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Muir of : 198420091890 Roles for visualisation tools and geospatial data in the delivery public policy on land use and public participation

David Miller Theme Leader, Realising Land’s Potential With Paula Horne, Chen Wang, Gillian Donaldson-Selby, Jane Morrice

By JamesGeorge LivingstonLivingston, Washington Wilson 1890 198410Courtesy May, 2009 of University of Library th By George Washington Wilson 1890 University of Zürich, 17 December 2013 Courtesy of University of Aberdeen Library

Little : c1900 1984 The ‘Securities’: Environment Plus, food, energy, water security

 Scarcity and degradation of environmental assets  Depletion of natural resources (e.g. soil and biodiversity)  Climate change  Pollution

By GeorgeJames Livingston Washington Wilson, c c1900 1900, Courtesy1984 of University of Aberdeen Library

Source: Rockstrom et al. (2009) A safe operating University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 space for humanity. Nature 461 (24) 473-475.

Pressures for Change Policy Contexts and Practice

• Breadth of policy and practice contexts increasing rapidly • Increasing number of teams, people and organisations

University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013

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Scottish Land Use Strategy Ecosystem Approach

Principle I: Approaches advocated for adaptive management ‘People should have Identify and review opportunities to contribute objective “Integrated management to debates and decisions of land, water and living about land use and Characterise resources in an equitable way.” management which affect Implement land systems their lives and their future’ Source: UN Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000. Proposal 12: Decision- Identify and publicise making / Define effective ways for choices scenarios • People centred approach

communities to contribute • Participation at key to land-use debates and Develop and stages to develop decision-making’ test options resilience

University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013

Planning and Change Public Engagement, Consultation, Awareness Raising Identify - Characterise - Scenario – Options - Decision - Implement Killin Purposes Needs to be continuous • Research • Consultation • Awareness raising Reactionary • Communicating results Announce plan Announce plan development X • Feedback

Ending trend Pattern of development Edinburgh Birmingham under original regime Real development Direction of travel Planned of objectives development

Autonomous development and process of planning Time (Modified from Antrop, 2005) University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013

Introduce Tools: Voting Younger People: Visioning Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park

Killin

Venues for participation events

Gartocharn Piano keys? Car parking? It’s Birmingham, so … Football stadium? Aston Villa football stadium? Lesson: Make event enjoyable, and provide local links University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013

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Making the Connection Younger People: Visioning  Energy: small not large scale wind, more hydro Loch Lomond & Trossachs National Park: Planning  Woodland: replace lost tress, no more plantations  Concern Dentist 1 hour, no ambulance, affordable housing Where do you live, granny live, is school …?  Facilities: Clothes and food shops (NOT MacDonalds/Burger King) Lesson: Ensure assumptions about capability are true

Community Groups, Schools and Councillors in Killin

No lack of enthusiasm!

Identifying Issues and Locations th University of Zürich, 17 Dec 2013 In collaboration with Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park Authority

Developing Scenarios of Future Land Use Future Land Use Patterns Link socio-economic scenarios with biophysical change • Prospective patterns of future land use?

Current land-use trends: IACS and JAC - JAF Land use Evaluation of LandSFACTS Biophysical scenarios ecosystem constraints (LCA services + climate change)

Socio-economic Year 0125634789 Land Use 2050? targets/constraints Land Capability for Agriculture

Published version [1982] 2050s projection [UKCP09 q3] Source: Brown et al. (2008, 2011) • New opportunities: e.g. expansion of energy crops • Increased potential competes with enhanced agricultural capability 1984 2100? • Needs adaptation of land management systems University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 Image courtesy: Marie Castellazzi

DEE CATCHMENT Land Use Scenarios Public Discussion  Select priority topics (e.g. renewable energy, woodlands, housing, transport, conservation)  ‘Drag and drop’ feature into place Voting  Discussion of issues, voting on audience agreement

Modified from IPCC, and UK Risk Assessment

Land Use Change Food production Food production Business Fibre / timber Business Fibre / timber (multiple scales) income production income production

Habitat Water Habitat Water provision quality provision quality

Flood Flood Recreation / flow Recreation / flow / sport regulation / sport regulation

Implications for Ecosystem Soil quality C storage Soil quality C storage Woodlands Wind turbines University of Zürich,Services 17th Dec 2013 University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013

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Community Visions for Future Land Uses Urban Landscapes: Green space, WindNo wind turbines turbines Health and Well-being onon hilltop hilltop • Understanding the contribution of greenspace to human health and well-being

NoNew woodland woodland SomeNo new new herehere Improved houseshouses access

Amenity Small scale woodlands No wind Imagery: Google Streetview windturbines turbines here Pressures on greenspace due to urban land use change here Significance? To whom? Where? NonLocal-local audience audience At what scale is it best to make the plan and the decision? University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013

Greenspace and Access and Availability

Well-being Forth Inverleith Are perceptions and measures of greenspace linked to physical and mental health, and well- being? High % greenspace is conducive to lower stress High GS 8 Low GS e.g. Not accessible

6 Cortisol slope linked to: physical activity and % of green space 4 Higher Lower accessibility

accessibility compared to city Cortisol (nmol/l) Cortisol Self-reported stress linked to: % green compared to space 2 city

In economically deprived areas, living 3 6 9 12 in vicinity of more greenspace linked to Hours post awakening lower levels of self-reported stress Laing et al. (2009) Environment and Planning B Ward Thompson et al. (2012) Landscape and Urban Planning

‘Visible Access’ Physical and Visual Accessibility  Visibility ‘census’  Combine walking distance and visibility of green space Pilton, Edinburgh

Thresholds Thresholds  Visibility from each property  Distance: 300 m  Distance: 200 m  Barrier to view of open green space  Visibility: median view  Visibility: median view – trees, but view of greenery Current research: Imagery courtesy of Google  Changes in self-reported stress relating to land use and demographic change  Visual definition of area  Dependencies – demographics and household change, land use (plan and vertical)

th University of Zürich, 17 Dec 2013 Miller et al. (2012) Design and Decision Support Systems

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Green space services: Community views Green space services: Community views Aim Enable community selection of features for future uses of spaces

 Peace and quiet, read, escape  Play, sport, socialise  Habitat management – green and blue

Virtual Landscape Theatre, Finmill Centre, Dundee  Agreement: dog restricted areas, more trees, park benches, shelter  Disagreement: benches on south facing slope – for sunshine, or in trees – for shade  Surprise: car parking, for weekend football matches! Virtual Landscape Theatre, Finmill Centre, Dundee  Area reputation: different associations by age group and time in area

Wang et al. (2013) IEEE Computer University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 Science and Automation Engineering

Multi-functional Green Spaces Awareness Raising: Aberdeen Offshore More woodland – noise buffers Link woodland units – green network Windfarm Public

Sport Peace Social Play

Increase understanding: • Renewable energy • Offshore windfarms • Potential impacts Discussion forum: Burn – a boundary Water - relaxing Play – fish nets? • Potential impacts Community management of burn Current research: • OpportunitiesScottish Parliament Children, Hands on  Relationship between scale, function and services (Scottish Government Programme) (Finlathen Park, Dundee) Lesson: Understand audience authority – decision-maker, advisor, …

Changes in Layout Over Time Describe, Explain, Ask

Drivers of change? Polling opinions

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Changes: Issues Raised Over Time

Windfarm 2006 2010 Common • Never heard of this • When? comments • How many turbines? • Why so close to land? • How big? • Where else?Windfarm • Why there? • Cheaper electricity?

Other issues raised: • Noise • Seabed erosion • Views from offshore Is this• Marine change life significant?• Harbour/shipping • Efficiency/cabling • Golf course conflict?

WillForum: opinion changes in support or as a reaction to Mr Trump?• Unique, never seen this before • Interesting and entertaining • Disorienting Attendees: In association with the Scottish Tree • c. 1500 over 5 years Advisory Group and funded by Scottish University of Zürich, 17th DecGovernment, 2013 RESAS © Lorne Gill SNH

Background Chalara dieback of ash

Communications Strategy of National Mid-1990s Chalara Action Plan

Aims Raise public awareness Promote good practice

Courtesy of: In collaboration with Forestry Commission Rimvys Vasaitus, , Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh Assoc. Professor, Swedish University of University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 Agricultural Sciences

Chalara dieback of ash Public Engagement

Format Introduce issue 2012 Present facts Encourage discussion

Introduce warning signs

Spot the animal!

Courtesy of: Rimvys Vasaitus, Assoc. Professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013

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Illustrate Change Highlight Good Practice Present scenarios of disease spread and impact

Before site affected

During/ after site affected

University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 Source: Scottish Government, 2013

Check on Communication Success Tune Event to Audience • Test for lessons remembered by audience • Ensure that everyone leaves with a right answer! Sea Cadets Planners

Boots, Bikes and Buggies

University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 LandUniversity managersof Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 School

Above and Below Water Engaging Young Researchers 21st June 2012

 What impact does land use have on sea/coastal use? “There was a very exited little girl here this morning when your parcel arrived! I thought you should share the moment with the pictures.

Increase forestry here Impact on fish farm here? Many, many thanks for this, and for all your efforts in arranging the event itself. I'm sure there are times when you think about the value given the effort and time involved. I've discovered that with children, you never can tell the point of revelation for them, or what was important in the build up to a decision in later life to pursue a particular course, in this case in science etc. But those moments are there. The pupils here had a great time and an even better experience of something that without your input, would never have happened. Thank you.”

Best wishes Graham

Graham Dickie Above waterline view Below waterline view Headteacher Kilchrenan Primary School by Taynuilt University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013

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Examples of Feedback Examples of Feedback

Loch Lomond & Trossachs National Park events Pupils: Enjoyed event 94% Learnt something new 78% Learnt something of use in class 68% Percentage participation (individual voting) 87% Response consistency 81%

Teachers: Relevance Very High

Direct link to Curriculum for Excellence

Ecosystem Approach – Moments to Current Research Participate Identify and Landscapes review • Identify ‘tipping points’ in landscape character objective • What are the path dependencies in landscapes? • Methods – eye-tracking linked to 3D modelling Characterise Implement land systems Moments to • Landscape and well-being intervene / • What role have cultural services in human well- participate being? Decision- Define making / • Multiple benefits and trade-offs choices scenarios • Direct and indirect effects of drivers of change: Common Agricultural Policy, renewable energy, Develop and climate change, urbanisation test options

University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013 University of Zürich, 17th Dec 2013

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