ITU A|Z • Vol 17 No 2 • July 2020 • 31-52 GIS-based approach to urban planning, archaeological inventory and geology structure in multilayered cities: The case of Tahtakale in Istanbul

Bedel EMRE1, Adem Erdem ERBAŞ2 1 [email protected] • Earth System Science, Eurasia Institute of Earth Science, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey 2 [email protected] • Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, Turkey

Received: May 2019 • Final Acceptance: January 2020

Abstract This study presents a new planning approach within the context of the inte- gration of archaeological and geological data in the planning process conducted in multi-layered cities. The modern urban physical space in multi-layered cities requires greater integration of natural elements through the use of the new ad- vanced technology. Even though the archaeological cultural heritage/inventory is more recognizable in the urban space, the construction of modern cities increas- es the developmental pressure on the underground cultural heritage/inventory. This study seeks an alternative method for transferring the archaeological and geological data for the Preservation-Oriented Zoning Practice Plan by using the Geographical Information Systems (GIS), in accordance with the decisions on registering the cultural assets in Turkey. With this approach, the aim is to change spatial planners’ perception of three-dimensional space and to propose a model for integrating archaeological data with the decisions based on the preservation plan. The effect of the elevation details of both the archaeological and geological data discussed on the integrated planning analysis and synthesis stage. The GIS were used for the spatialization of the archaeological data, while for the assess- ment and transfer of the obtained data by using ArcGIS software and “georefer- encing” and “overlay analysis”. In addition, a field study was performed in Histori- cal Peninsula, Tahtakale Region, and in-depth interviews and structured meetings were conducted with thirty-eight people to secure the contribution of different disciplines to the planning. Keywords Multi-layered city, GIS, Underground cultural inventory, Geology, Urban doi: 10.5505/itujfa.2020.34735 doi: planning. 32

1. Introduction in Tahtakale and Istanbul, and those The planning of modern cities re- working in different fields as well. All quires a multidimensional perspective the interview performed within the that should observe economic, eco- scope of this article helped to under- logical and social structure planning stand the reflection of the multi-lay- principles to ensure sustainable de- ered urban system on the physical velopment. Especially for multi-lay- space, also the geology structure one ered ancient cities with a rich cultural of the important components for the heritage, the sustainable urban plan- study was included in the evaluation ning approach depends on many oth- process with archeological inventory er components. The main purpose of thanks to these interviews5. this study is to discuss the sustainable We used the GIS for the spatializa- preservation planning challenges for tion of the archaeological data6, while cities that, on the one hand, have an ar- for the assessment and transfer of the 1 Structured chaeological cultural heritage that still obtained data to GIS. We can sepa- Interview: Doç. exists underground, and on the other rate the database structure into 3 part: Dr. Aygül AĞIR, hand, a modern life existing on the sur- descriptive data (natural and build- Istanbul Technical face. For this reason, we studied as the up environment analysis); graphic University, History of Architecture field work in the Historical Peninsula data (historical maps; satellite images, 20.03.2016. and specialized the debate on the His- etc.); photographic data (document torical Trade Area-Tahtakale, major and archive photographs of Archeo- 2 Kızıltan, Z. & commercial areas of Istanbul that had logical Museum). The mapping base Saner, T., 2011. İstanbul’da once served as the Venice Trade Colo- made it possible to vectorialise all the Arkeoloji İstanbul ny in the Byzantine era (Ağır, 2009:15) elements rendered with the three con- Arkeoloji Müzeleri and continued to function as a major secutive geometric primitives of the Arşiv Belgeleri commercial area in the Ottoman and GIS (Points, Polylines and Polygons) (1970-2010), Republican Eras, albeit with certain (Baratin, L., Bertozzi, S., & Moretti, E., İstanbul Bilgi 1 Üniversitesi changes (Ağır, 2016) . 2013). The relations and connection Yayınları, İstanbul. In the study we used GIS tools, and contiguity relationships between and applied the method for gathering the GIS element guarantee by the to- 3 Structured multi-component and multi-actor for pological functions. The orthophotos, Interview: Prof. Dr. preservation planning based on the DEMs and the particularly accurate Turgut SANER, Istanbul Technical underground cultural inventory and TINs obtained made it possible to de- University, History geology structure in decision-making velop an important phase of 3D data of Architecture processes. Within the scope of the Is- processing through the ESRI ArcScene. 12.12.2016. tanbul 2010 European Capital of Cul- The historical charts and grids that per- 4 Structured ture works, the “Archaeology in Istan- mitted spatial diachronic analysis also Interview: Zeynep bul, Archive Documents of Istanbul proved to be invaluable. Also, we used Kızıltan, Istanbul Archaeology Museums (1970-20102)”, ArcGIS software and “georeferencing” Archaeology which was prepared by scanning stud- and “overlay analysis” also performed Museum, ies in the Archaeology Museum Ar- a field study, historical spatial maps, Directorate, 02.01.2017. chive, contains an excel file of the ar- natural environmental analyses (ele- chaeological inventory that had been vation, geological structure etc.) and 5 Structured discovered over the course of 40 years coordinates of valid zoning plans were Interview: Prof. Dr. in Istanbul through the coordination overlapped. In this way, in addition to Turgut ÖZTAŞ, 3 Mimar Sinan Fine of information (Saner, 2017 ). We pre- ensuring the integrity of the spatialized Arts University, pared after obtaining approval from data in the GIS, an evaluation of the Geological the Directorate of Istanbul Archaeolo- coexistence of different types of data Engineering, gy Museum and based on the master’s and plan decisions with the under- 09.04.2017. thesis prepared in coordination with ground cultural inventory and geology 6 These the directorate of the museum (Kızıl- structure, was able to be made. archeological 4 tan, 2017 ). In this context, besides the planning data include For the study, we performed in- approaches where spatial and func- archeological depth interviews with thirty-eight tional sustainability were observed in drillings, rescue excavation, people, which included those working the multi-layered cities in terms of ge- field survey in relevant public institutions, acade- ology (Erbey, 2017:500), the main area determination so micians, craftsmen and citizens living of discussion includes studies or efforts on.

ITU A|Z • Vol 17 No 2 • July 2020 • B. Emre, A.E. Erbaş 33 aimed at determining and recording ning tools defined in the governmental the archaeological inventory, while the regulation, the Preservation-Oriented duties of authorized institutions and Zoning Plan and the Site Management current planning systematics emerge Plan are prepared, and other tools are as sub-elements of this discussion. used in accordance with the profes- sional competencies of the planners. 2. Position of the multi-layered These can be regarded as the tools for cities within the inventory and intervening in the concept of assets. preservation planning approach in In such a protection system, the pres- the historical environment of Turkey ervation of archaeological areas is per- Aysu (1975:27) defines the concept formed on the basis of the definitions of preservation within the planning ap- governing the mobile and immobile proach as the “efforts to maintain the cultural assets that fall under the pres- social, cultural, spatial and similar sus- ervation concept in the legal system. tainability by synchronizing the ma- The Law no. 2863 on the Preservation terial cultural features formed by the of Cultural and Natural Assets, which cultural heritage of humankind that was put into force on 07.21.1983 and have been created in the continuity of amended twelve times to date, contains history and life with the newly-creat- the legal obligations for preserving ar- ed spatial-physical products”. The idea chaeological works. The concept of site of conducting planning through the is defined as follows: “the cities and ur- preservation-based approach within ban traces of various civilizations that the planning systematics of Turkey was emerged in the pre-historic period and conceived after realizing the necessi- are still present today and that reflect ty of preserving the natural resources. the social, economic, architectural Moreover, in the planning approach, and similar characteristics of the peri- preservation plans were separated od, and the places of social life where from the developmental plans depend cultural assets are common or where on France, Malraux Laws (Okyay, significant historical events took place 2001:15). As a result, Zoning Practice and as such, should be preserved with Plans are used as the means of plan- the specified natural characteristics”. ning in residential and developmental Considering the fact that many cities areas, while Preservation-Oriented in Turkey date back to early times and Zoning Practice Plans are defined for historical traces are still present under- the preservation areas. ground (Bilgin, 1996; 3), this particular The formation of the Preserva- case should be included in the laws for tion-Oriented Zoning Practice Plans preserving the underground cultural is as follows: In accordance with the assets. legislation on Preserving the Cultural The Preparation of Preservation and Natural Assets, all practices in the Plans are based on the processes of relevant field shall be suspended after determination and registration. The an area is declared as preserved by the registration of preserved areas and relevant preservation council, and the natural cultural assets are performed council shall determine the “Preserva- by the Regional Cultural and Natu- tion Principles and Terms of Use with- ral Heritage Preservation Boards. The in the Transitional Period” until the Regulation on the Determination and Preservation-Oriented Zoning Plan Registration of the Immobile Cultural is prepared. Although comprehensive Assets to be preserved and the proce- preservation approaches are developed dures and principles to be presented in in these plans, the integration of this the notices of preserved areas are sig- preservation approach to the urban nificant. Moreover, Resolutions were system cannot be performed (Dinçer, determined by the High Council of 2013:25). To facilitate this integration, Preserving the Cultural Assets, and policies must be issued and projects the preservation and usage conditions must be developed; Site Management were specified in accordance with the Plans are prepared for this purpose. preserved area class. In this context, Although there is a variety of plan- the Control Offices for the Implemen-

GIS-based approach to urban planning, archaeological inventory and geology structure in multilayered cities: The case of Tahtakale in Istanbul 34 tation and Preservation (KUDEB), The Istanbul Metropolitan Munic- which are foreseen to be established ipality developed in 2015 the current within the scope of provincial special over-ground cultural assets inventory administrations, metropolitan munic- for the express purpose of ensuring ipalities and district municipalities, as preservation of assets in multi-layered one of the innovations introduced by cities, a process that requires the coop- Law on the Preservation of Cultural eration of many different institutions and Natural Assets, no. 5226, dated in applying two different planning in- 07.27.2004, aim to resolve the prob- struments (Dinçer, 20177). In addition, lems that have been experienced for there is no database where the under- many years. The authorities and re- ground cultural inventory is kept holis- sponsibilities of KUDEB, which should tically (Kuban, 20178). include at least one expert each from the fields of architecture, urban plan- 3. The significance of the ning, engineering, archaeology and art underground cultural inventory history and work in cooperation with and the geological structure of the Regional Council of Preservation, the historical peninsula and were assigned by the Project Offices of its contribution to planning KUDEB and the Regulation Regarding The leading issue experienced in the the Procedures and Principles on the historical context is the risk of losing Foundation, Operation and Permis- the urban references of the past. Dinçer sions for Educational Units. However, (2013:23) highlights the UNESCO in our country which has a rich histori- World Heritage Council Meeting held cal background, archaeological studies in New Zealand in 2007 and mentions can be carried out within the scope of that 40% of the participating countries various technical, legal, financial, etc. noted the devastating effects of urban constraints (Ministry of Culture and transformation and development re- Tourism, 2019). For this reason, there sulting from the urban infrastructure are many cultural assets in our coun- projects, contemporary architecture, try have not been registered yet due and high buildings, with the following to limited archaeological excavations statement being made on this issue: and surveys. For this reason, it is very “Cultural heritage is under a major important to identify The Potential threat in countries like Turkey which Underground Cultural Heritage Areas host many contemporary investments. which have not yet gained site status. In revealing this heritage, obtaining In this context, it is essential to de- information about it and conveying velop specific plan decisions in areas this information to society, the world where archaeological inventory studies of science and future generations, cer- are underway and which have not yet tain issues arise that cannot be solved gained registration and site status. easily” (Kızıltan & Uyar, 2011:18). The

7 Structured Interview: Prof. Dr. İclal DİNÇER, Yıldız Technical University, City Planning, 15.02.2017.

8 Structured Interview: Prof. Dr. Zeynep KUBAN, Istanbul Technical University, History of Architecture, Figure 1. Formation of the Database for the Historical Peninsula - İstanbul. 18.04.2017.

ITU A|Z • Vol 17 No 2 • July 2020 • B. Emre, A.E. Erbaş 35 reasons these issues appear so difficult derground Cultural Inventory” to the to solve are related to the necessity of GIS could be used for urban history, forming inventory data correspond- the current configuration and future ing to the different periods of urban plans. The section titled, “Tahtakale history, the transformations that po- and Underground Cultural Inventory”, litical and economic periods have un- will address whether this study can be dergone, which inevitably triggered conducted with the relevant files of the the reconstruction of physical spaces, museum, and various analysis tech- the simultaneous efforts involved in niques will focus on the benefits. raising the quality of life in urban ar- eas, and preserving historical layers, 3.1. Database’s contribution to Istan- the necessity of using and developing bul’s historical topography urban areas, and finally, to the fact that All of the urban history studies re- this usage and development can only garding Istanbul have been performed be performed through qualitative and based on the studies in the literature quantitative data repository developed and on old maps and engravings. How- through interdisciplinary studies. This ever, it should be noted that in urban study examines the afore-mentioned archaeology studies, all the resources challenges and proposes a method in- that can be observed in the cities or in volving GIS on how to form the rele- the formation of the cities, from the vant data repository. This study also natural structure data to the historical presents another method for both the development and planning decisions, database and planning systematics. should be evaluated together with the Applying the GIS method with the data obtained from the archaeological satellite image of the Historical Pen- studies. Bilgin (1996:28) highlights insula initiated the formation of the the significance of natural data in the database. We processed total of 414 formation of urban forms, particular- archeological determination on the ly drawing attention to the topography smart maps of GIS in a coordinated data, the reason being that geograph- manner (Figure 1). An archeological ical conditions (earthquakes, floods, information form which created by us- land characteristics, slopes, etc.) and ing attribute table of the ArcGIS soft- natural structure characteristics indi- ware helped to record for each archeo- cate the breakpoints and renewal areas logical drillings, inventory and rescue of the urban forms in the historical excavation data. We transferred all process. For these reason, topography archeological inventory data on these is a vital directive element for the spa- forms to GIS. Therefore, detailed nu- tial arrangements of the cities. merical data on where the inventories The 7th century is the period of the were concentrated over a 40-years pe- Greek colonization of the city. Starting riod and on the periodical inventories from this period, the geographical and and characteristics of the inventories special location of the city has had an from these periods were obtained. We impact on its development and the set- superposed eleven historical maps by tlement has developed as an important using the georeferencing method. The port and load transfer place (Müller present situations of the modern build- W., 1998). Müller, as the reason for the ings, the plan analyses of the Historical failure to obtain more detailed findings Peninsula and the plans in force (Met- of this period, the ancient ports are ropolitan Planning, 1/5.000 Zoning filled in the sea of Sirkeci and Eminonu Practice Plan and 1/1.000 Master Im- regions and noted that as an archae- plementation Plan) were included in ological work due to the rail systems the data systematics. cannot be done (Müller W., 1998: 4), This study examined, how the data- some of these structures Sirkeci Metro base can be use interpretation for the emerged during the rescue excavations historical background of the Historical (Özmen, HI, 2007: 22-27). During the Peninsula. This is the most important Byzantion period, fortifications were component of the historical topogra- fortified in time and the walls were phy of Istanbul. The section included started to be built from the very first how “Historical Peninsula and Un- times (Müller W., 2001: 16). It is stated

GIS-based approach to urban planning, archaeological inventory and geology structure in multilayered cities: The case of Tahtakale in Istanbul 36 by Müller that the walls of the Acrop- past to the present, it is thought that olis were built later (Müller W., 2001: the finds were closer to the sea in the 16). The city, which has survived many Roman Era and thus had stronger ties sieges and wars during the indepen- to the sea. The residential areas in the dence process, has been connected to Byzantine Era are believed to have ex- Rome since 146 after the walls were re- panded to the upper elevations of the paired many times. city. It is also clear that the finds are In the city, which was named Con- more concentrated around Eminönü. stantinople in 324, the ports continued The fact that Eminönü has more finds their existence with their sheltered po- than Fatih does not indicate that Fatih sition. Regarding this period, Müller was occupied later, because Fatih has refers to Natitia and emphasizes that finds dating back to the Roman Era. all uses for the city are shaped around Moreover, it is understood that the harbors (Müller W., 1998: 6). In the 7th Zeyrek region developed as a religious century, the old port region, which lost center in the Byzantine Era, despite the its importance with the interruption topographical difficulties. of agricultural shipments from Egypt, According to Müller, it is not easy became a rubble dump site in the early to reconstruct the image of the city at Ottoman period and joined the shore that time, since there are few buildings (Müller W., 1998: 9). of Constantinople between the 7th We prepared the contour maps for and 10th centuries (Müller W., 2001: the study were utilized for topograph- 23). However, it is emphasized that ical analyses, and the development of especially defense-based shipyards be- the archaeological drilling holes from come important actors in coastal use different periods were observed. This together with ports (Müller W., 1998: study enabled a better understanding 14). Müller states that the navy ship- of the urban morphological develop- yards associated with defense activi- ment. In the light of this data, we found ties, gates and city walls were built as that the data belonging to the Roman complementary systems in this period Era emerged in locations closer to the and that the most important navy ship- coastal areas of the Historical Penin- yard of the period should be searched sula. Considering that the Historical in place of Tershane-i Amirane (Müller Peninsula was influenced by the sea W., 1998: 14). The ports, which became with the filling areas formed from the transit ports, also triggered the change

Figure 2. Unity of Topography, Historical Maps with Archaeological Data.

ITU A|Z • Vol 17 No 2 • July 2020 • B. Emre, A.E. Erbaş 37 of supporting functions behind the of the ports were dedicated to the navy. port. Evidence derived from the readings Until the fall of the city in 1453, on historical backgrounds suggests all the city walls were destroyed by that spatial continuity had continued cannons and many of them were de- until the 19th century. The answer stroyed. In this period, the weight of to the question of how a city that has the reconstruction process of the de- been demolished and rebuilt several stroyed urban area until the Ottoman times shows spatial continuity should Empire is seen. However, the policy of be sought in the concept of functional changing the function of monumental continuity. In the periods when Istan- structures, the process of converting bul was being developed as a port city, religious structures into mosques at- people used the areas by classifying tracts attention (Müller W., 2001: 29). them according to their basic func- This situation gives rise to the process tions, as their spatial needs did not of the development of urbanization change over time, and when doing this, around religious centers in the cluster- people would refer to the usage expe- ing of groups that come together with riences in the past. Therefore, there social and cultural differences (Müller are other religious structures under W., 2001: 30). Zeyrek and the Suleymaniye Mosque Until the 18th century wooden showing spatial and functional con- houses and palaces, narrow spaces ex- tinuity. For this reason, Müller stated isted in the form of spatial structure that the naval area should be searched (Müller W., 2001: 31) does not allow for the area where Tersane-i Amirane too much reference to the buildings (The Main Shipyard of Ottoman Em- in the past, although the urban texture pire) was located, an assertion that sup- has continued to a point. However, ports the afore-mentioned statements after this period, with the increasing (Müller Wiener, 1998:14). The eleva- population and new zoning decisions, tions of the topography that are based the pressure on the tissue started to on these finds changed over time. Tuna increase and the city was on the verge (2003:90) stated, “The asset-based pat- of a period when it would be exposed tern of the above-ground buildings to many demolitions and fires. In the and structures in important centers second half of the 18th century, some whose history dates back thousands of

Figure 3. Unity of Conservation Registratrion Area and Renewal Area with Archaeological Data.

GIS-based approach to urban planning, archaeological inventory and geology structure in multilayered cities: The case of Tahtakale in Istanbul 38 years, such as the Historical Peninsula, Within the scope of the study, the in- generally reflects the underground ar- terpretation of fields is limited to the chaeological values.” Therefore, studies decisions of field usage, presence of on monumental works that have been basements and types of buildings. mentioned in sources but not actually The database indicates that the plan found in physical locations can be con- decisions for the Peninsula allowed for ducted. the construction of basements. How- As a result, when we consider urban ever, according to the existing conser- transformation processes, there are the vation laws, in case of any discovery of combined effect of many factors such the immovable property that receives a as geography, transportation, iden- building permit, the cost of the archae- tity and archeological findings. “On ological excavation of the immovable the other hand, urban nuclei do not should be borne by the owner. There- disappear, the invading tissue gnaws fore, according to the plan decisions, them or adds them to their own weave. in case an archeological find is found These nuclei resist and transform. They in a real estate with a basement permit, remain the center of intense urban due to the archeological excavation life. The aesthetics of these ancient nu- costs and obligations, the relevant in- clei play a major role in their survival. stitutions may not be informed about There are not only monuments, cor- the finds. If this situation is detected, porate centers, but also venues suit- it constitutes a crime according to the able for festivals, parades, walks and protection laws, but it leads to the ob- celebrations. Thus, the urban core be- jectionable implementation of the de- comes a high-quality consumer prod- cisions of the plan in terms of protec- uct for foreigners, tourists, people tion. from the periphery and those living There used to be the elliptical Forum in the suburbs. It survives by its dual of Constantin, where stands Çemberl- role in the place of consumption and itaş, on the route to the ancient Mese the consumption of the place. There- Street extending toward Altınkapı from fore, the old centers enter the exchange Sultanahmet Square (Eyice, 1968: 89), and exchange value in a more inte- as well as the Forum Tauri around Is- grated manner, while preserving their tanbul University, the Forum Amastri- usage values due to the spaces offered anum in Saraçhane, the Forum Bovis for specific activities” (Lefebre, 2015: in Aksaray, the Forum Arkadii in Cer- 27). Around consecutive periods, it is rahpaşa, and public and commercial almost impossible to understand and areas around them (Kuban, 1970: 28). analyze the archaeological multilayers When the current state of these areas of the city without using GIS. are examined, it can be seen that under the pressure of intense construction, 3.2. Upper scale planning approach: commercial and housing use, made up “The historical peninsula and under- of reinforced concrete structures with ground cultural inventory” basements, are merged together. In The Historical Peninsula in Istan- looking at the functional development bul has been affected by adverse effects of the route axis called as Mese Street of rapid urbanization, and the defin- from the past to present, it is under- ing elements of the city center, which stood that a partial stability is reflected. boasts rich cultural heritages changing The only element that references the or even becoming extinct over time. past is the finds that were uncovered in This study proposes a method whereby the archaeological excavations and that the archaeological data are re-arranged are publicly displayed in front of the in the planning process can be used by Faculty of Literature at Istanbul Uni- interdisciplinary studies. versity. This axis must be designed to The relevant characteristics in this provide a reference to the past, it such regard are of critical importance, as a way that even those who experience they affect the weight whereon the the area for the first time can under- archaeological inventory, including stand this historical background. Such whether basements of these works are planning and designing decisions are present and the type of these works. necessary to create public awareness

ITU A|Z • Vol 17 No 2 • July 2020 • B. Emre, A.E. Erbaş 39 about preservation and to trigger an tural Heritage Areas” as structures that appreciation of urban space and mem- have been slightly damaged. A priori- ory among the people. The existence of tization scale can then be prepared in the basement and the inventory of the the phase of scientifically studying the archaeological cultural heritage should underground cultural inventory. first be interpreted and evaluated sepa- The Historical Peninsula has three rately for “The Potential Underground types of preserved area: the First Grade Cultural Heritage Areas” on the basis Preserved Archaeological Areas, the of how many meters the basement goes Preserved Urban Archaeological Ar- down, followed by the average meters eas, and the Preserved Urban Histori- at which the archaeological finds were cal Areas. The Preserved Archaeologi- found, and finally, the height in meters cal Areas and the First Grade Preserved of the geological filling. Archaeological Areas are quite import- The decisions on land use affect ant insofar as they refer to the con- the underground cultural heritage in structional formations that strongly terms of the characteristics of usage. contribute to the urban image, such as Therefore, even the commercial func- old palaces and race tracks. However, tion, which changes shape according as the archaeological drilling data and to working fields, may cause changes land studies that have been previously and reinforcements to the structures. conducted indicate, all parts of the His- In such cases, it should be noted that torical Peninsula contribute a variety the underground inventory is affected of assets to the archaeological cultural by the construction activities. The type inventory. Therefore, the status of pre- of building construction changes the served areas should be evaluated based amount of weight over the archaeologi- on the archaeological inventory and cal cultural heritage. Considering these drilling, the immobile cultural heritage data, studies should first determine the inventory, and the pattern analyses areas with the most risk elements or based on the historical maps reflecting the areas that are thought to have been the micro and macro urban forms, and exposed to the least amount of effects. then revised accordingly. For example, the wooden buildings Decisions regarding the preserved that have no basements and that are areas and registration suggest the areas used as residences can be regarded in and inventory that should be protect- the “The Potential Underground Cul- ed by the Turkish legal system (Figure

Figure 4. Unity of Planning Decisions with Archaeological Data.

GIS-based approach to urban planning, archaeological inventory and geology structure in multilayered cities: The case of Tahtakale in Istanbul 40

4). This protection approach does not chaeological inventories that have been take into consideration the archaeo- conducted to date by the Istanbul Ar- logical evidence that has not yet been chaeology Museum and the Museum registered nor act upon this evidence of Underwater Archaeology for the in the process of creating plans. Data underwater archaeological areas and were obtained from the municipality the depths of the recovery excavations to ensure that the inventory analysis should certainly be considered togeth- performed for the Master Implemen- er when making transportation deci- tation Plan is up to date. These data sions. Moreover, before the transpor- include information about the period tation decisions take their final forms, details of the registered works, whether it is imperative, considering the thick- they are lost, and whether the under- ness levels of geological formation that ground cultural assets are present. As a the plans should take into account sci- result of the overlap, it was understood entific archaeological studies and their that archaeological drilling had dis- geological data (Goldberg & Macphail, covered more than those reported in 2008). The second main point is that the registered historical works. Thus, the integrated plan decisions made the archaeological cultural inventory with regard to the fragmented projects should be formed in a way to include should not be violated. For all urban all evidence in the files of the Museum projects, the scientific archaeological of Archaeology. Therefore, a three-di- surveys/excavation and geological for- mensional, multi-layered planning ap- mation should be considered first, and proach that focuses on the archaeolog- a holistic planning method should, by ical drilling evidence of the Museum of requirement, be applied in this peri- Archaeology and elevation data, rather od. The digitalization of the historical than a two-dimensional artificial ap- cultural inventory and depth details in proach, such as registration and pre- the Historical Peninsula in the form served areas, can be developed (Nex & of a database in the GIS environment Remondino, 2014). and the consideration of these details The coastline constitutes much of in the first decision-making part of the the renewal project areas determined transportation projects will prevent the in the Historical Peninsula. Some of cultural heritage areas from becoming these areas correspond to the old dock extinct and ensure that these decisions areas but there aren’t any studies, oth- are developed by recognizing or even er than the archaeological inventory, including this inventory in the design- regarding the archaeological cultural ing process. The results to be obtained assets have been performed in these in this process are vital for creating a areas. Identifying these locations as cultural memory. the urban renewal areas without first In addition to the historical areas of performing research is unfavorable, Istanbul, such as Sultanahmet in the and studies defining the intervention Fatih district, the indisputable archae- methods should definitely be per- ological significance of other areas, formed. Irreversible risks will occur like the Golden Horn and Kocamus- for the cultural heritages if the concept tafapaşa, should be recognized. The of urban projects being used for the analyses of the geological formation urban interventions performed in the and registered works indicate that the Historical Peninsula does not include filling thickness levels are lower than the concept of holistic preservation those in Eminönü, that the filling has (ICOMOS, 2011). gaps, and that the density of the over- The transportation investment proj- ground cultural assets is low. After ects that have recently emerged have matching the results obtained from the generated much controversy in terms drilling reports in these areas with the of urban archaeological areas (Figure geological inventory, it then becomes 5). There are two main points to note possible to make informed transpor- in regard to the aforementioned trans- tation and structuring decisions and portation investment projects. First, to develop a definition of physical in- the determination projects of the ar- terventions. Moreover, “Archaeological

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Inventory Examination” and “Manage- 3.3. Lower-scale planning approach: ment Plan for the Archaeological Area” “Tahtakale and underground should definitely be prepared for the cultural inventory” Eminönü side of the Peninsula. The remaining sections of the We used the “overlay analysis” meth- study focus on the Tahtakale Region od for the Historical Peninsula, and the in the Historical Peninsula. The rea- areas possibly hosting archaeological son for this is that there are two ba- inventory were assessed. The Historical sic instruments defined in the legal Peninsula divided into 100 m2 areas, system to ensure urban preservation the mean archaeological inventory ef- (Binan, 201610). These are the preser- fect corresponding to these areas was vation-oriented zoning plans and the recorded, and inventory concentration site management plans. The evalua- areas were determined. The overlay tions conducted with regard to the en- analysis locates the archaeological data tire Historical Peninsula provide data on finds to determine whether they are that can direct the upper-scale plans present or absent over an area covering as well as the lower-scale plans within 100 m2 areas9. Thus the 100 m2 areas the planning systematics of the coun- that present the center of the drilling try. However, the main purpose of the points can be defined as sensitive areas. preservation-oriented zoning plan is This study was later enriched with the to ensure protecting the mass of the archaeological inventories study, regis- buildings (Salman, 201611). How this tered works from the municipality and plan will analyze the underground lay- other studies in the literature. ers and how it will transform them into This study indicates that there are a living cultural heritage depends on many finds other than the area deter- the generation of analysis and planning mined as the preserved archaeolog- decisions for the lower-scale. ical area. Up to this point, this study In the development of this study has focused on the integration of the within the context of the Tahtakale archaeological data in the Historical region, archival information obtained Peninsula at certain intervals in regard from the Archaeology Museum and the to planning. The evaluation of the relics from the Roman, Byzantine and current status plans was performed in Ottoman Eras were examined. The GIS relation to the area. software used with other programs.

Figure 5. Overlay Analysis Performed with the Archaeological Data.

GIS-based approach to urban planning, archaeological inventory and geology structure in multilayered cities: The case of Tahtakale in Istanbul 42

The data taken from seven archeo- to have been within the privileged 9 Structured logical reports obtained from the Ar- area. The first privilege granted to Interview: Yrd. chaeology Museum and the plan were the commercial colony of Venice was Doç. Dr. Kenan EREN, Mimar added to the data set generated for the Chrysoboullos in the year 992. The first Sinan Fine Arts section, image drawings and drilling document in which Venice is referred University, points. In addition, We scaled the plans to as a residential area dates back to Archaeology, and digitalized in AUTOCAD, traces 1082 (Ağır, 2009: 15). 12.10.2016. from different periods were highlight- There is no spatial data for the Byz- 10 Structured ed in different colors, and the silhou- antium Era. However, the literature Interview: Prof. ette of the street was created. review study indicated that there were Dr. Demet BİNAN, We determined the city blocks and three ports in the Historical Peninsu- Mimar Sinan Fine parcels hosting the archaeological la in the Byzantium Era, and that they Arts University, drilling points, we contacted to the were located in the Golden Horn as a Restoration, 16.11.2016. No.1 Regional Renewal Council, and result of its preserved structure (Müller examined the files on the city blocks/ Wiener, 1998:4). It is well-known that 11 Structured parcels from the preservation council. one of these ports was the Neorion Interview: Yrd. The results of this examination will Port, which has had an impact on the Doç. Dr. Yıldız provide insight into how the planning development of the working area as a SALMAN, Istanbul Technical regulation for the area has been reflect- port and commercial region from the University, ed in the developments and help peo- past to the present. Müller argues in his Restoration, ple to understand the historical back- study, “The Historical Topography of 17.04.2016. ground of the Republican Era. In addition to the digitalization of the archeological drilling data ob- tained from the Archaeology Museum, we evaluated these data together with other analytical data. We added the geological formation and micro-zon- ing data with boreholes were obtained at the study site to the database using GIS, also evaluated assessments on the thickness elevation of geological for- mation and depth of archaeological drilling (Öztaş, 201712).

3.3.1. The archaeological cultural inventory - studies on urban history In the urban history studies per- formed to date, the archaeological drilling files in the Istanbul Archaeol- ogy Museum were only used to a slight extent. The main reason for this limited use is the structure of the archive sys- tem, which makes it difficult to benefit from these files. The GIS have a critical role in this regard, insofar as it allows the archaeological finds to be superim- posed on historical maps. The Tahtakale region was a working area in the Constantinopolis Era, at a time when the city was developing into a mix of different residential areas on account of the settlement of different ethnic groups. Tahtakale also served as the privileged port area of the com- mercial colonies of Venice. Although its borders are not known exactly, the Figure 6. The Axis Transferred to the Geographical Neorion port is definitely understood Information Systems with the Archaeology Files.

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Istanbul”, that this port has been used mentioned is the preserved areas be- since the ancient times (Müller-Wie- side the piers, which in many sources ner, 2001:58). The archeological data are referred to as “volte”. Ağır (2009:17) from the Archaeology Museum con- highlights the warehouses underneath firm this argument. There are arche- the houses. The second are the bars, ological data from Tahtakale, an im- which, although they did not directly portant port location, that date back serve the ports, they were nonethe- to the Late Roman-Early Byzantine less developed along with the ports Era, and according to this archaeolog- for socialization. Ağır states that even ical data, a garden pool dating back to though there are no documents reflect- the late periods was identified. In ad- ing that bars were located on the Neo- dition, the finds of a concrete column rion port, these bars must have been was found that was 1.1 m in width, there considering that port regions had 2.4 in height and expanded for 7 or 8 many bars during the Venice Commer- m in a direction west of the pools, and cial Colony Era (Ağır A., 2009: 68). De- it was constructed using stone mortar tailed data on the houses are available. and partially Khorasan brick methods. Ağır states that according to a citation The urban development charts formed from Jacoby, houses were constructed for the Byzantium Era indicate that the on lands covering an area of 31.4 m2 area was used as a port in this period, and 59.1 m2. In addition, according to a and that the city was located within the document dated 1256, there was a 116 city walls. While it is possible that this m2 wooden structure and single-room pool may have had a functional use in wooden houses (Ağır A., 2009: 75,76). relation to the port, it could also date Ağır mentions that the buildings of the back to the period when the settlement era were used for different purposes, expanded outside the walls. and that the houses tended to have a Müller states that the storehouses stone oven on the ground floor as well related to the Neorion port are po- as a Turkish bath (Ağır A., 2009: 75,76). sitioned at the location between the This feature is significant in terms of Neorion and Prosphorianos ports, spatial organization. The functional and that the fires that broke out in this variety seen on the neighborhood scale period damaged the physical spaces can also be seen on the structure scale. and economic structure (Müller Wie- The disappearance of this feature over ner, 2001:58). Ağır (2009:66) argues time is a significant obstacle to func- that the commercial structures of the tional and spatial continuity. era are present inside and outside the The spatial data obtained from the walls, and in addition to the structures Archaeology Museum files prove that that are located in Embolos, there are significant preservation took place workshops that stand alone. Many in this period. Even the digitalization structures were related to the port use of the data in the museum files per- existed in the place. The first of these formed on only one axis has been in-

12 Structured Interview: Prof. Dr. Turgut ÖZTAŞ, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Geological Engineering, Figure 7. One example of the Archeological Inventory Archive on Archeological 09.04.2017. Museums Files – Plan and Photograph (See the 720/124473 in Figure 6).

GIS-based approach to urban planning, archaeological inventory and geology structure in multilayered cities: The case of Tahtakale in Istanbul 44 strumental for presenting the data in a back to the Byzantine Era, and that this way to support reading the historical find could be the houses granted to the backgrounds. The Golden Horn walls Venice ambassadors. In regard to two dating back to the Byzantine Era re- other palaces examined by Ağır, the flect the spatial transformation of the necessity of processing the data from wall areas that were opened to zoning the Archaeology Museum in a data- in the late modernization period of the base once again reveals itself. The Cis- Ottoman Era. The wall materials in this tern find that is included in the file no period were either sold or made a part 690/110232 and that dates back to the of new buildings. Late Ancient and Early Byzantine Eras Ağır (2009:68-72) states that a palace is located on the border between the that had belonged to a person named Tahtakale region and the Old Palace. In Ramundus Bello, who may have been a the study conducted on the boundaries prominent merchant, formed a build- of the commercial colony, the fact that ing group in a garden, and he claims the boundaries of the colony is limit- that this palace had vineyards around ed to a wall, and that the data obtained it and stood within the old borders of from the museum do not provide any the colony. The document dated 1240 definitive information on this bound- mentions a cistern on the palace land. ary, it is necessary to revise the research The Genoese documents indicate the by taking this data into consideration. presence of a palace, other than that of The studies conducted to better Ramundus Bello’s, on the west of the understand the physical, social and colony after 1204. Following the Latin economic structure have key roles in Era, houses were granted to Venice am- understanding the spatial needs. With- bassadors, and it is reported that these in the scope of this study, the neigh- houses must have been large, albeit not borhoods of Rüstempaşa and Hobyar, as massive as palaces. According to a which fall within the Tahtakale Re- document dated November 23, 1443, gion, and the craftsmen around this this palace is close to the “San Marco area were studied intermittently for a de Embola” church. Ağır states in the period of two years, during which di- assessment section of her study that rect communication was made with the find under Balkapanı Han dates the tradesmen in the area and in-depth

Figure 8. Unity of Geographical Information Systems, Archaeology and Geology.

ITU A|Z • Vol 17 No 2 • July 2020 • B. Emre, A.E. Erbaş 45 interviews were conducted to establish the analysis plans define seven surface a relationship. This relationship is sig- units, namely, Thracia in the Histor- nificant for understanding the spatial ical Peninsula, Bakırköy, Güngören, characteristics and space dynamics in Çukurçeşme, Kuşdili Formations, lake Tahtakale. The issues related to cultur- alluviums, and filling docks (The His- al identity and placemaking process torical Peninsula Master Zoning Plan (Madanipour & Hull, 2017), in terms Report, 2005). of the spatial and functional continuity, The mean depth values related to can be observed in the field. Tahtakale the Thracian Formation (TrF) were not is an area whose social, economic presented. The units that have become and cultural landscape should be pre- surfaces on the northside of Fatih and served. As all decisions made affect Eminönü were formed of sandstone. the place and thus the social structure, Çukurçeşme (Çf) extends from north- many projects are met with concerns. east to south-west on Vatan Street in the However, in the context of this study, Fatih district and it consists of block – the tradesmen in the region were open gravel – sand and clay accumulations. to dialogue, and the present authors These lithologies form surfaces that therefore gained valuable experience corrode one another. Güngören For- over the course of two years. mation (Gnf) can be seen in the south- ern sects of the Fatih and Eminönü 3.3.2. How to use the urban districts. Approximately 40-50 meters archaeological data and geological of thickness can be found at the study data in the urban planning process site. The Bakırköy Formation (Baf) is The filling thickness of the geological present in the Mevlanakapı and Silivri- formations stretching throughout the kapı region. The “Kuşdili Formation mainland differ. When the geological (Kşf), particularly the unit that is ob- structure and archaeological drilling served around the Golden Horn, starts points are matched, whether the exam- with the gravelled level on the ground ination should be conducted at a loca- and continues upwards with sands and tion reaching to the mainland serves as silts, neither of which have high lateral the guide for the potential of finding sustainability. The studies performed new finds in the lower layers (Goldberg in the Golden Horn indicated that the & Macphail, 2008). To conduct this Kuşdili formation reached as far as 20, evaluation in a thorough manner, the 22, 35 and 50 meters, with the thickest drilling depth values of archaeological parts on the alluvium coasts. Regard- drilling and micro-zoning studies for ing the drilling activities performed in the geological layers should be collec- Sarayburnu, the Bosporus sediments, tively digitalized. However, this study with thickness levels ranging between provided only a general perspective 4 and 11 meters, consisted of silt clay, for the Historical Peninsula. The geo- sands and gravels and were cut at thick- logical structure data obtained from ness levels ranging between 20 and 50

Figure 9. The Section Study Performed with the Geographical Information Systems.

GIS-based approach to urban planning, archaeological inventory and geology structure in multilayered cities: The case of Tahtakale in Istanbul 46 meters in the Golden Horn” (The His- filling thickness was 50 meters for cer- torical Peninsula Master Zoning Plan tain geological formations and that ar- Report, 2005). chaeological studies were conducted as The alluvium (Qal) areas were recovery excavations and therefore not formed via the activities of rivers or scientific, it can be deduced that the ar- with the fillings reaching to the top of chaeological recovery studies were not rivers. The filling thickness levels in planned in such a way where all layers these areas are generally formed ac- could be found. cording to the river regime. The An- A cross-sectional study of the street cient Filling (Ad) refers to the ancient was performed using the GIS database. settlement area behind the walls, while This type of study offers the ease of the Artificial Filling (Yd) refers to the comparing the archaeological layers areas which were filled later by human with the geological layers, and it enables effort. The filling thickness levels of comparison of the boreholes depths the Güngören and Kuşdili Formations with the filling thickness of the forma- are only approximately known. The tions. The storey height determined on filling thickness level of the Bakırköy the basis of the plan decisions in effect Formation has been proven to not be for the axis, for which the street silhou- high. Considering these data, two as- ette was prepared in the current case, sumptions can be made: The first is was calculated according to the ground that the area known as the Bakırköy elevation and drawn together with the Formation is an appropriate location street silhouette. Thus, the data of the and that these areas have Roman finds. current case were compared with the If the drilling depth and geological assumptions of the plan in force, and micro-zone values are known, the his- the structures that were above and be- torical topography of the city can be low Hmax (the maximum height value) investigated. Within cities consisting were determined. The axis in this study of layers, a subsequent layer uses the was rendered three-dimensionally, and antecedent layer for structuring. Con- spatial perception was provided in a sidering these data, it is possible to find three-dimensional manner as a result archaeological layers in the section of processing the evidence, which were reaching to the mainland. obtained after performing the analyses The results of the geological struc- for the current state, in three-dimen- ture analysis (indicating the geologi- sional forms. cal boreholes) were added to the GIS database that had been formed during 4. Conclusion and evaluation the thesis period. Therefore, the ar- In this study, the integration of ar- chaeological drilling points and geo- chaeological inventory in multi-lay- logical boreholes were matched and ered cities with the urban planning within this process, the archaeological systematics using the GIS tools was drilling corresponding to the Byzan- considered to be an important plan- tine Wall finds and geological bore- ning issue. Given that the archaeolog- hole were approximately matched. ical heritage was the main data source However, depth values were not found in this study, it is clear that urban ar- in the archaeological drilling file, and chaeological studies are critical for the therefore, the archaeological and geo- planning decisions related to the city, logical borehole data that did not ex- as significant results can be obtained actly match the same location but still by combining different studies. More- remained on the same geological for- over, retrospective urban archaeolog- mation were compared. The results in- ical studies are necessary for making dicate that the archaeological drilling predictions about the future of the his- reached 3.5 meters below the ground. torical urban settlement. The geological borehole indicates that The landscape studies for preserv- a filling element, which had 14 me- ing the historical environment gen- ters thickness and expanded to the erally involve the concept of “histori- mainland, was found. In the geological cal urban landscape”. It is fair to state formation analysis performed for the that there is a significant association Historical Peninsula, considering that between the concepts of historical ur-

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ban landscape and urban archaeolo- the Historical Peninsula has a rich ar- gy. The concept of urban archaeology chaeological structure. However, the is focused on the physical space con- current planning studies do not use cept more than the historical urban the relevant data effectively; that is, landscape, and it should be supported the planning studies generally use the with data from different fields, such inventory on registered cultural assets as economic landscape, social land- but fail to review the archaeological scape, industrial landscape, etc., which drilling data. In this case, the reality constitute the content of the historical of the underground cultural inven- urban landscape concept. The signifi- tory cannot be fully understood, and cance of urban archaeological heritage as a result of this, the archaeological in reading the historical background richness is growing scarcer by the day as well as the preservation of this ar- due to wrong planning decisions. To cheological inventory by means of preserve this inventory, it is necessary preservation, using the relevant tools to perform the determination process at the right place, is critical for many correctly. This process can be divided concepts, such as identity, memory and into two: First, the inventory should be sense of belonging. In conclusion, the determined using the scientific stud- Sustainable Planning Approach for the ies. Second, general strategies, such as integration of archaeological inventory status of the authority and standard- in multi-layered cities with the urban ization of the information, should be planning systematics using the GIS known, and the data to be obtained tools was assessed under six different should be determined; these standards titles based on the evidence and eval- should be applied in the drilling works uations in this study (Figure 10). These and excavations to be performed later. titles are listed below, followed by an Studies on the archaeological cultural explanation of their characteristics. assets that involve different practices Obtaining the archaeological data: in the phase of data specification, and The archive scan covering works as old with the studies to be conducted under as 40 years that was performed at the the leadership of Istanbul Archaeology Istanbul Archaeology Museum, the Museum, the standardization of the main source of information was quite information obtained from the data important for this study. It is clear will serve to nullify subjective practic- from the other studies conducted on es. The archaeological drilling studies the underground cultural heritage that were conducted on the basis of the ne- cessity of developing transformational and infrastructure projects and large- scale projects, which means that the data derived from these projects were not obtained as a result of a scientific study, which is not suitable for generat- ing scientific information. Archaeological drilling studies should be performed mainly in filling areas in research related to under- ground cultural assets, with the reason being that geological formations pres- ent an approach for the areas where the identification of archaeological finds is the goal. In current project-based archaeological studies, the research is based on the project elevation accord- ing to the new decision. Therefore, even if the project elevation is reached, studies for the remaining archaeo- logical finds should be maintained to Figure 10. The Planning Process in the Multi-Layered apply a more holistic approach in ac- City with the GIS-Based Underground Cultural Inventory cordance with the context. Another Database. GIS-based approach to urban planning, archaeological inventory and geology structure in multilayered cities: The case of Tahtakale in Istanbul 48 important issue is to use the geological data regarding the rich archaeology of micro-zoning studies at different filling Istanbul, which is highly significant for depth of geological formations. Before the history of humanity, are limited to the archaeological drilling studies are the altered monumental structures that initiated, how many meters the archae- can stand on the soil, the reports of ological drilling activity is to go down travelers, and other historical sources. should be determined, an assumption In this regard, the institutional coordi- should be made using the geological nation, cooperation and coordination micro-zoning study data, a feasibility are separately significant concepts for study regarding the approximate cost recording the archaeological data. In and duration of the drilling activity terms of determining the archaeolog- or archaeological recovery excavation ical inventory, the three-dimensional should be prepared, and the practices analysis of the inventory, along with in this regard should be managed by the interdisciplinary integration and considering the results of these studies. interinstitutional coordination and co- All these studies should be considered operation, appear as the outstanding and programmed as part of the pres- issues. ervation-oriented planning process. A Data collection in planning system: holistic assessment of scientific data The preservation of cultural assets will ensure greater sensitivity towards depends on plan decisions, and mak- the determination of archaeological in- ing proper plan decisions depends on ventory. The cost and feasibility calcu- obtaining and systematizing the data lations will significantly pave the way correctly so as to provide input for for making the determination effects, the planning. In the integration of ar- the first step of preservation, under the chaeological cultural heritage plans active guiding role of the Archaeology with the planning and urban system, Museum before and after the project. determining the depth of cultural lay- The differences in the extents of the ers correctly and in a sensitive man- preserved archaeological areas change ner, which requires three-dimension- the practices in the studies to be con- al documentation and evaluation, is ducted and alter the authorized insti- highly critical. In the archive files of tutions. To prevent the negative con- the Archaeology Museum, country sequences that arise from the drilling codes related to working conditions costs undertaken by the parcel owner were not often presented, and in the in third-degree preserved areas or pre- reports, only a rough measurement of served urban areas, urban archaeolog- the street elevation of the era was per- ical studies should be performed in a formed. The data indicate that another rapid manner, and particular attention measurement issue was experienced should be given to the practices in this in determining the reference points. field after determining the areas with GIS eliminates the problem of locating high potential for archaeological cul- the fins (in three dimensions in width, tural assets. The supervision of the Is- depth, height) and processing them on tanbul Archaeology Museum should the layout plan. Using GIS, the location be a must, not only for the reconstruc- can be found by taking the data related tion efforts, but also for the consolida- to the corner coordinates of the finds tion of already-existing buildings. To into account. In the three-dimensional increase the number of studies in this recording of the inventory, it is imper- field, the policies related to the shar- ative to use up-to-date technology, like ing of data for the institutions should GIS and BIM in 3D GIS City Model- be developed and Urban Archaeology sand and CityGML applications. should be Institutionalized. The struc- Whether or not the archaeologi- turing and infrastructure studies that cal cultural assets can be seen as data are necessary for maintaining the life in the planning systematic depends of Istanbul, which hosts a large popula- on the registration decision of the tion, in accordance with the necessities current legal system. This decision is of the present time have been signifi- made by the preservation councils on cantly affected by the accessibility of the parcel scale. This mean that with archaeological fillings. Therefore, the this approach, preservation decisions

ITU A|Z • Vol 17 No 2 • July 2020 • B. Emre, A.E. Erbaş 49 are made on the parcel level without and attempts to use the wall material in performing necessary studies, and the other fields and structures. In the event cultural value is seen in only a two-di- that the cultural assets determined in mension manner. GIS should be used all of archaeological studies are pro- to gather together the inventories ob- cessed in the data repository, finds that tained from the archaeological drilling have the potential of showing spatial points and recovery drilling activities continuity should definitely be deter- in a data repository for the purpose of mined. The research performed within using these inventories easily in other this study indicates that there are finds studies. To consider the archaeological dating back to the same period at a dis- inventory as data in the planning and tance of 50 meters on the same axis. research phases, the depth of the drill- The field study performed in this study ing points should be known and the clearly indicates that these finds extend archaeological inventory, which is de- through the grounds of the next build- termined in the drilling activities or re- ing. Therefore, the two-dimensional covery excavations, should be added in view of the archaeological data should a three-dimensional form to the urban certainly be made three-dimensional, topography. The archaeological inven- and studies on the areas that have the tory, which is regarded as registration potential of showing spatial continuity decision in the current planning sys- should be conducted. Transformation- tem, does not serve its purpose if plan- al decisions have the most impact on ners do not realize the different data the historical environment and pave that can be found in many museum the way for changes. Storing, process- files. To prevent this issue, the archive ing and visualizing the obtained data of the Istanbul Archaeology Museum should be performed in a way that should be digitalized, and a digital data allows for discussion of the effects of bank should be established. After per- planning decisions. forming the necessary analysis studies Development of planning tools: The on residences and natural areas, not development of archaeological studies only in the Historical Peninsula but in the form of archaeological drilling also in all cities with a historical back- activities and recovery excavations ground, it is necessary to improve the generally results in preserving only a decisions based on the areas by con- part of the inventory after obtaining sidering the spatialized data and struc- the information on the cultural as- turing the planning process in such a sets. However, the studies conducted way that prevents it from being open to on archaeological cultural assets have personal initiatives. started to discuss the modern concept Data analysis: For analyzing the of in-situ preservation. In-situ pres- data, experts from different disciplines ervation cannot be ensured with the should work collaboratively, and the da- current planning tools. These tools tabase should be evaluated holistically should be developed on both upper at first and separately later. Holistically, and lower scales to find the cultural the information provided by the areas, inventory, and preservation should be the archaeological cultural heritage of set as the main purpose in the plans. which has been determined, and the The tools to be developed on the upper historical finds of each archaeological- scale should address the management ly-significant area will guide different of the area in different disciplines, and evaluations. For example, finds from they should be related to the designing different periods can be found on the of the lower scale. Planning approaches study axis of the Tahtakale sample re- enriched with financial, technical, legal gion, and the presence of the road axis and administrative tools are needed. In is proved with the maps of the histori- the Planning Decisions Regarding the cal background. The wall finds on this Archaeological Cultural Heritage, gen- axis, which date back to the Byzantine eral strategies should be prepared for Era, refer to a different information obtaining the data, transforming them network and reflect the background of into a data set to use in planning, inter- the disappearance of these walls in the preting them with other data simulta- Ottoman Era due to nationalization neously, and integrating them with the

GIS-based approach to urban planning, archaeological inventory and geology structure in multilayered cities: The case of Tahtakale in Istanbul 50 urban sphere using the planning tools. this cultural accumulation or to obtain The Site Management Master Plan for information when needed. The inter- the Cultural Heritage Areas should be institutional dialog processes should developed as a planning tool. The in- be rapidly overcome, a common set of stitution that has the largest amount data repositories should be formed by of collective spatial information for the institutions, and institutions with creating this plan is the Istanbul Ar- experience in different issues should chaeology Museum. Due to intense regularly conduct meetings to facili- usage requests regarding the Historical tate a platform for exchanging views. Peninsula, the potential archaeological In the multi-layered urban system, the filling areas and their degrees of prior- content of spatial continuity and sus- ity should be determined, and archae- tainable planning approaches requires ological Site management plans should information from many disciplines. be developed before realizing projects New planning approach: As a plan- such as business centers, metros, un- ning approach, the necessity of incor- derground parking lots, infrastructure porating the underground cultural works, and so on. With the formation heritage into urban life is emerging, but of a holistic tourism plan for the area, this situation is perceived as conflict- it is possible to expand the touristic ing with the necessity of meeting the activities that have been stuck in the changing needs due to social change. Eminönü district throughout the en- The “Cisterns” example significantly tire Peninsula. Therefore, the current reflects this said situation. It is not pos- system, which confines a single area to sible for the cisterns, which were effec- consumption-oriented tourism can be tive systems in the past, to function as transformed into experience tourism such today. As a result of this change, and reduce the negative impacts on the the function of gaining or making it a historical environment. The Peninsula part of the space is necessary for the Silhouette Plan involves determina- sustainability of these areas. Activat- tion of the urban inspection points and ing different planning tools is vital for improvement of the urban design and the issue of functional change. For the spatial quality. It is possible to devel- integrity and continuity of the cultural op points of view in the form of street landscape, management plans should silhouette studies and to ensure that be created, and urban design should archaeological cultural assets are per- be used as a powerful tool for spatial ceived as being part of the city. The ef- analyses. The concept of “preserva- fect that will be created by this practice tion” is developed around the concept over the spatial identity is highly sig- of “Historical Urban Landscape”. Since nificant for the development of social approaches taken from the past will and economic structures. It is fair to be insufficient in the development of state that the most important planning preservation decisions, it is necessary tool for preserving the archaeological to develop active and participatory cultural assets is the Archaeological structures for forming policies and to Site Management Plan. The archaeo- move from the participation approach logical management plans indicate that to the creation of the place or preserva- archaeological sites entail strategies tion of the place until the management determined based on a visitor plan and plans are prepared. Moreover, it is nec- preservation criteria. essary to develop holistic approaches Generation of planning method: The that combine the infrastructure and methodological discussion in planning superstructure cultural inventory. A is broad enough to enable discussion of planning approach that activates the all steps of planning separately. There- Historical Cultural Landscape concept fore, holism and multi-disciplinary can be presented only in cases where aspects come to the forefront in deter- the archaeological cultural invento- mining the methods to be used for the ry is combined with the over-ground planning decision phase. Efforts should cultural inventory, which is only pos- be made to ensure the transparency of sible through interinstitutional and the data obtained at the end of archae- interdisciplinary studies. For example, ological studies, to enable people to use when the matrix system used by the

ITU A|Z • Vol 17 No 2 • July 2020 • B. Emre, A.E. Erbaş 51 archaeologists is combined with the Baratin, L., Bertozzi, S., & Moretti, E. tools used by the planners, it is possi- (2013). GIS-Based Archaelogical Re- ble to form data sets that are significant cording in Lebanon, 6th International for other working groups and to make Congress on “Science and Technology proper planning decisions. The data for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage obtained from archaeological excava- in the Mediterranean Basin”, pp. 187- tions and drilling activities should be 195, Athens, Greece transferred to GIS, and the Archaeol- Barvika, S., Bondars, E., & Bondare, ogy Museum should be considered in S. (2018). Contemporary Challenges the decision-making processes for all in Planning for Shrinkage of Historic projects. Urban archaeology studies on Places: A Review. Architecture and Ur- the entire Peninsula should definitely ban Planning, 14(1), 133-140. be conducted in cooperation with the Bilgin, İ. (1996). Anadolu’da Mod- relevant institutions. According to the ernleşme Sürecinde Konut ve Yer- results of this study, the authority of in- leşme. Tarihten Günümüze Anadolu’da stitutions should be determined in the Konut ve Yerleşme, 472-490. management plan based on their pos- Binan, D. U. (2013). Türkiye’de sibility of finding archaeological finds. Çok Katmanlı Yerleşimlerde Tanım- The sample study clearly indicates that lama-Koruma Yaklaşımı ve Öneriler: these areas will be quite different from Bergama Örneği. Tasarım+ Kuram, the Grade 1 Preserved Archaeological 9(16), 1-26. Border. The entire Historical Peninsu- Dinçer, İ. (2013). Kentleri la should be included in the preserved dönüştürürken korumayı ve yenile- archaeological classification, and in- meyi birlikte düşünmek:“tarihi kentsel tervention methods should be deter- peyzaj” kavramının sunduğu olanaklar. mined by preparing the strategic plans Erbey, D. (2017). The challenges on in cooperation with the interdisciplin- spatial continuity of urban regener- ary working groups. The archaeologi- ation projects: the case of fener balat cal site management plans for the areas historical district in Istanbul. Interna- with high potential of hosting cultural tional Journal of Sustainable Develop- assets should be formed by the Archae- ment and Planning, 12(3), 498-507. ology Museum with the collaborative Eyice, S. (1968). İstanbul maddesi. participation of other institutions as İslam Ansiklopedisi, 2. shareholders. For example, the main Feilden, B. M., & Jokilehto, J. (1998). transportation systems in the histor- Management guidelines for world cul- ical environment can be transformed tural heritage sites. into exhibition areas, which are also Goldberg, P., & Macphail, R. I. imaginative backgrounds, from an area (2008). Practical and theoretical geoar- where passengers can only stop by. chaeology. Oxford: Blackwell publish- ing. References Saner, T., & Kızıltan, Z. (2011). İs- Ağır, A. (2009). İstanbul’un eski tanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri arşiv belge- Venedik yerleşimi ve dönüşümü (Vol. leri (1970-2010). 1. baskı. İstanbul. İs- 9). İstanbul Araştırmaları Enstitüsü. tanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 9-40. Altuğ, K. (2012). Planlama İlkel- Kuban, D. (1970). İstanbul’un tarihi eri ve Yapım Teknikleri Açısından yapısı. Mimarlık Dergisi, 5, 25-48. Tarihi Yarımada’daki Bizans Dönemi Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, (2018). Sarnıçları. Restorasyon ve Konser- Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel vasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi, (15), 3-22. Müdürlüğü, 40. Kazı Sonuçları To- Anichini, F., & Gattiglia, G. (2012). plantısı- 2018, cilt 1. sf 63, 80, 652, Urban Archaeological Information Yayın No: 183-1, Ankara 2019. System. Considerations and critical as- Lefebvre, H. (2015). Şehir Hakkı, Sel pects. Anichini F., Fabiani F., Gattiglia Yayıncılık. G., Gualandi ML, Mappa. Methodolo- Madanipour, A., & Hull, A. (2017). gy Applied to Archaeological Potential The Governance of Place: Space and Predicitivity, 1. planning processes. Routledge. Aysu, M. E. (1977). Eski kent mekan- Marull, J., Pino, J., Tello, E., & Cor- larını düzenleme ilkeleri. İMMMA. dobilla, M. J. (2010). Social metabo-

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ITU A|Z • Vol 17 No 2 • July 2020 • B. Emre, A.E. Erbaş