores. Ph. D., cand., Psychology,! U of Minne- Lecturer, Socio-Anthro, Ateneo U Bibliography, Summer Institute of Unguis­ sota, " " ESQUILLO, Natividad M. I M.A. Sociology 1978, Ateneo U tics,' Philippines, 1953-1978. Compiled Asst. Professor, Psychology, Ateneo U by Heather J. Kilgour. Summer Institute FERMIN, Patria I Lecturer, Socio-Anthro, Ateneo U I of Linguistics. P. O. Box 2270, Manila. M. A. Psychology, 1976, Ateneo U I Beyond Manila: Philippine Rural Problems Instructor, Psychology, Ateneo U SOCIAL WORK in Perspective. Gelia T. Castillo, Univer­ GUZMAN, Jose Ma. de I Aleta, Isabel Rojas sity of the Philippines at Los Banos. M. A. Psychology, 1978, Ateneo U Ph. D. 1972, Cornell U I Book (3 volumes). December 1977. Instructor, Psychology, Ateneo U Luzon/Nutrition Unit Manager, Philip­ International Development Research L1CUANAN,Patricia B. I pine Business for Social Progress Centre, Ottawa. Ph. D., Psychology 197\0, Pennsyl­ HAMill, Ma. Satumina Laudico Philippine Studies: Present Knowledgeand vania State U, MSSW 1967, Catholic U of America Research Trends: History, Soci;o/ogy, Assoc., Professor and Chairm"an, Psycho­ Understudy Associate Director, Philip­ Mass Media and Bibliography. Donn V. logy, Ateneo U pine Business for Social Progress Hart, ed. Northern Illinois University. MATARAGNON, Rita H. HERNANDO, Soledad Aquino l Monograph. Centre for Southeast Asian M.A. Psychology 1974, U of the Philip- Ed. D. 1971, U of the Philippines Studies, Northern Illinois University. pines, \ Co-Supervisor, Philippine Business for Asst. Professor, Psychology, Ateneo U Social Progress Rural Organizations and Rural Develop­ MONTIEL, Cristina J. I MANLONGAT, Milagros Tria Tirona ment in the Philippines: A Field Study. M. A. Psychology 1978, Ateneo U Master in Social Work, 1966, Smith Cristina Montiel. Institute of Philippine I Instructor, Psychology, Ateneo U College for Social Work Culture. Research report. December ORTIGAS, Carmela D. \ Training Unit Manager, Philippine 1977. Asian Centre for Development M. A. Psychology 1970, Boston U Business for Social Progress Administration. P46., US$9.90. Availa­ I Instructor, Psychology, Ateneo U, SILVA, Teresita ble at the Central Subscription Service, TANSECO, Ruben M., S.J. Master in Social Work, 1954, Catholic P. O. Box 655, Greenhills, Metro M.A. Pastoral Counselling 1969, U of U of America, Manila 3113 Philippines. Detroit, i ' Associate Director, Philippine Business Sarawak: Linguistics and Development Asst. Professor, Psychology, Ateneo U for Social Progress. Problems. (Studies in Third World VILLONGCO, Ma. Luisa I Societies.) Mario D. Zamora, Viinson M.A. Psychology 1976, Ateneo U H. Sutlive and Norman Altshulen, eds. Lecturer, Psychology, Ateneo U Vol. 1 No.3. Address all communica­ PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RECENT PUBLICATIONS tions to: The Editors, Department of DANCEL, Ophelia Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, M.A 1973, Colegio de Sta. Isabel, Reported publications for the period April­ Naga City, June 1978. U.S.A. College Faculty, Colegio de Sketches of the Island of Negros. R. Sta. Isabel, Naga City Entry format: Title. Author/Editor. Home Echauz. Translated from Spanish and ESPIRITU, Sor. Imelda, O:C. Institution. Type. Where published annotated by Donn V. Hart. Introduc­ Ph. D. 1976, U of San Carlos (if it is an article). Vol. No. Date. No. tion by John Larkin. Southeast: Asia Mother Superior, Coleglo de Sta. of pages/page no. Cost. Where available. Conference Program, Ohio University, Isabel, Naga City I Athens, Ohio. (In press.) LUNTOK, Lydia BOOKS!MONOGRAPHS The Filipino Family, Community and M.A., Colegio de Sta. Isabel, Naga City Nation. IPC Papers No. 12.lnstitute of Colleqe Faculty, Colegio d~ Sta. Isabel, Adventures in Rizaliana. Paz Policarpio Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila Naga City I Mendez. Centro Escolar University. University. P14.50. Available at the REYES, Milagros Central Subscription Service, P. 0" Box Ed. D. (cand.l, U of the Philippines Book. 1978. Published by the National I 655, Greenhills, Metro Manila :3113 Graduate Faculty, Colegio de Sta. Historical Institute. Philippines. Isabel, Naga City A Tboli Grammar. Doris Porter. Summer PSSC Social ScienCe Information April - June 1978/27'

ARTICLES University. Article. FAPE Review. Pp. Bohol. Ethnographic Field Study ofPoblacion, "Cadre Schools." Felicita G. Bemardino, 24·29. Balilihan. Judith A Israel. Completed. Domingo Soriano and Felix Santos. "Structural Context and Management of MCH-based Family Planning Project, Article. FAPE Review. Pp. 72-74. Education."· Victor Ordonez. Bancom Bohol. Corporation. Article. FAPE Review. "Cultural' Values and Media,." Eric S. Ethnographic Field Study ofSan Francisco Pp. 7-10. Casino and Anita Feleo. Article. FAPE Talibon. F. Landa Jocano and Pat B. "The Image of the Priest in the Visayan Review. Pp, 30-39. Mariano. Completed. MCH·based Filipino Folklore." Donn V. Hart and Family Planning Project, Bohol. Harriet E. Hart. Northern Illinois Uni­ "Doctoral Dissertations on Muslim Fili­ Ethnographic Field Study in Ubujan· versity. Southern Folklore Quarterly. pinos." Ismael Pumbaya (Compiler). Canigaan-Loon. Pat B. Mariano, etal. No. 40.1976. Pp. 307-341. DRC Bibliographical Bulletin No. 7 Completed. Bohol Maternal Child "The Pump that Failed: A Case Study of January 1978. 3pp. Health-based Family Planning Project. the Breakdown of a Development Family Planning in Bohol, 7975: Charac­ "Early Childhood Education in China Project." Lindy Washburn. Research teristics of Users of Four Family Plan­ Today." Aurora G. Corpuz. University report Research Bulletin. Monthly ning Methods. Pat B. Mariano and of the Philippines. FAPE Review. publication of the Community Projects Nancy E. Williamson. Completed. Bbhol Pp.41-43. Research and Evaluation, Dansalan Maternal Child Health-based Family Research Center. Vol. III Nos. 5-6. "Education for Maranaos: A Perspective on Planning Project. January- February 1978. Problems and Prospects." Uoyd G. Van General Survey of Rural Health Units. Vactor. Dansalan Research Center. DRC Ofelia D. Pardo. Completed Blohol Occasional Papers No.9. January 1978. MCH·based Family Planning Project. 41 pp, RESEARCH PROJECTS Landless Rural Workm in the Philippines: "Equalization Through Education." Leo­ A Documentaty SUlwy. Lorna R. Makil Reported researches and projects contem­ nardo de la Cruz. Article. F.f,PEReview. and Patricia N. Fermin. Instituta of Pp, 18-23. ' plated, ongoing, and completed for the Philippine Culture. Completed. Rural period April-June 1978. Workers Office, Department of Labor. "Of Different Minds: Muslim and, Christian Ways of Looking at their ,Relations in Entry Format: Title of research/project Maternal and Child Care Practices of the Philippines." Peter G. Gowing. Project director. Home institution. I Women in Bohol. Juliet A Jimeno. Dansalan Research Center. Irtemational Status of research/project Source of Completed. MCH·based Family Planning Review of Missions. Vol. ILXVII No. funding. Project, Bohol. 265. January 1978. Pp. 74·85. Status of research project: Migration of Boholanos in 7975-76:' An I Contemplated - formal proposal drawn . "Our Lake for Others? The ~aranao ana Analysis of Four Types of Moves. Ongoing - Preparatory activities after the Agus River Hydroelectric Project." Nancy E. Wil!iamson. Completed. proposal is approved to the stage Lindy Washburn. Dansalan Research Maternal Child Health-based Family before the completion of the final Center. DRC Research Bull~tin. Vol. III write-up Planning Project. Nos.3-4. November - Dec~mber 1977. On the Mobility of the People in Bohol. Completed final write-up accorn- 17 pp. I plished Sandra V. Manuel. Completed. Mater-. "Political Economy and Eoocation in nal Child Health-based Family Planning China." Wilfrido V. Villaborta. Inno­ Case Studies on the Improvement of Project, Bohol. tech. Article. FAPE Review! Pp. 11-17. Slums, Squatters and Rural Settle­ Overcoming Obstacles to Research Utili­ I I ments: The Philippines. Madeline A. zation: The Bohol Experience. Nancy E. "Primary Education in the People's Repub- Sembrano, Sonia Imperial and Nestor Williamson. Completed. MCH-based lic of China." Minda C. Sutaria and S. Felix. Institute of Philippine Culture. Family Planning Project, Bohol. Jenny Go. Article. FAPE Review. Pp, Completed. United Nations Centre for Population Composition Data, Leyre del 44-53. Housing, Building and Planning. Sur and Misamis Oriental Provinces, "Profile of the Out-of-School Youths in Ethnographic Field Study of Booy, Tagbi­ January 1977. Francis C. Madigan, Bukidnon." Leonardo AI Chua. Re­ laran City. Judith A. Israel and Flores S.J. Xavier University. Completed. search report: PCARR Monitor., Vol. Piquero. Completed. MCH-based Family Research Institute for the Study of Man VI No.3. March 1978. Pp. ~-8. Planning Project, Bohol. and American Academy for the Ethnographic Field Study: Magtangtang, "Secondary (Middle School) Education in Advancement of Science. , . Danao.F. Landa Jocano and Pat B. the People's Republic of China." Feli· Rural Organization and Rural Development Mariano. Completed. MCH-based cita G. Bernardino and Leticia Salazar. in the Philippines: A Documentary Family Planning Project, Bohol. Article. FAPE Review. Pp, 54-71. Study. Blondie Po. Institute of F1hilip­ Ethnographic Field Study of Katipunan, pine Culture. Completed. Asian Centre "Social Integration and Lan'guage." An­ Carmen. Judith A. Israel. Completed. for Development Administration. drew B. Gonzalez, F.S.C. De la Salle MCH·based Family Planning Project, Rural Organizations and Rural Develop- 28IPSSC Social Science Information April - Junel1978

ment in the Philippines: A Field Study. An Analysis of the "Pabasa': Ma. Milagros Heterosexual Behavior and Attitudes ot the Cristina Montiel. Institute of Philippine P. Usi. M.A. thesis. Centro Escolar Seniors in Canlubang Sugar Estate, Culture. Completed. Asian Centre for University. 1977. Laguna. Pelilia V. Hernandez. M.A.. Development Administration. Child RearingPracticesin a Tagalog Barrio. thesis. Centro Escolar University. 1978. Survey of Rural Health Unit Personnel. Leonora B. Guerrero. Ph. D. disserta­ . Implementation of Filipinization at St. Menelea V. Lao, et al. Completed. tion. Centro Escolar University. 1978. Stephen's School. Dolores R. Cudiamat. Maternal Child Health-based Family Community Values Reflected in the Ph. D. dissertation. Centro Escolar Planning Project, Bohol. Folktales of Barrio Salvacion. Lydia P. University. 1978. The Changing Role of the Hi/ot in the Escobar-de la Rosa. M.A. thesis. Centro Joys and Frustration Among Filipino City: Tagbilaran City 1977. Nancy E. Escolar University. 1978. Children. Evangeline T. Elma. Williamson, Carol A. Osborn and Rose Contributions of Filipino Psychology in Ph. D. dissertation. Centro Escolar C. Cahiles. Completed. MCH-based Guidance. Virgilio G. Enriquez. Univer­ University. 1978. Family Planning Project, Bohol. sity of the Philippines. Paper. First Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Three Demographic Characteristics of Regional Seminar on Guidance. Divine Public Elementary School Teachers in Current Users of Contraception. Elisea Word University of Tacloban. January Manila. Benita M. Santos. M.A. thesis. Adem. Completed. MCH-~ased Family 26-28, 1978. Centro Escolar University..1978. Planning Project, Bohol. I Current Trends in Guidance. Lily Ros­ Law and Development: A Many Splen­ Training Program Cost AnalYSis: Pompeyo queta-Rosales. Philippine Guidance and dared Research Field. Froilan Bacungan. C. Clarete. Completed. I MCH-based Personnel ·Association. Paper. First Law Center. University of the Philip­ Family Planning Project, Bohol. Regional Seminar on Guidance. Divine pines. Paper. The Second Annual I Word University of Tacloban. January Social Science Conference of the 26-28, 1978. Division of Social, Sciences, UP. April Effects of Piracetan on Learning and 3, 1978. UNPUBLISHED pJERS Memory. Fredegusto G. David. Depart­ Leadership Behavior of ASP Secondary ment of Psychology. University of the School Administrators. Sis. Natalia G. Reported unpublished papek for the Philippines. Paper. The Second Annual Guillerma, O.S.A. M.A. thesis. Centro period April-June 1978. I Social Science Conference of the EscolarUniversity. 1978. Social Sciences Division, UP. April 3, Leadership and Organizational Effective­ Entry format: Title. Home \ Institution. 1978. ness of the Philippine National. Rail­ Type. Where presented. Date. Funding Essentialism in the Social Sciences. Andre­ ways. Rosalia F. Lapefia, D.P.A. disser­ Institution. \ sito E. Acuna. Department of Philoso­ tation. Centro Escolar University, 11978. Analysis of the Organizations and Manage­ phy. University of the Philippines. Learner-Directed Strategy. Belen S. Reyes. ment of a Particular COlleg,{ofNursing. Paper. The Second Annual Social Ph. D. dissertation. Centro Escolar Sis. Carmen Jimenez, D.(!;., Ed. D. Science Conference of the Division of University. 1978. dissertation. Centro Escolarl University. Social Sciences, UP. April 3, 1978. Linguistics Convergence and Culture Con­ 197& I Evaluation of the Faculty on the Or~niza­ tact (Reconstruction of Proto-Sarna­ I An Analysis of the Personality, Profiles of tional and Motivation Practices. Luisa Bajaw Lexicon Syntax). Kemp A. ! the~m~rsofthe~m~~ngm~ F. Kierulf. M.A. thesis. Centro Escolar Pallesen. Summer Institute of linguis­ I - Kabataan ng Tahanan OutrJach Project University. 1978. tics. Dissertation. Summer Institute 01 and Services. Herminio c.I Sy. M.A. Factors Related to the Job Satisfaction of Linguistics, Philippines. thesis. Centro Escolar Unive1rsity. 1978. Employees. Ambrosio M. de la Cruz. Morale of Public Elementary School I Ang Kasaysayan Bi/ang Tanglaw sa Pag- Ph. D. dissertation. Centro Escolar Teachers. Pedro O. Sanvicente. EdL D. unawa sa Panitikan. IBienvenido University, 1978. dissertation. Centro Escolar University. Lumbera. Paper. Lecture-forum. Financial Management of Households in 1978. History Week at the Unive~ity of the the City of Cabanatuan. Lilia O. Jose. 1978-82 NEDA Development Plans, So­ Philippines. September 15, 1977. M.A. thesis. Centro Escolar University. cial pianning and Social Science A Study of the Attitudes ofIthe Public 1978. Research. Jesus Montemayor. UP Elementary School Teache1 of Taclo­ History and Political Science. Francisco College Los Banos. Paper. The Second ban City Division Towar1 Bilingual Nemenzo, Jr. University of the Philip­ Annual Social· Science Conference! of Education. Asuncion Sole~ad. M.A. pines. Paper. Lecture-forum. History the Social Sciences Division, UP. April thesis. Divine Word University of Week at the University of the Philip­ 3,1978. Tacloban. 1977. I pines. September 15, 1977. Nonprofessional Working Couples in a Ang Kamulatang Pangkasaysayah saSikolo­ History in Search of People: A Sociologi­ Rural Setting. Raymunda U. Osias. hiyang Pilipino. Virgilio G.\ Enriquez. cal Perspective. Mary R. Hollnsteiner. Ed. D. dissertation. Centro Escelar University of the Philippines. Paper. Institute of Philippine Culture. Paper. University. 1978. Lecture-forum. History Week at the Lecture-forum. History Week at the Organizational Properties and Effectiveness University of the Philippin~. Septem- University of the Philippines. September of the National Labor Relations Com­ I ber15, 1977. I 16, 1977. mission. Anita M. Medina. M.Pt.A. l PSSC Social Science Information April - June 19781r29

thesis. Centro Escolar University. 1978. forum. History Week at the University GRANTEES Past and Contemporary Historical Me­ of the Philippines. September 15, 1977. thods: A Question of VlIlidity. Gil Survey on Adolescent Self-Concept Entry Format: Name. Home Institution. Gotiangco, Jr. Department of History, Through the Activity Vector. Analysis. Nature of grant. Place. Grantor. University of the Philippines. Paper. Josefina C. Ejercito. M.A thesis. Centro The Second Annual Social Science Escolar University. 1978. Virgilio B. Aguilar. Regional Staff Develop­ Conference of the Division of Social The Balic-Bahay Project of the Hospicio ment, St. Mary's College, Bayomoong. Sciences, UP. April 3, 1978. de San Jose. Sis. Judy R. Absin, D.C. Teacher Development Program in the People of the Flood Plain: Their Changing M.S. Social Work thesis. Centro Escolar United States. Lawrence Hall of Science, Ecology of Rice Farming in Cotabato, University. 1978. University of California at Berkeley. Philippines. James Stewart. Ph. D. The Divine Word University of Teclobsnr Fulbright-Hays. dissertation. University of Hawaii. 1977. Its Development as an Educational Personal Administration in Selected Private Institution. Andres de Veyra. Divine GarmelitsArapoc. Dept. of Natural Re­ Secondary Schools. Benita S. Yap. Ed. Word University of Tacloban. M.A. sources. Social Science Research Instl­ D. dissertation. Centro Escolar Univer­ thesis. Divine Word University of tute (SSRI). University of the Philip­ sity. 1978. Tacloban. 1977. pines. Dept. of Natural Resources. Philippine Coconut Authority: A Study in The History of Corruption in Philippine Organizational Development Luis L. Society. Jose W. Diokno. Paper. Lec­ MabiniArevalo, Jr. Dept. of Natural Re­ Evangelista. D.P.A dissertation. Centro ture-forum. History Week at the sources. SSRI. UP. Dept. of Natural Escolar University. 1978. University of the Philippines. September Resources. Policy Research in the Servic« of the 16, 1977. People. Ledlvifia V. Carino. College of The Homeroom - An Essential Aspect of Eugenio Armodia, Jr. Dept. of Agrarian Public Administration, University of the the Guidance Program. Carolina J. Reform. SSRI. UP. Dept. of Agrarian Philippines. Paper. The Second Annual Pascual. Paper. First Regional Seminar Reform. Social Science Conference df the Social Ap~il on Guidance. Divine Word University Sciences Division, UP. 4, 1978. of Tacloban. January 26-28, 1978. CharitoA to. Urios College, Butuan City. Power Dynamics of Rural Families: The The Reciprocal Relationship of the Socio­ Refresher Course in the Social Sciences Case of a Samar Barrid. Mina E. economic Situation of Education in for College Teachers (RCCT). University Contado. M.S. thesis. UnivJrsity of the Barrio San Victor, Tanauan, Leyte (A of the Philippines. Fund for Assistance Philippines at Los Banos./ November. Follow-up Study). Leatriz Mazo. M.A to Private Education (FAPE) - PSSC. 1977. l thesis. Divine Word University of Profile of Community WorkJrs Class of Tacloban.1977. Ida Jane Avorque. Dept. of Agrarian Re­ 1977. Sagina S. HUkutan.IM.S. Social The Muslim Filipino Rebellion: Meaning form. SSRI. University of the Plililip­ Work thesis. Centro Escolar University. and Challenge to the Mission and pines. Dept. of Agrarian Reform. 1978. I Ministry Of the Church in the Philip ., Psychological Testing. Leticia ~. Asuzano. pines. Hilario Gomez. Ph. D. disser­ Adoracion B. Bajet. University of Northern Fund for Assistance to Prr.ate Educa­ tation. Princeton Theological Seminary. Philippines. RCCT. University of the tion. Paper. First RegionallSeminar on 1977. Philippines. University of Northern Guidance. Divine Word Ujniversity of The Problems in Teaching Elementary Philippines. Tacloban. January 26-28, 1978. Agriculture in Selected DistriCts, Leyte Proverbs as a Vehicle for Sotial Control. Division. Jose Mazo. M.A thesis. Emilia Bareng. Nueva Vizcaya State Insti­ Sis. Editha S. Zema, O.S.A/M.A thesis. Divine Word University of Tacloban. tute of Technology. RCCT. University Centro Escolar University. 1 of the Philippines. Nueva Vizcaya State 1978. 1977. Proposed Set of Instructiona'! Modules in The Tambulans (Medicine Men) of Leyte: Institute of Technology. Social Studies. Julia M. Fabro. Ed. D. Their Practices and Psychologicallmpli­ dissertation. Centro Escola~ University. Antonietta Bondoc. Angeles University I cations. Rebecca Tiston. Divine Word 1978. i University of Tacloban. M.A thesis. Foundation. RCCT. University of the Socialization in Barrio Butring and Its Divine Word University of Tacloban. Philippines. FAPE-PSSC. Implications for School Adrinistration. January 1978. Dionisia S. de la Rosa. M.A thesis. PromenciaC. Borbon.St. Bridget's College, I Centro Escolar University, 1978. Wika at Tao: Mga Layunin at Paraan sa Batangas City. RCCT. University of the Socio-economic ContributionJ of the Co­ mga Linggwistik na Pag-aaral sa Pilipi­ Philippines. FAPE-PSSC. conut Industry to Comrrlunity Deve­ nas. Consuelo Paz. Department of I lopment: Abelardo C. Lumanuq. M.A Linguistics and Asian Languages, Alicia F. Borja. Dept. of Agrarian Reform thesis. Centro Escolar University. 1978. University of the Philippines. Paper. SSRI. UP. Dept. of Agrarian Reform. Some Economic Problems in Historical The Second Annual Social Science Perspective. Gonzalo Jurado. University Conference of the Division of Social Felix P. Buduan. Dept. of Natural Resour­ of the Philippines. Paper. Lecture- Sciences, UP. April 3, 1978. ces. SSRI. UP. Dept. of Natural Re- 30/PSSC Social Science Information April - June 1!J7a 'J

sources. College, Koronadal, South Cotabato. -ReCT.· University of the Philippines. RCCT. University of the Philippines. FAPE-PSSC. Josefina R. Bugayong. Dept. bf Agrarian FAPE-PSSC. Reform. SSR I. UP. Dept. of Agrarian .Fe A. Longalong. Dept. of Natural Re­ Reform. Rizal C. Javier. Mariano Marcos Memorial sources. SSRI. UP. Dept. of natural College of Science and Technology. Resources. RCCT. University of the Philippines. Gloria C. Caga/ingan. Dept. of Agrarian Mariano Marcos Memorial College of Hermes O. Lories. Bureau of Agricultural Reform. SSRI. UP. Dept. of Agrarian SCienceand Technology. Reform. Economics. SSRI. UP. Bureau of Agri­ cultural Economics. Milagros R. Laforteza• .National Food and Naomi N. Capinpin. Dept. of Agrarian Agriculture Council. SSRI. UP. National Norma Mali/ay. Divine Word College of Reform. SSRI. UP. Dept. of Agrarian Food and Agriculture Council. San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. RCCT. Reform. University of the Philippines. FAI?E­ Josefina L1edo. Ateneo de Zamboanga. PSSC. Augusto Ma. Cinco, Jr. .National Food and Agriculture Council. SSRI. UP. National THE FLlP·FLOP POWER_ (one month after the first announcement Food and AgricUlture Council. OF THE PRESS RELEASE of the 'discovery") did we have a chance Continued from page 17 to read an unexpurgated summaJ'YI des­ Cecilia C. Dlstor. Dept. of Agrarian Re­ June 16, 1978) begins this inventory with cription of the Tao't bato (not 'stone form. SSRI. UP. Dept. of Agrarian. people,' by the way, but 'stone/rock Reform. the lead sentence. "The Tao't bato ... are not Stone-Age people but people who use dwellers'; like Tagalog, 'river dwellers'). metals and practice agriculture, Dr. Jesus The early bulletins and follow-up stories, Nenita Estrellado. Regional Science Teach­ which portray these people as far less ing Center, Ateneo de Davao. Teacher Peralta ... made this clarification vester­ culturally endowed than they are, and hint development program in the United day as he revealed exciting new findings about the Tao't bato .. ." Additional broadly at stone-age connections; are States. Lawrence Hall of Science, Uni­ corrections made in this article are the traceable in substance and fervor, not to versity of California at Berkeley. number of Tao't bato families (20, not 30; Peralta, but to publicity people who unfor­ Fulbright-Hays. 84 Individuals in all), and their habitat tunately claimed too much too SOClm, in I vain and to our common shame. Gloria J. Fabia. Dept. of Agrarian Reform. ("Contrary to earlier reports, the Tao't SSRI. UP. Dept. of Agrarianl Reform. bato do not live inside a dead volcano's The press release is a powerful thing, crater but in a limestone bowl on the sides I especially where its contents cannot be of which are found seven caves"). I Columba Flores. St. Ferdinand College, publicly challenged. But it. has built unto it 'JIIIl But, to return to the night of May 15, lIagan, Isabela. RCCT. UniJersity of the a lethal protective device. against its own when I had made the distinction between Philippines. FAPE-PSSC. t misapplication. When it is flagrantly abused planters (Tao't bato) and gatherers [Tasa­ - made the channel, for example, of some I day), and the vast cultural difference this Filomena G. Gante. Dept. of i Natural Re- premature or pretentious report - it will I implied, my caller was apparently satis­ sources. SSRI. UP. Dept; of Natural turn on its authors and do them in. 'This is fied. He had enough to go on, he said. at Resources. I the flip-flop, pro-con, hot-cold power least for the next morning's deadline. He of the press release. A good friend, a now needed time to understand, not just Heidi K. Gloria. Ateneo de Drvao. RCCT. mortal enemy. the original news release, but the notes be University of the Phillpplnes, FAPE- Especially where the topic is a newly­ had made on my comments, such as they PSSC. I noted people such as the Tao't bato or\the were. Poor man, he thanked me and hung Tasaday, professional care, competence, up. Celine Goco. Philippine Coconut Authority. and caution must moderate the content SSRI. UP. Philippine Co~nut Autho- But I sat there, feeling - very uneasy. and timing of the releases that will appear. Searching for the reason why, I traced it rity. I For unless this instrument of information finally to this: I was appalled and fr~ght­ and its priveleged wielders are subject to '·1 Lynn T. Guasa. Visayan StaJe College of ened by a situation in which both a control of this kind, it is predictable that i j . Agriculture. RCCT. UnivJrsity of the conscientious reporter and a trained ill-informed enthusiasm, misplaced national Philippines. Visayan Statjl College of professional felt they had no guarantlee of pride, or a compulsive bent for the sensa­ Agriculture. the accuracy or honesty of a public news tional will write what the world will read. I bulletin on a matter of national conse­ The press release will backfire, and Ricardo O. Hermosura. Dept: of Agrarian quence. "That's the problem," the reporter Filipinos will be made a laughing-stock. In Reform. SSRI. UP. Dept. of Agrarian had said, "1 can't figure out where the the long run (and even in the short), Reform. publicity ends and Peralta begins." revisionist ethnography, like revisionist Peralta - pure Peralta - began quite history and prehistory, will always makea Erlinda C. Hisug. Notre Dame of Marbel late. Only with the Rous article of June 16 bad copy. Q \­ \ PSSC Social Science Infor~ation April - June 1978/3\1 I , I \ i THE IDEOLOGY OF TAGALOG disputation. STUDENT SATISFACTION WITH SOCIAllY·CONSCIOUS lIT~RATURE The Filipino had been made to believe COLLEGE ENVIRONMENT Continuedfrom page5 I that the general turmoil among the people had been caused by the introduction of a Continued from page 12 tion and sophistication in th.e world of \. ideas, the poor peasants and proletariat foreign ideology expertly utilized by sibilities toward the students to the end understood best the necessity o,fthe strikes agitators to stir the masses to overthrow that they will be more humanistic in their \ and revolution. They knew thIne must be the government. Socially-conscious litera­ dealings with the students. In addition, I an end to their miserable life. The writers' ture, influenced as it was by foreign better incentives should be given tOI the task was to clarify how they ~ould do it ideology, could not have inspired a faculty members of state institutions so But how could the writers p~rform this complete economic revolution. It might that they will have a more genuine interest task when they themselves di~ not fully have encouraged the desire to change but in the students and their problems. comprehend the significance 01 a complete those who had read and had used the 4. School administrators in state institu­ writers' ideas certainly thought of the economic revolution? Said LOPl K. Santos: tions should make a serious study of their maintenance of the prevailing economic Hindi ang Banaag at Sikat ang mF' Iikha school facilities and take concrete steps in system. ng Komunilmo. IniiwCUlan nga nitong upgrading them. Successful alumni of state dumattng dito ang KomunUmo .a institutions may be requested to donate pamamagitan ng paglutuB .a sulil-anin ng It should be remembered that the 10 reference books for the library and other mga puna at manggagawa sa !k,kid. writers were, by education and aspirations, school equipment It was not Banaag at Sikat thatlcreated of the upper class. Being in that position, 5. Since the faculty constitutes a very Communism.· It was even fOlding they would be the wielder of the politi­ Communism by providing sOlufions to important predictor of the students' cal and for that matter, economic control. the problems of the landlords and the academic performance, instructors Should tenents.) l Reformation meant the continued encourage mutual trust, respect, friendship dominance of the upper class. In the end, it and warmth in their relationship wlththe Lope K. Santos spoke for the other writers. would be they and their social class who students. A staff development program in The labor movement was reformist and so would be the beneficiary of the reformed were the writers. Since the labor leaders college institutions will help greatly, in I capitalist system. And the chance would be ~ey were the writers themselves, sought greater if the Americans were beatenlout, producing better faculty members. to continue the' struggle for tHe assertion 6. Better student-student relationship of the workmen's rights withih the legal should be encouraged. Frequent socials or I framework. One may conclude therefore a program of social activities in school will I FOOTNOTES that Tagalog socially-conscious literature of help in establishing better relationship the first three decades was,I reformist­ among students. lCelso Zafranco, "Ang Makara," Sampo­ socialist - an expose of the feudal guita, IV, 10, (Oktubre 21,1928/, p, 23. ERRATA condition in Philippine society Iand a call for the elimination of usury, 1emand for 2patricio Mariano, "Ang Mga Anak Vol. V No.4 of the PSSC Social Science Dalita," (Maynila, 1911/, p. 26. higher wages, equitable sharing of crops, Information: but not a call for the elimina~ion of the 3Juan C. augarin, "PinagJahuan," Samp«. P. 18 caption should read Vicente: R. guita, IV,3, (Setyembre 2,1928/., p. 24. root cause of the unbalanced ec?nomy and Jayme, not Vicente T. Jayme. the prevailing class system. It was written 4Aurelio Tolentino, "Bagong Cristo," in P. 19 - Hotel Intercontinental-Manila, apparently to meet an immediJIte need ­ Edna ManlapllZ, (ed.)' AUJ:Clio Tolentino, Selec­ not Hotel International Manila. ted Writings (Q.C.:, U.P. Press, 1975/, p. 148. that of uniting against the landlords - rather than to pioneer in the fou~ding of 5Jacinto Ma~ahan, Kaapihan ng Magsasa­ ~ "'." ::.:.'\"••::T a new/society. ka (Manila, 1922) p, 59. 1_...1.... .".~2_' 6 . In this context, the writers could not Jose Flores Gloria, "Makabayang Mang- become the leaders of the revolution. They gagawa," Alitaptap, (Mayo 2, 1929), p. 24. could neither be its singer nor its inspirer. 7 Francisco Laksamana, "Kung Matemo Like the class to which they beldnged, they ang Adhika," Sampaguita, III, 37, (Abril 29, were just reformists of the eXisti:ng system. 1928/, p. 14.

So long as the battle of ideas was carried 8Georgii Levinson, The Worke,., ._1<1..... _rtf__, ..., _ ••.cu.l~¥ lIo14ftn ~_ ..... c:_t 00'_.,....,_ of _.1~1 on at a purely theoretical level~ it would .MolJement in the Philippines (Moscow, 1957), fail to resolve the confusion ard in fact p.15; would only add to it. The masses would 9Julian Balmaseda, "Walong Oras . I Pangarap Lamang, II, n. p, I remain unaffected by the wrangling of the ·r I intellectuals, and the intellectuals by isola- lOParaluman Aspillera, Talambuhay ni ting themselves from the masses and from I Lope K. Santos, (Q.C.: Capitol Publishing House, political struggle, would lack the 1972), pp. 65. . I·· touchstone of reality against Which to .• All English translations were done by test, the meaningfulness or frivolityof.their the author. I