Motivations Des Violences Et Violations Du Droit À La Vie Observées Lors De La Crise Post- Électorale De 2010-2011 En Côte D’Ivoire

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Motivations Des Violences Et Violations Du Droit À La Vie Observées Lors De La Crise Post- Électorale De 2010-2011 En Côte D’Ivoire KOUADIO RAYMOND N’GUESSAN, KONE DRISSA Kouadio Raymond N’GUESSAN1, Drissa KONE2 1- Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement/ Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny,[email protected] 2- UFR Sciences Médicales/ Université Félix Houphouët Boigny MOTIVATIONS DES VIOLENCES ET VIOLATIONS DU DROIT À LA VIE OBSERVÉES LORS DE LA CRISE POST- ÉLECTORALE DE 2010-2011 EN CÔTE D’IVOIRE Revue Africaine d’Anthropologie, Nyansa-Pô, n° 18- 2015 RÉSUMÉ La crise qui avait éclaté au lendemain de l’élection présidentielle de 2010 en Côte d’Ivoire avait été un moment de désordre et d’instabilité qui avait causé d’énormes souffrances à l’ensemble de la population ivoirienne. Ces souffrances traumatiques faisaient suite aux agressions physiques, aux menace-séquestrations, aux viols, aux violences sur proches, aux pertes de proches, aux violences sur autrui, aux vols et destructions de biens, etc. Pour comprendre les motivations réelles de ces violences et violations du droit humain, il a été procédé à l’analyse d’une trentaine d’évènements traumatiques subis par des civils non armés et des ex-combattants dans le district autonome d’Abidjan. Les données ont été recueillies à partir d’entretiens semi- structurés et d’observations. L’analyse des données s’est appuyée sur les méthodes phénoménologique, cognitive, écologique des comportements humains et compréhensive. Les résultats de ce travail d’opinion indiquent plusieurs raisons qui pourraient expliquer les actes de violences et violations du droit à la vie observés. Ces raisons aussi diverses étaient entre autres l’implication des individus dans la crise armée, les présomptions et la crainte de l’autre, les idées d’appropriation de biens d’autrui et autres intérêts et les règlements de compte. Au-delà donc des raisons politiques qui avaient suscité la crise post-électorale de 2010-2011 en Côte d’Ivoire, des motivations de diverses natures avaient été à l’origine des violences et violations du droit à la vie observées. Mots-clés : Violence, Violation du droit à la vie, Motivations associées, Crise post-électorale, Côte d’Ivoire. 118 Rev Afr Anthropol (Nyansa-Pô), N°18 - 2015 MOTIVATIONS DES VIOLENCES ET VIOLATIONS DU DROIT À LA VIE ... ABSTRACT The crisis which had burst the shortly after the presidential election of 2010 in Ivory Coast had been one moment of disorder and instability which had caused enormous sufferings with the whole of the population of the Ivory Coast. These traumatic sufferings made following the physical aggressions, threat-sequestrations, the rapes, violence on close relation, the losses of close relations, violence on others, the flights and destructions of assets, etc. To understand the real motivations of these violence and violations of the human right, was carried out to the analysis of about thirty traumatic events undergone by civilians not armed and ex-combatants in the autonomous district with Abidjan. The data were collected starting from semi structured talks and of observations. The data analysis was based on the methods phenomenologic, cognitive, ecological behaviors and understanding. The resultsof this work of opinion indicate several reasonswhich could explain the actsofviolence andviolations of the right to the life observed. These so various reasons were inter alia the implication of the individuals in the armed crisis, the presumptions and the fear of the other, the ideas of appropriation of goods of others and other interests and the settlings of score. Beyond thus of the political reasons which had caused the post-electoral crisis of 2010-2011 in Ivory Coast, of the motivations of various natures had been at the origin of violence and violations of the right to the life observed. Keywords: Violence, Violation of the right to the life, Motivations associated, Post-electoral crisis, Ivory Coast INTRODUCTION Par sa théorie de l’agression, Konrad Lorenz définit les conflits humains comme le résultat d’un instinct ancestral et animal (Gonnet 2009, p. 173). Lorenz ajoute que c’est l’une des conséquences de l’instinct d’agression dont la définition est malaisée en l’état actuel des connaissances scientifiques (Ibid. p. 152). Toutefois, on peut en dégager trois caractères nécessaires à la compréhension de son fonctionnement (Ibid.). Tout d’abord, l’instinct se traduit par l’existence de « séquences de mouvements de forme constante, Rev Afr Anthropol (Nyansa-Pô), N°18 - 2015 119 KOUADIO RAYMOND N’GUESSAN, KONE DRISSA exécutées d’une manière parfaitement identique par tous les individus sains appartenant au même type » (Lorenz, 1963). D’ailleurs, le comportement agressif devient nuisible, favorisant la guerre entre communautés d’hommes par la force de l’instinct que la raison peut difficilement contrôler (Gonnet 2009, p. 167). La guerre entre communautés d’hommes existe depuis les sociétés primitives. Clastres (2013) perçoit l’essence des guerres de cette époque dans le « territoire exclusif ». Il s’agissait donc de guerres «défensives» qui répondaient à des revendications de territoires exclusifs qui ne devraient pas être partagés avec l’autre. Comme le souligne Degryse (2001), la pulsion principale du vivant est de rester en vie. L’agressivité permet aux êtres vivants éventuellement agressés par d’autres de défendre l’extension de leur propre territoire afin de maintenir intactes leurs conditions matérielles de survie (Ibid.). La guerre défensive qui s’est développée avec les sociétés primitives est encore d’actualité dans le monde d’aujourd’hui. Des Etats comme l’Israël et la Palestine s’affrontent depuis des décennies pour revendiquer certains territoire dont la bande de Gaza. Avec les guerres asymétriques instaurées dans le monde par les organisations terroristes, plusieurs populations luttent aujourd’hui pour la défense de leurs territoires afin de se maintenir en vie. En outre, le développement des Etats modernes d’aujourd’hui, conséquence à l’évolution de l’espèce humaine est émaillé d’autres types de guerres dont le plus couramment observé en Afrique est la lutte du pouvoir politique. C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrit la crise post-électorale de 2010-2011 en Côte d’Ivoire. Cette crise armée qui a éclaté au lendemain du deuxième tour de l’élection présidentielle d’octobre et de novembre 2010 a eu selon le rapport de la Commission Nationale d’Enquête (CNE) publié en juillet 2012 un caractère extrêmement violent (CNE 2012). Elle a occasionné 15 597 cas de violations dont 3248 cas de violations du droit à la vie et plusieurs cas de traumatismes psychologiques (Ibid.). Dans l’opinion générale en Côte d’Ivoire comme dans le monde, ces traumatismes psychologiques et violations du droit à la vie enregistrés faisaient suites aux affrontements qui ont opposé les pro-Gbagbo aux pro- Ouattara dans leur lutte pour le contrôle du pouvoir d’Etat. D’autres voix anonymes dont les défenseurs des droits de l’homme avaient 120 Rev Afr Anthropol (Nyansa-Pô), N°18 - 2015 MOTIVATIONS DES VIOLENCES ET VIOLATIONS DU DROIT À LA VIE ... même décrié le fait que ces violences traumatiques et violations du droit à la vie avaient pris un caractère ethnique et religieux. Les différentes lectures de ces évènements sinistres que la Côte d’Ivoire a connus se justifient bien dans la forme. Les lectures faites au sujet des actes commis se justifient également au regard de certains forfaits. Toutefois, une question mérite d’être posée. Quelles étaient les motivations réelles des violences et violations du droit à la vie observées au cours cette grave crise que la Côte d’Ivoire a connue? En d’autres termes, pour quelles raisons les individus ont-ils été violentés ou tués lors de la crise post-électorale de 2010- 2011 en Côte d’Ivoire? En 1994, le Rwanda a fait une expérience de violence qui a conduit au génocide. Motivée officiellement par un problème politique, la crise Rwandaise à conduit à une violence orientée vers l’éradication de l’ethnie Tutsi et de certains membres de la communauté Hutu qui voulaient s’opposer à cette barbarie génocidaire. Les chiffres officiels indiquent que 800 000 personnes ont trouvé la mort dans cette crise. Il était question d’éliminer tous les Tutsi et leurs alliés au point où les individus étaient même poursuivis et tués dans les églises avec la complicité de certains chefs religieux. Les enfants et même les nouveaux nés n’avaient pas été épargnés. Les personnes avaient été victimes du génocide à cause de ce qu’ils étaient : le fait d’être nés Tutsi ou associés des Tutsi (le cas des Hutu modérés). Au regard du cas Rwandais et des nombres crises observées aujourd’hui en Afrique et dans le monde, il y a bien des raisons de s’interroger sur ce qui s’est passé en Côte d’Ivoire. DÉMARCHE MÉTHODOLOGIQUE La question posée dans l’introduction a pu être traitée dans le cadre d’une thèse de Bioanthropologie sur les aspects éthologiques des réponses de la culture aux traumatismes psychologiques causés par la crise post-électorale. L’étude a porté sur les expériences d’une trentaine de victimes du district autonome d’Abidjan. Le district autonome d’Abidjan représente en effet, le cœur du pouvoir politique de la Côte d’Ivoire. Il représente aussi le siège de l’administration publique en Côte d’Ivoire et le pôle économique du pays. De ce fait, Abidjan s’est pratiquement retrouvé avec toutes les sensibilités Rev Afr Anthropol (Nyansa-Pô), N°18 - 2015 121 KOUADIO RAYMOND N’GUESSAN, KONE DRISSA ethniques et culturelles que compte la Côte d’Ivoire. Plusieurs autres communautés venues surtout des autres pays de l’Afrique de l’ouest vivent également à Abidjan. Théâtre de plusieurs mois d’affrontement qui ont duré de décembre 2010 à mai 2011, le district d’Abidjan a été la région du pays la plus affectée par la crise selon la CNE (op.
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