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Canine Enteric Coronavirus Outbreaks in Racing Greyhounds in Australia a Brief Overview of Coronaviruses in Dogs - March 2020

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Canine Enteric Coronavirus Outbreaks in Racing Greyhounds in Australia a Brief Overview of Coronaviruses in Dogs - March 2020 Canine enteric coronavirus outbreaks in racing greyhounds in Australia A brief overview of coronaviruses in dogs - March 2020 In recent months, outbreaks of gastroenteritis have been reported in racing greyhounds in WA, QLD, Vic and NSW.1 PCR testing of faecal samples from affected greyhounds has identified canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV), in addition to variable levels of co-infection with a number of other gastrointestinal pathogens, including Salmonella, Giardia and Campylobacter. Unaffected dogs from neighbouring kennels have tested positive for some of these co-infecting pathogens, but not for CCoV, supporting a direct role for CCoV in the disease outbreaks. The presence of co-infections in the affected dogs is likely contributing to the clinical signs in these patients as adult dogs are frequently asymptomatic with CCoV infection alone. Given the current interest in coronaviruses with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, it is important to note that the current outbreaks in greyhounds are unrelated to the human virus. Canine enteric coronavirus is a common pathogen of dogs and was first identified almost 50 years ago. There is no known zoonotic risk associated with CCoV.2 This short technical update provides a concise overview of CCoV for veterinarians who may treat greyhounds (or other dogs infected with CCoV) or face questions from owners, breeders or trainers. Canine enteric coronavirus CCoV, an alphacoronavirus (formerly known as group I coronaviruses),2 is closely related to feline coronavirus (FCoV), both the highly contagious enteric biotype and the systemic biotype associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). In fact, these viruses are so closely related that they are now classified as host-range variants of a single viral species - alphacoronavirus 1. CCoV may infect cats however there is no evidence of infection associated with disease in that species. There is a lack of recent data on the prevalence of CCoV in Australian dogs, however, an Australian seroprevalence study published in 2001 demonstrated CCoV infection during a dog’s lifetime is common in both pet owned and group housed dogs.3 Seroprevalence of 15.8% was reported in pet dogs, while in the higher population density kenneled-dog cohort it was 40.8%. Higher prevalence in kenneled dogs is unsurprising given the virus is highly contagious. Earlier studies in Australia showed a prevalence of active CCoV infection based on the presence of coronavirus virions in faecal samples by electron microscopy of 2.9 to 7.1%.4, 5 The primary route of transmission of CCoV is via faecal-oral exposure through faecal contamination of the environment.2 High titres of virus are shed in faeces, facilitating rapid spread through susceptible dog populations. Unlike canine parvovirus, which replicates initially in lymphoid tissue before spreading via a viraemia to infect the gastrointestinal tract, CCoV passes through the stomach to the small intestine where it directly infects mature enterocytes, primarily in the proximal duodenum. Infection results in lysis, desquamation and shortening of the villi, with the lost cells being replaced by immature cells from the crypts.2 In the absence of a concurrent canine parvovirus infection, cells actively replicating in the crypts are unaffected, allowing for relatively rapid regeneration of damaged villi. Typically, infection with CCoV results in a mild, self-limiting infection restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Following an incubation period of 1 to 4 days, signs associated with CCoV infection may be seen, which include lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, malodorous diarrhoea and dehydration.2 Adult dogs infected with CCoV alone are often asymptomatic, with young dogs likely to display more severe signs of disease. More severe disease, or disease in adult dogs, may occur in association with co-infections and stress. Co-infection with CCoV and canine parvovirus (CPV) has been shown to result in more severe disease, both experimentally and under natural settings.6, 7 Although more virulent strains have been reported associated with systemic disease (see below on pantropic canine coronavirus), it is important to note that an FIP-like syndrome has not been reported associated with CCoV in dogs. Management of dogs showing signs of disease involves supportive therapy to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and good nursing care. Where concurrent infections are identified, these should be treated appropriately.2 Whilst deaths associated with diarrhoea are uncommon, they may occur in pups secondary to water and electrolyte loss. Photo credit: Alissa Eckert, MS, Dan Higgins, MAMS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The presence of asymptomatic shedding animals makes controlling CCoV spread challenging, particularly in situations of high population density. Infected dogs generally shed virus in the faeces for 3-14 days, however it is possible for shedding to continue for up to six months.2 Standard precautions of biological risk management should be practiced, including isolation of clinically unwell animals from other at-risk dogs and proper cleaning and disinfection. CCoV is an enveloped virus and although it can remain viable for days to weeks under the right conditions, it is easily inactivated by routine disinfectants.2, 8 A canine enteric coronavirus vaccine (Protech® C2i) is available in Australia. This vaccine contains inactivated canine coronavirus in addition to bacterins of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni. Vaccination has been shown to reduce the severity and duration of clinical signs and the duration of viral shedding, however it does not provide sterilising immunity.9 Dual infection with CCoV and other enteropathogens, such as CPV, can result in increased morbidity and mortality. Vaccination may therefore be of clinical benefit, in much the same manner as vaccination against canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) is used to control canine infectious respiratory disease (CPiV rarely causes severe disease alone but can act synergistically with other respiratory pathogens to cause more severe disease). The registered protocol for Protech C2i is two doses 2-4 weeks apart from 6 weeks of age then annual boosters. Protection is not expected until at least 7-10 days after the second dose of the primary course. Pantropic canine coronavirus A more virulent biotype of CCoV, termed pantropic canine coronavirus, has been reported in the literature. This biotype is associated with greater systemic replication, resulting in pathological changes in other internal organs in addition to the gastrointestinal tract. The first cases of pantropic canine coronavirus were reported in Italy in 2005.10 Subsequently, additional reports have been published from other countries. Clinical signs of pantropic canine coronavirus include fever, lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, haemorrhagic diarrhoea and neurological signs including seizures and ataxia. Infection is also associated with leukopaenia. Currently available enteric canine vaccines have not been demonstrated to provide protection against pantropic variants. There are no published reports of pantropic canine coronavirus in Australia. Canine respiratory coronavirus In addition to enteric coronavirus, dogs are also host to a betacoronavirus (formerly known as group 2 coronaviruses), named canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV). First reported in the UK in 2003, CRCoV is recognised as a primary pathogen in the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), more commonly known as canine cough or kennel cough. The enteric and respiratory coronaviruses are antigenically distinct and therefore cross protection would not be expected from the current CCoV vaccine. According to data from IDEXX, CRCoV is frequently isolated in Australian dogs, with a prevalence of 10.7% in samples submitted for respiratory disease multiplex PCR testing.11 Summary Canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV) can cause signs of gastroenteritis in dogs, but infections are often asymptomatic unless there is concurrent infection with another pathogen, or in young animals. Vaccination with Protech® C2i has been shown to limit CCoV disease and shedding, which may help control an outbreak. If you have any questions please contact Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Medical Services on 1800 808 691. Further information on canine and feline infectious diseases can be found by visiting Animal Health Academy. If you haven’t registered yet, please create an account and use the access code: myAcademy 1. Greyhound Racing Victoria website. Accessed 13th March 2020; Available from: https://greyhoundcare.grv.org.au/ccv/. 2. Greene, C.E., et al, Canine Viral Enteritis, in Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 2012, Elsevier. 3. Naylor, M.J., et al (2001) Canine coronavirus in Australian dogs. Aust Vet J, 79(2), 116-9. 4. Marshall, J.A., et al (1984) Viruses and virus-like particles in the faeces of dogs with and without diarrhoea. Aust Vet J, 61(2), 33-8. 5. Finlaison, D.S. (1995) Faecal viruses of dogs-an electron microscope study. Vet Microbiol, 46(1-3), 295-305. 6. Appel, M. (1988) Does canine coronavirus augment the effects of subsequent parvovirus infection. Vet Med, 360-366. 7. Pratelli, A., et al (1999) Fatal coronavirus infection in puppies following canine parvovirus 2b infection. J Vet Diagn Invest, 11(6), 550-3. 8. Tennant, B.J., et al (1994) Studies on the survival of canine coronavirus under different environmental conditions. Vet Microbiol, 42(2-3), 255-9. 9. Fulker, R., et al (1995) Efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against clinical disease caused by canine coronavirus. Adv Exp Med Biol, 380, 229-34. 10. Buonavoglia, C., et al (2006) Canine coronavirus highly pathogenic for dogs. Emerg Infect Dis, 12(3), 492-4. 11. IDEXX Laboratories Technical update (2013). Australian and Global RealPCR results indicate co-infections with multiple pathogens are common. Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia Pty. Ltd. Level 1, 78 Waterloo Road, North Ryde NSW 2113. ABN 53 071 187 285. Protech® is a registered trademark of Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc. All rights reserved. .
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