After Charlemagne Edited by Clemens Gantner , Walter Pohl Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84077-4 — After Charlemagne Edited by Clemens Gantner , Walter Pohl Frontmatter More Information

After Charlemagne

After Charlemagne’s death in 814, Italy was ruled by a succession of kings and emperors, all of whom could claim some relation to the Carolingians, some via the female line of succession. This study offers new perspectives on the fascinating but neglected period of Italy in the ninth century and the impact of Carolingian culture. Bringing together some of the foremost scholars on early medieval Italy, After Charlemagne offers the ﬁrst comprehensive overview of the period, and also presents new research on Italian politics, culture, society and economy, from the death of Charlemagne to the assassination of Berengar I in 924. Revealing Italy as a multifaceted peninsula, the authors address the governance and expansion of Carolingian Italy, examining relations with the other Carolingian kingdoms, as well as those with the Italian south, the papacy and the Byzantine empire. Exploring topics on a regional and local level as well as presenting a ‘big picture’ of the Italian or Lombard kingdom, this volume provides new and exciting answers to the central question: How Carolingian was ‘Carolingian Italy’? clemens gantner is Researcher at the Department for Historical Identity Research at the Institute for Medieval Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, where his research is focussed on early medieval Italy and intra- and intercultural communication around the Mediterranean. He is the author of Freunde Roms und Völker der Finsternis (2014) and editor of The Resources of the Past in Early Medieval Europe (2015), and is preparing a monograph on Louis II, great-grandson of Charlemagne and emperor in Italy in the ninth century. walter pohl is Professor of History at the Institute for Austrian Historical Research, University of Vienna and Director of the Institute for Medieval Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. His research addresses many aspects of early medieval history, with a special interest in Italy. His publications include The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822 (2018), Strategies of Identiﬁcation: Ethnicity and Religion in Early Medieval Europe, ed. Walter Pohl and Gerda Heydemann (2013) and over 200 journal articles. In 2004 he was awarded the Wittgenstein Prize, and he has been a recipient of an ERC Advanced Grant (2010) and a Synergy Grant (2019).

After Charlemagne Carolingian Italy and its Rulers

Edited by Clemens Gantner Austrian Academy of Sciences Walter Pohl Austrian Academy of Sciences

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Contents

List of Contributors page vii Maps ix

1 Italy after Charlemagne: Scope and Aims of the Volume 1 clemens gantner and walter pohl 2 A Brief Introduction to Italian Political History until 875 5 clemens gantner

Section I Was There a Carolingian Italy? 3 Talking about the Carolingians in Eighth- and Ninth- Century Italy 19 thomas f. x. noble 4 The Name of the Kingdom 36 paolo delogu 5 Was There a Carolingian Italy? Politics, Institutions and Book Culture 54 franÅois bougard

Section II Organizing Italy 6 The Government of a Peripheral Area: The Carolingians and North-Eastern Italy 85 stefano gasparri 7 Vassals without Feudalism in Carolingian Italy 94 giuseppe albertoni 8 Shaping a Kingdom: The Sees of Parma and Arezzo between the Reigns of Louis II and Berengar 116 igor santos salazar

vi Contents

Section III Carolingian Rulers 9 Staying Lombard While Becoming Carolingian? Italy under King Pippin 135 marco stoffella 10 Carolingian Fathers and Sons in Italy: Lothar I and Louis II’s Successful Partnership 148 elina screen 11 A King in Training? Louis II of Italy and His Expedition to Rome in 844 164 clemens gantner

Section IV Cities, Courts and Carolingians 12 A Byzantine Cuckoo in the Frankish Nest? The Exarchate of Ravenna and the Kingdom of Italy in the Long Ninth Century 185 tom brown 13 Urbanism as Politics in Ninth-Century Italy 198 caroline goodson 14 Rome and the Others: Saints, Relics and Hagiography in Carolingian North-Eastern Italy 219 francesco veronese 15 Between the Palace, the School and the Forum: Rhetoric and Court Culture in Late Lombard and Carolingian Italy 250 giorgia vocino

Bibliography 275 Index 328

Contributors

giuseppe albertoni is Professor of Medieval History in the Department of Humanities, University of Trento. His main research interests concern the Carolingian world and early medieval societies (VIII–XI centuries) in a comparative perspective between political, cultural, and economic history. franÅois bougard is director of the Institut de recherche et d’histoire des textes (CNRS, Paris). Since 1996 he has been Director of Medieval Studies at the École française de Rome, and since 2004 Professor of Medieval History at the University of Nanterre. tom brown is an Honorary Fellow of the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of numerous studies on early medieval Italy and Western relations with Byzantium. paolo delogu is emeritus at the University of Rome “La Sapienza.” He studied the Normans, the Langobards, mediaeval archaeology, and early mediaeval Rome, which is currently his main ﬁeld of research. clemens gantner is a researcher at the Institute for Medieval Research at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna. His research is centred on early medieval Italy and intra- and intercultural communication around the Mediterranean. stefano gasparri, professor of Medieval History emeritus at the University of Venice, studies the history of the Italian Early Middle Ages (Lombard and Carolingian age and the origins of Venice). He also studied chivalry in the Italian cities of the late Middle Ages. caroline goodson is senior lecturer in Early Medieval History at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of King’s College. Her research focuses on the Western Mediterranean in the period c. 500 – c. 1100, examining the evidence from archaeology and material culture as well as a range of texts.

vii

viii List of Contributors

thomas f. x. noble taught at the University of Virginia and then at Notre Dame. His research focused on Carolingian history, papal history, and the history of the city of Rome. He served as president of the American Catholic Historical Association and of the American Society of Church History. walter pohl is Professor for Medieval History at the University of Vienna and Director of the Institute for Medieval Research at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. His main research focus is on early medieval identities in Latin western as well as central Europe. igor santos salazar is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Santiago de Compostela. His main research interest is the history of early medieval Italy. He specializes in European comparative history. elina screen is a Lecturer in Medieval History at Birkbeck, University of London. She is an established historian of early medieval Europe, with particular specialisms in the Carolingian world. She is also General Editor of the Medieval European Coinage project and pub- lishes on medieval numismatics. marco stoffella teaches history at the University of Verona. His main research interests lie in early medieval social history, local societies, international relationships, minor local ofﬁcers, and manuscripts, with an emphasis on the Verona Capitular Library and its networks in the early and high Middle Ages. francesco veronese is charged with teaching activities in Gender History and Medieval History at the University of Padova. His research interests embrace relics’ cults, hagiography, and gender relationships in the Early Middle Ages, especially in Carolingian times. giorgia vocino is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Orléans. Her work focuses on early medieval literary culture and her areas of expertise are manuscript studies, textual criticism, and intel- lectual history.

West Frankish kingdom

L Lotharingia o East Frankish kingdom M t O Italian kingdom h EAST D Territory of Venice G a Papal lands N r I FRANKISH Principality of Benevento K i

n Principality of Salerno H Strasbourg

S g I KINGDOM Territory of Naples

K i Bavaria Byzantine territory N Burgundy a Alamannia A Territory of the Aghlabids

R Sup. Controlled by Emirate of Bari F

T Territory of Gaeta S Burgundy

E Territory of Amalfi Inf. Orbe

W Geneva Friuli Lyon Trent Como Aquileia Slavs Vienne Bergamo Milan Verona Lombardy Brescia Grenoble Venice Turin Piacenza Valence Pavia E x D Bobbio Nonantola a r a c Ravenna l h m a Claimed by the a Avignon te PapacyA t o i Lucca f a Arles Nice R d Pisa av Provence Ligurian Florence en Ancona na r Marseille Sea Arezzo i Perugia a t Duchy i Ragusa Spoleto of c Duchy Spoleto Corsica of S Rome Farfa San Vincenzo e Rome al Volturno Principality a Montecassino of Benevento Capua Bari Gaeta Benevento Naples Salerno Taranto Amalfi Principality of Salerno Otranto Sardinia Tyrrhenian Sea

M e Palermo d i t e r r a Sicily n a Syracuse e Aghlabids a n 0 100 200 300 km S e a 0 50 100 150 200 miles

Map 1: The Apennine peninsula, c. 863 CE

Strasbourg

s p Geneva l Trent Lyon Como Aquileia Bergamo Vienne A Milan Verona Brescia Venice Grenoble Turin Valence Pavia Piacenza Bobbio Nonantola Ravenna A Avignon A Lucca p Arles Nice Florence d Pisa p Ligurian Anconar Marseille Sea Arezzo e i Perugia n a t Ragusa Spoleto n i c i Corsica Farfa n San Vincenzo S al Volturno e Rome e a Montecassino s Capua Bari Gaeta Benevento Naples Salerno Taranto Amalfi Otranto Sardinia Tyrrhenian Sea

M e Palermo d i t e r r a Sicily n a Syracuse e a n 0 100 200 300 km S e a 0 50 100 150 200 miles

Map 2: Topography of Italy