DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Transcript

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download Transcript Stanford eCorner Finding the Great Problems [Entire Talk] Barbara Liskov, MIT CSAIL (Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab) 22-10-2019 URL: https://ecorner.stanford.edu/?post_type=video&p=64208 Barbara Liskov was already breaking new ground in 1968, when she became one of the first American women to earn a doctorate in the emerging discipline of computer science. After receiving that PhD at Stanford, she went on to design several influential programming languages, including CLU, an important precursor to Java. More recently, as an Institute Professor at MIT and head of the institute’s Programming Methodology Group, she has undertaken crucial research on distributed systems, information security and complex system failure issues. She is one of fewer than 100 individuals to receive an A.M. Turing Award from the Association of Computing Machinery. In a conversation with host Ann Miura-Ko, a lecturer in Stanford’s Department of Management Science and Engineering and founding partner of the venture capital firm Floodgate, Liskov explores how she discovered the nascent field of computer science, how she recognized and surmounted a number of fundamental computing challenges, and shares her concerns and hopes about how computing will continue to transform our lives. Transcript (calm electronic music) - [Presenter] Who you are defines how you build.. (applause) - We have a lot of young people here today and I was fascinated by the fact that you grew up in the Bay Area, you grew up in San Francisco.. Went to UC Berkeley, went away for a little bit.. Came back to Stanford, so we'd love to hear a little bit of the origin story.. - Okay, well as you said, I grew up right in San Francisco.. It's a very different place now then it was then.. And I was always interested in math and science.. Even though at that time, even more so then today, it was not considered the thing that women should be doing.. But I persevered, and I went to Berkeley, and I majored in math.. - Were there early influences that pushed you on that path? - You know, I don't think so.. I think that my parents, my mother was a housewife, my father was a lawyer.. They had no particular reason to push me toward engineering and so forth.. But they were certainly encouraging.. Whatever I wanted to do was fine with them, which I think is really important for young people.. So I went off to Berkeley, I majored in math.. And when I finished there I thought about going to graduate school, but I decided I really wasn't ready because I didn't wanna make that kind of commitment to studying.. And so I decided to get a job.. And I had a close friend who had graduated from Stanford, and we decided to move to the Boston area because my father grew up here.. And I came to Boston, and I went to look for a job.. And I couldn't find a good job as a mathematician.. Which is not surprising, since you really need more than an undergraduate degree in math to do interesting math.. But I was offered a job as a programmer.. And at this point I didn't even know computers existed.. I had never heard of a computer.. And they were hiring people like me who knew nothing about computers, because there was no computer science department.. There was nobody graduating from college who knew how to program.. So they would hire anybody that they thought might be able to do the job.. And I went to work at a place called the Mitre Corporation.. And my first day on the job I was handed a Fortran manual and I was asked to write a program to do some little thing that they described to me.. I've forgotten what it was.. And I discovered this field that I knew nothing about.. That was really interesting and really fit my abilities.. And so I was off to the races, and that's how I discovered computer science.. I worked at Mitre for a year and then I switched and worked at Harvard for a year.. At Harvard, I worked on a machine translation project.. And I was actually maintaining a big program.. In those days you used to have printouts, and that printout was two or three inches thick.. And my job was to maintain that code.. And it was written in machine language.. So one of the two benefits of that job, I learned how the machine works, so I learned about computer architecture.. And I also learned about what it means to write good and bad code, because when you're maintaining somebody else's code, you certainly see both the good points and the bad points.. Anyway part way through that period, and working at this job, I decided to go to graduate school.. Because I felt that although I was learning a lot, I was basically self-taught.. And it seemed like I could make a lot more progress going to school.. And I decided to go back to Stanford because I felt it was time to come back to California.. So that's sort of how I got into the field.. - And when did you come back to Palo Alto then? - I came here in 1963, so I worked for two years and then I went back to graduate school.. - A lot of undergraduate students are thinking about this, in this moment right now, of do I go straight into graduate school, or do I take a moment to go out and work for a little bit, and then come back.. It sounds like this process of actually getting out and working for a little bit, was very influential in what you decided to study.. Can you talk a little bit more about that? - I think it was obviously crucial for me.. If I had gone on, the way I was going when I finished my bachelors degree.. I probably would never have ended up where I ended up.. I think that in a way, what happened, because I went and looked for a job, is that a door opened, that I hadn't expected to see.. And actually, I think these kinds of moments happen in many people's careers.. You think you're on a certain path, you discover along the way, some opportunity presents itself, and you move in a different direction.. It just changes the way your life is.. As far as the question of, should you go on for a graduate degree, right away, or is it okay to go and work instead.. I always tell my students, that it's a personal decision.. What you're looking for in a career, is something that you're good at, and something that you like.. Because if you don't have both of those things, you're not gonna be successful.. But exactly what that's gonna be for you, depends on you, and you have to find a path and figure it out for yourself.. And so there isn't a right or a wrong answer here.. It's just, you sort of follow your nose and things will happen.. - I love that.. So you arrived here in Palo Alto in 1963, for many of you in the room, you all know that this is, Palo Alto is ground zero for many very well known startups.. In 1965, there was a very well known startup, that started in Palo Alto, called the Grateful Dead.. On High Street, and so that's the period you're coming here to Stanford.. So I would love to know what was Stanford like in that period, and then what was the computer science department like.. - So Stanford was a backwater.. I had been going to Berkeley, Berkeley is so full of energy, there's so much going on there.. - Still is.. - And I went to Stanford and it just felt like I was in the middle of nowhere.. And you have to understand that it was much less developed then it is now.. There were still apricot orchards in this area.. So it was a different time.. - But they had the Grateful Dead.. - They did have the Grateful Dead.. And the whole business of startups wasn't really around, not the way we know it today.. HP existed, so there were some more electrical engineering things.. SRI existed I think, but there wasn't a hell of a lot going on.. But as far as a place to study was concerned, it was good.. There wasn't even a computer science department yet, when I got here, it was just a program.. It was very small.. I don't actually remember how many people were in my entering class, but it was probably five, or something like that, really small.. Nevertheless, the classes that I took had quite a few people attending them.. And I remember fondly, the class I took on compilers, in which the class took over the machine room in the evening, because it was the only way where we could get our turnaround in time.. Since that was the day of batch processing.. Otherwise you would submit a deck, and two days later you might get back the answer about whether there was a bug in your program.. - And you were the first woman to get a PhD in computer science from Stanford.. - Yes.. - Were there challenges there, or did it feel different, or were you used to being a woman, a pioneering woman in your field, by this-- - (laughs) Well I was used to being one of one or two women.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Did They Get to the Moon Without Powerpoint?
    How Did They Get to the Moon Without PowerPoint? Mordechai (Moti) Ben-Ari Department of Science Teaching Weizmann Institute of Science [email protected] Keynote speech at the Finnish Computer Science Society, May, 2003. 1 Developing a Technology The invention of writing, however, was the invention of an entirely new Let me start with a description of one of my first technology.[3, p. 9] full-time jobs: There is something to be said for this definition: I developed a technology for data min- do you remember those old movies that show “typ- ing in order to consolidate enterprise- ing pools,” where rows and rows of people, usually customer relations. women, sat pecking away at keyboards all day? Since I held that job in the early 1970s, clearly I would not have described my work in this terminol- ogy! What I actually did was: I wrote a program that read the system log, computed usage of CPU time and printed reports so that the users could be billed. My point in this talk is that hi-tech in general and computer science in particular did not begin in the 1990s, but that we have been doing it for decades. I believe that today’s students are being fed a lot of marketing propaganda to the contrary, and that they Well, things haven’t changed all that much! have completely lost a historical perspective of our discipline. I further believe that we have a respon- sibility as educators to downgrade the hype and to give our students a firm background in the scientific and engineering principles of computer science.
    [Show full text]
  • Rulemaking: 1999-10 FSOR Emission Standards and Test Procedures
    State of California Environmental Protection Agency AIR RESOURCES BOARD EMISSION STANDARDS AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR NEW 2001 AND LATER MODEL YEAR SPARK-IGNITION MARINE ENGINES FINAL STATEMENT OF REASONS October 1999 State of California AIR RESOURCES BOARD Final Statement of Reasons for Rulemaking, Including Summary of Comments and Agency Response PUBLIC HEARING TO CONSIDER THE ADOPTION OF EMISSION STANDARDS AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR NEW 2001 AND LATER MODEL YEAR SPARK-IGNITION MARINE ENGINES Public Hearing Date: December 10, 1998 Agenda Item No.: 98-14-2 I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 3 II. SUMMARY OF PUBLIC COMMENTS AND AGENCY RESPONSES – COMMENTS PRIOR TO OR AT THE HEARING .................................................................................................................. 7 A. EMISSION STANDARDS ................................................................................................................... 7 1. Adequacy of National Standards............................................................................................. 7 2. Lead Time ................................................................................................................................. 8 3. Technological Feasibility ........................................................................................................ 13 a. Technological Feasibility of California-specific Standards ..............................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Assignment #4: Big−O, Sorting, Tables, History − Soln
    Assignment #4: Big−O, Sorting, Tables, History − Soln 1. Consider the following code fragment: for (int pass = 1; pass <= 10; pass++) { for (int index = 0; index < k; index += 10) { for (int count = 0; count < index; count++) { do_something(); } } } Assuming that the execution time of do_something() is independent of k, what is the most accurate description of the worst case run−time for this algorithm? a) O(1) b) O(k ) c) O(k log(k) ) 2 d) O(k ) ← 3 e) O(k ) Briefly explain your reason for choosing this answer. The outer loop executes (10+1-1)/1=10 times, and the middle loop executes (k-0)/10 = k/10 times for each execution of the outer loop. The innermost loop executes no times at first, then once, then twice, until k-1 times the last time that the middle loop executes, and the body runs O(1) time. Thus the run time is 10*(0+1+2+?+k- 1)*O(1) = O(k2). 2. Consider the following code fragment: for (int pass = 1; pass <= k; pass++) { for (int index = 0; index < 100*k; index += k) { do_something(); } } Assuming that the execution time of do_something() is O(log(k) ), what is the most accurate description of the worst case run−time for this algorithm? f) O(log(k) ) g) O(k ) h) O(k log(k) ) ← 2 i) O(k ) 2 j) O(k log(k) ) Briefly explain your reason for choosing this answer. The outer loop is executed (k+1-1)/1 = k times, the inner loop is exectuted (100k-0)/k = 100 times, and the innermost block takes time O(log(k)).
    [Show full text]
  • Core Magazine February 2002
    FEBRUARY 2002 CORE 3.1 A PUBLICATION OF THE COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG PAGE 1 February 2002 OUR ACTIONS TODAY COREA publication of the Computer History3.1 Museum IN THIS MISSION ISSUE TO PRESERVE AND PRESENT FOR POSTERITY THE ARTIFACTS AND STORIES OF THE INFORMATION AGE INSIDE FRONT COVER VISION OUR ACTIONS TODAY The achievements of tomorrow must be was an outstanding success, and I simply doesn’t exist anywhere else in TO EXPLORE THE COMPUTING REVOLUTION AND ITS John C Toole rooted in the actions we take today. hope you caught the impact of these the world. With your sustained help, our IMPACT ON THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE Many exciting and important events announcements that have heightened actions have been able to speak much 2 THE SRI VAN AND COMPUTER have happened since our last CORE awareness of our enterprise in the louder than words, and it is my goal to INTERNETWORKING publication, and they have been community. I’m very grateful to Harry see that we are able to follow through Don Nielson carefully chosen to strategically shape McDonald (director of NASA Ames), Len on our dreams! EXECUTIVE STAFF where we will be in five years. Shustek (chairman of our Board of 7 John C Toole David Miller Trustees), Donna Dubinsky (Museum This issue of CORE is loaded with THE SRI VAN AND EARLY PACKET SPEECH EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR & CEO VICE PRESIDENT OF DEVELOPMENT 2 Don Nielson First, let me officially introduce our Trustee and CEO of Handspring), and technical content and information about Karen Mathews Mike Williams new name and logo to everyone who Bill Campbell (chairman of Intuit) who our organization—from a wonderful EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT HEAD CURATOR 8 has not seen them before.
    [Show full text]
  • I: the Conception
    Excerpt from: Mayo, Keenan and Newcomb, Peter. “How the Web Was Won,” Vanity Fair, July 2008. I: The Conception Paul Baran, an electrical engineer, conceived one of the Internet’s building blocks—packet switching— while working at the Rand Corporation around 1960. Packet switching breaks data into chunks, or “packets,” and lets each one take its own path to a destination, where they are re-assembled (rather than sending everything along the same path, as a traditional telephone circuit does). A similar idea was proposed independently in Britain by Donald Davies. Later in his career, Baran would pioneer the airport metal detector. Paul Baran: It was necessary to have a strategic system that could withstand a first attack and then be able to return the favor in kind. The problem was that we didn’t have a survivable communications system, and so Soviet missiles aimed at U.S. missiles would take out the entire telephone- communication system. At that time the Strategic Air Command had just two forms of communication. One was the U.S. telephone system, or an overlay of that, and the other was high-frequency or shortwave radio. So that left us with the interesting situation of saying, Well, why do the communications fail when the bombs were aimed, not at the cities, but just at the strategic forces? And the answer was that the collateral damage was sufficient to knock out a telephone system that was highly centralized. Well, then, let’s not make it centralized. Let’s spread it out so that we can have other paths to get around the damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Features of the Internet History the Norwegian Contribution to the Development PAAL SPILLING and YNGVAR LUNDH
    Features of the Internet history The Norwegian contribution to the development PAAL SPILLING AND YNGVAR LUNDH This article provides a short historical and personal view on the development of packet-switching, computer communications and Internet technology, from its inception around 1969 until the full- fledged Internet became operational in 1983. In the early 1990s, the internet backbone at that time, the National Science Foundation network – NSFNET, was opened up for commercial purposes. At that time there were already several operators providing commercial services outside the internet. This presentation is based on the authors’ participation during parts of the development and on literature Paal Spilling is studies. This provides a setting in which the Norwegian participation and contribution may be better professor at the understood. Department of informatics, Univ. of Oslo and University 1 Introduction Defense (DOD). It is uncertain when DoD really Graduate Center The concept of computer networking started in the standardized on the entire protocol suite built around at Kjeller early 1960s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- TCP/IP, since for several years they also followed the ogy (MIT) with the vision of an “On-line community ISO standards track. of people”. Computers should facilitate communica- tions between people and be a support for human The development of the Internet, as we know it today, decision processes. In 1961 an MIT PhD thesis by went through three phases. The first one was the Leonard Kleinrock introduced some of the earliest research and development phase, sponsored and theoretical results on queuing networks. Around the supervised by ARPA. Research groups that actively same time a series of Rand Corporation papers, contributed to the development process and many mainly authored by Paul Baran, sketched a hypotheti- who explored its potential for resource sharing were cal system for communication while under attack that permitted to connect to and use the network.
    [Show full text]
  • The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
    The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • The Internet Development Process: Observations and Reflections
    The Internet Development Process: Observations and Reflections Pål Spilling University Graduate Center (UNIK), Kjeller, Norway [email protected] Abstract. Based on the experience of being part of the team that developed the internet, the author will look back and provide a history of the Norwegian participation. The author will attempt to answer a number of questions such as why was The Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI) invited to participate in the development process, what did Norway contribute to in the project, and what did Norway benefit from its participation? Keywords: ARPANET, DARPA, Ethernet, Internet, PRNET. 1 A Short Historical Résumé The development of the internet went through two main phases. The first one laid the foundation for packet switching in a single network called ARPANET. The main idea behind the development of ARPANET was resource sharing [1]. At that time computers, software, and communication lines were very expensive, meaning that these resources had to be shared among as many users as possible. The development started at the end of 1968. The U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) funded and directed it in a national project. It became operational in 1970; in a few years, it spanned the U.S. from west to east with one arm westward to Hawaii and one arm eastward to Kjeller, Norway, and then onwards to London. The next phase, the “internet project,” started in the latter half of 1974 [2]. The purpose of the project was to develop technologies to interconnect networks based on different communication principles, enabling end-to-end communications between computers connected to different networks.
    [Show full text]
  • EECS 333: Introduction to Communication Networks
    EECS 333: Introduction to Communication Networks Professor Dongning Guo Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Northwestern University Spring 2007 EECS 333 (Northwestern) 1 / 18 Course Information Lecturer: Prof. Dongning Guo Teaching Assistant: Jun Luo Prerequisite (important) Basic probability theory (EECS302, IEMS302, Math330, or equivalent). Handout: A brief note of probability. Textbook A. Leon-Garcia and I. Widjaja, Communication Networks: Fundamental Concepts and Key Architectures, 2nd edition, McGrawHill, 2004. The book provides principles and a lot of details. Focus on the principles. Course website https://courses.northwestern.edu/ EECS 333 (Northwestern) 2 / 18 Problem sets Quasi-weekly, usually due on Friday in class. (A one-time delay of 48 hours is allowed. Late homework not accepted otherwise.) Working in groups of 2 or 3 is encouraged if enhances learning. Each student should write own solution to hand in. Office hours Prof. Guo: Wednesday 3–4 pm or by appointment. Jun Luo: 4–5 pm, Tue/Thu (subject to change). Exams Midterm: Friday, April 27, in class. Final: Monday, June 4, 9-11 am. Course grade Midterm 25% Final 45% Problem Sets 30%. Undergraduate and graduate students on separate scales. EECS 333 (Northwestern) 3 / 18 Chapter 1: Introduction Professor Dongning Guo Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Northwestern University March 26, 2007 EECS 333 (Northwestern) 4 / 18 Outline This course provides an introduction to communication networks, such as the Internet and the public telephone network. Primary goals 1 To help you develop a conceptual framework for understanding the key issues that must be addressed in communication networks; 2 To introduce some of the technologies in modern networks; 3 To help you learn some basic methods for performance analysis for networks; 4 Not to learn detailed specifications of particular standards - rather, the emphasis is on basic principles.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Internet Pioneers
    List of Internet pioneers Instead of a single "inventor", the Internet was developed by many people over many years. The following are some Internet pioneers who contributed to its early development. These include early theoretical foundations, specifying original protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment. The pioneers Contents Claude Shannon The pioneers Claude Shannon Claude Shannon (1916–2001) called the "father of modern information Vannevar Bush theory", published "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in J. C. R. Licklider 1948. His paper gave a formal way of studying communication channels. It established fundamental limits on the efficiency of Paul Baran communication over noisy channels, and presented the challenge of Donald Davies finding families of codes to achieve capacity.[1] Charles M. Herzfeld Bob Taylor Vannevar Bush Larry Roberts Leonard Kleinrock Vannevar Bush (1890–1974) helped to establish a partnership between Bob Kahn U.S. military, university research, and independent think tanks. He was Douglas Engelbart appointed Chairman of the National Defense Research Committee in Elizabeth Feinler 1940 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, appointed Director of the Louis Pouzin Office of Scientific Research and Development in 1941, and from 1946 John Klensin to 1947, he served as chairman of the Joint Research and Development Vint Cerf Board. Out of this would come DARPA, which in turn would lead to the ARPANET Project.[2] His July 1945 Atlantic Monthly article "As We Yogen Dalal May Think" proposed Memex, a theoretical proto-hypertext computer Peter Kirstein system in which an individual compresses and stores all of their books, Steve Crocker records, and communications, which is then mechanized so that it may Jon Postel [3] be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Internet Technical Standardization: Low Public Visibility, High Public Policy Impact
    Internet Technical Standardization: Low public visibility, high public policy impact. Lecture Notes for a Guest Lecture in the context of the course “Internet Governance” St. Gallen University, 2014-10-06 Norbert Bollow <[email protected]> 1. Disclosures In any effort aimed at explaining matters of public policy (which can reasonably be seen as matters of politics) it is important for the person who is speaking to start by explaining their particular background and perspective. Hence I declare myself as follows: • I have come to the whole topic area of Internet Governance originally with a very much technical perspective, involving for example in-depth interest in the technical standards for email. • Over time I have however become more and more interested in the social, economic and political dimensions, becoming active in the civil society activities of in particular the Swiss Open Systems User Group /ch/open and Just Net Coalition. One of my major concerns is that what is happening and not happening in Internet governance must not be allowed to undermine democracy. • More generally, I'm looking for solutions to organize business and global governance in a sustainability oriented way. 2. Brief historical overview of the Internet success story The ways in which Internet Technical Standardization is conducted today are very much related to the work of the technical pioneers who have very significantly shaped these processes. We therefore start with a historical overview with a focus on (what are from my perspective at least) the key technical pioneers. 2.1 Louis Pouzin (*1931) The key technical innovation at the basis of the Internet was the invention of the “datagram”, and thereby the concept of “packet switching networks”, by Louis Pouzin, a Frenchman.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloading a Webpage
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Time Constructs: The Origins of a Future Internet Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/133926p6 Author Paris, Britt Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Time Constructs: The Origins of a Future Internet A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Information Studies by Brittany Paris 2018 © Copyright by Brittany Paris 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Time Constructs: The Origins of a Future Internet by Brittany Paris Doctor of Philosophy in Information Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Leah A. Lievrouw, Chair Technological time has been a topic of much theorization and dread, as both intellectuals and laypeople fear that human life is increasingly becoming secondary to the technological world. Feelings of despair and nihilism, perhaps attributable to social, political and economic upheavals brought by the synchronization of human life with technology, have been theorized by numerous scholars in a plethora of overlapping disciplines. What is left undertheorized is how technology develops in ways that might or might not actually foster these sensations of synchronicity, or speed. Technological development includes patterns of social coordination and consumption, as well as individual use and goals, that all relate to a sense of lived time. But what of the ways that technical design fosters these relations? What is the discourse of time in technological projects? This dissertation investigates the aforementioned questions in the context of NSF-funded Future Internet Architecture (FIA) projects—Named Data Networking (NDN), eXpressive Internet Architecture (XIA), and Mobility First (MF)—which are currently underway.
    [Show full text]