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AR200052 MIN 818690068 Steel Shot Availability and Recommendations n.d. 1 pp. ABS: Information on steel'shot shells (by manufacturer, length, shot weight and size, and nominal velocity) for 10 12 and 20 guage shot guns is provided. Shot size for shooting teal and larger ducks, and snow, white-fronted Canada geese are recommended. MIN 818690016 Steel Shot Update Bonasch, B. MidWest Outdoors n.d. 2pp. ABS: Reports, facts and statistics from various governmental agencies and private groups on steel versus lead shot are summarized. MIN 818690015 Here's the Ammunition You Need to Sell Steel Shot n.d. 2 pp MIN 818590024 Estimating Autumn-Spring Waterfowl Nonhuntlng Mortality In North Missouri Hamburg, D.D.; Graber, D.; Sheriff, S.; Miller, T. 48th N. Amer. Wildlife Conference n.d. pp. 241-256 ABS: Study areas included portions of Squaw Creek NWR, Swan Lake NWR, and the Fountain Grove WMA refuges. Results and effectiveness of search methods utilized in 1980, and in fall 1981 and spring 1982 are presented. Mortality factors included gunshot cholera, aspergillosis, and impaction. Estimating and the importance of fall and winter nonhunting mortality are discussed. MIN 818490404 Heavy Concentrations In Ducks Wintering In the Lower Chesapeake Bay Region Di Giulio, R.T.; Scanton, P.F. Trans. Northeast Sect Wildl. Soc. Abstract n.d. pp. 111-112. Vol. 38 ABS: Tissues from 15 species of ducks were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. MIN 818490393 Bald Eagles and Waterfowl: The Lead Shot Connection Pattee, O.H.; Hennes, S.K. 48th N. Amer Wildl. Conf. n.d.v> pp, 230-237 MIN 818490364 Tfssus Lead Concentrations and Blood Characteristics of Rock Doves Kendall, R.J.; Morehead, W.B.; Jones, J.T.; Scanton, P.F. Virginia Journal of Science Abstract of paper pp. 100. Vol. 31, No. 4 MIN 818490363 Lead Concentrations In Ruffed Collected from Southwestern Virginia Kendall, R.J.; Norman, G.R.; Scanton, P.F. Virginia Journal of Science Abstract of paper pp. 100. Vol 31, No. 4 MIN 818490362 Heavy Metal Concentrations In Feathers of Ruffed Grouse from Virginia Scanlon, P.F.; Oderwald, R.G.; Dietrick, T.J.; Coggin, J.L Virginia Journal of Science Abstract of paper pp. 102. Vol. 31, No. 4 MIN 818490304 Lead and Mercury in Lessor Snow Geese Wintering In Louisiana West, L.D.; Newsom, J.D. Proc. Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Fish & Wildl. Agencies n.d. pp. 180-187. Vol. 31 ABS: Objectives were to determine: (1) residue levels of mercury and lead In goose tissue (liver and wing bones) from rice-growing and coastal marsh areas; and (2) the incidence of lead shot ingestion, by stomach and gizzard analysis. MIN 818490277 Steel Vs. Lead: Results from the Latest Test Smith, R.I.; Roster, T. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fact Sheet n.d. 4 pp. ABS: In 1977 and 1978, field tests were conducted to compare the performance of lead shot and steel shot ammunition in hunting medium sized geese at Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Hunters reported bagging, crippling, and ..- missing rates with lead and steel at various shooting distances. AR200053 MIN 818490300 The Availability of Lead Shot to Waterfowl on Mattamuskeet NWR and Its Management Implications. Voros, D.J.; Hagan, P.O. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service v,MIN 818490299 Ingested Shot in Waterfowl on Sauvie Island Wildlife Area, 1980-81 Vendshus, S.M. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife n.d. 11 pp. MIN 818490289 Lead Shot Poisoning of American Stickel, W.H. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center n.d. 8 pp. MIN 818490288 - Effects on Wildlife of Newer Pesticides and Other Pollutants Stickel, W.H. ABS: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Conference Western Association of State & Fish Commissioners, 11-13 July 1973 MIN 818490283 , A Survey of Major Areas In Waupaca County for the Incidence of Spent Shot Pellets Stark, W.B. n.d. 16pp. MIN 818490276 Lead Poisoning In Game Birds Smith, R.t. ABS: Presented at the National Association Centennial Meetings (3 April 1971, Washington, D.C.) MIN 818490269 - Ingested Shot In Waterfowl on Sauvie Island Wildlife Management Area, 1973-74 Smith, A.K. Oregon Wildlife Commission n.d. 15pp. MIN 818490235 Results of the 1977 Waterfowl Gizzard Collection New York State Depart of Environ, Conser. : Flyer MIN 818490222 Investigations of Waterfowl Lead Poisoning In California Moore, K. California Department of Fish and Game ABS: Paper presented at the Third Annual Conference on Wildlife Biology presented by HumboJdt Chapter of the Wildlife Society and Conservation Unlimited (Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, 28 May 1977). Data are provided on the incidence of lead shot, as determined by fluoroscopic examination, in soils and gizzards of trapped, hunter- and diseased-killed birds. MIN 818490206 Lead Shot: Its Settlement, Oxidation, and General Availability to Waterfowl Low, J.B.; Und, G.; Spry, R. n.d. 20 pp. ABS: Utah Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Special Report No. 23-A. Objectives were to find the maximum soft marsh clay and water depth at which mallards could effectively feed; determine the effectiveness of feeding in various combinations of water and mud depths, to prevent lead poisoning. MIN 818490083 Shot Ingestlon by Waterfowl on National Wildlife Refuges In Florida Baker, J.L; Thompson, R.L Proc. Ann. Conf. S.E.Assoc. Fish & Wild. Agencies. Vol.32 pp. 256-262. Ref, Charts ABS: Gizzards from 15 species of ducks (N=9,632) bagged by hunters on or adjacent to four national wildlife refuges in Florida from 1973 through 1978 were examined for ingested lead and/or steel shot Mean fngestion rates ranged from more than 50 percent for both canvasbacks and ruddy ducks to less than 10 percent for lesser scaups, green- winged and blue-winged teals, wigeons, gadwalls, shovelers, and fulvous whistling ducks. MIN 818690358 Poisoned Ducks Grinnell.G.B Forest and Stream 1894. pp. 117-118. Vol.42, No. 6 AR20005U MIN 818690309 . Pheasant Poisoned by Swallowing Shot Holland, G. The Field 1882. 59(1 );521, Feb. 18, P. 232 MIN 818490073 The Killing Efficiency of Soft Iron Shot Andrews, R.; Longcore, J.R. Wildlife Management Institute Reprint from Transactions of the Thirty-Fourth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, March 1969 1869. pp. 337-345. Ref, Charts, Graphs ABS: An automatic shooting facility was constructed at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (Maryland) to test the killing effectiveness of lead and soft iron shot on ducks at various shooting distances. Results indicate that the killing effectiveness of soft iron shot was superior to its anticipated performance and close to that obtained with commercial lead loads containing an equal number of pellets. MIN 049720090 Site-specific Lead Exposure from Lead Pellet Ingestlon In Sentinel Mallards Rocke, T.E.; Brand, C.J.; Mensik, J.G. J. Wildl. Manage. 1997. pp. 228-234 (7 pp.). Vol. 61. No. 1 ABS: Lead poisoning from the ingestion of spent lead pellets was monitored in sentinel mallards at the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge, Willows, California for four years (1986-89) after the conversion to steel shot for waterfowl hunting on refuges. MIN 299880023 Wildlife Health Project Wildlife Toxicology Roscoe, D.E.; Stansley, W. New Jersey Div. of Fish, Game and Wildl. Final Report Period Covered: 1 May 1994 - 30 April 1997 1997.12 pp. ABS: Findings are reported from lead poisoning, and trap and skeet studies. Gizzards collected from hunter-killed black and mallard ducks from lead and steel shot sites were examined; blood samples collected from the same species were tested for lead. Soil, small mammals and frogs were collected at the Thunder Mountain Trap and Skeet Range and analyzed for lead and lead exposure. Data are. tabulated for mortalities investigated under the wildlife toxicrty job, and for metal concentrations found in surface soil samples from sludge-treated fields and in liver and kidney tissue from snow geese collected at these fields. MIN 299820038 Effects of Lead-contaminated Surface Water from a Trap and Skeet Range on Frog Hatching and Development Stansley, W.; Kosenak. MA; Huffman. J.E.; Roscoe, D.E. Environ. Pollution 1997. pp. 69-74 (6 pp.). Vol. 96, No. 1 ABS: Pickerel frogs (Rana palustris) and bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) were exposed from the egg stage to lead-contaminated surface water from a trap and skeet range. MIN 809720398 An Ecological Risk Assessment of Lead Shot Exposure In Non-Waterfowl Avlan Species: Upland Gams Birds and Raptors Kendall, R.J.; Lacher, T.E.; Bunck, C.; Daniel, B.; Driver, C.; Grue, C.E.; Lefghton, F.; Stansley, W.; Watanabe, P.G.; Whitworth, M. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 1996. pp. 4-20 (17 pp.). Vol. 15 MIN 179520141 Winter Survival of Immature Canvasbacks In Inland Louisiana Hohman, W.L.; Moore, J.L; Franson, J.C. J. Wild). Manage. 1995. pp. 384-392 (10 pp.). Vol. 59, No. 2 ABS: Immature canvasbacks (n=172) were radiomarked during winters 1991-94, to estimate survival rates and determine sources and timing of mortality. MIN 809520277 Seasonal Ingestion of Toxic and Nontoxlc Shot by Canada Geese DeStefano, S.; Brand, C.J.; Samuel, M.D. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1995. pp. 502-508 (6 pp.). Vol. 23, No. 3 <1> : ABS: Rates of ingested shot and elevated blood-lead level were used to estimate the proportion of Canada geese exposed to lead on three study areas: Manitoba, Canada (Oak Hammock WMA), Minnesota (Lac Qui Parie WMA), and Missouri (Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge. The extent to which nontoxic shot has reduced lead exposure in Eastern Prairie Population Canada geese.

flR200055 MIN 119720143 Accumulation In and Effects of Lead and Cadmium on Waterfowl and Passerines In Northern Idaho Blus. L.J.; Henny, C.J.; Hoffman, D.J.; Grove, RA Environ. Pollution 1995. pp. 311-318 (S pp.). Vol. 89, No. 3 Concentrations and effects of lead and cadmium on several species of waterfowl (Canada goose, mallard, gotdeneye and two species of passerines (American robin and tree swallow) are described. Study was conducted in northern Idaho in 1987. MIN 129420390 Waterfowl Hunter Compliance with Nontoxlc Shot Regulations In Illinois Havera, S.P.; Mine, C.S.; Georgj, M.M. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1994. pp. 454-460 (8 pp.). Vol. 22, No. 3 MIN 809520074 A Review of Lead Poisoning In Swans Blus, L.J. Comp. Bfochem. Physiol. 1994. pp. 259-267 (10 pp.). Vol. 108C, No. 3 MIN 239520164 Lead Poisoning In a Mississippi Sandhill Crane Franson, J.C.; Hereford, S,G. Wilson Bull. 1994. pp. 766-768(4 pp.). Vol. 106, No. 4 ABS: The first known case of lead poisoning In a Mississippi Sandhill Crane is reported. MIN 119320214 Accumulation and Effects of Lead and Cadmium on Wood Ducks Near a Mining and Smelting Complex In Idaho Blus, L.J.; Henny, C.J.; Hoffman, D.J.; Grove, RA Ecotoxicology 1993. pp. 139-154 (16 pp.). Vol. 2 ABS: Study was conducted in the Coeur rfAlene River system during 1986 and 1987. MIN 249420009 ... Further Evidence of Biases Associated wtth Hunter-Killed Mallards Heitmeyer, M.E.; Fredrickson, L.H.; Hamburg, D.D. Journal of Wildl. Manage. Proj. 183, J. Ser. No. 10953, Missouri Agric. Exper. Sta. 1993. pp. 733-740 (8 pp.). Vol. . No. 4 . The null hypothesis that hunter-killed mallards are not different from mallards in the general population relative to body mass, molt progression, and lead shot ingestion was evaluated. Mallards were obtained during waterfowl hunting seasons 1978-79 through 1982-83 in the Mlngo Basin of southeastern Missouri. MIN 309220160 Availability and Ingestion of Lead Shot by Mourning Doves (Zenalda ihacroura) In Southeastern New Mexico Best T.L; Garrison, T.E.; Schmitt, C.G. The Southwestern Naturalist Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta. J. Article No. 15-892016P 1992. pp. 287-292 (6 pp.). Vol. 37, No. 3 ABS: Purpose was to determine how many lead shot are available for ingestion and how many lead shot actually are ingested by mourning doves. During 1987, soil samples were collected before and after the first dove hunting season near a stocktank in Eddy County, New Mexico. Gizzards collected from mourning doves during 1985.1986 and 1987 were examined for lead shot • MIN 129220127 . , Blood Lead and Ingested and Embedded Shot In Diving Ducks during Spring Havera, S.P.; Whitton, P.M.; Shealy, R.T. Journal of Wildlife Management 1992. pp. 639-545 (7 pp.). Vol. 56, No. 3 ABS: The prevalence of ingested and embedded shot and elevated blood Pb concentrations during spring migration for canvasbacks, lesser scaups, and ring-necked ducks on the Keokuk Pool was determined. MIN 459230023 _, . Effects of Lead Ingestion on Immune Function In Quail Grasman. K.A. M.S. Thesis." 1992. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 1992.135 pp.

AR200056 MIN 309320031 Ingestion of Lead Pellets by Scaled Quail (Calllpepla squamata) and Northern Bobwhfta (Collnus vlrginianus) In Southeastern New Mexico Best T.L; Garrison, T.E.; Schmitt, C.G. Texas Journal of Science Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta. Journal Article No. 15-892108P 1992. pp. 99-107 (9 pp.). Vol. 44, No. 1 ABS: Gizzards collected from 226 scaled quail and 111 northern bobwhite in 1985,1986, and 1987 were examined for ingested lead pellets. Concentrations of lead in the livers of these species were ascertained. The amount of lead in these species were compared to that previously reported for mourning doves from the same study area (Los Medanos Waste Isolation Pilot Plant) MIN 809320071 Prevalence of Lead Exposure Among Age and Sex Cohorts of Canada Geese DeStefano, S.; Brand, C.J.; Rusch, D.H. Can. J. Zool. 1992. pp. 901-906 (6 pp.). Vol. 70 ABS: Study was conducted on the breeding, migration, and wintering grounds of the Eastern Prairie Population of Canada geese. Possible mechanisms to explain differences in lead exposure among cohorts are presented. MIN 129380086 . Waterfowl of Illinois: Status and Management Lead Poisoning In Illinois Waterfowl Havera, S.P. Illinois Natural History Survey Final Report Period Covered: 1 July 1991 - 30 June 1992. Refer to MIN Nos. 129380077,129380078, 129380079,129380080,129380081,129380082,129380083,129380084,129380085,129380087,129380088 1992. 24pp. MIN 809320128 Lead Poisoning of Avlan Species Other Than Waterfowl Locke, L.N.; Friend, M. The International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau In: Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl. Proceedings of an IWRB Workshop (Brussels, Belgium, 13-15 June 1991). D.J. Pain (Ed). IWRB Special Pub. No. 16 1992.6 pp. ABS: Lead poisoning due to ingestion of lead shot is report for 31 species of free-ranging birds other than waterfowl. MIN 809720194 Lead Shot In Sediments of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island Marshes Daury, R.W.; Schwab, F.E.; Bateman. M.C. Trans. NE Section of The Wildl. Soc. 1992. pp. 43-48 (6 pp.). Vol.49 ABS: A random survey of marsh sediments was conducted to determine the distribution and density of lead shot in heavily-hunted marshes. MIN 299820029 Lead Contamination and Mobility In Surface Water at Trap and Skeet Ranges Stansley, W.; Widjeskog, L; Roscoe, D.E. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxfcol 1992. pp.640-647(8pp.). Vol.49 MIN 819090005 Influence of Ingested Lead on Body Mass of Wintering Canvasbacks Hohman, W.L; Pritchert, R.D.; Pace, R.M.; Wellington, D.W.; Helm, R. Journal of Wildl. Manage. 1990. pp. 211-215. Vol. 54. No. 2 [SS] ABS: The study was conducted to (1) determine the prevalence of ingested lead shot in wintering canvasbacks, and (2) assess the influence of ingested lead shot on body mass. MIN 818990005 Wildlife Surveys and Investigations: Lead Shot Ingestion by Waterfowl Smith, P.M. Arizona Game and Fish Dept Final Report Period Covered: 1 July 1984-30 June 1989 1989.9 pp. ABS: Objective was to determine the availability of expended lead shot to waterfowl and rate of ingestion of expended lead shot by waterfowl. A paper, entitled NWHL Final Report 1984-85 Lead Poisoning Monitoring Program. Mormon Lake Area (Anderson Mesa), Arizona, is appended. MIN 819090003 Availability of Spent Lead Shot In Fields Managed for Mourning Dove Hunting Castrate, J.S. Wildlife Society Bull. 1989. pp. 184-189. Vol. 17, No. 2 ABS: Objectives were: (1) to determine abundance of spent shot in fields managed for doves in Indiana and to document increases of shot in fields due to hunting; and (2) to determine whether shot availability changed between fall and spring, and as a result of agricultural tillage. AR200057 MIN 819090002 Lead Poisoning In Illinois Waterfowl (1977-1988) and the Implementation of Nontoxlc Shot Regulations Anderson, W.L; Havera, S:P. Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Note's 133 1989.40pp. Results of Illinois studies (Anderson 1982, 1983, 1986; Anderson and Havera 1985; Anderson et al. 1987) are summarized and compared. MIN 819090006 Use of Blood from Dead Mallards to Monitor Lead Poisoning Havera, S.P.; Anderson, W.L.; Wood, S.G. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1989. pp. 241-244. Vol 17, No. 3 [SS] ABS: The usefulness of assays for lead in blood taken from the hearts of dead waterfowl was evaluated for monitoring lead poisoning In mallards. The advantages of using blood samples from dead birds are discussed. MIN 819090007 Compliance fay Waterfowl Hunters with Nontoxlc Shot Regulations In Central South Dakota Simpson, S.G. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1989. pp. 245-248. Vol 17, No. 3 [SS] . , ABS: A study was designed (1) to test the feasibility of using spent shotshel! wads to estimate compliance; (2) to estimate compliance with nontoxic shot regulations in the existing zone; (3) to determine if differences in compliance rates existed among 4 hunting locations; and (4) to compare results of shotshell-wad surveys to other measures of compliance. MIN 299820022 Lead Poisoning of Northern Pintail Ducks Feeding In a Tidal Meadow Contaminated with Shot from a Trap and Skeet Range Roscoe, D.E.; Widjeskog, L; Stansley, W. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1989. pp. 226-233 (8 pp.). Vol. 42 , - ABS: Lead poisoning of northern pintail ducks from ingestion of lead shot deposited on a tidal meadow as the result of trap and Is described. Pintails were collected on Raccoon Creek and adjacent tidal meadows between Bridgeport and Swedesboro, New Jersey from 25 February to 19 March 1986. Management procedures taken to prevent the poisonings are described and evaluated. 818990004 Availability of Lead Pellets, Ingestion of Lead Pellets, and Amounts of Lead In Livers of Mourning Doves (Zenalda macroura), Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), and Northern Bobwhtte (CoIInus vlrglnlanus) In Southeastern New Mexico, 1985-1987 Best, T.L; Garrison, T.E. New Mexico Dept of Game and Fish Final Report Contracts 516-75-14 and 516.6-75-20 1988.55pp. MIN 819090001 Effectiveness of Selected Lead and Steel Shot Shells for Dispatching Crippled Ducks Anderson, W.L; Nichols, W.F. Trans. Illinois Acad. Sci. 1988. pp. 253-260. Vol. 81, No. 3 and 4 ABS: The effectiveness of seven different shot charges in 2 3/4-inch, 12- shells in dispatching crippled ducks was evaluated in Illinois in 1978-1983. Hunters fired a total of 2,969 shells (mean distance 31 m) at 1,795 ducks (mallards, black ducks, dabbling ducks, diving ducks). MIN 818790004 : i ".' ' ."..;'... Steeling Ourselves for the Future, Part I Brister, B. Fteld and Stream 1987. pp. 66,68,70,73,76. Vol. 92, No. 4 ABS: SOme typical questions concerning the use, of steel shot versus lead shot are addressed. A list of guns recommended for steel shot Is provided. , MIN 408780197 ' Necropsy Report on Crippled, Sick and Dead Waterfowl Collected After the 1986 Hunting Season Simpson, G.; Sorenson, K. South Dakota Dept Game, Fish and Parks Report No. 87-1 1987. 10 pp/ MIN 818790005 ' J : . , Incidence of Ingested Shot In Waterfowl In the Mississippi Fryway, 1977-1979 Anderson, W.L; Havera, S.P.; Montgomery, RA Wildlife Society Bulletin 1987. pp. 181-188. Vol. 15, No. 2 : Gizzards were collected from waterfowl harvested in the Mississippi flyway during the first three hunting seasons in which steel shot was required In designated areas. 6 AR200058 MIN 818990003 The Incidence of Lead and Steel Shot In Ballard County, Kentucky White, S.B.; Flowers, K.D. Kentucky Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Final Report 1987.31pp. MIN 818790002 They're Switching to Steel Weingarten, D, New Mexico Wildlife 1986. pp. 5-6. Vol. 31, No. 6 MIN 818790001 Make Mine Nontoxlc, Pleass Pederson, J. New Mexico Wildlife 1986. pp. 2-4. Vol. 31, No. 6 MIN 818690395 Shoot Steel] Th» Non-toxic Solution North Dakota Outdoors 1986. pp. 18-19. Voi. XLVIH. No. 7 ABS: Commonly asked questions about steel shot requirements as they affect North Dakota are briefly addressed. MIN 818690383 Belastung dor Greifvogel In Norddeutschland mtt den Schwermetallen Blel, Cadmium und QuecksIIber Temes, W; Peterat, B.; Russel-Sinn, HA German article with English summary 1986.9 pp. ABS: The heavy metal contamination of raptors in Northern Germany is presented. Differences between concentrations in eggs and livers of these birds are discussed. MIN 818690380 The Effects of Implanted Shot of Various on Certain Parameters In Pigeons Repper, R.; Drasch, G.; Grimm, F.; Kosters.J. German article with English summary 1986.16pp. ABS: Pigeons were implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly with six pellets each of 0.0 percent (soft lead), 2.5 percent and 10 percent antimony-containing lead shot with intact or with fired nickel-covered lead shot or steel shot MIN 818690374 Migratory Hunting: Availability of a Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) on the Use of Lead Shot for Hunting Migratory Birds In the United States; Criteria and Schedule for Implementing Nontoxlc Shot Zones for 1987-88 and Subsequent Waterfowl Hunting Seasons U.S. FWS Federal Register 1986. pp. 23443-23447. Vol. 51, No. 124 MIN 818690371 NWF,DOI Clash Over Lead Shot Compromise; Case Goes to Court Eiserer, E.R. (Ed.) Ecology USA 1986. pp. 101. Vol. 15, No. 13 MIN 818690361 , Why Not Shoot Steel?-A Non-Toxic Solution Colorado Dtv. Wildlife Pamphlet 1986(7). 4 pp. ABS: Batlistical comparison of lead and steel shot are presented. MIN 818690287 Wildlife Health Project Waterfowl Health Study: Lead Poisoning Roscoe, D.E.; WIdjeskog, L; Ferrigno, F.; Castelli, P. New Jersey Dept Environ. Protection Performance Report Period Covered: 1 May 1985 to 30 April 1986 1986.10 pp. ABS: Gizzards were collected from 373 hunter-killed black ducks and mallards from Cumberland, Salem, Ocean, Mercer, Gloucester, Monmouth, Cape May and Atlantic counties, to determine lead shot ingestion rates. Blood samples were collected from 442 black ducks and mallards and elevated blood lead concentrations or blood protoporphyrin concentrations were determined. . _ ' J * MIN 818690262 Suspected Lead Poisoning In an Amazon Parrot McDonald, L.J. Can. Vet J. 1986. pp. 131-134. Vol. 27, No. 3 ABS: A double yellow headed Amazon parrot (Amazona orcnrocephala tresmarial) of unknown age and sex was examined for an acute onset of anorexia, listiessness, central nervous systems signs and diarrhea. A tentative diagnosis of lead toxicosis was achieved based on radiographs, clinical pathology and response to therapy.

AR200059 MIN 818690230 Heavy Metals In Feathers of Magpies (Pica pica) Kcoiker, G. J, Ornithology German language article with English summary. 1986. pp. 25-36; Vol. 127, No. 1 M\U 818690143 . Effects of Lead Shot Ingestion on Captive Mourning Dove Survlvablllty and Reproduction Buerger, T.T.; Mirarchi, R.E.; Lisano, M.E. Journal of Wildlife Management Study supported by the Alabama Acad. of Sci. Student Research Grant and by the Alabama Agricul. Exp. Station Project 13-0048. Contribution of the Journal Series 16-85152 1986. pp. 1-8. Vol. 50, No. 1 MIN 818690061 Potential Sensitivity of Black Ducks to Lead Shot U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serivce U.S. pish and Wildlife Serivce Research Information Bulletin No. 86-29 1986.1 pp. MIN 818690059 . .. Migratory Game Bird Hunting: Zones In Which Lead Shot Will Be Prohibited for Waterfowl and Coot Hunting In the 1986-87 Hunting Season U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register 1986. pp. 409-411. Vol. 51, No. 3 MIN 818690058 Lead Poisoning Monitoring Program: 1983-84 and 1984-85 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Information Bulletin No. 36-28 1986.5pp. MIN 818690049 Federation Calls for Lead Shot Ban NWF Conservation 1986. pp. 3-4,9-10. ABS: The call by the National Wildlife Federation to ban lead shot for waterfowl hunting Is discussed. Brief articles on nontoxic shot zones for waterfowl and to protect bald eagles are included. MIN 818690007 , \n Investigation of the Mechanism of Lead Toxlcfty In Avlan Crop Smooth Muscle Boyer, I. J. Dissertation ^-Abstracts International Abstract Only 1986. pp. 2993-B. Vol.46, No.9 - MIN 818990001 Wildlife Research: Ring-necked Duck Lead Ingestion Study Thut, J.E. Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Comm. Final Performance Report Period Covered: 1 July 1985 - 30 June 1986 1986.42 pp. ABS: Ring-necked ducks (n=621) were collected during three field seasons from November 1979 through March 1982 to examine changes in physical condition parameters during the winter and the effects of lead on those parameters. , ; . MIN 818990002 Waterfowl Research: Waterfowl Gizzard Survey Thul, J.E. Florida Game & Freshwater Fish Commission Final Performance Report Period Covered: 1 July 1985 - 30 July 1986 1986.36 pp. ABS: A total of 10,231 duck gizzards from 21 species was examined by X-ray for the presence of ingested shot , Objectives of the gizzard survey were to identify problem areas for implementation of steel shot zones, and to assess the effectiveness of non-toxic shot regulations in reducing the ingestion of lead pellets by wintering waterfowl in Florida. MIN 819090008 Incidence of Ingested Shot In Mississippi Flyway Waterfowl, 1977-1979 Anderson, W.L; Havera, S.P.; Montgomery, RA Illinois Dept Conservation Prepared for the Environmental Issues Committee, Technical Section, Mississippi Flyway Council (25 February 1986) 1986.41 pp. [SS] *' ABS: Data were compiled on the incidence of ingested shot (lead and steel) in gizzards of 81,146 waterfowl harvested in 13 States of the Mississippi Flyway during the hunting seasons of 1977-1979, the first years that nontoxic (steel) shot regulations were implemented In this flyway.

AR200060 MIN 279280131 Statewide Wildlife Program. Lead Plumblsm Research: Evaluation of Lead Poisoning In Nevada's Waterfowl Retterer, T.E. Nevada Dept of Wildlife Job Completion Report Period Covered: 1 July 1985 - 30 June 1986 1986.16 PP. , ABS: Waterfowl paired gizzard/liver samples were collected from six species of hunter harvested birds (mallard, pintail, redhead, Canada goose, canvasback, and snow goose) at six of Nevada's more heavily hunted wetland areas to determine the magnitude of the lead poisoning problem and if mandatory steel shot regulations were necessary. Harvest area's included Canvasback Club, Humboldt WMA, Carson Lake, Mason Valley WMA, Overton WMA, and KeyPittmanWMA. MIN 299820023 Diagnostic and Survey Techniques for Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Roscoe, D.E. In: Lead Poisoning in Wild Waterfowl: A Workshop. Proceedings of the Symposium held 3-4 March 1984, Wichita, Kansas. Compiled and edited by J. Scott Feierabend; A. Brooke Russell. September 1986 1986. pp. 27-32 (7 pp.). ABS: Objective is to provide a partial list of effective and practical methods for surveying waterfowl for lead poisoning. The rationale for these methods is discussed as well as their applications and limitations. The integration of some of these methods in New Jersey's lead poisoning survey is also described. MIN 818690376 The Cold Hard Facts about Steel Shot Boebinger, A. Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground 1985. pp. 9-13. Nov./Dec MIN 818690345 Influence of Dietary Calcium on Lead Poisoning In Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) Carison, B.L.; Nielsen, S.W. Am, J. Vet Res. Contribution No. 1075, Storrs Agric. Exper. Station, Univ. of Connecticut 1985. pp. 276-282. Vol. 46, No. 1 MIN 818690339 Ecology of Bald Eagles Wintering In Southern Illinois Sabine, N.; KJimstra, W.D. Trans. Illinois Acad. Sci. 1985. pp. 13-23. Vol. 78, No. 1&2 ABS: Investigations were conducted at Union County and Horseshoe Lake Conservation areas during 1979-81 and Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge during 1980-81. MIN 818690285 Lead Poisoning In Illinois Waterfowl Illinois Natural History Survey Report No. 244 1985.2pp. MIN 818690269 Effects of Lead Shot Ingestion on Several Blood Parameters In Mourning Doves George, A.; Lisano, M.E.; MIrarchi, R.E. J. Ala. Acad. Sd. Abstract Only 1985. pp. 90. Vol. 56, No. 3 ABS: The effects of lead shot ingestion on the bodyweight hematocrit hemoglobin concentration and activity of the red blood cell enzyme, derta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in mourning doves was investigated for 17 weeks. MIN 818690268 Effect of Lead Shot Ingestion on Captive Mourning Dove Survrvablllty Buerger, T.T.; Mirarchi, R.E.; Lisano, M.E. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. Abstract Only. Alabama Agric. Exp. Station Project No. 13-0048 1985. pp. 74. Vol. 56, No. 3 MIN 818690254 Migratory Bird Hunting Sparrowe, R.D. Federal Register 1985. pp. 19248. Vol. 50, No. 88 ABS: A notice of intent that certain areas will not be opened for migratory bird hunting during the 1986-87 season is presented, to minimize lead poisoning waterfowl and bald eagles in specific areas.,, MIN 818690252 Incidence of Lead Shot In Tissues of the Bean Goose (Anser faballs) Wintering In South Sweden Johnson, 8.; Karisson, J.; Svensson, S. Swed. Wildl. Res. Viltrevy. 1985. pp. 259-271. Vol. 13, No. 3

AR20006I MIN 818690247 , ; : An Unusual Case of Lead Poisoning In a Honey Buzzard (Pernls iprvorus) LUmeij, J.T.; Wotvekamp, W.T.C.; Bron-Dietz, G.M.; Schotman, A.J.H. Vet. Q. 1985. pp. 165-168. Vol. 7, No. 2 The diagnosis and treatment of lead poisoning in a honey buzzard are described. Comparison values of venous lead concentrations in healthy racing pigeons (Columba livia) were established. A method for the removal of lead shot from the gizzards of birds, using a bronchoscope and grasping forceps under fluoroscopic control, is also described. MIN 818690246 Lead and Cadmium In Waders from the Dutch Wadden Sea Goede, A. A.; de Voogt. P. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 1985. pp. 311*322. Vol. 37, No. 4 ABS: Wader species included knot (Calidris canutus), Icelandic redshank (Tringa tetanus robusta) and bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica). • MIN 818690234 Lead Concentrations In Tissues of Marsh Birds: Relationship of Feeding Habits and Grit Preference to Spent Shot Ingestion Hall, S.L; Fisher, F.M. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1985. pp. 1-8. Vol. 35, No. 1 MIN 818690231 Early Postnatal Lead Exposure: Behavioral Effects In Common Tern Chicks (Sterna hirundo) Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M. J. Toxicol. and Environ. Health NIMH Grant MH38854-01 1985. pp. 869-886. Vol. 16, No. 6 ABS: Behavioral tests measured locomotion, balance, ability to right themselves, depth perception, thermoregulation, begging, food manipulation, and teaming. MIN 818690067 Hunting -An American Tradition Amett, G.R. American Hunter 1985. pp. 32-33,66-68. Vol.13, No. 9 ABS: The executive vice president of the National Rifle Association discusses the steel vs lead shot issue, in particular, the suite filed by the National Wildlife Federation against the Fish and Wildlife Service. 818690040 Cllnlcopathologlc Aspects of Lead Poisoning In Birds: A Review Lumeij, J.T. Veterinary Quarterly 1985. pp. 133-138. Vol. 7, No. 2 ABS: Sources of lead poisoning in birds are reviewed, and the diagnostic value of several clinicopathologic parameters for the diagnosis of plumbism in birds is discussed. These parameters include venous lead concentration, plasma delta-aminolevullnic add detiydratase concentration, aminolevulinic add excretion in urine, free erythrocytic protoporphyrin and zinc protoporphyrin concentrations in venous blood, and the percentage of fluorocytes, reticulocytes, and erythrocytes with basophilic stippling In peripheral blood. The CaNa EDTA lead mobilization test is also mentioned. , , . MIN 818690023 The Breeding Biology of the Mute Swan, Cygnus olor, on the River Thames with Special Reference to Lead Poisoning Birkhead, M.; Perrins, C. Biological Conservation 1985. pp. 1-11. Vol. 32 MIN 818690014 Lead Poisoning Communication Div. Staff Wyoming Wildlife 1985. pp. 4-11. Vol. 49, No. 9 MIN 818690013 Angry Reaction to Steel Shot: Proposal to Increase Use of Steel Shot Draws Ire of Hunters and Game Commissioners Wildfowling 1985. pp. 1-3. Vol. 4, No. 5 * .. •> MIN 818690009 Take Your Best Shot ... Steel Hoffmann, R. NEBRASKAIand 1985. pp. 16*19. Vol. 63, No. 8 ABS: The purpose of this article is to install a confidence in hunters concerning the use of steel shot, and to provide a workshop that will assist hunters in adopting to the ballistic differences that they will encounter with steel shot

10 AR200062 MIN 818690004 Biochemical and Hematological Effects of Lead Ingestion In Nestling American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) Hoffman, D.J.; Franson, J.C.; Pattee, O.H.; Bunck. C.M.; Murray, H.C. Comp. Btochem. Physiol. 1985. pp; 431-439 Vol SOC, No. 2 MIN 818690233 Heavy Metal Concentrations of Duck Tissues In Relation to Ingestion of Spent Shot Hall, S.L.; Fisher, P.M. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1985. pp. 163-172. Vol. 35, No. 2 ABS: Specimens (wings and gizzards) were collected during the 1981-82 and 1982-83 hunting seasons from brackish marshes in Chambers County. MIN 818690056 Interpretation of Criteria Commonly Used to Determine Lead Poisoning Problem Areas Friend, M. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Leaflet 2 1985.5pp. ABS: Three categories of criteria for identifying problem areas are discussed: determination of mortality, determination of exposure, and environmental indices. Characteristics of lead poisoning as a disease are also discussed. MIN 818690174 Blood Lead, Protoporphyrin, and Ingested Shot for Detecting Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Anderson, W.L; Havera, S.P. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1985. pp. 26-31. Vol. 13, No. 1 ABS: The use of ingested shotgun pellets in gizzard concentrations of protoporphyrin in blood, and concentrations of lead in blood for detecting lead poisoning in waterfowl was evaluated. Radiological techniques (i.e., X ray of grit and fluoroscope of food) was compared to manual examination of gizzards. MIN 368630007 Environmental Contaminants and Ecology of Bald Eagles In Southcentral Oregon Frenzel, R.W. Ph.D. Dissert. 1985. Oregon State University 1985.154 pp. ABS: Food habits and levels of organochtorine compounds, lead, and mercury in resident and wintering bald eagles were studied in southcentral Oregon and California, 1979-83. MIN 818690003 Steel Shot ...or Nothing McLain, P. Maine Fish and Wildlife 1985. pp12-15,29. Vol.27, No. 3 MIN 818690002 Yes, Arkansas, Ws Do Havs a Lead Poisoning Problem Patterson, G.; Yateh, S. Arkansas Game and Fish Magazine 1985. pp. 2-6. VoL 16, Issue 6 MIN 818590040 Lead Shot Ingestion and Lead Residues In Migrant Bald Eagles at the Lac qul Part* Wildlife Management Area, Minnesota Hennes, S.K. M.S. Thesis. 1985. University of Minnesota 1985.92pp. ABS: Lead shot occurrence and lead residues in eagles and their waterfowl food sources were studied at the Lac qui Parie Wildlife Management Area from 1978 to 1980. Eagle censuses, feeding observations, collection and analysis of eagle castings and waterfowl carcasses, and capture, blood sampling, and radiography of bald eagles were undertakened to estimate the potential hazard of lead ingestion to eagles at this waterfowl concentration area. MIN 818590039 Wetlands Ecology. Steel Shot Program: Law Compliance Widjeskog, L. Performance Report. Period Covered: 1 October 1984 -31 March 1985 1985.15pp. • ABS: Marked steel shot and lead shot wads were used to determine the rate of compliance of waterfowl hunters with steel shot regulations. MIN 818590038 , Waterfowl Management Research. Plumblsm Abatement: Collection of Waterfowl Gizzards and Analysis for Shot Pellets Moser, J.D. Final Report Period Covered: 1 April 1977 - 31 March 1985 1985.17 pp.

11 AR200063 MIN 818590033 Survival, Growth, and Accumulation of Ingested Lead In Nestling American Kestrels (Fatco sparverius) Hoffman, D.J.; Franson, J.C.; PatteerO.H.; Bunck, C.M.; Anderson, A. Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 1985. pp. 89-94. Vol. 14 BS: The effects of lead ingestion on survival, body and Organ growth, skeletal development, and tissue accumulation of lead are reported. MIN 818590022 Lead Toxicosis In Waterfowl on Two Major Wintering Areas In Louisiana Zwank, P.J.; Weight, V.L; Shealy, P.M.; Newsom, J.D. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1985. pp. 17-26. Vol. 13, No. 1 ABS: Samples of sick, dying and dead waterfowl were collected on Catahoula Lake and on Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge from 13 October 1980 through 31 January 1981. Gizzards and livers were analyzed for ingested shot and lead residue, respectively. MIN 818590019 ' Waterfowl Studies: Lead Poisoning Monitoring Deuel, 8.E. Job Progress Report Period Covered: 1 July 1984 -30 June 1985 1985.7pp. , . ABS: Waterfowl gizzards were collected from harvested birds on national wildlife refuges, three state wildlife areas and two private hunting areas in 1984-85. In addition, samples of 100 gizzard-liver pairs from eight NWRs and Grizzly Island WA were submitted for analyses/Criteria, which were approved by the Pacific Flyway Council (March 1981), are attached for defining areas of non-toxic shot use in the Pacific flyway MIN 818590018 Nontoxlc Shot Zone Proposed Smith, P.M. Arizona Fish and Game Dept Information report to Arizona Fish and Game Commission 1985.3 pp. ABS: Findings are summarized on ingested lead shot and liver lead concentrations of waterfowl, and lead shot pellets In lakes (Lake Mary, Mormon Lake, and Ptoacho Lake) of Arizona. MIN 818590016 Migratory Bird Hunting: Guidelines on Minimum Criteria for Identification of Nontoxlc Shot Zones for Waterfowl unting U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register Appendix B. In: Progress Report on Lead Poisoning Investigations by Philip M. Smith, Arizona Fish and Game Department Refer to MIN No. 818590014 1985.8 pp. Vol. 50, No. 11 ABS: A draft is presented of specific criteria to be used as guidelines in determining areas where ingestion of lead shot . is considered a significant problem and where nontoxic shot should be used. MIN 818590015 NWHL Final Report. 1984*85 Lead Poisoning Monitoring Program - Mormon Lake Area (Anderson Mesa), Arizona National Wildlife Health Laboratory Appendix A. In: Progress Report on Lead Poisoning Investigations by Philip M. Smith, Arizona Fish and Game Department Refer to MIN No. 818590014 1985.5 pp. MIN 818590014 ' Progress Report on Lead Poisoning Investigations Smith, P.M. Arizona Fish and Game Department Information Report to Arizona Fish and Game Commission. See also MIN Nos. 818590015,818590016, and 618590017 1985.9 pp. ABS: Waterfowl gizzards and blood samples were analyzed for ingested lead and lead concentrations, respectively. Birds were collected at check stations established, during the first week of the 1984-85 season, on Lake Mary Road near Flagstaff, Pintail Lake, and Picacho Lake. Bottom samples were taken from Lake Mary, Mormon Lake and Picacho Lake, to determine density of expended lead shot Recommendations were formulated for prohibiting lead shot for waterfowl hunting. MIN 818590009 ' <' Lead Shot Poisons Bald Eagles Conn, J.P. BioScience 1985. pp. 474-476. Vol. 35, No. 8 ABS: Lead poisoning mortality data for bald eagles are presented In a discussion of the dispute between conservationists, hunters, and the Federal government on the issue of steel versus lead shot

12 AR200061* MIN 818590007 Metals In Riparian Wlldllfs of the Lead Mining District of Southeastern Missouri Niethammer, K.R.; Atkinson, R.D.; Baskett, T.S.; Samson, F.B. Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. Supported by Research Agreement No. USD! 14-16-0009-80-1030. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Project 184, Journal paper No. 9654 1985. pp. 213-223 Vol. 14 ABS: Metal concentrations were determined in the following five species of riparian vertebrates: bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), muskrats (Ondata zibethicus), green-backed heron (Butorides striatus), norther water snake (Nerodia sipedon), and northern roughed-winged swallows (Riparia riparia). MIN 818690001 Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement [EISJ on the Us* of Lead Shot for Hunting Migratory Birds • In ths United States U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Copies available through the Office of Migratory Bird Management U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 20240 (202/254-3207) 1985.314 pp. MIN 818590012 Wildlife Health Project Waterfowl Health Study: Lead Poisoning Roscoe, D.E.; Ferrigno, F.; Widjeskog, L New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife 1985. 17pp. ABS: Objectives were to determine: (1) the percent of ingested lead and steel pellets in the gizzards of waterfowl in New Jersey; (2) the degree of lead exposure and poisoning based on hematologic, histopathologte and toxicologic techniques, and delineate problem areas; and (3) if the steel shot zones are accomplishing a reduction in waterfowl exposure to lead. MIN 818590011 Factors Influencing Waterfowl Hunter Attitude and Behavior toward Steel Shot Myera, C.O. 1985.113 pp. ABS: M.S. Thesis. 1985. Michigan State University. A questionnaire was developed to assess hunter attitudes and beliefs about lead poisoning and steel shot Preferred information sources and accuracy of those sources were measured. Hunter's past history as well as expected level of involvement in the steel shot issue, perceived level of influence on planning and policy formation, motivations for hunting, and demographic characteristics were also measured. MIN 818590010 Experimental Lead Dosing of Pintails In California Deuel, B. California Department of Rsh and Game 1985.8pp. ABS: Paper published in California Fish and Game, 71(2):125-128. From 22 January to 23 March 1979, northern pintails (n=12,263) at nine sites in Central Valley and Klamatn Basin were trapped and banded; 6,109 these birds were dosed with two No. 5 lead shot Results, as of 1 May 1984, on the number of band recoveries and survival of birds are reported. MIN 81859000S : Tha Effects of Ingested Lead Shot on Mottled Ducks Krystofik, J. J, 1985.131pp. ABS: M.S. Thesis. 1985. Louisiana State University. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted on mottled ducks closed with lead shot to determine clinical signs, internal lesions, weight loss, mortality, shot retention/elimination, tissue and blood lead concentrations, and survival. MIN 818690389 Effects of Lead on Nonproteln Sulfhydryl Content of Various Tissues of Chicks McGowan, C.; Donaldson, W.E. lexicologist Abstract Only 1984. pp. 164. Vol. 4 MIN 818690350 Are There Relationships Between the Pollution of Brows* of Wild Animals with Lead and Cadmium and Their Residues In Venison? Hecht H. Z. Gesamte Hyg. German language article with Englistt summary 1984. pp. 338-342. Vol. 30, No. 6 MIN 818690344 Tht Dynamics of the Grinding of Lead Shot In the Gizzard of Domestic Ducks Cibulka, J.; Sova, Z.; Trefny, D. Tierarzti. Prax. German language article with English summary 1984. pp. 317-322. Vol. 12, No, 3

13 AR200065 MIN 818690335 Means for Reducing Environmental Pollution and ToxIcKy from Lead Articles Taytor, D.B. UK Patent Office 1984 (December). 2 pp. - . -v « v>BS: Several coatings of lead shot and lead fishing weights are discussed. MIN 818690329 Pigeons with Implanted Lead Bullets: Effect on Delta-aminolevullnic Acid Dehydratase and Determination of Corrosion Moder, S.; Grimm, F.; Koster, J.; Stiefel, D. Tterarzti. Prax. German language article with English abstract 1984. pp. 185-190. Vol. 12, No. 2 MIN 818690325 Lead Levels In Mute Swans In Cork, Ireland O'Halloran, J.; Duggan, P.F. Irish Birds 1984. pp. 501-514. Vol. 2, No.4 MIN 818690323 Lead ToxicKy In the Chick During Selenium Deficiency McGowan, C.; Donaldson, W.E. Fed. Proc. Abstract Only 1984. pp. 338. Vol. 43 . ABS: Chicks were fed a Turula yeast diet to study the effects of selenium deficiency on glutathione-related aspects of lead toxicrty. MIN 818690271 , Lead Poisoning In Cattle and Geese Shore, S.H.W.; Morgan, G.; Cross, P.O. Veterinary Record Letter 1984. pp. 126-127. Vol. 114. No. 5 ABS: A case Is reported of lead poisoning involving adult cattle (cows) and geese after consuming barley contaminated with lead shot from an adjacent day pigeon shooting area. MIN 818690261 Effect of Dietary Methlonlne and Lyslne on the ToxicKy of Ingested Lead Acetate In the Chick Leeming, T.K.; Donaldson, W.E. J. Nutr. Paper No. 9295 of the J. Series, North Carolina Agricul. Res. Service 1984. pp. 2155-2159. '01.114 ...... V^BS: Studies were designed to investigate the effects of diet deficient or adequate in levels of methtonine (a precursor of glutathtone) or tysine (a non-sulfur-containing essential amino acid) on hepatic glutathbne concentration and on lead-induced growth depression in the chick. • MIN 818690258 Lead Exposure from Lead Pellets: Age-related Accumulation In Mute Swans Eskildsen, J.; Grandjean, P. Toxicology Letters 1984. pp. 225-229. Vol. 21, No. 2 ABS: In a cross-sectional study of adult swans and their successfully fledged young in Ringkobing, Fjord, West Intiand, Denmark, 128 venous blood samples were taken during the molting period and analyzed for lead. ; MIN 818690256 Toxic Manifestations In a Dairy Herd Consuming Haylage Contaminated by Lead Frape, D.L.; Pringle, J.D. Veterinary Record 1984. pp. 615-616. Vol. 114, No. 25 ABS: A case is reported of poisoning in a dairy herd of 115 high yielding Holstein cows receiving a ration of high quality haylage. a proprietary concentration and some home-mixed concentration. MIN 818690243 ; Pesticide, PCB, and Lead Residues and Necropsy Data for Bald Eagles from 32 States • 1978-81 Reichel, W.L; Schmeling, S.K.; Cromartie, E.; Kaiser, T.E.; Krynitsky, A.J.; Lament, T.G. Environ. Monit Assess. Additional authors: Mulhem, B.M.;Prouty,R.M.; Stafford, C.J.;Swinefbrd.D.M. 1984. pp. 395-403. Vol. 4 ^ MIN 818690242 Effects of Cadmium and Lead Ingestion on Tissue Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Zinc In Mallard Ducks Di Giulio, R.T.; Scanlon, P.F. Science of the Total Environment 1984. pp. 103-110. Vol. 39, No. 1-2

14 AR200066 MIN 818690176 Lead Toxicfty In the Chick as Affected by Excess Copper and Zinc and by Elmeria acervullna Bafundo, K.W.; Baker, D.H.; Fitzgerald, P.R. Poultry Science 1984. pp. 1594-1603. Vol. 63, No. 8 ABS: Objectives were to evaluate the effects of coccidiosis on lead toxicity and to determine if concurrent coccidial infection and lead toxicosis would influence the untoward effects of excess dietary copper and zinc. MIN 818690170 Eggshell Thickness and Reproduction In American Kestrels Exposed to Chronic Dietary Lead Pattee, O.H. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1984. pp. 29-34. Vol. 13, No. 1 MIN 818690160 Heavy Metals In Tissues of Waterfowl from the Chesapeake Bay, USA Di Giulio, R.T.; Scanlon, P.F. Environmental Pollution 1984. pp. 29-48. (Series A) Vol. 35, No. 1 MIN 818690149 Effect of Lead Shot Ingestion on Mourning Dovs Reproductive Success Buerger, T.T.; Mtrarchi, R.E.; Lisano, M.E. Alabama Academy of Science Abstract Only 1984. pp. 135. Vol. 55, No. 3 MIN 818690138 Lead Poisoning In Cygnets King, MA Veterinary Record Letter 1984. pp. 127. Vol. 114, No. 5 ABS: A method to administer sodium calcium edetate to cygnets, as opposed to the usual method through the brachial vein, is briefly described. MIN 818690114 Fall Food Habits of Canada Geess In Wisconsin Craven. S.R.; Hunt, RA Journal of Wildlife Management 1984. pp. 169-173. Vol. 48, No. 1 ABS: The study was conducted on the Horicon Marsh area. Objectives were: (1) to examine food habits of MVP geese during fall; (2) to relate food habits to the impact of geese on agricultural land; and (2) to determine the incidence of ingested lead shot and its relationship to the use of grit MIN 818690113 The Toxicology of Lead Shot Ingestion In Ringed Turtle Doves under Conditions of Cold Exposure KendaH, R.J.; Scanlon. P.F. J. Environ. Patriot. Toxicol. Onco. 1984. pp. 183-192. Vol. 5, No. 4-5 ABS: Male doves were dosed with 4 x 110 mg lead shot and held at temperatures of 6 Deg C for 7 days and maintained at 21 Deg C + or -1 Deg C for a 9-day experimental period. Tissues and blood samples were analyzed for lead concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. MIN 818690110 Lead Shot Ingestion In Waterfowl In Washington State, 1978-1979 Driver, C.J.; Kendall, R.J. Northwest Science 1984. pp. 103-107. Vol. 58, No. 2 MIN 818690087 Lead Poisoning of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) Windingstad, R.M.; Kerr, S.M.; Locke, L.N.; Hurt, J.J. Prairie Nat Contribution from USFWS project 1210-903.02 and Contract No. 14-16-008-2079 to the U. Wisconsln-Stevens Point 1984. pp. 21-24. Vol. 16, No. 1 ABS: The loss of two wild and two captive cranes to lead poisoning, by ingestion of lead fishing weights and of unspent .22 shell cartridges, are reported. Information on cranes experimentally dosed with lead is presented. MIN 818690085 Effects of Lead Shot Ingestion In Willow Grouse Fimreite, N. Bull. Environ. COntam.'Toxicol. 1984. pp. 121-126. Vol. 33, No. 1 ABS: Birds were fed one, three or six lead pellets.

15 AR200067 MIN 818690080 - , . Experimental Lead Poisoning In Willow Ptarmigan Gjerstad, K.O.; Hannsen, I. Journal of Wildlife Management 1984. pp. 1018-1022. Vol. 48, No. 3 ;-. : : Mortality, weight change, eroded lead, and lead residues in breast, liver, and tibia were determined for birds fed one, three, and six lead pellets. MIN 818690077 The Developmental NeurotoxlcKy of Lead Winder, C. MTP Press Limited 1984.130 pp. MIN 818690062 Lead Poisoning: Are We Wasting Our Waterfowl? Kratt, M. Kansas Wildlife 1984. pp. 13-20. Vol.41, No. 6 ABS: Questions concerning the use of steel versus lead shot are addressed, and the ballistics performance of these shots are compared. . MIN 818690051 . , Ingested Lsad Shot In Waterfowl Harvested In Idaho during the 1983-1984 and 1984-1985 Hunting Seasons Shipley, J.M. Retort (Idaho Acad. Sci.) Abstract Only 1984. pp. 10. Vol. 22, No. 1 MIN 818690044 Lead Poisoning In Cygnets Birch, P.G. Veterinary Record Letter 1984. pp. 203. Vol. 114, No. 8 . ABS: The method used in blood sampling and intravenous injection in swans is briefly described. MIN 818690043 Accumulation of Lead In the Bones of Turtle Doves, Streptopefla capicola Siegfried, W.R.; Berry, H.H. Madoqua 1984. pp. 229-230. Vol. 13, No. 3 ABS: A pilot study of the concentration of lead In bones of Cape turtle doves ranging between 35 and 400 days old is reported. Study areas were Cape Town and Okaukuejo in the Etosha National Park, South West Africa/Namibia. : MIN 818690024 '. . ^—Recent Advances In the California Condor Research and Recovery Program. Part I Goodloe, R.B. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 1984. pp. 8-10. Vol. IX. No. 12 . MIN 818690011 Load Shot Takes Its Toll Iker, S. National Wildlife 1984. pp. 47. Vol. 22, No. 6 MIN 818590038 Steel Shot - Four Years Later Shattuck, B. South Dakota Conservation Digest 1984. pp. 10-14. Vol." 51, No. 6 ABS: The author briefly describes observations of a die-off of Canada geese along the missouri River and addresses various issues concerning the steel shot versus lead shot question. An article by the author, entitled Steel Shot for Upland Game, is attached. • : MIN 818590037 • Bald Eagle Mortality Report 1963-1984: Executive Summary National Wildlife Health Laboratory 1984.19 pp. ABS: Information on bald eagle mortality factors (gunshot lead poisoning, electrocution, emaciation, trapping, and disease) throughout the United States is presented, with emphasis give to Wisconsin. , . -.,. MIN 818590034 Migratory Bird Study: The Incidence of Lead Shot Ingested by Waterfowl Harvested In Oklahoma O'Meilia, M.E. Performance Report Period Covered: 1 July 1983 -30 June 1984 1984.6pp. ..- . ABS: Objective was to determine the incidence of lead shot in gizzards and shot availability on selected waterfowl hunting areas. MIN 818590023 Ingestion Frequency of Shot Found In Waterfowl Gizzards Collected during the 1983 Season In Nebraska • a Summary of Years 1976-83 Gabig, J. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 1984.4pp.

16 AR200068 MIN 818590021 Hunter Performance Using Steel and Lead Loads for Hunting Ducks In Coastal Louisiana Hebert, C.E.; Wright, V.L.; Zwank, P.J.; Newsom, J.D.; Kasul, R.L Journal of Wildlife Management 1984. pp. 388-398. Vol. 48, No. 2 ABS: Performances of hunters shooting 11/4oz. No. 6 lead shot were compared to those shooting 11/8 oz. No. 4 shot in 2 3/4-in. 12- guage size for hunting ducks at Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge/during the 1980 and 1981 hunting seasons. MIN 818590020 Waterfowl Studies: Lead Poisoning Monitoring Deuel, B.E. Job Progress Report. Period Covered: 1 July 1983 - 30 June 1984 1984.5pp. MIN 818590017 NWHL Final Report 1983-84 Lead Poisoning Monitoring Program - Clbola National Wildlife Refuge National Wildlife Health Laboratory Appendix C. In: Progress Report on Lead Poisoning Investigations by Philip M. Smith, Arizona Fish and Game Department Refer to MIN No. 818590014 1984. 4 pp. MIN 818590013 Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl Smith, P.M. Arizona Fish and Game Department Information Report to the Arizona Fish and Game Commission 1984.13 pp. ABS: An historical summary of the lead poisoning problem is provided, including several possible solutions. Data are also provided on ingested lead In gizzards of waterfowl in Arizona during the 1982-83 and 1983-84 seasons. MIN 818590008 Steel Shot: Behind the Scene Bishop, R. Iowa Conservationist 1984. pp. 6-7. Vol. 43, No. 10 ABS: Perspectives on the steel versus lead shot controversy are briefly discussed. MIN 818590005 Tissue Lead Distribution and Hematologlc Effects In American Kestrels (Falco sparverius L.) Fed Biologically Incorporated Lead Ouster, T.W.; Franson, J.C.; Pattee, O.H. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1984. pp. 39-43. Vol. 20, N . 1 ^-^ ABS: Day-old white leghorn cockerels were raised on a lead diet and, subsequently, fed to kestrels. MIN 818590003 Steel Shot Under the Gun Lindsay, L.F. Fins and Feathers 1984. pp. 19-21,48-49. Vol. 3, No. 8 ABS: The controversy surrounding the use of steel versus lead shot is discussed. An article by Ed Ricciuti, entitled Rhode Island's Steel Shot Regulations, is attached. MIN 818590002 Shooting Steel: Success Lies with the Hunter Crenshaw, J. New Mexico Wildlife 1984. pp. 6-9. Vol. 29, No. 5 ABS: Ballistics information, including questions and answers, on the use of steel versus lead shot is presented. MIN 818490402 Lead Concentrations In Ruffed Grouse Collected from Southwestern Virginia Kendall, R.J.; Norman, G.W.; Scanlon, P.F. Northwest Science 1984. pp. 14-17. Vol. 58, No. 1 ABS: Grouse were collected from mountainous areas by shooting; livers and tarsometatarsal bones were analyzed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. MIN 818490394 Occurrence of Lead and Steel Shot In the Gizzards of Canada Geess and Mallards In the Non-toxic Shot Zone of South Dakota In Fall and Winter, 1983 Fowler, R.; Simpson, G. South Dakota Dept Game, Fish and Parks Report No. 84-2'1984. 6 pp. ABS: Data from previous monitoring years are also presented for comparison. MIN 818490367 Toxlcfty of Lead Shot to Wild Black Ducks and Mallards Fed Natural Foods Chasko, G.G.; Hoehn, T.R.; .._,/ Howell-Heller, P. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxfcol. 1984. pp. 417-428. Vol. 32 17 AR200069 MIN 818590004 Studies of Lead Toxictty In Bald Eagles at the Lac QuI Wildlife Refuge Bengtson, F.L 1984.107 pp. \BS: M.S. Thesis. 1984. University of Minnesota. Studies (1981-1983) were focused on monitoring specific Impacts of available lead shot on migrant bald eagles and Canada geese by various techniques, and evaluating the effectiveness of steel shot regulations as a management technique for these two species. MIN 818690384 Lead and Organochlorine Residues In Blue-winged Teal on Texas Playas Wallace, B.M.; Warren, R.J. In: Research Highlights -1983. Noxious Brush and Weed Control; Range and Wildlife Management Tex. Tech, University 1983.pp.45.Vol.14 MIN 818690381 Steel Shot: A National Perspective Roster, T. Cal-Nev Wildlife Transactions Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society and the California-Nevada Chapter of the American Fisheries Society (Anaheim, CA, 14-15 January 1983) 1983. pp. 126-137 MIN 818690357 Lead Poisoning In Wildfowl Harradine, J. Ecol. Abstr. Abstract Only 1983. pp. 7 ABS: Lead poisoning In Great Britain waterfowl is discussed. . MIN 818690334 Performance Report: Waterfowl Smith, P.M. Arizona Game and Fish Dept Period Covered: 1 Jury 1982 - 30 June 1983 1983.5pp. MIN 818690333 Heavy Metal Contamination of the Ecosystem Cma Mlaka II. Lead. Concentrations In Tissues of the Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) With and Without Ingested Lead Shot Present In Gizzards Srebocan, V.; Pompe-Gotal, J.; Srebocan, E.; Brmalj, V. Veterinarski Archiv 1983. pp. 259-266. Vol. 53. No. 6 , BS: Tissues examined included liver, kidney, brain, and pancreas. MIN 818690308 Lead Toxicosis In Pstttaclne Birds McDonald, S.E.; Lowenstine, L.J. Ger. Dem. Rep., Akademie-Verlag. 1983. pp, 183-196 ABS: Blood lead concentrations, protoporphyrin and delta-aminolevulinte acid dehydratase (ALAD) levels, and hematotogical findings (hematocrit and hemoglobin) in lead poisoned birds (cockatiels) were determined. MIN 818690299 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl. A Resource Issue Texas Paries and Wildlife Department Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Special Administrative Report 1983.18 pp. MIN 818690251 Radium-226 and Trace Elements In Mottled Ducks Montalbano, F.; Thul, J.E.; Bolch, W.E. Journal of Wildlife Management 1983. pp. 327-333. Vol. 47, No. 2 ABS: Ducks were collected in August 1980 from a freshwater marsh of Lake Okeechobee and a phosphate clay settling basin, to determine radium-226, lead, arsenic, fluoride and barium concentrations. MIN 818690240 Effects of Environmental Lead Poisoning on the Breast Muscle of the Canada Goose: An Uttrastructural Study George, J.C.; March, G.L; McKeown, B.A. Cytobios 1983. pp. 201-216. Vol. 36, No. 14^44 ABS: Breast muscle samples were taken from healthy free-flying adult geese obtained from the Kortright Waterfowl Research Center at Guelph and from moribund geese collected from the marsh area along Lake St. Clair, Ontario, Canada. • -. L , . •--.:>'-..-

AR200070 MIN 818690179 Lead Shot Incidence on a Public Goose Hunting Area In Southern Illinois Esslinger, C.G.; Klimstra, W.D. Wildlife Society Bull. 1983. pp. 166-169. Vol. 11, No. 2 ABS: Soils samples were collected on the public hunting segment of the Union County Conservation Area between March-April to obtain evidence of shot deposition following the 1976-77 hunting season. Management recommendations are offered. MIN 818690173 Lead Levels In the Blood of Mute Swans, Cygnusolor, on the River Thames Birkhead, M. J. Zool. London 1983. pp. 59-73. Vol. 199. No. 1 ABS: Blood levels of swans from different regions of the River Thames (England) were examined and from birds of varying age and sex at different times of the year. A portable hematofluorometer was assessed as an alternative to standard atomic absorption and spectrophotometry techniques for determining blood lead levels. MIN 818690171 Lead Poisoning and Wildfowl: The Results of Two Separate Studies Birkhead, M. The Conservancy 1983. pp. 78-81 ABS: Two separate studies in Great Britain (United Kingdom) on the problem of lead shot, its environmental accumulation and its side effects on waterfowl, are briefly reviewed. The first study was concerned with the ingestion of lead fishing weights by mute swans; the second study concerned the incidence of lead pellet ingestion by waterfowl. MIN 818690167 Lead Shot Incidence In Waterfowl Collected from the Texas High Plains Wallace, B.M.; Warren, R.J.; Whyte, R.J. Prairie Nat 1983. pp. 157-158. Vol. 15, No. 4 MIN 818690161 The ToxicKy of Trialkyl Lead Compounds to Birds Osbom, D.; Every, W.J.; Bull, K.R. Environmental Pollution 1983. pp. 261-275. (Series A). Vol. 31. No. 4 MIN 818690153 Histology and Uttrastructural Lesions of Mourning Doves (Zenalda macroura) Poisoned by Lead Shot Kendall, R.J.; Scanlon, P.F. Poultry Science 1983. pp. 952-956. Vol.62, No. 6 MIN 818690150 Lead Shot Ingestion In a Sample of Alabama Mourning Doves Buerger, T.T.; Muller, LI.; Mirarchi, R.E.; Lisano, M.E. Alabama Academy of Science Abstract Only 1983. pp. 19. Vol. 54, No. 3 ABS: Gizzards of doves harvested at Eufaula National Wildlife Refuge were examined. MIN 818690142 Alkyl Lead Pollution and Bird Mortalities on the Mersey Estuary, UK, 1979-1981 Bull, K.R.; Every, W.J.; Freestone, P.; Hall, J.R.; Osbom, D.; Cooke, A.S. Environmental Pollution Additional author T. Stowe. 1983. pp. 239-259. (Series A). Vol. 31 .No. 4 MIN 818690098 Outbreak of Avian Cholera on the Wintering Grounds of the Mississippi Valley Canada Goose Flock Windingstad, R.M.; Duncan, R.M.; Thomburg, D. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1983. pp. 95-97. Vol. 19, No. 2 ABS: Mortality rates are reported for avian cholera and lead poisoning among geese in the Union County and Horseshoe Lake Conservation Areas during January-February 1979. MIN 818690097 Effects of Chronic Dietary Lead In American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) Franson, J.C.; Sileo, L; Pattee, O.H.; Moore, J.F. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1983. pp. 110-113. Vol. 19, No. 2 ABS: Birds were fed diets containing 0,10 or 50 ppm lead powder for at least five months. Blood deKa-aminoievulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, packed cell volume hemoglobin concentration, histopathology, and blood and \ organ weights were measured. 19 AR20007I MIN 818690091 Response of American Black Ducks to Dietary Uranium: A Proposed Substitute for Lead Shot Haseltine, S.D.; Sileo, L Journal of Wildlife Management 1983. pp. 1124-1129. Vol.47, No. 4 MIN 818690090 Management of Avian Pox and Lead Poisoning of Laysan Albatross at Midway Islands, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Fefer, S.I.; Sileo, L;Strbud, R.; Hansen.W.; Naughton, M.; Friend, M. Pac. Seabird Group Bull. Abstract Only 1983.pp.48.Voi:iO,No.2:, ABS: Paint chips were investigated as the cause of lead poisoning deaths. MIN 818690073 The Incidence and Significance of Ingested Lead Pellet Poisoning In British UK Wildfowl Mudge, G.P. Biological Conservation 1983. pp. 333-372. Vol. 27, No. 4 MIN 818690071 Lead Shot Incidence In Sandhill Cranes Collected from Alaska, Canada, and Texas Wallace, B.M.; Warren. R.J.; Gaines, G.D. Prairie Nat. 1983. pp. 155-156. Vol. 15, No. 4 ABS: A total of 125 gizzards were collected from cranes sacrificed with and at Delta Junction, Alaska, Kutawagen Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada, and Bull Lake in Texas. MIN 818690055 • Lead Poisoning In Two Mute Swans of the Lagoon of Marano Perco, F.; Leonzio, C.; Focardi, S.; Fossi, C.; Renzoni, A. Avocetta Italian language article with French and English summaries 1983. pp. 105-116. Vol. 7, No, 2 MIN 818590030 : The Incidence of Shot Ingestion In New York Waterfowl (Results of the 1982 Gizzard Collection) Moser, J.D. 1983.9pp. ABS: Waterfowl Gizzards were collecting, during the 1982-83 hunting season, from the following locations: Bashakill WMA. Hudson River, Lake Champlain, Perch River WMA, and the steel shot zone in Long Island. MIN 818590028 - The Incidence of Shot Ingestion In New York Waterfowl: Results of a 1977-1982 Gizzard Collection Study Moser, J.D. NY Dept Environmental Conservation In: Transaction of the Northeast Section, The Wildlife Society, 40th Northeast Fish and Wildlife Conference. Richard H. Yahner (ed.), 15-18 May 1983, West Dover, Vermont. 203 pp. 1983. pp. 110-117 (8 pp.) Vol. 40 - MIN 818490399 The Effect of Lead Shot Ingestion on the Testes of Adult Ringed Turtle Doves (Streptopella rtsorla) Vert, H.P.; Kendall, R.J.; Scanlon. P.F. Avian Diseases Research supported by the DepL Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 1983. pp. 442-452. Vol. 27. No. 2 MIN 818490298 "; , . Sauvie Island Wildlife Area, Lead Shot Report 1982-83 Waterfowl Season Vendshus, S. 1983.10 pp. MIN 818490260; , ( Survey for Lead on Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Ruelle, R. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1983.16 pp. MIN 818490253 : An Investigation Into the Effects of Lead Poisoning on Bald Eagles and Other Raptprs: Final Report Redig, P.T.; Duke, G.E.; Schwartz, S.; Lawler, E. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 1983:35 pp. ABS: Endangered Species Program Study 100A-100B. Time Period: November 1980 _ January 1983. Objectives were to: (1) refinement immune functions assays (Lymphocyte blastogenesis and antibody response to sheep rd blood cells) for use in raptors; (2) experimentally evaluate the effects of chronic sub-lethal, sub-clinical exposure to lead acetate on hematotogical, serum chemical, and immunological function in red- tailed hawks; and (3) determine in wild bald eagles the plasma concentrations of lead, ZN-bound protoporphyrin, porphobillnogen synthase enzyme activity, hemoglobin concentration, hematological, and serum chemical parameters to assess morbidity and . physiological significance of elevated lead plasma concentrations. 20 AR200072 MIN 818490187 Body Shot In Atlantic Brant Kirby, R.E.; Obrecht, H.H.; Perry, M.C. Journal of Wildlife Management 1983. pp. 527-530. Vol. 47, No. 2 MIN 818490063 Spent Shotgun Pellets In Soil on the Pheasant Put-and-Take Hunting Area at Rend Lake In 1983 Anderson, W.L. Illinois Department of Conservation Waterfowl Program Periodic Report No. 40 1983. 8 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: A total of 105 soil samples collected between 6 and 12 May 1983 on the pheasant put-and-take hunting area of Rend Lake (Illinois) were first fluoroscoped and then visually examined to determine Jthe presents of shotgun pellets (steel and lead shot). Abundance of spent shotgun pellets in the upper one inch of soil on the pheasant hunting area was found to average 20,900 per acre in fields heavily used by Canada geese and 55,100 per acre at locations heavily gunned by pheasant hunters. Within the latter location, prime bobwhite cover had an average of 59,900 pellets per acre. Types of vegetation (milo and corn stubble, woody fencerow, and woody former farmstead) inhabiting each sampling site are noted. MIN 818490062 , \ ^ Illinois Waterfowl Harvest, Hunter Activity, and Attitudes toward Shooting Hours, Lead Poisoning, and Steel Shot In 1981 Anderson, W.L Illinois Department of Conservation Waterfowl Program Periodic Report No. 39 1983.38 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts • ABS: Purchasers of the 1981 Illinois Waterfowl Hunting Stamp (n=61,929) were sampled via maiMetter questionnaire to obtain information on the characteristics of waterfowl hunters, waterfowl harvests, hunter activity, and hunters' attitudes toward legal shooting times and the use of lead versus steel shot Findings from responses to this questionnaire are summarized, and data on the number of waterfowl (ducks, geese, and coots) harvested during the 1981 waterfowl season at various locations (public and private hunting areas) in Illinois are provided. While 53.9 percent of these hunters reported not having used steel shot for harvesting waterfowl, 51.9 percent report that they would use steel shot on some areas if requested to do so by the Illinois Department of Conservation. MIN 818490057 Wetlands Ecology: Lead Poisoning Roscoe, D.E.; Ferrigno, F.; Widjeskog, L. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Performance Report 1983.10 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Gizzards were collected from 199 hunter-killed black ducks, mallards, and scaup, between 23 October 1982 and 15 January 1983, to determine and monitor the percent of ingested lead and steel pellets, by hematologic, histopathologic and toxicologic techniques, to evaluate the success of the steel shot program in New Jersey. Sampling efforts were largely restricted to sites in Atlantic County (Dennis Creek Wildlife Management Area) and Cape May County (Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge and Reeds-Absecon Bay). Because of potentially damaging political impacts on the program, no changes in existing steel shot zones were recommended. It was, however, recommended that the enforcement of steel shot zones and monitoring of Delaware Bay waterfowl be increased. MIN 818490051 An Investigation Into the Effects of Lead Poisoning on Bald Eagles and Other Raptors: Final Report Redig, P.T.; Duke, G.E.; Schwartz, S.; Lawler, E. University of Minnesota Final Report Endangered Species Program Study 200A-200B 1983. 48 pp. Ref, Charts ABS: Findings are presented from a study designed to: (1) optimize the various parameters involved in mitogen-induced whole blood lymphocyte stimulation assays for bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and great-homed owls; (2) evaluate the chronic effects to sublethal concentrations of lead acetate on porphyrin synthesis and immune function in red-tailed hawks; (3) determine plasma concentration of lead, zinc-bound protoporphyrin, porphobilinogen synthase enzyme activity, and hemoglobin concentration in bald eagles, to assess the morbidity and physiological significance of elevated lead concentrations; (4) determine serum chemical and hematological parameters of bald eagles and their response to disease and injury; and (5) serologicalty test for antibodies of bald eagles to common avian diseases (avian influenza, Newcastle disease, and three species of mycoplasma).

AR200073 MIN 818490050 ' , : Steel Shot and Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl: An Annotated Bibliography of Research 1976-1983 Feierabend, J.S. National Wildlife Federation Scientific and Technical Series 8 1983. 77 pp. Ref., Charts As an introduction, the lead versus steel shot history and the legal challenges to steel shot regulations are discussed, noting the availability and ingestion levels of lead and steel shot, the toxicrty of lead shot to waterfowl, comparative crippling rates of both shots, and damages to from steel shot A bibliography of 97 scientific papers and reports, with annotates written in nontechnical language, is provided, plus a list of 48 additional publications that were not included, but that may be of interest. MIN 818490115 Information Report: Lead Shot-Steel Shot Denney, R. 1983.7 p. Ref., Charts ABS: Draft criteria proposed by the Pacific Flyway Committee for defining areas of nontoxic shot (i.e., steel shot zones) in the Pacific Fly are presented. Data collected at Sauvie Island Wildlife Area, since as early as 1962, on the incidence and number of ingested lead shot and steel shot in gizzards of harvested mallards, pintails, diving ducks, green wing teal, wigeon, geese, and sick ducks are used to compare those years prior to with those after the steel shot requirement that was enacted during the 1974-75 hunting season. Based on these data, the Committee is inclined to propose an expansion of the Sauvie Island steel shot zone to include areas along the Columbia River, encompassing 100 square miles of wintering waterfowl habitat in Multnomah and Columbia counties. MIN 818490006 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl: A Resource Issue Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 1983.20 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: An overview of the lead shot poisoning problem in waterfowl is presented, and the use of steel shot as a solution Is discussed, including the controversy surrounding the steel versus lead shot issue. Data from waterfowl gizzard analyses for lead shotshell pellets in coastal zones of Texas (1973-74 through 1981-82), and from steel shot versus lead shot field tests in Tutelake, California (1977-1978), Union County, Illinois (1978), Schell-Osage, Missouri (1979), and Lacassine, Louisiana (1980-81) are provided. IN 818690359 Lead Poisoning In Game Birds and Ornamental (Caged) Birds Barandun, G.; Isenbugel, E. Tterarzti. Prax. German language article with English abstract 1982. pp. 55-60. Vol. 10, No. 1 MIN 818690346 Lead Poisoning: te H the Limit on Oiled Bird Survival? Browne, J.P. Tri-State Bird Rescue & Research, Inc. In: The Effects of OH on Birds: A Multi-discipline Symposium (Wetlands Institute, Stone Harbor, NJ, 17-19 September 1982) 1982.pp.4M7 MIN 818690322 Report on the 6th ICES Trace Metal Intel-comparison Exercise for Cadmium and Lead In Biological Tissue Topping, G. Int. Counc. Explor. Sea Coop. Report No. 111 1982. SEA 29(3). 32pp. MIN 818690286 Anglers -Watch Your Weights Thomas, G. Birds RSPB Mag. 1982. pp. 35-36. Vol. 9, No. 1 ABS: Findings are reported concerning the mute swan dying of lead poisoning on several rivers (Avon, Thames, and Trent) in Great Britain. The use of shot pellets and lead weights as major contributors to the increase in lead poisoning are discussed. Recommendations to alleviate this problem are present MIN 818690248 Spatial and Temporal Variation In Lead and Cadmium In the Laughing Gull, Larus atricllla Reid, M.; Hacker, C.S. Mar.PollutBulI.1982.pp.387-389.Vol.13.No.il ABS: Lead and cadmium concentrations were measured In birds sampled In 1977 and 1980. MIN 818690238 ^3loaccumulatlon of Lead and Cadmium In the Royal Tern and Sandwich Tern Maedgen, J.L.; Hacker, C.S.; Schroder, G.D.; Weir, F.W. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1982. pp. 99-102. Vol. 11, No. 1 AR20007U MIN 818690237 Accumulation and Renal Effects of Lead In Urban Populations of Feral Pigeons, Columba IMa Johnson, M.S.; Pluck. H.; Hutton, M.; Moore, G. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1982. pp. 761-767. Vol. 11, No. 6 ABS: Tissue lead data are presented from populations of pigeons from three locations (rural, suburban and urban) in United Kingdom. MIN 818690172 Causes of Mortality In the Muts Swan, Cygnus olor, on the River Thames Birkhead, M. J. Zool. London 1982. pp. 15-25. Vol. 198, No. 1 ABS: Between August 1979 and October 1981, dead mute swans were collected on the River Thames (England). MIN 818690159 Surgical Relief of Oesophageal Impactfon In a Whooper Swan Cooke, S.W. Veterinary Record 1982. pp. 166. Vol. 111. No. 8 MIN 818690158 Treatment of Lead Poisoning In Swans Cooke, S.W. Veterinary Record Letter 1982. pp. 343. Vol. 110, No. 14 MIN 818690148 Intracellular Localization of Lead In Tissues of the Muts Swan Birkhead, M.; Luke, B.; Mann, S. Tissue & Cell 1982. pp. 691-701. Vol. 14. No. 4 MIN 818690133 Some Common Toxicoses In Raptors Gilsleider, E.; Oehme, F.W. Vet Hum. Toxicol. 1982. pp. 169-170. Vol 24, No. 3 MIN 818690118 Toxic Effects of Lead and Lead Compounds on Human Health, Aquatic Life, Wildlife Plants, and Livestock Demayo, A.; Taylor, M.C.; Taytor, K.W.; Hodson, P.V. CRS Crit Rev. Environ. COntrol 1982. pp. 257-305. Vol. 12, No. 4 MIN 818690111 The Lingering Menact Thomas, G. Birds RSPB Magazine 1982. pp. 20. Vol. 9, No. 3 ABS: The incidence of lead poisoning among wildfowl in Britain Is briefly discussed. MIN 818690100 Lead Poisoning of Waterfowl Trainer. D.O. Iowa State University Press In: Nontnfectious Diseases of Wildlife (G.L. Hoff and D.O. Trainer, Eds.) 1982. pp. 24-30. ABS: Research studies are cited in a discussion of the etiology, epizootiology, factors affecting accessibility and ingestion of lead pellets, and the pathology, diagnosis, treatment and control of lead poisoning. MIN 818690095 Occlusion of the Syrinx as a Manifestation of Asperglllosls In Canada Geese Stroud, R.K.; Duncan, R.M. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1982. pp. 1389-1390. Vol. 18, No. 11 MIN 818690086 Swan Upmanship is John Turk's Game Neighbor, C. International Wildlife 1982. pp. 36. Vol. 12, No. 4 MIN 818690079 A Lead Toxlctty Study of Waterfowl on Catahoula Lake and Lacasslno National Wlfdlife Refuge Shealy, P.M. M.S. Thesis. 1962. Louisiana State University 1982.103pp. ABS: Incapacitated and dead waterfowl (n*1,100) were collected during 1980-81 season and analyzed for lead toxicosis.

23 AR200075 MIN 818690069 Influence of Lead Acetate or Lead Shot Ingestion upon White Chinese Geese Johnson, W.L; Damron, B.L. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 3138 1982. pp. 177-183. Vol. 29, No. 2 ABS: The effects of lead shot, various levels of lead acetate, or diet on the health (food intake, weight gain, mortality) and In/ability of white Chinese geese were examined. MIN 818690038 Ingested Lead Pellets In Waterfowl Wintering on the Untersee Zuur, B. Der Ornithotogische Beobachter 1982. pp. 97-103. Vol. 79, No. 2 ABS; German language article with English summary MIN 818590035 Evaluation of Ingested Shot In Hunter-Harvested Waterfowl In Wisconsin 1982 and Three-Year Totals: 1980-1982 and Final Toxic Shot Evaluation Committee Recommendations Toxic Shot Evaluation Committee Wisconsin Dept Natural Resources Toxic Shot Evaluation Committee members: D. Strohmeyer, V. Larsen. H. McEuen, C. Morgan, W. Peterburs, J. Rehbein, J. Renard, and H. Theisen 1982. 23 pp. ,. MIN 818590029 The Incidence of Shot Ingestion by N.Y. Waterfowl (Results of the 1981 Gizzard Collection) Mosher, J.D.; Keeler, S. 1982.24pp. ABS: Waterfowl Gizzards were collecting, during the 1981-82 hunting season, from the following locations: Hudson River, Lake Champlain, Perch River WMA, and the steel shot zone in Long Island. MIN 818590026 A Review of Several Studies that Tested the Effectiveness of Steel vs. Lead Shot for the Hunting and Taking of Waterfowl Gabig, J.; Mitehell, J. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 1982.9pp. ABS: Results of eight studies are presented. Details of the methods, results and conclusions of four of these studies (Missouri, Louisiana, and two in Illinois) are summarized. $18490405 Tissue Lead Concentrations and Blood Characteristics of Rock Doves from an Urban Setting In Virginia Kendall, R.J.; Scanlon, P.F. Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 1982. pp. 265-268. Vol. 11 ABS: Blood characteristics (detta-aminotevullnte acid dehydratase activity, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin) were measured In rock doves captured in Blacksburg, Virginia. Lead concentrations were measured in liver and femur. MIN 818490403 Tissue Lead Concentrations and Blood Characteristics of Mourning Doves from Southwestern Virginia Kendall, R.J.; Scanlon, P.F. Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 1982. pp. 269-272. Vol. 11 ABS: The relationship of the blood characteristics, defta-amlnolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, packed cell volume and hemoglobin with tissue lead concentrations was explored. MIN 818490398 .. The Toxicology of Ingested L*ad Acetate In Ringed Turtle Doves, Streptopella rtsoria Kendall, R.J.; Scanlon, P.F. Environmental Pollution Research supported by the Dept. Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 1982. pp. 255-262. Vol. 27, Series A ABS: Adult male doves received daily dosages of lead acetate; body weight toss, hemoglobin levels, and tissue lead concentrations were determined. Measurement of detta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase as a sensitive indication of lead ingestion at five hours after first lead dose was also determined. , • . ** MIN 818490396 Toxicology of Ingested Lead Shot In Ringed Turtle Doves Kendall, R.J.; Scanlon, P.P.; Di GiulJo, R.T. Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 1982. pp. 259-263. Vol. 11

24 AR200076 MIN 818490369 Benefit-Cost Analysis: Substituting Iron for Lead Shot In Waterfowl Hunting In Maryland Lakhani, H. Journal of Environmental Management 1982. pp. 210-208: Vol 14, No. 3 MIN 818490347 Influence of Lead Acetate or Lead Shot Ingestion upon White Chinese Gees* Johnson, W.L.; Damrod, B.L. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 3138 1982. pp. 177-183. Vol. 29. No. 2 MIN 818490346 Blrdshooting, Lead Pellets, and Grazing Cattle Bjorn, H.; Gyrd-Hansen, N.; Kraul, I. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 1982. pp. 174-176. Vol 29, No. 2 ABS: The effect of heavy shooting of birds on the lead level in the blood of cattle grazing the same pastures was studied. MIN 818490290 Evaluation of Ingested Shot Levels In Waterfowl Harvested In Wisconsin in 1980 Strohmeyer, D.L. Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 1982. pp. 36-41. Vol. 70 MIN 818490274 Small Mammal Heavy Metal Concentrations from Mined and Control Sites Smith, G.J.; Rongstad, O.J. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 1982. pp. 121-134. Vol. 28 ABS: Total body concentration of zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury, and arsenic were determined for Peromyscus maniculatus and Microtus pennsytvanicus from an active zinc-copper mine near Timmins, Ontario, Canada, and a proposed zinc-copper mine near Crandon Wisconsin. Metal concentrations were evaluated with respect to area, species, sex and age group. MIN 818490268 A Lead Toxlctty Study of Waterfowl on Catahoula Lake and Lacasslns National Wildlife Refuge Srtealy, P.M.; Newsom, J.D.; Zwank, P.J. Louisiana Coop. Wildlife Research Unit 1982.78 pp. ABS: Final Report. Cooperative Agreement No. 14-16-0009-80-1014 MIN 818490139 Toxlctty of Dietary Lead In Young Cockerels Franson, J.C.; Custer, T.W. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 1982. pp. 421-423. Vol. 24, No. 6 ABS: Day-old cockerels received 1,850 ppm dietary lead for four weeks; blood delta-arhinolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, hemoglobin concentrations, packed cell volume, and blood, kidney and liver lead residues were measured. MIN 818490245 Sauvie Island Wildlife Area Lead Shot Report, 1981-82 Waterfowl Season Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 1982.10pp. MIN 818490204 Lead Shot Incidence In Sediments and Waterfowl Gizzards from Merrymeeting Bay, Mains Longcore, J.R.; Coir, P.O.; Spencer, H.E. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1982. pp. 3-10. Vol. 10, No. 1 ABS: Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service. Manual, X-ray, and fluoroscopic methods of gizzard examination were also evaluated. MIN 818490201 Cass Report - Lead Poisoning In Common Loons (Gavla Immer) Locke, L.N.; Kerr, S.M.; Zoromski, D, Avian Diseases 1982. pp. 392-396. Vol. 26, No. 2 ABS: Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service. Findings are reported from an examination of three common loons believed to have died of lead poisoning following ingestion of fishermen's lead sinkers.

25 AR200077 MIN 818490078 Waterfowl Gizzard - Toxic Shot Study: DeSoto NWR -1982 Refer to MIN Nos. 818490079 and 818490080 1982.4 pp. Ref., Charts - .'...,," Gizzard analyses data are provided on the incidence of ingested steel shot and lead shot by six waterfowl species (lesser snow goose. Canada goose, white-fronted goose, mallard, wood duck, and Ross goose) harvested on the Iowa Unit of the DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge from 1978 through 1982. Data are also provided on the food content (wheat, com, and marsh seeds) in gizzards sampled in 1982. MIN 818490056 Wetlands Ecology: Lead Poisoning Roscoe, D.E.; Fenigno, F.; Widjeskog, L. Performance Report 1982.10 pp. Ref, Charts ,;: ABS: Gizzards collected from 236 black ducks, mallards, and scaup between 24 October 1981 and 23 January 1982 in servers! counties In New Jersey were analyzed by hematologic, histopathologic and toxicologic techniques to determine and monitor the percent of ingested lead and steel pellets. Lead and steel shot ingestion rates for previous years are used to to evaluate the success of the steel shot program in New Jersey in reducing waterfowl exposure to lead. Based on this data, no changes in existing steel shot zones are recommended. MIN 8184900*53 Shotshell and Shooter Effectiveness: Lead vs. Steel Shot for Duck Hunting Humburg, D.D.; Sheriff, S.L.; Geissler, P.H.; Roster, T. Wildlife Society Bulletin Vol. 10 1982. pp. 121-126. Ref., Charts, Graphs ABS:, Shooter and shotshel! (lead and steel) effectiveness were tested during the 1979 waterfowl season at the Schell-Osage Wildlife Management Area (Missouri), where 1,967 ducks were bagged with 10,587 shots. Ballistic charactersitics and patterning performance of 2-3/4 inch 12 gauge shells are reported. No significant differences in bagging, crippling, or missing rates were measured among four 12 guage loads (no. 4 buffered and unbuffered lead and no. 4 and no. 2 steel). Hunters reported good shotshell performance for all shells, but indicating negative attitudes toward steel shot MIN 818490065 '.cad Poisoning In Illinois Waterfowl, 1979 through January 1982: Ingested Shot, Blood Chemistry and Dle-offs ^Anderson, W.L. Illinois Department of Conservation Waterfowl Program Periodic Report No. 35 1982.20pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Gizzards collected from waterfowl (mallards, diving ducks, and Canada geese) harvested during hunting seasons In Illinois (Rend Lake, Horsehoe Lake, Union County Refuge, Quiver Creek) from 1979 through January 1982 were examined for ingested shotgun pellets; blood samples were obtained from live, trapped birds and analyzed for lead and protoporphyrin. Information compiled on die-offs caused by lead poisoning among these birds indicate that Statute 2.18-1 of the Wildlife Code, which restricts implementing nontoxic, steel shot regulations, should be allowed to expire 1 January 1984, or amended to accommodate the recommendations of this study. MIN 818490064 , Potential for Lead Poisoning Dle-offs Among Waterfowl at Rend Lake Anderson, W.L. Illinois Department of Conservation Waterfowl Program Periodic Report No. 36 1982.10 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: To determine the potential for lead poisoning die-offs among waterfowl at Rend Lake (Illinois), gizzards collected from (m=193) mallards harvested In 1979 through 1981, and from (m=88) Canada geese harvested In 1981, were examined by X-ray analysis for Ingested shotgun pellets. Soil samples were also collected between 27 April and 17 May 1982 from areas located in or adjacent to the Casey Fork Subimpoundrnent, and examined for shotgun pellets, first by fluoroscopy and then verified by visual examination. Data indicate that such die-offs appear imminent because: (1) trie incidence of ingested pellets by mallards is increasing; (2) spent pellets are abundant in the upper two inches of soil; and (3) 450 to 600 Canada geese and mallards died of lead poisoning in March 1981.

26 AR200078 MIN 818490058 Evaluation of Ingested Shot In Hunter-Harvested Waterfowl In Wisconsin 1982 and Three-Year Totals: 1980-1982: Final Toxic Shot Evaluation Committee Recommendations Strohmeyer, D.; Larsen, V.; McEuen, H.; Morgan, C.; Peterburs, W.; Rehbein, J.; Renard, J. Toxic Shot Evaluation Committee 1982 ?. 14 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Gizzards taken from waterfowl harvested in 40 Wisconsin counties were used to determine the frequency and rate of ingestion of lead and steel shot over the years 1980,1981, and 1982 in Wisconsin counties designated as steel shot zones and nonzones. It is noted that most of these counties provided only a small individual contribution to the survey; consequently, it is difficult to determine whether any of them warrants concern. Recommendations by the Toxic Shot Evaluation Committee regarding the future use of lead and steel shot in Wisconsin are enumerated. MIN 818490013 Incidence of Ingested Shot In Waterfowl on ths Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, 1982 1982. 5 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Data on the incidence of ingested lead shot and steel shot in the gizzards (n=247) of mallards harvested during the 1982 hunting season at the Bear River Refuge (Utah) are compared to data collected during the 1978,1979, and 1980 hunting seasons. Shot regulations on the refuge from 1972 through the 1982 hunting seasons are presented. MIN 818490169 Lead Poisoning and Lead/Steel Shot: Missouri Studies and a Historical Perspective: Missouri Department of Conservation Technical Report Humburg, D.D.; Babcock, KM. Missouri Department of Conservation Terrestrial Series No. 10, Refer to MIN 818490166,818490167 and 818490168 1982.23 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts, Graphs, Illus. ABS: An historical perspective of waterfowl lead poisoning is presented, in which die-offs attributed to lead shot are documented. Specifically, data generated from lead arid steel shot studies conducted in Missouri from 1977 through 1981 are provided. These studies were designed to gather information on: (1) the incidence of lead shot deposited on public and private hunting areas; (2) the toxicity of lead, as determined by analyzing various organs (liver, brain, kidney, or blood) of waterfowl; (3) lead poisoning mortality rates among waterfowl; (4) the availability of steel shot to hunters; and (5) the impacts of steel shot regulations. The prevention of lead poisoning through the use of steel or alternative shot and the effectiveness (including its biological effectiveness) of steel shot for waterfowl shooting are discussed. ., MIN 818490164 Lead Shot In ths Sediments of Lake Andes National Wildlife Refuge Huff, D.R.; Erickson, G.S.; Schmulbach, J.C. South Dakota Bird Notes Vol. 34, No. 1 1982. pp. 6-11. Ref., Charts ABS: Sediment samples (n=105) from three depths (0-2,2-4, and 4-6 inches) along four transect lines adjacent to two man-made dikes on the Lake Andes National Wildlife Refuge (South Dakota), the most heavily hunted waterfowl areas of the refuge, were collected on 30 September 1980 to estimate the abundance and distribution of lead pellets. While high lead pellet densities were found In sediments within 120 yards of the these dikes, lead shot density in sediments is only one criterion, albert an important one, in assessing whether this area should be designated as a nontoxic zone. Additional research is needed to refine the shot density estimates over a larger area of the refuge, to establish whether waterfowl are actually ingesting lead pellets from lake sediments. MIN 818490137 South Dakota Missouri River Crippled Waterfowl Survey, 1978-1982 Fowler, R.M. 1982. 2 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Results are summarized from annual surveys of crippled and dead waterfowl (Canada geese and mallards) conducted between 1978 through 1982 on a portion of Lake Sharps, which is located between DeGray Lake Access Area and the Department of Game, Fish and Parks Game Production Area in Hughes County; South Dakota. Data are also provided for the years 1980 through 1982 on the incidence of lead and steel shot in gizzards of Canada geese and mallards hunter-killed, and on crippled and sick Canada geese collected post-season, on the Missouri River nontoxic shot zone, which was established in J980 and includes the Lake Sharps survey area. The reduced numbers of dead and crippled birds in 1980.1981, and 1982 can be attributed primarily, if not entirely, to implementation of the nontoxic shot requirement

27 flR20007S( MIN 818490336 , Effect of Hunters' Switch from Lead to Steel Shot on Potential for Oral Lead Poisoning In Ducks Calle, P.p.; Kowalczyk, D.F.; Dein, F.J.; Hartman, F.E. JAVMA Vol. 181, No. 11 1982. pp. 1299-1301. Ref., Charts ABS: Mallards and black ducks killed by hunters during the 1980 and 1981 hunting seasons in Pennsylvania (Susquehanna River and Crawford County) were examined to evaluate the effectiveness of regulations that converted the studied areas from lead to steel shotgun pellets in 1977-78. Gizzards were examined by radiography and by dissection for the number and type of shot ingested; the concentration of lead in liver was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The conversion to steel shotgun pellets accounted for the decreased prevalence of ingested lead shot from 1 1 .2 to 5.6 percent MIN 818490333 Interaction of Selenium and Lead on Several Aspects of Thyroid Function In Pekln Ducklings Goldman, M.; Dillon, R.D. Research Communication in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology Vol. 37, No. 3, Refer to MIN 818490332 1982. pp. 487-490. Ref., Charts ABS: Pekin ducklings were divided into four groups, with birds in each group receiving either three lead shot sodium selenite in drinking water twice daily, both sodium selenite and three lead shot, or no treatment (control group). At two and three weeks after treatment, birds were injected with radioactive iodine (1-125); at necropsy, 24 hours later, thyroid weight and 1-125 uptake, serum lead, and 1*125 distribution in components of thyroid hydroiysates ' were determined. Findings indicate that while either lead or selenium treatment independently, exerts a selective toxic effect on thyroid function, selenium supplementation of lead-treated Pekin ducklings does protect against the toxicity of lead on thyroid function. MIN 818490156 Relative Effectiveness of No. 4 Steel and No. 6 Lead Shot for Hunting Ducks: The Lacasslne Study. Final Report Herbert C.E.; Wright V.L.; Zwank, P.J.; Newsom, J.D.; Kasul, R.L U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Final Report. Cooperative Agreement No. 14-16-0009-80-1014 between USFWS and Louisiana State University, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries 1982. 49pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs ABS: Federal Hi-Power No. 6 lead shot and Federal No. 4 steel shot In 2-3/4 inch 12-gauge shot gun toads were compared to determine their relative effectiveness for hunting ducks under field conditions on Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge, during the 1980-81 and 1981-82 waterfowl hunting seasons. For each type of toad, data are provided on the number of shots fired, and the number of ducks bagged and crippled at short (less than 32 meters) and long (greater than 32 meters) range. Significantly more ducks were hit per shot fired with No. 6 lead shot than with No. 4 steel shot . MIN 819090004 The Incidence of Shot Ingestion by N.Y. Waterfowl (Results of the 1981 Gizzard Collection) Moser, J.D.; Keeter, S. New York Dept of Environ. Conserv. Special Report 1982,24pp. ABS: Waterfowl gizzards were requested from four locations In 1981: Hudson River, Lake Champlain, Perch River Wildlife Management Area, and Long Island's steel shot zone. MIN 818690393 Lead Pollution In the Mersey Estuary Harradine, J. WAGB1 for Shooting and Conservation 1981. pp. 12 MIN 818690372 Effectiveness of Selected 12 Gauge Shells for Dispatching Crippled Ducks Anderson, W.L.; Nichols, W.F. Illinois Dept Conserv. Periodic Report No. 32 1981,13pp. MIN 818690349 Conservation of Nongame Wildlife on Midwestern Wetlands Henderson, C.L. Proc. Midwest Conf. Wetland Values and Manage. Conference held in St Paul, MN, 17-19 June 1981 1981. pp. 27-34 MIN 8186&0331 Lead from Bullet Fragments In Venison Moreth, F.; Hecht, H. Fleischwirtschaft German Language article with English abstract 1981. pp. 1326-1336. Vol. 61, No. 9

28 AR200080 MIN 818690302 Game Bird Studies: Waterfowl Poisoning and Disease Investigations Sands, J.L New Mexico Game and Fish Dept Performance Report Period Covered: 1 January - 31 December 1980 1981.5 pp. ABS: Duck gizzards collected at the La Joy a Waterfowl Management Area during 1980-81 season were analyzed for ingested lead and steel shot The incidence of ingested lead shot in duck (mallard, pintail and scaup) gizzards collected during 1973-80 are also reported. MIN 818690291 Further Studies on Lead Poisoning In Birds of Prey Meister, V.B.; Kosters, J. Praktische Tierartz English abstract of German language article 1981. pp. 870,875-878. Vol. 62, No. 10 MIN 818690276 Effects of Chronic Lead Ingestion on Birds of Prey Reiser, M.H.; Temple, S.A. Chiron Publications LTD In: J.E. Cooper and A.G. Greenwood (Eds.), Recent Advances in the Study of Raptor Diseases. Proc. Int Symp. Diseases of Birds of Prey (1-3 July 1980, London, England) 1981. pp. 21-25 MIN 818690263 Tissue Metal Concentrations In Mallards Fed Diets Containing Cadmium and/or Lead Di Giulio, R.T.; Scanlon, P.F. Va. J. Sd. Abstract Only 1981. pp. 90. Vol. 32, No. 3 MIN 818690235 The Influence of Manganese and Lead on Avian Egg Shell Strength Whisenhunt J.E.; Maurice, D.V. Bull. S. Carolina Acad. Sci. Abstract Only 1981. pp. 121. Vol. 43 818690222 Alimentary Lead Poisoning In Birds of Prey Meister, B. Inaugural Diss. Fachbereteh Veterinarmedizin, Justus Liebig Univ.. Geiessen, Germany. German language article with English summary. 1981.77 pp. ABS: Detta-aminotaevulintc acid dehydratase activities were measured in erythrocytes of buzzards (Buteo buteo). eagle owls (Bubo bubo), tawny owls (Strix aluco), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), kites (Mirvus mflvus) and black kite (M. Ntgrans). MIN 818690216 A New Apparatus for Separating Lead Shot from Waterfowl Gizzard Contents Brewer, L.W. Journal of Wildlife Management 1981. pp. 496-498. Vol. 45, No. 2 ABS: The construction and use of a hydraulic separator are described. MIN 818690194 Dynamics of GrK Selection and Retention In Captive Mallards TrostR.E. Journal of Wildlife Management 1981. pp. 64-73. Vol.45, No. 1 ABS: The role of grit in shot ingestion and retention was also studied. MIN 818690178 Mortality In Crippled Mallards Van Dyke, F. Journal of Wildlife Management 1981. pp. 444-453. Vol. 45. No. 2 ABS: Radio-equiped crippled mallards were followed on the Horicon National Wildlife Refuge during successive waterfowl hunting seasons (1977 and 1978) to develop a more precise estimate and understanding of crippling loss. MIN 818690163 Treating Lead Poisoned Swans Simpson, V.R. Veterinary Record Letter 1981. pp. 342. Vol. 109, No. 15 ABS: The use of calcium versenate to treat lead poisoning in mute swans is described." MIN 818690103 Lead and Other Metals Wobeser, G.A. Plenum Press In: Diseases of Wild Waterfowl 1981. pp. 151-159. ABS: Research studies are cited in a discussion of lead shot poisoning, its epizootiology, occurrence in gizzards, residues In tissue and othe indicators of exposure, clinical signs, pathology, prevention, treatment, and control.

29 AR20008I MIN 818690064 Disease Problems In North American Swans Friend, M.; Hagen, P.O.; Voros, D.J.; McDonald. M.E. Proc. Intern. Swan Symp. 1981. pp. 316-319. No. 2 818690060 Migratory Bird Hunting: Final Regulations Describing Zones In Which Non-toxic Shot te Required for Waterfowl Hunting U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register 1981. pp. 40879-40884. Vol. 46, No. 156 MIN 818690048 Steel Shot - The Best Excuse Since Black Powder Humburg, D. Missouri Conservationist 1981 (September), pp. 8-10. MIN 818690033 Mortality Factors of Wild Swans In British Columbia, Canada McKetvey. R.W.; MacNeill, A.C. Proc. International Swan Symposium 1981. pp. 312-318. No. 2. ABS: Necropsies were performed on 52 Cygnus columbianus columbianus and 114 Cygnus cygnus buccinator, collected between June 1965 and October 1979, in coastal and interior areas. MIN 818690032 Some Facts About Lead Poisoning of Waterfowl. Part II. Barratt, B. Iowa Conservationist 1981. pp. 12-13. Vol. 40, No. 1 ABS: Several questions on the lead poisoning problem in Iowa and the use of steel versus lead shot are addressed. MIN 818590032 Recuperation from Crippling In Ducks Kirby, R.E.; Riechman, J.H.; Schoenfelder, T.W. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1981. pp. 150-154. Vol. 9, No. 2 ABS: During the late summer and fall of 1972, adult and young mallards and wood ducks were captured and fitted with small radio transmitters. - 818590031 , The Steel Shot Program In New York, 1976-80: Results of a Four Year Gizzard Collection Moser, J. 1981 . 53 pp. MIN 818490400 Effects of Chronic Lead Ingestion on Reproductive Characteristics of Ringed Turtle Doves Streptopella risorla and on Tissue Lead Concentration of Adults and Their Progeny Kendall, R.J.; Scanlon, P.F. Environmental Pollution Research supported by the Dept Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 1981. pp. 203-21 3. Vol. 26, Series A ABS: Objective was to elucidate the effects of lead acetate ingestion on time to produce eggs, total eggs produced. testes weight spermatozoan concentrations In testes, body weight changes of parents, and lead deposition in tissues of parents and young, and in eggs. MIN 818490395 Tissue Lead Concentrations In Japanese Quail Ingesting Lead Pellets or Shot with Lead Pellets Kendall, R. J.; Scanlon, P.F. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 1981. pp. 652-655. Vol. 26 MIN 818490361 Lead Concentrations of Mallard Duck Lrver Ingesting Lead Pellets and/or Shot by Lead Pellets Scanlon, P.F.; Dietrick, T.J.; Jones, J.T. Virginia Journal of Science Abstract of paper 1981 pp. 97. Vol. 32, No. 3 r .,-..' i" MIN 818490359 Body Burden of Lead In Pennsylvania Deer and Squirrels from Hair Analysis McLaughlin, K.; Bauer, C.; Falk, N.W.; Oberholser, K. Proc. Pennsylvania Academy of Science Abstract of Paper 1981. pp. 98. Vol. 55, Issue 1

30 AR200082 MIN 818490345 Lead In the Bone and Soft Tissues of Box Turtles Caught Near Smelters Beresfbrd, WA; Donovan, M.P.; Henninger, J.M.; Waalkes, M.P. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 1981. pp. 349-352. Vol. 27 ABS: Lead contents were determined in box turtle tissues: humerus, femur, liver, kidney, cardiac blood, skin, lung., scute rings, and humeral annuli. MIN 818490321 Lead and Steel Shot In Canada Geese and Environmental Availability of Lead Shot at Union County Conservation Area Wooley, G.J. M.S. Thesis. 1981. Southern Illinois Unrversity-Carbondale. Funded by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Illinois Dept Conservation, National Wildlife Federation, and the Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory 1981.50pp. ABS: Objectives included determining the potential for lead uptake by vegetation. MIN 818490282 The Subject Is Steel: A Private Study of Steel Shot Ammunition for Dispatch of Waterfowl Stark, W.B. 1981. 36 PP. MIN 818490281 Incidence of Lead and Steel Shot In Indiana Waterfowl Gizzards During Three Hunting Seasons 1977-78 through 1979-80 Sporre, D.T. Indiana Department of Natural Resources 1981.22pp. ABS: Pittman-Robertson Bulletin No. 12 MIN 818490278 Attitudes of Ohio Hunters toward Steel Shot Smith, R.L.; Townsend, T.W. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1981. pp. 4-7. Vol. 9. No. 1 MIN 818490259 Steel Shot Program: Lead Poisoning Roscoe, D.E.; Ferrigno, F.; Widjeskog, L New Jersey Dept Environmental Protection 1981.13pp. ABS: Performance Report Period Covered: 1 October 1980-30 April 1981 MIN 818490135 Environmental Metal Residues In Tissues of Canvasbacks Fleming, W.J. Journal of Wildlife Management 1981. pp. 508-511. Vol. 45. No. 2 ABS: Objective was to ascertain levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel in canvasbacks from the Upper Mississippi River. MIN 818490128 Steel Shot Past and Present A Review of the Literature Since USFWS1976 FEIS on tna Proposed Use of Steel Shot Feierabend, J.S.; Berger, M.E. 45th Annual National Wildlife Federation Meeting 1981.34pp. ABS: Paper presented at the 45th Annual National Wildlife Federation Meeting (27-29 March 1981, Norfolk, Virginia) MIN 818490038 Effects of Ingested Lead-Steel Shot on Mallards Sanderson, G.C.; Norton. H.W.; Hurley, S.S. Illinois Natural History Survey 1981. pp. 3-15 ABS: Biological Notes No. 116 MIN 818490248 Experimental Lead-Shot Poisoning In Bald Eagles Pattee, O.H.; Wiemeyer, S.N.; Mulhem, B.M.; Sileo, L; Carpenter, J.W. Journal of Wildlife Management 1981. pp. 806-810. Vol. 45, No. 3 ABS: Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service MIN 818490237 Final Report of Diagnostic Findings - East-Central Wisconsin Canada Goose Die-off National Wildlife Hearth Laboratory 1981.4pp.

31 AR200083 MIN 818490236 Nonhuntlng Mortality of Canada Geese In Southern Illinois and Kentucky: 11/80 • 3/81 National Wildlife Health Laboratory 1981.7pp. : Mortality transects were established by the National Wildlife Health Laboratory during 1978 at Crab Orchard NWR, Union County Conservation Area, and Horseshoe Lake Conservation Area in southern Illinois; and during 1980 at Ballard State Wildlife Area In Kentucky. MIN 818490217 : , Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, and Selenium Concentrations In Freshwater Fish, 1976-77 - National Pesticides Monitoring Program May, T.W.; McKinney, G.L. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 1981. pp. 14-38. Vol. 15, No.1 ABS: Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service . MIN 818490074 , Incidence of Ingested Shot In Waterfowl on the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, 1980-81 Refer to MIN Nos. 818490075 and 818490076 1981.7 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Gizzards (n=1,063) from five species of waterfowl (Canada goose, mallard, pintail, green-winged teal, and redhead) harvested on the Bear River Migratory Bird refuge during the 1980 hunting season were collected to determine the incidence of ingested lead and/or steel shot in birds following several years of hunting regulations limiting the type of shot usage. Shot regulations on the Bear River Refuge through the 1980 hunting season are enumerated. -^ . MIN 818490072 , , DeSota National Wildlife Refuge 1981 Waterfowl Hunting Program: Iowa and Nebraska Units Report and Recommendations Refer to MIN. No. 818490071 1981.20 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Data on the 1981 harvest of geese and ducks at the Iowa and Nebraska Units of the DeSota National Wildlife Refuge are provided, including data on operational costs, hunter visits and activity hours, percent reservations sold and no shows, total bag, birds bagged/hunter visit hours hunted/bird bagged, shot/bird bagged, and crippling - rate. Recommendations for the 1982 waterfowl hunting season are presented, plus data from waterfowl gizzard analyses for lead and steel shot (1978-1981) and food contents (1981) of birds harvested at the Iowa Unit MIN 818490029 Potential Impact of Lead Shot Accumulations In Terrestrial Soils and Possible Mitigation Wootey, G. J. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Contract No. 14-16-0009-79-065 1981.54 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts, Graphs, Illus. ABS: Results ere presented from a study conducted on the Union County (Illinois) State Wildlife Refuge public hunting area following the 1979 hunting season to determine shot pellet type and distribution in soils, lead concentration in plants, and lead, calcium, and phosphate levels in soils. While shot reclamation and deep tillage practices offer the most complete elimination of shot from problem areas, neither method was deemed feasible because of varying cost factors. MIN 818490349 ; • . , ,..--, Hlstologlcal Effects and Lead Concentrations In Tissues of Adult Male Ringed Turtle Doves That Ingested Lead Shot Kendall, R.J.; Vett, H.P.; Scanlon, P.F. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hearth Vol.8 1981. pp. 649-658. Ref., Charts, Illus. , . ABS: Laboratory tests were conducted on adult male ringed turtle doves (selected as a laboratory model for upland . . game birds) administered lead shot and/or exposed to cold temperatures. Toxicologic and pathologic effects on kidney cells and spermatogenesis were determined. -...'. MIN 818490054 , , .--,-'-'. Dove Hunting as « Contributor to Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Ouchley, K. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1981(7). 13 pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs r ABS: Results are presented from a study designed to determine if dove hunting contributed substantial amounts of lead to the environment that would be available to waterfowl on the Holla Bend National Wildlife Refuge. Soil samples were collected in 1980 and 1981 from fields having different tillage histories. Shot densities found in these samples were compared, and the amounts of lead deposited by dove hunters were estimated.

AR20008U MIN 818490059 Louisiana Statewide Wildlife Investigations: Waterfowl Study - Duck Gizzard Collection Study Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries 1981 ?. 102 pp. Ref., Maps, Chart? ABS: Duck gizzards (n=16,102) were collected and examined during hunter bag checks from 1974 through 1981. at 8 collection sites involving 32 parishes, to determine the presence of ingested lead shot Of the primary waterfowl species collected, mallards (n=6,834), pintails (n=4,000) and mottled ducks (n=611), 15,17, and 26 percents were found to contain lead shot, respectively. Ducks least affected by lead poisoning were widgeon, gadwall, teal, shoveter, and wood ducks, primarily because of the vegetative diet of these waterfowl. MIN 818490022 Waterfowl Lead Poisoning Investigations, Sulsun Marsh 1980-81 Deuel, B.E.; King, J.T. California Department of Fish and Game 1981 ?. 16 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Land use, water distribution, waterfowl use, and hunting on the Grizzly Island Wildlife Area in the Suisun Marsh are described. Data on waterfowl mortality resulting from lead shot on both private and public shooting areas of the marsh are presented. Data on lead and steel shot ingestion rates, determined by gizzard analyses, in hunter harvested pintail ducks from these areas are also included. MIN 818490028 Lead and Steel Shot Studies In Missouri: Gizzard and Sediment Analysis/Crippling Loss Hamburg, D.D. Missouri Department of Conservation Performance Report - Surveys and Investigation Projects 1981.8 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Data on the incidence of lead shot and steel shot in waterfowl gizzards and wetland sediments collected during 1977 through 1979 in Missouri are presented, indicating the effectiveness of the nontoxic regulation in reducing lead pellet availability. Data are also provided on hunter reported crippling rates on Missouri Waterfowl Management Areas for 1973 through 1979. MIN 818490165 Missouri Waterfowl Mortality Studies: 1981 Pilot Projects Humburg, D.D. 1981.14 pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs ABS: Studies were initiated in the fall of 1980 to document the extent and cause of waterfowl losses on portions of Swan- Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge, and Fountain Grove Wildlife Management >.; Area. Three sampling methods were employed: levee and shoreline sampling, quadrat sampling, and one-day, post season search. Data on the man-hours employed, birds collected, and area covered by each of these methods for each refuge area are reported. Data on the number of dead Canada and snow geese, and mallards are also reported by refuge and diagnosed mortality factor (gunshot lead shot cholera, aspergillosis, or impaction). In an attached paper, findings from lead poisoning studies conducted in Missouri during 1979 and 1980 are summarized, and information on lead and steel shot (I.e., shotshell effectiveness, steel shot problems and regulations effectiveness, cost and availability, and gauge use) is provided. Data on the number of ingested steel shot and lead shot found in gizzards of mallards collected In Missouri between 1977 and 1980 are tabulated by year and area of collection. MIN 818490161 Effects of Lead Shot Ingestion on Delta-Amlnolevullnlc Acid Dehydrates* Activity, Hemoglobin Concentration, and Serum Chemistry In Bald Eagles Hoffman, D.J.; Pattee, O.H.; Wiemeyer, S.N.; Mulhem, B. Journal of Wildlife Diseases Vol. 17, No. 3 1981. pp 423-431. Ref.. Charts ABS: Five captive bald eagles (most of whom had sustained permanent wing damage) were force-fed ten No. 4 lead shot to examine the hematological responses to lead toxicity. Lead concentration in blood samples was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry; red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, hemoglobin concentration, and 23 different blood serum chemistries were analyzed. Values determined for the following blood chemistries are reported: glucose, creatinlne, albumin/globulin ratio, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the ALT/AST ratio: Observed changes in serum* chemistry may be indicative of kidney and liver alterations. The sensitivity of ALAD to lead exposure that has been demonstrated in other bird species and in mammals is discussed.

AR200085 MIN 818490158 , The Case of the Poisoned Eagles: A Study: A Study by DNR's New Nongame Wildlife Program Finds a Deadly Poison Affecting Geese and Eagles Henderson, C. Minnesota Volunteer Nov/Dec Issue 1981. pp. 3-8. Ref., Illus. vABS: Predation on Canada geese by bald eagles at Lac qul Parie Wildlife Refuge near Watson, Minnesota is described, ^"^ to illustrate how toxic lead shot Is transferred through the food chain from waterfowl to eagles. Findings from a nongame research project conducted in the fall of 1978 and 1979 on lead poisoning in Canada geese, mallards, and eagles on this refuge are reported, indicating that at least 50 percent of the over several hundred geese and nearly all of the over a hundred mallards collected on the refuge had lead shot in their gizzards, as determined by X-ray analysis and confirmed by lead chemical analyses of duck and goose livers. While no bald eagles were found dead, it was calculated that a possible 10 percent of all food eaten by eagles included a dose of lead. MIN 818490151 Study of Gizzard-Lead Contents In Ducks that Ingested Spent Shot -1980 and 1981 Hartman, F.E. University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine Final Report 1981.7 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: An update of a preliminary report (9 february 1982) on the study of gizzard-lead contents In ducks ingesting spent shot is provided, including data from that preliminary report These data reflect the number of gizzards containing lead shot steel shot or both (including percentage occurrence) in ducks harvested during hunting seasons on the Susquehanna River (1980 and 1981); Crawford County (1981); Splashdam (SGL 66), Wyoming County (1981); and Shohola WMA, Pike County (1979). Data on the incidence of lead in livers collected from the Susquehanna River and Crawford County are also provided, noting the relationship to occurrence of lead in gizzards. The number of ducks that theorectically could be added to the kill and population of Pennsylvania per year If there was no lead poisoning is calculated. Factors involved In examining gizzards and liver for lead shot and lead concentrations, respectively, are discussed, noting the inaccuracy of manual and X-ray examination techniques. MIN 818490129 Wetlands Ecology: Steel Shot Program: Law Compliance Ferringo, F. US Fish and Wildlife Service 1981.8pp. Ref., Charts ABS: The compliance rate of hunters to the steel shot law In Atlantic County, New Jersey for the 1980-61 waterfowl hunting season was determined by investigations of the ingestion rate from waterfowl gizzard collections from 1974*75 to 1980-81. It is reported that after three years (1976-77 to 1978-79) of the steel shot program in New Jersey, black duck lead ingestion rates for Atlantic County remained high and there was little replacement with steel shot In 1979-80, however, the ingestion rate dropped to 3.5 percent from 13 percent In 1978-79, only to increase to 6.3 percent in 1980-81, because of a reduced enforcement effort MIN 818490004 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl and Steel Shot For Waterfowl Hunting: A Brief Browne, S. NY State Department of Environmental Conservation 1981.49 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Available information is summarized on waterfowl mortality caused by the ingestion of lead shot pellets, and on the steel shot program developed to combat this mortality. Data are provided on the incidence of ingested lead shot by region (ftyways and States), on important waterfowl die-offs attributed to lead poisoning in the United States and New York, from field tests of steel shot and on the status of proposed and implemented steel shot zones in the United States. MIN 818790003 . . Chromosomal Effects of Lead: A Critical Review Fomi, A. Rev. Environ. Health 1980. pp. 113-129. Vol. 3, No. 2 ABS: Animal and human in vivo studies and irr vitro studies are summarized. MIN 818690385 : Characteristics of Shotgun Shells for Hunting Ducks In Illinois Anderson, W.L Illinois Dept Conserv. 1980.16pp.

34 AR200086 MIN 818690378 Crippled Waterfowl: A Field Study Nelson, C. Michigan Dept Natural Resources Report No. 2853 (Draft) 1980.19 PP-19 PP-" " ABS: During the 1977 and 1978 waterfowl season a sample of 137 crippled (flightless) birds was captured at the Shiawassee River State Game Area. Birds were autopsied to determine the number of wounds, shot types in wounds, value under the point system and incidence of shot ingestion. Hunters (n=252) were surveyed to estimate the percentage using lead and steel shot MIN 818690347 The Detrimental Effects of Using Lead-Shot Pellets for Shooting Waterfowl Danell, K. Swedish U. Agric. Sci. Inst Viltekologi Report 4. Swedish language article with English summary 1980.51 pp. MIN 818690304 Winter Ecology of Red-breasted Mergansers on the Laguna Madre of Texas Bowles, W.F. M.S. Thesis. 1980. Corpus Christi State University. US NPS Research Agreement Order No. PX7029-9-0355 1980.32 pp. MIN 818690294 Steel Shot: Recent Developments and Gaining an Understanding Roster, T. Ohio Dept Natural Resources Wildlife In-service Note 438 198019 pp. MIN 818690283 Encephalopathy and Peripheral Neuropathy In Lead-Poisoned Mallard Ducks Hunter, B.; Wobeser, G. Avian Diseases 1980. pp. 169-178. Vol. 24, No. 1 ABS: Mallards were orally dosed with eight and ten lead pellets to Investigate the development of demyelinating lessions in vagus, brachial and sciatic nerves, and focal areas of vascular damage in the cerebellum. MIN 818690245 Influence of Lead Ingestion on Reproductive Characteristics of Mate Japanese Quail Muth, S.M.; Scanlon, P.P.; , Morehead, W.B.; Gwazdauskas, F C. Va. J. Sci. Abstract Only 1980. pp. 101. Vol. 31, No. 4 . MIN 818690225 Ecological Aspects of Lead Contamination In Mourning Doves from Middle Atlantic States Kendall, R.J.; Scanlon, P.F. Amer. Soc. Zoo. Abstract Only 1980. pp. 774. Vol. 20, No. 4 ABS: Femur bone lead concentrations were assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 412 doves collected from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Locatio of collection (rural vs high density human population areas) were compared. MIN 818690207 Review of Ingested Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Thomas, G.J. Int Waterfowl Res. Bur. Bull. 1980. pp. 43-60. Vol. 46 ABS: A country by country statement on the incidence of ingested lead shot poisoning is presented. MIN 818690196 Lead Toxicosis and Salt Glands In Domestic Ducks Buggiani, S.S.; Rindi, S. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1980. pp. 152-155. Vol. 24, No. 1 MIN 818690175 Lead Poisoning of Waterfowl Atkinson, T.H. Bird Observer East Mass. 1980. pp. 189-191. Vol. 8, No. 5 MIN 818690155 Metal Contamination of Feral Pigeons, Columba llvla, from the London Area: Part 1 - Tissue Accumulation off Lead, Cadmium and Zinc Hutton, M.; Goodman. G.T. Environmental Pollution 1980. pp. 207-217. (Series A). Vol. 22 MIN 818690154 Metal Contamination of Feral Pigeons, Columba llvla, from the London Area: Part 2 - Biological Effects of Lead Exposure Hutton, M. Environmental Pollution 1980. pp. 281-293. (Series A). Vol. 22, No. 4 AR200087 MIN 818690144 Acute Lead Poisoning of the Pigeon Induced by Single, Intraperitoneal Administration of Lead Acetate Ohi, G.; , H.; Minowa. K.; Mizoguchi, I.; Sugimori, F. Arch. Toxicol. 1980. pp. 265-272. Vol. 46. No. 3/4 A single dose of lead acetate (30 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg) was administered to adult feral pigeons, and the effect of calcium disodium ethylenediame tetraacetate (CaNa2 EDTA) was observed. MIN 818690081 Waterfowl Hunting with Steel Shot U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1980. .5 pp: ABS: Questions concerning lead shot and lead poisoning and the use of steel shot are addressed. : MIN 818690053 " -,'"";. Lead vs Steel Shot: Recent Study Results. A Preliminary Report Humburg, D.; Sheriff, S. Missouri Dept Conservation 1980.8pp. ABS: Findings are reported from a comprehensive study conducted at the Schell-Osage Wildlife Management Area during the 1979 waterfowl season to test load effectiveness and the effect of range on shooter/shotshell ' performance. -'.-.•-..' * : . MIN 818690018 .. ' ' - Economic Impact Statement on a Proposed Rule Limiting the Use of Lead Shot for the Hunting of Migratory Waterfowl In towa Iowa Conservation Commission 1980.40pp. ABS: Shooting tests of steel and lead shotshell ate appended. • MI- N 81869001- 7 '! ' ' . J ' ' ' ''.'.' Fact Sheet: Why Full Federal Funding for the Interior Department's Nontoxlc Shot Regulations Is Required 1980. 12pp. ABS: References to articles by leading scholars documenting each of the conclusions set forth in this fact sheet are attached. IN 818690012 ' .S. Getting the Lead Out Brant H. The Sporting Goods Dealer 1980 (March), pp. 97-99. MIN 818490401 Lead Concentrations In Livers of Maryland Waterfowl with and without Ingested Lead Shot Present In Gizzards Scanlon. P.F.; Stotts, V.D.; Oderwald, R.G.; Dietrick, T.J.; Kendall, R.J. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 1980. pp. 855-860. Vol. 25 MIN 818490381 Acute Toxlctty of Four Heavy Metals to Benthlc Fish Food Organisms from the River Khan, UJJaln Qureshi. S A; Saksena, A.B.; Singh, V.P. International J. Environmental Studies 1980. pp. 59-61. Vol. 15, No. 1 ,_ ABS: Toxtefty of the metals to Tubifex tubifex and Chironomous sp. larvae was determined. MIN 818490373 Formation of Lead-Induced Inclusion Bodies In Primary Rat Kidney Epithelial Cell Cultures: Effect of Actinomycin D and Cyclohexlmlde McLachlln, J.R.; Goyer, RA; Cherian, M.G. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Research supported by National Institutes of Health (R01-ES01535) 1980. pp. 418-431. Vol. 56 ABS: Cell cultures were prepared from kidneys of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. MIN 818490370 Heavy Metal Concentrations In Feathers of Ruffed Grouse Shot by Virginia Hunters • Scanlon, P.F.; Oderwald, R.G.; Dietrick, T.J.; Coggin, J.L Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 1980. pp. 947-949. Vol. 25, No. 6 " ' .. MIN 818490354 Attitudes of States Toward the Non-toxic Shot Program for Waterfowl Hunting Lead Poisoning Control subcommittee International Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 1980.3 pp. Responses are summarized from a survey seeking information on State attitudes toward lead poisoning, public relations problems encountered, and ways that the non-toxic program can be Improved. 36 AR200088 MIN 818490342 Acute Toxlctty of Some Heavy Metals to Fish Food Organisms Qureshi, SA; Saksena, A.B.; Singh, V.P. Intern. J. Environmental Studies 1980. pp. 325-327. Vol. 14. No. 4 ABS: The acute toxicity of zinc chloride, cadmium chloride, lead nitrate, and mercuric chloride to Daphnia sp. and CypnW sp. were evaluated. ' MIN 81849032S Wetlands Ecology. Steel Shot Program: Law Compliance Young, B.D.; Ferrigno, F. New Jersey Div. Fish, Game & Wildlife Final Report Period Covered: 3 October 1979 - 1 March 1980 1980. 12 pp. ABS: Objectives were to determine compliance rates of hunters to the steel shot law in lead restricted areas of new Jersey, determining lead and steel shot ingestion rates, and to compare these rates in areas of intensified and rountine enforcement MIN 818490316 Wetlands Ecology. Waterfowl Zoning: Waterfowl Harvest Widjeskog, L; Ferrigno, F.; Fries. C.; Toth, S. New Jersey Division Fish, Game & Wildlife Final Report Period Covered: 1 October 1979 - 31 March 1980 1980. 35 pp. ABS: Objectives were to determine and compare total hunter use, waterfowl harvest and crippling losses on study areas within each zone before and after zoning. Study areas included Dennis Creek, Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge, Mullfca-Wading Rivers, and the Whittingham Wildlife Management Area. - MIN 818490315 Wetlands Ecology. Steel Shot Program: Bottom Sampling Widjeskog. L. New Jersey Division Fish, Game & Wildlife Final Report Period Covered: 1 Jury 1979 - 30 April 1980 1980. 7 pp. ABS: Steel shot placed on the coastal marsh surface, in salt ponds and tidal creeks at Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge was checked monthly for oxidation, to determine the longevity of steel shot In saline waters. MIN 818490310 Significance of Organochlorlne and Heavy Metal Residues In Wintering Shoreblrds at Corpus Christi, Texas, 1976-77 White, D.H.; Kink, KA; Prouty, R.M. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 1980. pp. 58-63. Vol. 14. No. 2 ABS: Shoreblrds examined Included avocet, dunlin, greater and lesser yellowlegs, least and western sandpiper, and sanderiing. MIN 818490293 Investigation of Waterfowl Lead Shot Ingestion In Arkansas Sullivan, J.D. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission 1980. 47 pp. MIN 818490286 Lead Residues In Son Rails from Maryland Stendell, R.C.; Artmann, J.W.; Martin, E. Journal of Wildlife Management 1980. pp. 525-527. Vol. 44, No. 2 MIN 818490284 Dietary Exposure of Kestrels to Lead Stendell, R.C. Journal of Wildlife Management 1980. pp. 527-530. Vol. 44, No. 2 ABS: Objective was to determine experimentally the effects of lead ingestion on survival of the American kestrel. Birds were exposed to lead either directly as lead shot or secondarily in a diet of mallard ducks that died of lead poisoning. MIN 818490272 A Report of Lead Shot Ingestion of Hunter Bagged Ducks During the 1979-80 Louisiana Duck Season Smith, C.M. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries 1980.12pp. MIN 818490271 Ingested Shot In Waterfowl Harvested on the Upper Mississippi National Wildlife Refugs Trost, R.E. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1980. pp. 71-74. Vol. 8, No. 1

37 AR200089 MIN 818490258 . : Steel Shot Program: Lead Poisoning Roscoe, D.E.; Ferrigno, F.; Widjeskog, L. New Jersey .Dept Environmental °rotection 1980.13pp. : Performance Report Period Covered: 1 October 1979 - 30 April 1980 MIN 818490184 The Toxicology of Lead Shot tnd Environmental Lead Ingestion In Avian Species with Emphasis on the Biological Significance In Mourning Dove Populations Kendall, R.J. 1980. 316 pp. ABS: Ph.D. Dissertation. 1980. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University MIN 818490182 Organochlorine Pesticides, PCB, and PBB Residues and Necropsy Data for Bald Eagles from 29 States * 1975-77 Kaiser, T.E.; Reichel, W.L; Locke, L.N.; Cromartie, E.; Krynttsky. AJ.; Lamont, T.G. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 1980. pp. 145-149. Vol. 13, No. 4 ABS: Co-authors: Mulhem, B.M.; Prouty, R.M.; Stafford, C.J.; Swineford, D.M. MIN 818490021 Toxlctty of Ingested Lead to Wild Mallards and Black Ducks Maintained on a Natural Diet Chasko, G.G.; Hill, S.R.; Hoehn, T.R. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection 1980. 30 pp. MIN 818490250 Incidence of Embedded Shot In Canvasbacks Perry, M.C.; Geissler. P.H. Journal of Wildlife Management 1980. pp. 888-894. Vol. 44, No. 4 ABS: Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service , MIN 818490238 Lead-Steel Shot Report: Michigan Ingestion Study (1976-1979) Nelson, C.; Johnson, M. Michigan Department of Natural Resources 1980. 11 pp. BS: Report No. 2852. Based on 1976-1977 Report No. 2809 by E. Mikula, G. Mart and J. AkJrich, and 1976-1978 Report by Nelson and Johnson MIN 818490231 Waterfowl Lead Poisoning Investigations, Grizzly Island Wildlife Area, 1979-80 Moore. K.C.; King, J.T.; Villegas, J.M. California Department of Fish and Game 1980.24pp. ABS: Study funded by U.S. FWS, Office of Migratory Bird Management MIN 818490228 Waterfowl Lead Poisoning Investigations, Delevan National Wildlife Refuge, 1979-80 Moore, K.C.; King. J.T.; Floras, R. California Department of Fish and Game 1980. 24 pp. ABS: Study funded by U.S. FWS, Office of Migratory Bird Management Period Covered: September 1979 - March 1980 MIN 818490225 Investigations of Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl In California Moore, K.C.; King, J.T. California Department of Fish and Game 1980. 20 pp. ABS: Study funded by U.S. FWS, Office of Migratory Bird Management Period Covered: 1 October 1979 - 31 March 1980 MIN 818490090 The First Two Years, 1977 and 1978 , of a Three-year Lead Shot Ingestion Study In Waterfowl In Ohio and the Mississippi Flyway Bednarik, K.E.; Shieldcastfe. M. Ohio Department of Natural Resources 1980. 17 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts, Graphs ABS: Data on the lead and steel shot found in gizzards of waterfowl (dabbling and diving ducks, and Canada geese) harvested in Ohio during the 1977 and 1978 hunting seasons are provided and compared to data on waterfowl in the states within the Mississippi Flyway for the same period, and the United States from 1938-1954. Data on shot ingestion rates of waterfowl in the Magee Marsh Wildlife Area (Ohio) for 1977 and 1978 are also compared to evaluate the effects and enforcement of the 1977 mandated steel shot regulation. 38 AR200090 MIN 818490077 Incidence of Lead Poisoning and Lead Shot Availability of Waterfowl In Wisconsin: A Summary Bureau of Wildlife Management Bureau of Wildlife Management 1980.5pp. Ref., ABS: Data from waterfowl gizzard analyses and lake bottom sampling conducted at various locations in Wisconsin are provided, indicating the incidence of lead shot availability and lead poisoning. These data cover specific dates from 1962 through 1980, with reference to earlier time periods (i.e. 1909,1949, and 1940-1963). MIN 818490075 Incidence of Ingested Shot In Waterfowl on the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, 197,8-80 Refer to MIN Nos. 818490074 and 818490076 1980.8 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Gizzards (n=902) from five species of waterfowl (Canada goose, mallard, pintail, green-winged teal, and redhead) harvested on the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge during the 1979 hunting season were collected to determine the incidence of ingested lead and/or steel shot in birds following several years of hunting under varying regulations governing shot usage. Shot regulations on the Bear River Refuge through the 1979-80 hunting season are enumerated. MIN 818490344 Lead Toxicosis In Raptors Redig, P.T.; Stowe, C.M.; Bames, D.M.; Arent, T.D. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Vol. 177. No. 9 1980. pp. 941-943. Ref., ABS: Case histories are presented on lead poisoning found in raptors after ingestion of lead shot embedded in tissue of birds or small mammals that became prey. Symptoms and treatments are presented. MIN 818490068 Effectiveness of Selected 12 Gauge Shells for Dispatching Crippled Waterfowl Anderson, W.L Illinois Department of Conservation 1980.14 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Shotgun shells loaded with lead shot (1-1/8 oz. No. 8 and 1-1/4 oz. No. 6) and with steel shot (1-1/8 oz. Nos. 6 and 4) were tested for their effectiveness for dispatching crippled waterfowl (primarily ducks) on aquatic habitats in Illinois in 1978 and 1979. No. 6 lead shot was found to deliver the best performance at short range (mean » 26.8 to 27.9 yards) and the worst performance at long range (mean = 41.7 to 43.7 yards); No. 4 steel shot followed closely by No. 8 lead shot outperformed the other shells in dispatching cripples at long range. MIN 818490030 Ingestion of Lead Shot by Dunlin Kaiser, G.W.; Fry, K.; Ireland, J.G. The Murrelet Vol. 61. No. 1 1980. pp. 37. ABS: The habitat shared by waterfowl and shore birds, the dominant species being Dunlin (Calldris alplna), in the Fraser River delta of British Columbia, Canada is briefly described. Of 54 Dunlin killed by collision with electrical transmission lines near roosts and feeding areas from 1977 to 1979, five were found to have one to five pellets of No. 4 or No. 5 lead shot with no apparent difference being observed between Dunlin that did and did not contain lead shot MIN 818490034 The Incidence of Shot Ingestion by N.Y. Waterfowl (Results of a 1979-80 Gizzard Collection) Moser, J. Special Report 1980.39 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Data are provided on the lead shot ingestion rates of ducks, determined by gizzard analyses (X-ray and dissection), collected from hunters during the 1979-80 hunting season at various locations in New York. Data are also provided on the incidence of shot ingestion among waterfowl on the Hudson River, Oneida River, Niagara River, Lake Ontario (including bays), and Finger Lakes for the years 1977.1978 and 1979.

39 AR20009I MIN 818490039 Effects of Ingested Lead Shot * 1978 Studies In Cook Inlet Alaska Sellers. R.; Timm, D. Alaska Department of Fish and Game 1980.11 pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs V_>VBS: To evaluate the extent of lead poisoning within Cook Inlet, Alaska, the incidence of lead shot in gizzards, and lead levels in livers and wing bones from immature mallards and pintails collected during the summer and fall of the years from 1974 through 1979 were examined. The relationships between body weight lead in bone and tissue. and shot ingestion were determined, in addition to the food habits. Data are provided on the incidence of ingested shot in duck gizzards collected in other regions of Alaska (southeast gulf coast Kodiac, Alaska Peninsula, and interior). It is recommended that the use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting be retained within Cook Inlet unless waterfowl die-offs and/or reduced survival rates of Waterfowl are found to be attributed to lead shot MIN 818490023 Lead Shot-Steel Shot - An Overview Evenson, D.E. Wisconsin Department of Nature! Resources 1980. 9pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Literature is cited in an overview of the lead poisoning problem among waterfowl. Confounding factors of this problem (e.g. diets of birds, shot in bottom sediments of ponds and lakes, predation, and environmental lead pollution from automobiles and industry) are noted, and findings from field studies and ballistics tests of steel shot versus lead shot are summarized. MIN 818490016 Analysis of a Three-year (1977-1979) Shot Ingestion Study In Ohio Waterfowl Bednarik, K.E.; Shieldcastie, M. Ohio Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Inservice Note 435 1980.28 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts, Graphs ABS: Data on the lead and steel Ingestion rates, as determined by gizzard analyses, for waterfowl (dabbling and diving ducks, all ducks, and geese) harvested during the 1977,1978, and 1979 hunting seasons in Wildlife Districts 1 through 5 in Ohio are compared to those found for waterfowl harvested in the Mississippi Flyway and the United States in 1950. A graph depicting the number of miles traveled per day by ducks undosed and dosed with one and two pellets of No.6 commercial shot before being shot by hunters in 1950, is also provided. N 818490171 ' - Shot Ingestion by Waterfowl Investigation Hyland, J. Unit Report, Project No. 90015, Job No. C-5, Refer to MIN 818490172 1980.2 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: During the 1979 waterfowl season, the second year that steel shot has been required In Nebraska, gizzards (n=1,910) were collected from nine counties representing five areas. This collection Included gizzards from four counties designated as steel shot zones (Phelps, Keamey, Clay, and Filmore), two high harvest areas (Morrill, Garden, and Buffalo counties), and two potential problem areas (Harian County and Plattsmouth Wildlife Management Area). In total, 16 species of ducks, three species of geese, seven coots, and three unknown species were included, with the majority of the gizzards coming from mallards and snow geese. Data on the number of gizzards found to contain either lead shot or steel shot are presented by county. MIN 618490147 Wetlands Ecology: Steel Shot Program: Unretrleved Losses Hall, R.B. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Final Report covering 12 October 1979 -1 March 1980, Refer to MIN 818490149 1980.9 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Spy blind observations (n=31) were conducted in steel shot and lead shot areas of New Jersey during the 1979 waterfowl hunting season, to determine hunter performance and crippling losses to ducks and geese (in particular, snow and Canada geese). For ducks, both unretrieved rates and the ratio of shots per bird downed revealed no appreciable difference when comparing the two shot types. For geese, small sample sizes and large variability In the data collected prohibit analysis. The number of violations observed was negligable. MIN 818490122 Migratory Bird Study Due, L; Love, D.; Aldrich, J. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation 1980.3pp. Ref., Charts ' ABS: Data on the incidence of lead shot In gizzards of various species of hunter-killed waterfowl (n=1,374) collected in Oklahoma between Jury 1979 and June 1980 are reported, by area (i.e., section of State) and species. Gizzards showing positive from radiograph examination were examined manually. Of these gizzards, 56 were found to contain ingested lead shot, a 4.08 percent Incidence.

40 AR200Q92 MIN 818490007 Incidence of Ingested Pellets In Illinois Mallards as Determined by Radiology: 1979 Season Anderson, W.L.; Brewer, PA Illinois Department of Conservation 1980.25 pp. Ret, Maps, Charts ABS: The incidence of ingested shotgun shell pellets in the gizzards of mallards collected at 26 locations in Illinois during the 1979 hunting season was determined by visual examination, X-ray of grit and X-ray of grit plus fluoroscopy of food. Data on this incidence are reported in terms of the areas and regions where shot-containing gizzards were collected, the total number and steel versus lead shot found, the time of hunting season, and the ratio of steel to lead shot-in pellets. MIN 818690387 Noise from Firing Ranges Danish language article with English abstract 1979.73 pp. MIN 818690377 Swans In Trouble Nail, J. Dorset Natural Trust Newsletter Abstract Only 1979.1 pp. Sept MIN 818690375 Ecological Effects Ewing, RA; Bell, MA; Lutz, GA Environ. Protect Agency In: The Health and Environmental Impacts of Lead and an Assessment of a Need for Limitations. Final Report Contract No. 68-01-4318 1979. pp. 151-191 ABS: The effects of lead on terrestrial and aquatic protista (bacteria, protozoans, algae, fungi, and viruses), on plants (metabolism, uptake, absorption, and yield) on aquatic biota (invertebrates, fishes), on terrestrial biota (vertebrates, invertebrates, birds, mammals) and environmental interactions are discussed. MIN 818690360 Goose mortality In the Harlngvliet and Blesbosch region Vogetjaar German language abstract with English translation 1979. pp. 35. Vol. 27, No. 1 MIN 818690351 Occurrence and Importance of Environmental Poisons In Domestic and Wild Animals In Norway Holt G.; Froslie, A Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift Norwegian language article with English summary 1979. pp. 575-588. Vol. 91, No. 10 MIN 818690330 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Mudge, G.P. Ir. Nat J. Letter 1979. pp. 447. Vol. 19, No. 12 MIN 818690314 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Barth, E. K. Fauna Norwegian article with English summary 1979. pp. 34. Vol. 32, No. 1 MIN 818690298 A Quantitative Fluorescent Erythrocyta Test for Screening and Diagnosis of Lead Ingestion In Wild Waterfowl Roscoe, D.E.; Nielson, S.W.; Czikowsky, JA Proc. Amer. Assoc. Veter. Lab. Diag. Refer to MIN No. 818690295 1979. pp. 235-264. Vol. 10 MIN 818690292 Factors Affecting the Distribution, Food Habits, and Lead Toxicosis of Redhead Ducks in the Laguna Madre, Texas Marsh, S.L M.S. Thesis. 1979. Texas A&M University 1979... ABS: The nutritional quality of the redhead diet and its possible influence on food habits, distribution and lead toxicosis were investigated in January April and October-December 1977. Data were collected on food habits and feeding preference, diet quality, various blood and serum parameters, and lead ingestion and absorption (gizzard contents and selected organs). MIN 818690284 Lead Poisoning In Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) Roscoe, D.E; Nielsen, S.W. National Acad. Sci. In: Animals as Monitors of Environmental Pollutants 1979. pp. 165-178 ABS: The use of the hematofluorometer for diagnosis, and the pathologic lessions and clinical signs of lead poisoning ir mallard ducks are described. 41 AR200093 MIN 818690273 Lead Levels In Mourning Doves Collected from Mid-Atlantic States In 1977 Kendall, R.J.; Scanlon, P.F. Va. J. Sci. Abstract Only 1979. pp. 49. Vol. 39, No. 2 > MIN 818690272 Ultrastructural Characteristics of Kidney Tissue of Ringed Turtle Doves Following Lead Ingestion Kendall, R.J.; Weiss, LA; Twitty, J.A; Scanlon, P.F. Va. J. Sci. Abstract Only 1979. pp. 49. Vol. 30, No. 2 MIN 818690265 . • Vitamin D Metabolism In Japanese Quail: Effects of Lead Exposure and Dietary Calcium Baksi. S.N.; Kenny, AD. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. NIH Grant NO. AM-19475 1979. pp. 439-495. Vol. 51, No. 3 MIN 818690259 Blogeochemlcal Studies of Wintering Waterfowl In the Imperial and Sacramento Valleys Koranda, J.J.; Stuart, M.; Thompson, S.; Conrado, C. Department of Energy DOE Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48 1979.120pp. ABS: Trace and major elemental composition were determined In the organs of wintering waterfowl in the Imperial and Sacramento valleys, and in soil sediments and agricultural fertilizers. These data provide a biogeochemical baseline for waterfowl populations wintering in an area being developed for geothermal power. MIN 818690253 A Rapid Bloassay System for Lead Using Young Japanese Quail Stone, C.L; Mahaffey, K.R.; Fox, M.R.S. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1979. pp. 767-779. Vol. 2, No. 3 ABS: Objective was to develop rapid indices of response to inorganic dietary lead that would best reflect lead status and that might be useful in evaluating the bioavailability of lead in foods. The measurements included tissues (duodenum, kidney, liver, and tibia) uptake of lead and changes in red blood cell metabolism. MIN 818690236 Affects of Heavy Metal Pollutants on Embryonic Development and Regeneration In Rana plpten Scott, J.S.; )llison, C.; Saunders, L; Kelly, A.R.; Coker, P. Bull. S. Carolina Acad, Sci. Abstract Only 1979. pp. 68. Vol. 41 MIN 818690227 . Lead Levels In Primary Feathers of American Woodcocks Harvested by Hunters Throughout the United States Range Scanlon, P.F.; O'Brien, T.G.; Schauer, N.L.; Oderwald. R.G. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1979. pp. 683-688. Vol. 21, No. 4/5 - .,.-.- ; ABS: Wings were collected from woodcocks killed by hunters during the 1976-77 hunting season, with only wings undamaged by shot being chosen. The possibility of woodcocks accumulating lead from Ingesting earthworms Is discussed. ^ * r • . • •.'-_.. MIN 818690201 Lead Poisoning of Waterfowl Borkenhagen, P. Z. Jagdwiss. German language article with English summary. 1979. pp. 178-179. Vol. 25, No. 3 ABS: Two cases of lead poisoning in waterfowl (C.cygnus, Bucephala clangula) are reported from Scheswig-Holstein, North Germany. . . , i MIN 818690187 _ , Lead Poisoning In Mallard Ducks Freeman, CA Bull. S. Carolina Acad. Sci. Abstract Only 1979. pp.23. Vol. 41 MIN 818690169 Lead Accumulation In Aquatic Plants from Metallic Sources Including Shot BehanJri.J.; Kinraide, T.B.; Seller, W.I. Journal of Wildlife Management National Science Foundation Grant GB25010 1979. pp. 240-244. Vol. 43, No. 1 MIN 818690134 Lead Toxicosis In Three Captive Avfan Species Janssen, D.L; Robinson, P.T.; Ensley, P.K. Annual Proc. Amer. Assoc. Zoo. Vet 1979. pp. 40-42 : Case reports of three captive birds (Northern bald eagle, Cuban whistling tree duck, and Eastern turkey vulture) at the San Diego Zoo diagnosed lead toxicity are reported. AR20009I* MIN 818690035 Heavy Metals In Tissues of the Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) Frank, A; Borg, K. Acta Vet Scand. 1979. pp. 447-465 Vol.20, No. 3 MIN 818690034 Lead Shot Poisoning In Red-tailed Hawks Stein, S. M.S. Thesis. 1979. Michigan State University 1979. 77 pp. MIN 818690010 Lead Shot Getting K Out of Waterfowl Diets. Hoehn, T.R.; Howell-Heller, P. Connecticut Dept Environmental Protection Citizens'Bulletin 1979.3pp. ABS: Lead poisoning in ducks resulting from ingesting lead shot is discussed. Questions concerning steel versus lead shot (e.g., differences in shotshell construction, expense, performance, hand loading, damage to shotguns, crippling effect potential) are addressed. MIN 818690008 Steeling Ducks McClurg, B. NEBRASKAland 1979 (October). 2 pp. ABS: The author describes his experience with using steel shot on a duck hunt MIN 818590027 The Incidence of Shot Ingestion by N.Y. Waterfowl (Results of a Two- year Gizzard Collection) Browne, S.; Riexinger, P. 1979.43pp. ABS: Gizzards were collected during the 1978-79 hunting season. MIN 818490397 Lead Concentrations In Mourning Doves Collected from Middle Atlantic Game Management Areas Kendall, R.J.; Scanlon, P.F. Proc. Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 1979. pp. 165-172. Vol. 33 ABS: Lead concentrations in femur bone and liver were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for 412 hunter-killed mourning doves, during the 1977 and 1978 hunting seasons. Effects in location and age were determined. • • , MIN 818490386 Lead Poisoning In Canada Geese: A Case Report Howard, D.R.; Penumarthy, L Veter. Human Toxicology Contribution No. 79-145-j, Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station 1979. pp. 243-244. Vol. 21, No. 4 ABS: A case report of lead poisoning in Canada geese at Cheyenne Bottom Wildlife Refuge Area is presented. MIN 818490383 Allantolnass In Lake Trout (Salvellnus Namaycush): In Vitro Effects of PCBs, DDT and Metals Passino, D.R.M.; Cotant, CA Comp. Btocriem. Physiol. 1979. pp. 71-75. Vol. 62, No. 1 ABS: Trout fingeriings were obtained from the Jordan River National Fish Hatchery and reared at the Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory. Wild trout were collected by gillnet from take Michigan and Lake Superior. MIN 818490378 Lead Poisoning In Two Captive King Vultures Decker, RA; McDermid, AM.; Prideaux, J.W. J. Amer. Vet Med. Assoc. 1979. pp. 1009. Vol. 175. No. 9 ABS: Case reports of lead poisoning diagnosed in two king vultures (Sarcorhampus papa) confined in a municipal zoo are reported. MIN 818490343 Some Effects of Vitamin E Deficiency on Hepatic Xanthlne Dehydrogenas* Activity, Lead, and alpha-Tocopherol Concentrations In Tissues of Lead-Dosed Mallard Ducks Sleet, R.B.; Scares, J.H. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1979. pp. 71-78. Vol. 47 MIN 818490340 ToxicKy of Cadmium Chloride and Lead Nitrate to Chlronomu* tentans Larvae Rathore, H.S.; Sanghvi, P.K.; Swarup, H. Environ. PoHut 1979. pp. 173-177. Vol. 18

43 AR200095 MIN 818490325 Wetlands Ecology. Steel Shot Program: Law Compliance Young, B.D.; Ferrigno, F. New Jersey Div. Fish, Game & Wildlife Performance Report Period Covered: 3 October 1978 * 1 March 1979 1979.12 pp. : Objectives were to determine compliance rates of hunters to the steel shot law in lead restricted areas of new Jersey, determining lead and steel shot ingestion rates, and to compare these rates in areas of intensified and rountine enforcement MIN 818490318 Wetlands Ecology. Steel Shot Program: Hunter Surveys Widjeskog, L; Ferrigno, F.; Toth, S. New Jersey Division Fish, Game & Wildlife Performance Report Period Covered: 1 October 1978 - 31 March 1979 1979.36 pp. ABS: Objective was to conduct hunter surveys In steel shot and control areas, to compare crippling losses, total hunter use and harvest . MIN 818490314 Wetlands Ecology. Steel Shot Program: Bottom Sampling Widjeskog, L. New Jersey Division Fish, Game & Wildlife Performance Report. Period Covered: 1 July 1978 • 30 April 1979 1979.20 pp. ABS: During the summer of 1978,182 square foot samples of marsh were examined on a hunting unit of Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge, to determine the amount of lead and steel pellets on the bottom of coastal water areas, to monitor the progress of the steel shot program. ' MIN 818490311 Relations of Wintering Canvasbacks to Environmental Pollutants - Chesapeake Bay, Maryland White, D.H.; Stendell, R.C.; Mulhem, B.M. Wilson Bulletin 1979. pp. 279-287. Vol. 91, No. 2 ABS: Residues of pollutants in tissues of canvasbacks and their food items (clams) are reported, and their relation to possible adverse effects on canvasback populations are discussed. MIN 818490303 Lead and Steel Shot In Mallards Harvested on Selected Hunting Areas In Illinois Welch, F.S. M.S. Thesis. 1979. Illinois University 1979.42 pp. ABS: Gizzards from mallards were collected from six Illinois public hunting areas and one private hunting area during the 1977 hunting season, and examined for the presence of lead and steel shot The relationship of hunting area, hunting zone, and time of season to type of shot Ingested was investigated. MIN 818490287 Exposure of Waterfowl to Lead: A Nationwide Survey of Residues In Wing Bones of Seven Species, 1972-73 Stendell, R.C.; Smith, R.I.; Bumham, K.P.; Christensen, R.E. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1979.15 pp. ABS: Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 223 MIN 818490273 Lead Shot Ingestion of Ducks Collected In Louisiana During the 1978-79 Hunting Season Smith, C.M. 1979(7). 39 PP- MIN 818490261 The Problem of Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Sanderson, G.C.; Betlrose, F.C. Illinois Natural History Survey 1979. 42 PP- MIN 818490257 Steel Shot Program: Lead Poisoning Roscoe, D.E.; Ferrigno, F.; Widjeskog, L New Jersey Dept Environmental Protection 1979.31pp. ABS: Performance Report Period Covered: 1 October 1978 - 30 April 1979 MIN 818490254 ' Lead Poisoning In Raptors Redlg, P.T. Hawk Chalk 1979. pp. 29-30. Vol. 18, No. 2

AR200096 MIN 818490191 Waterfowl Mortality Survey, Los Banos Wlldllf* Area, California Leach, R. 1979.5pp. ABS: Study conducted under contract with California Department of Fish and Game, Lead Poisoning Investigations. Funded by U.S. FWS, Office of Migratory Bird Management •* - MIN 818490249 Incidence of Embedded and Ingested Shot In Oiled Ruddy Ducks Perry, M.C.; Artmann, J.W. Journal of Wildlife Management 1979. pp. 266-269. Vol. 43, No. 1 ABS: Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service,,. MIN 818490247 Incidence of Ingested Lead Shot In Waterfowl Harvested In Washington Parker, R.C. Washington State Department of Game 1979.12 pp. ABS: Job Completion Report Period Covered: 1 October 1978 - 31 September 1979 MIN 818490234 A Report on Lead Shotgun Pellet Ingestion by Waterfowl In Franklin, Grand Isle, and Chlttenden Counties (Vermont) as Determined from Examination of Gizzard Contents Collected During the 1978 Waterfowl Hunting Season Myers, T.R. Vermont Fish and Game Department 1979.26pp. MIN 818490230 Waterfowl Mortality Survey, Grizzly Island Wildlife Area, 1978-79 Moore, K.C.; King, J.T.; Longmore, K. California Department of Fish and Game 1979.11 pp. MIN 818490229 Waterfowl Mortality Survey, Honey Lake Wildlife Area, 1978-79 Moore, K.C.; King, J.T.; Lassen, V. California Department of Fish and Game 1979.8pp. MIN 818490227 Waterfowl Mortality Survey, Imperial Wildlife Area, 1978-79 Moore, K.C.; King, J.T.; Blake, DA California Department of Fish and Game 1979.8pp. MIN 818490226 Investigations of Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl In California Moore, K.C.; King, J.T. California Department of Fish and Game 1979.18 pp. ABS: Study funded by U.S. FWS, Office of Migratory Bird Management Period Covered: 1 July 1978 - 30 September 1979 MIN 818490224 Waterfowl Mortality Survey, Gray Lodge Wildlife Area 1978-79 Moore, K.C.; Hrinsin, S. California Department of Fish and Game 1979.11 pp. MIN 818490223 Waterfowl Lead Poisoning Investigations: Delavan National Wildlife Refuge Study, 1978-79 Moore, K.C. California Department of Fish and Game 1979.29pp. ABS: Study supported by U.S. FWS, Office of Migratory Bird Management Period Covered: January 1976 - March 1979 MIN 818490208 Adaptation of a Waterfowl Lethality Model to Geese Lowry, E.D. 1979.45 pp. MIN 818490080 Waterfowl Gizzard -Toxic Shot Study: DeSoto NWR -1979 Refer to MIN Nos. 818490078 and 818490079 1979.4 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Data are provided on steel and lead shot found in the gizzards of waterfowl harvested during the 1979 hunting season on the DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge. Data are also provided on the food content (com, winter wheat, mito, soybeans, and marsh vegetation) found in these gizzards. 45 AR200097 MIN 818490076 Incidence of Ingested Shot In Waterfowl on the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, 1978-79 Refer to MIN Nos. ^18490074 and 818490075 1979.11 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts, Itlus. Gizzards (n=1,271) from six species of waterfowl (whistling swan, Canada goose, mallard, pintail, green-winged teal, and redhead) harvested on the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge during the 1978 hunting season were collected to determine the incidence of ingested lead and/or steel shot in birds following several years of hunting with regulations limiting the type of shot which could legally be used. Shot regulations on the Bear River Refuge through the 1978-79 hunting season are enumerated. MIN 818490070 A Study of the Presence and Toxlctty of Lead Shot In Bald Eagles at the Lac qul Parle Wildlife Refuge, Watson, Minnesota, from 1978 to 1979 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 1979.6 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Data on the fall migrations of bald eagles and their prey species in 1978 and 1979 are presented, plus data on the harvest, crippling toss, and lead concentration found among these prey species. Eagle pellets under roosting sites and the blood of trapped eagles were analyzed for lead shot and steel shot quantities and lead concentrations, respectively, to determine If bald eagles were ingesting lead shot from crippled waterfowl. MIN 818490068 Effectiveness of Steel Shot In 3-Inch, 12-gauge Shells for Hunting Canada Geese Anderson, W.L; Sanderson, G.C. Wildlife Society Bulletin Vol. 7, No. 4 1979. pp. 213-220. Ref., Charts ABS: Three-Inch, 12-gauge shotgun shells loaded with lead shot (1-7/8 oz #2) and steel shot (1-1/4 oz #1 or BB) were tested to determine their effectiveness for hunting interior Canada geese, in terms of birds bagged per 100 shells fired and cripples lost per 100 birds bagged at medium (31-50) yards) and long (60 yards) ranges. The BB steel shot exhibited the best all-round performance for hunting targe Canada geese. MIN 818490067 Hunting Efficiency and Crippling Losses of Waterfowl on Public Areas In Illinois: 1978 Versus Pre-steel Shot Years Anderson, W.L. Illinois Department of Conservation 1979.20 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts Eight parameters relating to hunting efficiency and crippling losses of waterfowl were evaluated in 1978 and in pre-steel shot years (1965-1972). Two parameters (successful attempts and number of waterfowl knocked down per attempt) exhibited statistically significant increases; one parameter (number of birds knocked down per 100 shotgun shells fired) exhibited a significantly significant decrease; five parameters (including crippling losses) exhibited small, nonstatistically significant changes. MIN 818490100 Summary of Iowa's Waterfowl Gizzard Collection 1977 and 1978 Bishop, R.; Zenner, G. 1979 ?. 10 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Gizzards from waterfowl (mallards and pintails) were collected during the 1977 and 1978 hunting seasons at various management units in Iowa, and were visually examined for Ingested lead shot, and Ingested lead and steel shot, respectively. It was found that for both seasons, the incidence of ingested lead shot increased as the season progressed. ! , , MIN 818490042 1978-79 Waterfowl Gizzard Collection Survey Sporre, T. Indiana Department of Natural Resources Wildlife :• Management and Research Notes 104 1979.5 pp. Ref, Charts ABS: Data are provided on the incidence of lead and/or steel shot found in gizzards (n=718) of waterfowl harvested during the 1978-79 hunting season at seven state-owned waterfowl management areas in Indiana: Hovey Lake, Kankakee, LaSalle, Pigeon River, Kingsbury, Willow Slough, and Tri-County. The collection was restricted to mallards, black ducks, pintails, and Canada geese. :

46 AR200098 MIN 818490167 Lead and Steel Shot StudIes.«Update Hamburg, D.D. Missouri Conservationist Vol. September. Refer to MIN 818490166, 818490168 and 818490169 1979. pp. 16-19. Ref., Graphs ABS: In 1977, SL Charles County, Missouri was restricted to a steel shot zone as a first step toward the elimination of lead poisoning among waterfowl. In a previous article (Missouri Conservatfonists, October 1978), entitled Lead Poisoning, Waterfowl Waste, first-year results (1977) were reported from Missouri Department of Conservation studies designed to monitor the conversion from lead shot to steel shot These lead-steel shot studies were continued in 1978 to survey the following: (1) the availability of steel shot shells; (2) the number of lead and steel pellets deposited near blinds on waterfowl harvest areas; (3) the number of mallards, .that ingest lead and steel shot; and (4) the number of ducks and geese crippled by hunters with both lead and steel shot Rndings from these continued studies are summarized. MIN 818490166 Analysis of Gizzard Contents/Analysis of Sediment Samples: Lead and Steel Shot Incidence In Waterfowl Gizzards and Wetland Sediments Humburg, D.D. Missouri Department of Conservation Performance Report- Surveys and Investigations Projects, Report also under title Lead and Steel Shot Studies: 1978 Update, Refer to MIN 818490167,818490168 and 818490169 1979.24 pp. Ref.. Maps, Charts, Graphs ABS: Findings are presented from a survey of shot shell retailers in Missouri, conducted between 1 August and 13 November 1978, to determine the availability of steel shot in steel shot zones. Data on the occurrence of lead and steel pellets In wetland substrates collected near blinds on the Fountain Grove and Schell-Osage Wildlife Management Areas in 1977 and 1978 are provided, plus data on the incidence of ingested lead and steel shot in gizzards of waterfowl (ducks, Canada geese, and specifically, mallards) collected on public hunting areas of Missouri (Ted Shanks, Fountain Grove, Squaw Creek, Mingo, Swan Lake, Schell-Osage, Montrose, Duck Creek, and areas on the upper Mississippi River), Private clubs in the vicinity of these public areas and private areas In northwest Missouri were also sources of gizzard collections. Crippling rates reported from lead and steel shot studies conducted under field hunting conditions are summarized by state, area, species, and type of shot Hunter reported crippling rates (i.e., percent of birds knocked down but not retrieved) and harvests of ducks and geese on Missouri waterfowl management areas for the years 1973 through 1978 are tabulated. MIN 818490148 . Wetlands Ecology: Steel Shot Program: Hunter Questionnaire Hall, R.B. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Performance Report covering 12 October 1978 -1 March 1979, Refer to MIN 818490150 1979.10 pp. Ref., Charts, Maps ABS: Responses to questionnaires sent to waterfowl hunters to determine their attitudes toward steel shot and the steel shot program in New Jersey indicate that the use of steel shot as a substitute for lead is not favored by a majority of waterfowlers. While most hunters were aware of the program and its purpose, only 23.2 percent were in favor of it Over half of the hunters opposed to using steel shot felt that steel shot did not have the killing or knock down power of lead; only 15.5 percent of the hunters who claimed to have used steel shot felt that its knock down power was better or equal to lead. Other major reasons for opposition to steel shot included barret damage and cost Of those hunters in favor of using steel shot, 77 percent felt it would reduce the lead poisoning problems. MIN 818490127 Continued Availability of Lead Shot on a Public Goose Hunting Area In Southern Illinois Esslinger, C.G. MA Thesis. 1979. Southern Illinois University-Carbondale 1979.43 pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs ABS: The incidence of lead shot in the soil of public hunting areas on the Union County and Horseshoe Lake refuges . . were determined, and the effect of regular farming operations on the disappearance of lead shot from soil surface was evaluated. The potential for lead poisoning of Canada geese after ingestion of lead shot was investigated, and any winter die-off of these geese in southern Illinois was monitored. Management procedures to lessen or prevent the lead poisoning problem are described.

AR200099 MIN 818490118 Delta-Amlnolevullnic Acid Dehydratase Enzyme Activity In Blood, Brain, and Liver of Lead-Dosed Ducks Dieter, M.P.; Finley, M.T. Environmental Research Vol. 19 1979. pp. 127-135. Ref., Charts, Graphs After feeding on yellow com and commercial breeder pellets for six weeks, first-year-breeding mallard ducks were force-fed one No. 4 commercial lead shot (ca. 200 mg lead). At one month post-dosage, samples of blood, and brain and liver tissue were analyzed for lead concentration and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity: 1.0,2.5 and 0.5 ppm lead were found in blood, liver and brain, respectively. Lead-induced ALAD In blood and cerebellum was much greater than in cerebral hemisphere or liver and was strongly correlated with the lead concentrations in these tissues. Biochemical lesions were demonstrated in the brain,.particu!arty in the cerebellum, which precede the symptoms evident in the latter stages of lead poisoning. There was a greater increase in the gllal cell marker enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase, In cerebellum than in cerebral hemisphere, suggesting that nonregenerating neuronal cells were destroyed by tead and replaced by glial cells. Reference is made to other studies of the relationship between ALAD activity and lead poisoning in waterfowl (i.e. canvasback and mallard ducks). MIN 818490117 Blood Delta-Amlnolevullnic Acid Dehydratase (ALAD) to Monitor Lead Contamination In Canvasback Ducks (Aythya vallslnerla) Dieter, M. P. National Academy of Sciences Reprint from Animals as Monitors of Environmental Pollutants, Preliminary report of work presented at the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 1975), Refer to MIN 818490120 1979. pp. 177-191. Ref., Charts, Graphs ABS: Blood samples collected from canvasback ducks (n=272) trapped and released in the Chesapeake Bay at Persimmon Point, Virginia and Cove Point, Maryland, and in the Mississippi River at pool 7 north of LaCrosse, Wisconsin were analyzed for delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity as a means of monitoring lead poisoning. Lead concentrations in fiver, brain, and bone tissue were determined and correlated with blood ALAD values. At least twice as much lead was found in the blood, brains, and livers of ducks exhibiting abnormal ALAD enzyme activity as in those with normal ALAD activity. Reference is made to previous investigations of lead poisoning in waterfowl, in particular mallard ducks, using ALAD enzyme activity analysis. WIN 818490108 Poisoning In Game from Denmark Clausen, B.; Wolstrup, C. Danish Review of Game Biology Vol. 11, No. 2 1979.26 pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs ABS: Data collected from 1971 through 1979 on the incidence of lead poisoning found in game bird species, in particular mallards and mute swans, and In several other species of birds (pheasant, partridge, geese, gulls, wood pigeons, hawks, and owls) and mammals (hare, fox, and badger) are provided. Data are also provided on ingested lead shot in mallards and swans collected In various other countries over varying periods. Statistics on lead poisoned mute swans found near several day-pigeon shooting cites in Denmark are noted, and the relationship of lead poisoning In game birds to public health is discussed. MIN 818690342 7 State's Role In Steel Shot Program Cookingham, RA Third International Waterfowl Symp. Symposium held in New Orleans, LA, 27-29 January 1978 1978. pp. 150-155 - ' MIN 818690341 Needs, Methods, and Implementation of Information and Education Programs Brister, B. Third International Waterfowl Symp. Symposium held in New Orleans, LA, 27-29 January 1978 1978. pp. 162-169 MIN 818690337 . Effects of Vitamin E Deficiency on Tissue Lead Deposition and on Hepatic Xanthlne Dehydrogenase Activity In the Mallard Duck Sleet, R.B.; Scares, J.H. Proc. West Pharmacol. Soc. 1978. pp. 481-482. Vol. 21 MIN 818690332 " i ..;" Steel Shot Program - Addressing the Problems of Steel Shot Use and Criteria for Selecting Areas Smith, R. 3rd Inter. Waterfowl Symposium Symposium held in New Orleans, LA, 27-29 January 1978 1978. pp. 147-149. 818690328 Status of Waterfowl Programs In Mexico Ortiz, A.L. 3rd Inter. Waterfowl Symposium Symposium held in New Orleans, LA, 27-29 January 1978 1978.7 pp. 48 AR200IOO MIN 818690318 Effectiveness of Steel Shot for Hunting Interior Canada Geese Anderson, W.L.; Roetker, F. Illinois Dept Conservation Periodic Report No. 20 1978.11pp. ABS: The effectiveness of steel and lead shot was tested on the Union County Public Hunting Areas during the seasons. MIN 818690290 Michigan Lead Shot Investigation Study (1978 and 1977) Mikula, E.; Martz, G.; Aldrich, J. Michigan Dept Natural Resources Progress report Report No. 2809 1978.8pp. MIN 818690288 A Lead Detection Kit for Determining Bullet Wounds Stone, W.B.; Butkas, SA; Kellogg, C.F.; Kebabjian, D.E. New York Fish and Game J. 1978. pp. 165-168. Vol. 25, No. 2 MIN 818690255 Procedural Modifications for the Determination of Lead In Microquantities of Blood of Young Japanese Quail Stone, C.L; Fox, M.R.S.; Jones, A.O.L; Mahaffey, KR. Poultry Science 1978. pp. 811-813. Vol. 57, No. 3 ABS: Some problems in micromethods for sampling and determining lead in the capillary blood of 2-week-old Japanese quail and suggested solutions are discussed. MIN 818690249 The Influence of Lead, An Environmental Pollutant on Metamorphosis of Rana utricularla (AmphIb!a:RanIdae) Yeung, G.L Arkansas Acad. Sci. Proc. 1978. pp. 83-86. Vol. 32 MIN 818690244 Lead Concentrations In Feathers of American Woodcocks Collected from the United States Range Scanlon, P.F.; Schauer, N.L; Oderwald, R.G. Va. J. Sci. Abstract Only 1978. pp. 67. Vol. 29, No. 2 MIN 818690209 • Interactions between Lead, Lead-Iron and Iron Shot and Avian Cholera In Waterfowl Hunter, B. Wildlife Disease Association Meeting, Ft Collins, CO. Abstract Only 1978.1 pp. MIN 818690192 Lead Poisoning In Canada Gees* In Southeast Colorado Szymczak, M.R.; Adrian, W.J. Journal of Wildlife Management 1978. pp. 299-306. Vol. 42, No. 2 ABS: Lead poisoning of an estimated 925 Canada geese was studied at Turk's Pond. MIN 818690181 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl and Ways of Reducing tt Thomas, G.J. Int Waterfowl. Res. Bur. Bull. 1978. pp. 27-31. Vol. 45 ABS: The following methods for reducing the effects of lead poisoning are briefly described: provision of suitable food (e.g., leafy aquatic food plants) to slow the rate of pellet ingestion and absorption into tissues; provision of grit; choice of area to hunt; and use of non- toxic shot MIN 818690145 Demyelinating Peripheral Neuropathy In a Guinea Hen Associated with Subacute Lead Intoxication Hunter, B.; Haigh, J.C. Avian Diseases 1978. pp. 344-349. Vol. 22, No. 2 MIN 818690136 ^ Lead Poisoning In a Wild Turkey Stone, W.B.; Butka, SA New York Fish and Game 'General Notes 1978. pp. 169. Vol. 25, No. 2 MIN 818690135 Lead Shot Poisoning Kelly, J.E.; Levy, RA The Conservationist 1978. pp. 30-33,48. Vol. 32, No. 6

49 AR200IOI MIN 818690132 Steel Shot/Lead Shot Longcore, J.R.; Spencer, H.E.; Corr, P. Maine Fish and Wildlife 1978. pp. 6-7. Vol. 20. No. 4 : The designation of Mem/meeting Bay as a steel shot zone for the 1676-77 waterfowl season is discussed, with references to data on lead poisoning and shot incidence which prompted this decision. MIN 818690084 Lead Poisoning • Waterfowl Waste Hamburg, O.D. Missouri Conservationist 1978. (Oct) pp. 28-30. . MIN 818690050 " Steel Shot: Recent Developments and Gaining an Understanding Roster, T. Cal-Neva Wildl. 1978. pp. 221-237. ABS: A brief summary and update of the various nontoxic substitutes for lead shot, and the conclusions of completed controlled shooting tests are provided. The ballistic properties and potential of steel shot ate examined. MIN 818490392 A Study of Lead Ingestion In Waterfowl In West Tennessee Ballard, T.K.; Meriwether, J. J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. Abstract 1978. pp. 155. Vol. 53, No. 4 . ' .' MIN 818490387 Chronic ToxtoKy of Water-borne and Dietary Lead to Rainbow Trout (Salmo galrdnerl) In Lake Ontario Water Hodson, P.V.; Blunt B.R.; Spry, D.J. Water Research 1978. pp. 869-878. Vol. 12, No. 10 . , MIN 818490385 Interaction of Lead and Calcium Uptake by the Woodlouse, Porcelllo scaber (Isopoda, Porcelllonldae) Beeby, A. Oecotogia 1978. pp. 255-262. Vol. 32, No. 2 , , ABS: Lead and calcium nitrate in a potatoe base were fed to lice, and amounts accumulated were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of nitric acid. MIN 818490357 -*-..- . \ Core Sampler for Lead/Steel Shot Investigations Quist, W.J.; Kirby, R.E. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1978. pp. ^-166-169. Vol. 6, No. 3 MIN 818490324 " Wetlands Ecology. Steel Shot Program: Law Compliance Young, 8.D. New Jersey Div. Fish, Game & Wildlife Performance Report Period Covered: 12 October 1977 * 1 March 1978 1978.10 pp. ABS: Objectives were to determine compliance rates of hunters to the steel shot law in lead restricted areas of new Jersey, determining lead and steel shot ingestion rates for black ducks and scaup, and to compare these rates in areas of intensified and routine enforcement ,..••. MIN 818490322 The Consumer Habits of Waterfowl Harvested from Carlyle Lake In 1978 Wright, D.F. Illinois Dept Conservation 1878.28pp. , .,..,. MIN 818490317 ,.-....,, ". . Wetlands Ecology. Steel Shot Program: Hunter Surveys Widjeskog, L; Ferrigno. F.; Torn, S. New Jersey Division Fish, Game & Wildlife Performance Report. Period Covered: 1 October 1977 - 30 March 1978 1978. 37 pp. ABS: Objective was to conduct hunter surveys in steel shot and lead shot control areas, to compare crippling losses, total hunter use and harvest Study areas included Reeds-Absecon Bay, Dennis Creek, and Manasquan River. MIN 818490313 Wetlands Ecology. Steel Shot Program: Bottom Sampling Widjeskog, L. New Jersey Division Fish, Game & Wildlife Performance Report Period Covered: 1 January 1978-30 April 1978 1978.6pp. , . ABS: Objective was to determine the amounts of lead and steel pellets on the bottom of various coastal water areas and monitor them in relation to the progress of the steel shot program. Areas selected for sampling were the Unit One hunting area on the Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge and the Reeds-Absecon Bay study area south of the refuge. <

50 AR200I02 MIN 818490302 Occurrence of Ingested Lead Shot In Alberta Ducks, 1977 Weaver, H.R. Alberta Recreation, Parks and Wildlife 1978.23pp. ABS: Wildlife Research Series No. 2 MIN 818490294 Investigation of the Incidence of Ingested Shot Pellets among Waterfowl Wintering In Arkansas during the 1977-78 Waterfowl Hunting Season Sullivan, J.D. 1978(7). 27 pp. MIN 818490264 Detection and Differentiation of Ingested and FIred-ln Lead Shot In Waterfowl Gizzards Schauber, J.E. 1978.6 PP- MIN 818490256 Steel Shot Program: Lead Poisoning Roscoe, D.E.; Ferrigno, F.; Widjeskog, L. New Jersey Dept Environmental Protection 1978. 34 pp. ABS: Performance Report Period Covered: 1 October 1977 - 30 April 1978 MIN 818490131 Toxlctty of Experimental Lead-Iron Shot Versus Commercial Lead Shot In Mallards Finley, M.T.; Dieter, M.P. Journal of Wildlife Management 1978. pp. 32-39. Vol. 42, No. 1 MIN 818490233 A Report on Lead Shotgun Pellet Ingestion by Waterfowl In Franklin, Grand Isle, and Chlttenden Counties (Vermont) as Determined from Examination of Gizzard Contents Collected During the 1977 Waterfowl Hunting Season Myers, T.R. Vermont Fish and Game Department 1978.21 pp. MIN 818490221 An Improved X-ray Technique for Waterfowl Lead Ingestion Investigations Montalbano, F.; Mines, T.C. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission 1978.15 pp. ABS: Objective was to determine the most accurate and applicable technique of quantifying the occurrence of ingested lead shot in duck gizzards. MIN 818490214 Necropsy Results In Free-Frying and Captive Anatldat In British Columbia MacNeil, A.C.; Barnard, T. Can. Vet J. 1978. pp. 17-21. Vol. 19 ABS: Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service MIN 818490209 Bagging and Crippling Performance of Lead and Steel Shot Loads Lowry, E.D. 1978.22 pp. ABS: Findings from ballistics tests (Patuxent WRC and Nik) Farms) are summarized, comparing the behavior of steel and lead shotshell loads. An attempt is made to show how the critical properties of a shotshell (e.g., pattern level and velocity) affect bagging and crippling performance. MIN 818490088 Incidence of Lead and Steel Shot In Hunter-bagged buck Gizzards at Sauvie Island Wildlife Management Area, Oregon Baxter, R.D. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 1978.10 pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs ABS: A continuation and brief summary of lead shot poisoning studies that have been conducted at Sauvie Island Wildlife Management Area near Portland, Oregon since 1963 is provided. Data from gizzard analyses of hunter-bagged mallards, pintails, and diving ducks reveal a noticeable decline in lead shot incidence and level occurring between the 1962-63 and 1976-77 hunting seasons, but a substantial increase for the 1977-78 season; steel shot incidence was the highest recorded.

AR200I03 MIN 818490087 A Study of Lead Shot Ingestion In Louisiana Game Ducks Collected during the 1977*78 Hunting Season Bateman, H. 1978.11 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts Data from gizzard analyses to determine the incidence of lead and steel shot ingested by ducks during the 1977-78 hunting season at 32 different locations in Louisiana are provided and compared to data collected during the 1974-75 hunting season. These data indicate that Catahoula Lake is the most serious lead poisoning problem area in Louisiana. ., MIN 818490079 ... Waterfowl Gizzard - Toxic Shot Study: DeSoto NWR-1978 Refer to MIN Nos. 818490078 and 818490080 1978.3 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Data are provided on steel and lead shot found in the gizzards of waterfowl harvested during the waterfowl hunting program on DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge in 1978. MIN 818490049 The History of Lead Poisoned Waterfowl on a North Carolina Public Hunting Area Voros, D.J. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1978 ?. 11 pp. . . , - ABS: Findings are reported from an investigation, conducted in 1978, designed to summarize the history of lead poisoning at the Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge, to provide information on the cause of lead poisoning outbreaks at the refuge, and on the current availability of lead shot to waterfowl on Lake Mattamuskeet Management techniques to limit or prevent lead poisoning mortality among waterfowl are discussed. These techniques Include cultivation, dispersal methods, dewatering, flooding, providing crushed oyster shells as grit and plant management to reduce deep grubbing. MIN 818490027 Examination of Duck Lead Poisoning Potential In Colorado, 1977-78 Funk, H.D.; Corey, J.F. Colorado Division of Wildlife 1978.14 pp. Ref., Charts • : ABS: Data are proved on lead shot ingestion rates, determined by gizzard analyses, for a variety of duck species \i (n=1,789) harvested during the 1977-78 hunting season In Logan, Morgan, Weld, and Yuma counties, Colorado and the Monte Vista and Alamosa National Wildlife Refuges in Rio Grande and Alampsa counties. These ingestion rates are compared to elevated lead levels found in livers, as measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. • -/ • ' ' . '• MIN 818490104 The Incidence of Shot Ingestion by N.Y. Waterfowl (Results of a 1977-78 Gizzard Collection) Browne, S. 1978.22 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Gizzards collected from target and nontarget waterfowl species harvested during the 1977-78 hunting season in various regions of New York were X-rayed to determine the Incidence of ingested lead and steel shot Results of these analyses are reported, indicating the number of birds with Ingested shot, the distribution and incidence of Ingested shot (I.e. number of pellets), and the incidence of lead versus steel shot ingested, by species and area. Data on shot ingestion rates of these ducks are compared to those for the period 1938 through 1954. MIN 818490106 Incidence of Lead and Steel Shot In Waterfowl Gizzards and Bottom Samples from the Upper Mississippi Wildlife and Fish Refuges Bunkfeldt, L; Nosek, J.; Johannes, R.; Yuill, T.M.; Rush, D.H. University of Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Resource Unit Contract No. 30181-1727 1978 ?. 16 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Results are presented from a study designed to examine gizzards (n=993) from hunter-kilted waterfowl (ducks) and sediment samples (n=1,110) collected on the Upper Mississippi wildlife and fish refuges in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa during 1978. Gizzard analyses data are reported by species and sex, and are compared with those for 1977. <•'

52 MIN 818490172 Lead Shot Ingestion by Waterfowl Investigation Hyland.J. Unit Report, Refer to MIN-NUMBER 818490171 1978.2 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: During the 1977 waterfowl season, gizzards (n* 1,102) were collected and visually examined for lead shot petletsS-^ This collection included gizzards from four counties proposed as nontoxic, steel shot zones (Phelps, Keamey, Clay, and Filmore), and two counties identified as high harvest areas (Morrill, Garden, and Buffalo counties). Twelve species of ducks plus three coots were included, with the majority of gizzards coming from mallards (n=519) and green-winged teals (n=343). Data on the number of gizzards found containing lead shot are provided by county and species. MIN 818490150 Wetland Ecology: Steel Shot Program: Hunter Questionnaire Hall, R.B. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service Performance Report covering 12 October 1977 -1 March 1978. Refer to MIN 818490148 1978.13 pp. Ref., Charts, Maps ABS: Responses to questionnaires sent to waterfowl hunters to determine their attitudes toward steel shot and the steel shot program in New Jersey indicate that the use of steel shot as a substitute for lead shot is not favored by a majority of waterfowlers. While most hunters were aware of the program and its purpose, only 18.4 percent were in favor of it Over half of the hunters opposed to using steel shot felt that steel shot did not have the killing or knock down power of lead; only 18.3 percent of the hunters who claimed to have used steel shot felt that its knock down power was better or equal to lead. Other major reasons for opposition to steel shot included barrel damage and cost Of those hunters in favor of using steel shot, 67.8 percent felt it would reduce the lead poisoning problems. Hunters indicated a 22 percent noncompliance rate of using lead shot in steel shot areas. Unretrieved rates for ducks and geese in both shot areas showed gross differences. A copy of the New Jersey Waterfowl Hunter Survey is attached. MIN 818490149 Wetlands Ecology: Steel Shot Program: Unretrieved Losses Had, R.B. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Performance Report covering 12 October 1977-1 March 1978, Refer to MIN 818490147 1978.8pp. Ref., Charts, Maps ABS: Spy blind observations (n=31) were conducted in steel and lead shot areas of New Jersey during the 1977 waterfowl hunting season, to determine hunter performance and crippling losses to ducks and geese (in particuls^^ snow and Canada geese). There were no significant differences In the Unretrieved rates for duck or geese when results of the two shot areas are compared. Sample sizes, however, were too small for statistical analysis. Data indicate that twice as many shots were used to bring down geese with steel shot than with lead shot The observation of law violations was negligable. MIN 818490130 Influence of Laying on Lead Accumulation In Bone of Mallard Ducks Finley, M.T.; Dieter, M.P. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Vol. 4 1978. pp. 123-129. Ref, Charts ABS: Captive, paired mallard ducks were given No. 4 lead shot and bone lead concentrations in drakes were compared to those in laying and nonlaying hens. Lead accumulation was found to be significantly greater in bones with high medullary content (femur and sternum) than in bones with lower medullary content (ulna-radius or wingbones), indicating that sex and physiological condition are major factors influencing lead absorption by bone. Lead-dosed . hens were always found to contain higher bone lead residues than drakes. Dosage with a second lead shot did not result in further accumulation of bone lead in hens, but increased bone lead concentration threefold in drakes, suggesting that saturation levels for bone lead had been already been reached in the hens after ingestion of one shot There was no demonstrable relationship between egg production and bone lead residues. Findings from previous studies of lead accumulation in egglaying mallard hens are noted, including those from dietary studies with rats that have revealed competition between calcium and lead during active bone metabolism.

AR200I05 MIN 818490119 Erythrocyte Delta-Amlnolevulinlc Acid Dehydratase Activity In Mallard Ducks: Duration of Inhibition After Lead "Shot Dosage Dieter, M.P.; Finley, M.T. Journal of Wildlife Management Vol. 42, No. 3 1978. pp. 621-625. Ref., Charts, ABS: Eight-month-old, pen-reared mallards were dosed with one No. 4 lead shot birds were weighed and fluoroscoped at one and three weeks after dosage to ascertain shot retention. At four monthly intervals, ducks were bled randomly, and blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and lead residues were correlated. At one month post dosage, blood lead rose to 317 ppb and blood ALAD activity decreased to 67 units. As the lead was removed from the circulation, ALAD activity slowly Increased. At three months, ALAD activity was still 30 percent below respective control level; after four months, the mean ALAD activity was only 15 percent less, with many values being indistinguishable from controls. MIN 818490101 Steel Shot: A Balllstlclan's View Bockstruck, H. Ducks Unlimited Dec/Nov 1978 Issue 1978. 4 p. Ref., Charts ABS: Data on the following ballistics parameters from tests of lead shot and steel shot fired from 12-guage shotguns at 2-3/4 Inch loads of either No. 2 or No. 4 shot (1-1/8 oz, 1-1/4 oz, and 1-1/2 oz) are tabulated: (1) shot density and 40-yard patterns; (2) pellet count in 30-inch circle at 40- and 50-yard pattern; (3) pellet distribution (pattern percent and pellet in pattern at 40 yards); (4) downrange velocity and energy; and (5) 40-yard penetration (20 percent ordnance gelatin). ' MIN 818690386 Evaluation of Nevada's Waterfowl for Ingested Lead Shot Bamgrover, L. Nevada Dept Fish and Game Job Completion Report 1977, 19 pp. ABS: Waterfowl gizzards were collected from nine species of hunter harvested birds during the 1974-57, 1975-76 and 1 976-77 hunting seasons, at six heavily hunted wetland areas: Stillwater WMA, Humboldt WMA, Mason Valley WMA, Carson Lake, Overton WMA, and Key Pittman WMA. MIN 818690382 l historical Review of Lead Poisoning In Michigan Birds Stunt J.N. Michigan Dept Natural Resources Report No. T798 1977,8pp. ABS: Laboratory confirmed cases of lead poisoning In birds from Michigan from 1 943-1 976 are reported. MIN 818690326 Long Range Waterfowllng, Part IV: What's the Truth About Steel Shot? Roster, T. Fins & Feathers 1977 (Dec)! pp. 5-7,44-45 MIN 818690313 Implementation of the Use of Steel Shot In Waterfowl Hunting In the Two Eastern Flyways In 1977 Bednarik, K.E. Ohio Dept Natural Resources Wildlife In-service Note 349. Final Environmental Statement 1977. 24 pp. MIN 818690295 A Device for Testing Waterfowl for Lead Shot Ingestion Roscoe, D.E.; Nielsen, S.W.; Becker, T. Trans. Northeast Fish & Wildl. Conf. Conference Held 4-6 April 1977 (Boston, MA). Refer to MIN No. 818690296 1977. pp. 45-50. (11 pp.) Vol. 34 ABS: Results are reported from attempts to adapt a hematoftuorometer for use in screening waterfowl for lead shot ingestion. MIN 818690264 , V Chronic Effects of Lead on Schedule-Controlled Pigeon Behavior Barthalmus, G.T.; Leander, J.D.; McMillan, D.E.; Mushak, P.; Krigman, M.R. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. Grant No. ES01104 NIEHS 1977. pp. 271-284. Vol. 42, No. 2 ABS: Adult male white Cameaux pigeons were trained to peck a response key under a multiple fixed ratio 30 response fixed-interval 5-min. schedule of food presentation. Lead acetate or sodium acetate was given daily by gastric intubation, and blood-lead concentrations and responding were measured.

AR200I06 MIN 818690250 The Short-term Effects of Lead on Domestic and Wild Animals Botts, R.P. U.S. EPA Corvallis Environmental Research Lab. Report No. EPA-600/3-77-009 1977. 38 pp. MIN 818690163 Lead Poisoning In Sandhill Cranes Kennedy, S.; Crisler, J.P.; Smith, E; Bush, M. J. Amer. Vet Med. Assoc. 1977. pp. 955-958. Vol. 171, No. 9 : ABS: Seven Florida sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pratensis) and six greater sandhill cranes (G.c. tabida) at the Conservation and Research Center, Front Royal, Virginia were exposed to lead-based paint MIN 818690156 Lead In Urban and Rural Song Birds Getz, L.L.; Best, L.B.; Prather, M. Environmental Pollution 1977. pp. 235-238. Vol. 12 ABS: Species investigated included house sparrow (Passer domesticus). starling (Stumus vulgaris), grackle (Quiscalus quiscala), and robin (Turdus migratorius). MIN 818690140 DeKa-Amlnotevullnlc Acid Dehydrates* - A Sensitive Indicator of Lead Exposure In Japanese Quail Stone, C.L.; Fox, M.R.S.; Jones, A.L.; Mahaffey, K.R. Poultry Science 1977. pp. 174-181. Vol. 56, No. 1 ABS: Objective was to determine the activity of red blood cell delta- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and to correlate this enzyme with tissue lead concentrations in young (day-old) quail under conditions of low lead (lead acetate) exposure. MIN 818690108 Pathology of Plumblsm In Waterfowl and Development of a Simple Diagnostic Blood Test Roscoe, D.E. Ph.D. Dissertation. 1977. University of Connecticut 1977.145pp. ABS: Literature on the history, ecology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and gross histologic, and hematologte pathology of lead poisoning is reviewed, with emphasis on waterfowl. Experimental results are presented on clinical signs of chronic and acute lead poisoning, histopathology and tissue levels of lead, and effects on blood porphyrin, hemoglobin, blood levels and erythrocytic lesions of acute and chronic lead poisoning. Modifications and application of the hematofluorometer (fluorescence spectrographic analysis) for the diagnosis and screening of waterfowl for lead poisoning are described. MIN 818690107 . : Residue Levels of Potential Toxicants In Lesser Snow Geese Wintering In Louisiana, 1975-1976 West L.D. M.S. Thesis. 1977. Louisiana State University 1977.148 pp. MIN 818690078 Investigations of Waterfowl Lead Poisoning In California Moore, K. Cat-Neva Wildl. Trans. 1977. pp. 19-26. MIN 818690054 An Examination of the Contents of Duck Gizzards from Carrion Crow Bayou, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana during the 1976 and 1976 Hunting Seasons Vaughn, J.A. M.S. Thesis. 1977. Louisiana State University 1977. 67 pp.

MIN 818690006 An Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues and Food HabiU Study of the Mottled Duck In Southwest Louisiana GukJry, K.P. M.S. Thesis. 1977. Louisiana State University 1977.87pp. ABS: Field data were collected on or near Rockefeller Refuge and in the rice producing.areas of southwestern Louisiana. Eggshell thickness and the incidence of lead shot in gizzards were also determined. MIN 818490372 Lead Shot Pellets Dispersed by Hunters - Ingested by Ducks Danell, K.; Andersson, A.; Marcstrom, V. Ambio 1977. pp. 235-237. Vol. 6, No. 4 ABS: The incidence of ingested lead shot pellets found in 928 ducks collected in Sweden is described.

55 AR200I07 MIN 818490338 Zinc Protoporphyrin Level In Blood Determined by a Portable Hematofluorometer: A Screening Device for Lead Poisoning Blumberg, W.E.; Eisinger, J.; Lamola, A.A.; Zuckerman, D.M. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1977. pp. 712-723. Vol. 89, >lo.4 MIN 818490312 Delaware * Lead Poisoning 1976-77 Whittendale, T.W. Delaware Div. Fish and Wildlife 1977(7). 3pp. MIN 818490309 Nationwide Residues of Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, and Selenium In Starlings', 1973 White, D.H.; Bean, J.R.; Longcore, J.R. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 1977. pp. 35-39. Vol. 11, No. 1 ABS: Averages of metal residues from 1971 and 1973 collections are compared, including residues from urban and rural collecting sites. MIN 818490308 Waterfowl Exposure to Lead and Steel Shot on Selected Hunting Areas White, D.H.; Stendell, R.C. Journal of Wildlife Management 1977. pp. 469-475. Vol. 41, No. 3 ABS: Gizzards and wing bones from immature waterfowl were collected from 12 national and State hunting areas during the 1974-75 hunting season. .,!.•. ; . - UN 818490301 Residues In Fish, Wildlife, and Estuaries: Mercury, Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Selenium In Fish, 1971-73-NatIonal Pesticide Monitoring Program Walsh, D.F.; Berger, B.L; Bean, J.R. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 1977. pp. 5-34. Vol. 11, No. 1 MIN 818490270 The Case for Retention of Lead Shot In Alaska for Waterfowl Hunting Timm, D. Alaska Department of Fish and Game 1977.41pp. BS: A plan for the gradual conversion to non-toxic shot for waterfowl hunting in problem areas of Alaska is outlined. MIN 818490267 Assimilation and Accumulation of Lead Through the Aquatic Chain of Migratory Waterfowl Selser, W.I. 1977.73 PP- ABS: M.S. Thesis. 1977. University of Montana MIN 818490263 Lead Shot Study on Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge Sauselein, B. 1977.4 pp. MIN 818490176 Suspected lead toxicosis In a Bald Eagle Jacobson, E.; Carpenter, J.W.; Novllla, M. J. Amer. Veterinary Med. Assoc. 1977. pp. 952-954. Vol. 171, No. 9 , ; MIN 818490174 The Influence of Diet on the Pathogenesls of Lead Poisoning Irwin.J.C. 1977(7). 3pp. ABS: Abstract , . < MIN 818490244 Gizzard Analysis for Lead Shot Olson, T.; Minarik, C.; Schowafter, D. 1977(7). 6pp. . ABS: Report prepared for the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. During the 1977 waterfowl season, 1,024 waterfowl gizzards were collected from successful hunters in 29 Minnesota counties. Gizzards were examined by X-ray and dissection for lead pellets; the number of pellets per gizzard was tabulated by both the collection location and species. MIN 818490240 ^/ Summary of 1977 Waterfowl Harvest Parameters on the Mississippi River Portion of Minnesota and Wisconsin Nicklaus, R.H. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 1977.13pp. 56 AR200I08 MIN 818490025 Evaluating Cultivation Near Duck Blinds to Reduce Lead Poisoning Hazard Fredrickson, L.H.; Baskett, T.S.; Brakhage, G.K.; Cravens, V.C. Journal of Wildlife Management Refer to MIN 81-8490019 1977. pp. 624-631. Ref., Charts, Graphs ABS: Data are provided from an initial study (1965) and a final study (1974) on the amount and distribution of lead shot near fixed blinds at the Duck Creek Wildlife Management Area (Missouri). These studies were designed to evaluate the expectation that cultivation vertically distributes lead shot deeper into the soil, beyond the reach of waterfowl, thus reducing the lead poisoning hazard. These data indicate that where water control and soil conditions permit, cultivation near hunting blinds can lessen the availability of residual lead shot to waterfowl by burying it more deeply into soil. MIN 818490168 Lead and Steel Shot Incidence In Wetland Sediments and Waterfowl Gizzards: Missouri 1977 Humburg, D. Missouri Fish and Game Research Center Refer to MIN 818490166,818490167 and 818490169 1977.10 pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs, Maps ABS: Results are presented from studies conducted in Missouri during 1977 to monitor the relative availability of lead and steel shot in wetland sediments on two waterfowl management areas (Fountain Grove and Schell-Osage), as determined by transect surveys, and to determine the incidence of ingested lead and steel shot in the gizzards of waterfowl (in particular mallards) bagged on public and private hunting areas. MIN 818490332 Thyroid Function In Pekin Ducklings as a Consequence of Erosion of Ingested Lead Shot Goldman, M.; Dillon, R.D.; Wilson, R.M. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Vol. 40, Refer to MIN 818490033 1977. pp. 241-246. Ref., Charts ABS: Young Pekin ducklings were injected with 20 microcuries of carrier free radioactive iodine (1-125) 16 days after being force fed either three or six No. 4 lead shot, and thyroid uptake of 1-125 was measured 24 hours later. Findings regarding the erosion rate of lead shot in gizzard, thyroid weight and 1-125 uptake, serum lead 1-125, and 1-125 distribution, as determined by chromatographic analysis, in components of pronase thyroid hydrolysates an»- presented. MIN 818690356 Direct Mortality and Related Factors Affecting Waterfowl In North America Unduska, J.P.; Reeves, H.M. Proc. Int Conf. Conserv. Wetlands & Waterfowl Conference held in Heiligenhafen, W. Germany, 2-6 December 1976 1976. pp. 437-443 MIN 818690340 The Future Looks Harder but Brighter Brister, B. Winchester Press In: Shot Gunning: The Art and the Science 1976. pp. 293-311 • MIN 818690270 Possible Effect of Lead on Egg-shell Thickness In Kestrels 1874-1974 Grandjean, P. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1976. pp. 101-106. Vol. 16, No. 1 ABS: Lead concentrations in eggshells from recent (1972-1974) eggs in rural and urban areas were compared to concentrations in old eggs (1874-1953) which were obtained from the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Organochlorine concentrations in the recent eggs were also measured. MIN 818690232 Environmentally Acquired Lead In the Laughing Gull, Larus atricllla Munoz. R.V.; Hacker, C.S.; Gesell, T.F. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1976. pp. 139-142. Vol. 12. No. 2 ABS: Lead concentrations were measured in eggs, prefledgling and adult gulls collected near Gatveston, Texas.

AR200I09 MIN 818690223 Lead In Food of Animal Origin Del Bono, G.; Rindi, S. Attt. Societa Itallaria Sci. Vet. Italian language article 1976 pp 65-100. Vol. 30 : The review covers the sources of lead contamination such as industrial activities, traffic fumes, horticultural sprays, and lead shot Contents of lead found in and meat products, milk and milk products, fish, poultry, and game are discussed. MIN 818690208 Crippling Effects of Lead, Steel, and Copper Shot on Experimental Mallards Cochran&R.L. Wildl. Monogr. 1976. pp. 8-19. Vol. 51 ABS: The study was conducted at Nilo Farms, Winchester-Western's demonstration and experimental shooting preserve. MIN 818690198 The Incidence of Lead Shotgun Pellets In Waterfowl (Anatldae and Rallldae) Examined In South-Eastern Australia between 1957 and 1973 Norman, F.I. Aust. Wildl. Res. 1976. pp. 61-71. Vol. 3, No. 1 MIN 818690195 Effects of Lead Nitrate Ingestion on Open-Field Behavior of Mallard Ducklings Frederick, R.B. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1976. pp. 739-742. Vol. 16, No. 6 MIN 818690177 The Steel Shot Decision USFWS U.S Fish and Wildlife Service Monograph 1976.4pp. ABS: In a discussion of events leading to the decision to use steel shot for waterfowl hunting, the following questions are briefly addressed: what steel shot means to birds and hunters; how much lead collects in soils of hunting areas; what happens when ducks swallow lead; how many waterfowl are picking up lead and are dying from lead poisoning; will steel cause additional losses of birds not retrieved; damage by steel shots; and what is the cost of steel shot to hunters. 818690168 ' Swan Mortality Due to Certain Heavy Metals In the Mission Lake Area, Idaho Benson, W.W.; Brock, D.W.; Gabica, J.; Loomis, M. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1976. pp. 171-174. Vol. 15. No. 2 MIN 818690152 The Effect of Dietary Selenium Level on Lead Toxlctty In Japanese Quail Stone, C.L; Soares, J.H. Poultry Science Scientific Article No. A21 10, Contribution No. 5067 of the Maryland Agricul. Exper. Station 1976. pp. 341-349. Vol. 55, No. 1 i - . MIN 818690104 The Impact of Environmental Pollutants on Wildlife -An Overview Hartung, R. Plenum Press In: Wildlife Diseases (LA Page, Ed.) 1976. pp. 317-332. MIN 818490375 Effect of Diet Composition on the Toxlctty of Lead for the Chick Berg, LR. Poultry Science Abstract 1976. pp. 2009. Vol. 55, No. 5 ABS: Studies were conducted to determine the effect of diet composition (herring fish, anchovy fish, cottonseed meat, and soybean meal diets) on the toxidty of 2000 ppm lead for white leghorn cockerel chickens one to fourteen days of age. -, • MIN 818490307 > * Residues' of Organochlorines and Heavy Metals In Ruddy Ducks from the Delaware River, 1973 White, D.H.; Kaiser, T.E. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 1976. pp. 155-156. Vol. 9, No. 4 ABS: In December 1973, carcasses of eight ruddy ducks killed in an oil spill were analyzed for organochtorine pesticides, livers were examined for lead, cadmium, and mercury.

58 AR200I 10 MIN 818490296 Final Environmental Statement: Proposed Use of Steel Shot for Hunting Waterfowl In the United States U.S. FWS 1976.283pp. , MIN 818490266 Kansas Segment Cooperative FLyway Project Duck Gizzard Analysis to Determine Incidence of Ingested Lead Shot Schwilling, M.D. 1976.17 pp. MIN 818490262 Effects of Various Combinations and Numbers of Lead:lron Pellets Dosed In Wild-type Mallards Sanderson, G.C.; trwin, J.C. Illinois Natural History Survey 1976.148 pp. ABS: Final Report Contract No. 14-16-0008-914 MIN 818490215 The Effects of Lead Poisoning on Various Plasma Constituents In the Canada Goose March, G.L; John, T.M.; McKeown, BA; Sileo, L; George, J.C. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1976. pp. 14-19. Vol. 12 ABS: Paper No. 128 in the Physiology of Migration Series, University of Guelph (Ontario, Canada). Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service. Plasma glucose, free fatty acid, and uric add levels were measured in lead-poisoned Canada geese. Plasma level of growth hormone and prolactin was assessed by radioimmunoassay. MIN 818490055 Lead Shot Study Bukenhofer, G. Fish and Wildlife Service 1976.6pp. Ref, Maps, Charts ABS: Results are presented from a study conducted on three heavily hunted waterfowl production areas (Type IV marshes) in the Fergus Falls WMD (Minnesota) to determine the incidence of lead shot Bottom samples were collected between 29 October and 4 Nobember 1976 along transects at Kronemann, Spink, and Gertach marshes, and the number of shot per acre was calculated. MIN 818490024 Information, Attitudes and Iron Shot A Study of Wisconsin Waterfowl Hunters Ftoyd, D.W. University of Wisconsin 19767.17 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Findings are presented from questionnaires mailed to waterfowl hunters to determine their attitudes and knowledge about lead poisoning and nontoxic steel (soft iron) shot and to examine information sources used by these hunters in deciding whether to use steel shot MIN 818490046 Ingested Shot Incidence In Waterfowl on some National Wildlife Refuges In Florida Thompson, R.L. 1976.20 pp. Ref, Maps, Charts, Graphs ABS: Data are provided from gizzard analyses to determine ingested lead and steel shot In several species of ducks harvested during the 1973-74 to 1975-76 hunting seasons at selected refuges in Florida (Merrit Island, Loxahatohee, Lake Woodruff, J.N. Ding Darling, and Chassahowrtzha). Gizzards were visually examined for shot, or for entrance holes, to detemine if shot was ingested or had been fired into the gizzard; a small magnet was used to identify steel shot Recommendations for monitoring and banning lead shot use in these areas are presented. MIN 818490033 Results of the 1975 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Waterfowl Gizzard and Wing Collection Project Martin, E. Migratory Bird & Habitat Research Laboratory Project Report 1976.16 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Data are provided on the incidence of ingested iron and/or lead shot in gizzards of waterfowl bagged on or near selected national wildlife refuges during the 1974-75 and 1975-76 hunting seasons. Waterfowl species included mallards, pintails, black ducks, mottled ducks, Canada geese, and teals. Comparisons are made between shot ingestion rates of shot versus trapped waterfowl and adult versus immature ducks, and between body weights of ducks with and without ingested lead shot

59 AR200IM MIN 818490036 Statewide Waterfowl Management Study; Investigation of Lead Levels of Waterfowl In Utah Regenthal, A.F.; Jensen, F.C. Utah Project-No. W-117-L-D-R-6, Job D-7 1976.11 pp. Ref., Charts Data on the incidence of lead shot in the gizzards of three species of waterfowl (redhead, mallard, and canvasback ducks) collected during the 1974-75 hunting season in Utah are provided. These data are compared with those from studies conducted in 1973 and 1959, and with data on the lead levels found in wings of all juvenile birds, in particular, redhead juveniles, collected before and during the 1974-75 season. MIN 818490133 Delta-Amlnolevullnic Acid Dehydratase: Inhibition In Ducks Dosed with Lead Shot Flhley, M.T.; Dieter, M.P.; Locke, L.N. Environmental Research Vol. 12 1976. pp. 243-249. Ref., Charts, Graphs ABS: Lead concentration in blood and erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in mallard ducks dosed with one all-lead shot or one lead-iron combination shot For too weeks after dosage, lead in ducks given an all-lead shot was fourfold higher than in those dosed with lead-iron shot Ducks ingesting one lead shot exhibited an 85 percent decrease in blood ALAD activity as early as 24 hours; this magnitude of inhibition remained for four weeks after dosage. ALAD activity, which proved to be a very sensitive, indirect measure of lead levels, was Inversely correlated with lead in blood, indicating that biochemical responses to the two types of shot may have been dependent upon the quantity of lead present - MIN 818490116 Lead Shot Hot-Spot Area Delineation In the Central Flyway Dey, N.; Funk, H.; Stutzenbaker, C.; Szymczak, M. Central Flyway Waterfowl Council 1976.16 pp. ABS: The lead shot poisoning situation in the Central Flyway is reviewed, with reference to the situation in trie other flyways. Recommendations by the Subcommittee of the Central Flyway Waterfowl Technical Committee for delineating possible problem areas within the Central Flyway are presented. The gizzard data collection program that has been recommended by the Subcommittee for studying this problem is described, including alternative study methods. 818490001 i f Lead In Tissues of Mallard Ducks Dosed with Two Types of Lead Shot Finley, M.T.; Dieter, M.P.; Locke, L.N. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology Vol. 16, No. 3 1976. pp. 261-269. Ref., Charts, Graphs ABS: The kinetics and potential toxicity of lead-iron shot and commercial lead shot on pen-reared male and female mallard ducks at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center are compared. Data on lead residues in the livers, kidneys, blood, wingbones, and eggshells are presented. MIN 818690373 Lead Poisoning In Ducks: Effects on the Fertility and Fecundity Del Bono, G.; Braca, G.; Rindi, S. 20th World Vet Congress Summaries Abstract Only 1975. pp. 1046-1047. Vol. 2 ABS: The effects of lead poisoning on the fertility and fecundity of domestic ducks were investigated. MIN 818690353 Lead Poisoning Among Danish Mute Swans Clausen, B.; Dalsgaard, H.; Wolstrup, C. Dansk. VetTtdsskr. Danish language article with English summary 1975. pp. 843-847. Vol. 58, No. 21 ABS: The first major outbreak of lead poisoning observed among web-footed birds in Denmark is described. MIN 818690147 . A Fine Structural Study and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectrometrical Analysis of the Metals Present In Ovarian and Other Tissues of Normal and Lead-poisoned Quail (Coturnbc coturnlx Japonlca> Ophus, E.M.; Fageriand, G.; Gullvag, B.M. Acta Zoologies 1975. pp. 177-187. Vol. 56, No. 3 MIN 818690146 Lead Poisoning of Japanese Quail (Cotumtx cotumlx Japonlca): An Analysis of Different Body Tissues Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy Gullvag, B.M.; Ophus, E.M.; Eskeland, B. Acta Zoologica 1975. pp. 163-175. Vol. 66. No. 3

, * - 60 AR200M2 MIN 818690141 ToxicKy of Dietary Lead In Japanese Quail Morgan, G.W.; Edens, F.W.; Thaxton, P.; Parkhurst, C.R. Poultry Science Paper No. 4561 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricul, Exper. Station 1975. pp. 1636-1642. Vol. 54, No. 5 MIN 818690139 Lead Toxictty of Bobwhtte Quail Damron, B.L; Wilson, H.R. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1975. pp. 489-496. Vol. 14, No. 4 ABS: Five experiments were conducted using both juvenile and adult Bobwhite quail to study the toxicity of lead acetate, lead shot powdered lead and antimony. Trends in body weight feed intake, semen quality or organ weight of adult quail were noted. MIN 818690122 Successful Treatment of a Muts Swan for Lead Poisoning Gelston, W.L; Mikula, E.; Stunt J. Jack-Pine Warbler The swan was treated with calcium disodium Versenate (CaEDTA) for lead poisoning after swallowing a fishing sinker. Lead poisoning 1975. pp. 156-158. Vol. 53, No. 4 MIN 818690105 Ingested Lead Pellets In Waterfowl at the Ouse Washes, England, 1968-73 Thomas, G.J. Wildfowl 1975. pp. 43-48. Vol. 26 MIN 818690102 Incidence of Body Shot In Lake Michigan Oldsquaws Peterson, S.R.; Etlarson, R.S. Journal of Wildlife Management 1975, pp. 217-219. Vol. 39, No. 1 MIN 818690005 Toxlcltfes In Exotic and Zoo Animals Fowler, M.E. Veterinary Clinics of North America Symposium on Clinical Toxicology for the Small Animal Practitioner 1975. pp. 685-698. Vol. 5, No. 4 MIN 818490291 Two Year State-wide Waterfowl Lead Ingestion Investigation Stutzenbaker, C.D. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 1975.24pp. ABS: Special Report. Objectives were to determine: (1) the extent of lead ingestion in ducks wintering in Texas; and (2) gross food habits of Texas wintering ducks by major use zones. MIN 818490285 Lead Residues In Bone Produced by Ingestion of Shot Stendell, R.C. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center 1975.5 PP. MIN 818490265 Lead Shot Incidence of a New Mexico Public Hunting Area Schranck. B.W.; Doltahon, G.R. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1975. pp. 157-161. Vol. 3, No. 4 ABS: The incidence of lead shot was investigated on a seasonal marsh used for waterfowl hunting at the Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge, RosweH, New Mexico. Management recommendations to limit waterfowl exposure to lead are offered. MIN 818490081 Incidence of Ingested Lead Shot In Sora Rails Artmann, J.W.; Martin, E.M. Journal of Wildlife Management 1975. pp. 514-519. Vol. 39, No. 3 MIN 818490220 Results of the 1974-75 Survey of Shooting Ranges In Waterfowl Hunting Migratory Bird and Habitat Research Laboratory 1975.4pp. MIN 818490219 Results of Controlled Field Tests Conducted to Compare tha Performance of Lead and Soft Steel Shot for Waterfowl Hunting: 1973-74 and 1974-75 Seasons Migratory Bird and Habitat Research Laboratory 1975(7). 5 pp. 61 AR200I13 -MIN 818490097 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl: Dosage And Dietary Study: Summary of Illinois Natural History Survey Study - 1984-1953. Holmes, R.S.; Bellrose, F.; Jordan, J. Illinois Natural History Survey 1975.74 pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs V^ABS: Results of feeding experiments are summarized, Indicating the influence of shot dosage (alloy, particle size, number or weight of pellets), type and amount of food, and dietary supplements on lead toxicity in domestic and wild mallards. Criteria for evaluation of toxicity was percent weight loss and mortality in a 30 day period. MIN 818490092 Impact of Lead Poisoning on Waterfowl Bellrose, F.C; Illinois Natural History Survey Paper presented at the First International Waterfowl Symposium (St Louis, Missouri. 4-6 Feb 1975) 1975.16 pp. Ref., Graphs ABS: The effects of lead shot ingestion on waterfowl, including the methods of measuring such effects, and the influence of food on the survival of waterfowl after ingesting lead shot are described. Findings are summarized from field and laboratory experiments concerning the incidence (i.e., number and size) of lead shot found in the gizzards and bones of ducks during hunting seasons, on breedin... g grounds, and within fiyways. ' • ' '. MIN 818490047 Ingested Lead Shot In Alaska Waterfowl -1974-75 Hunting Season Timm, D. Alaska Department of Fish and Game 1975.9 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Data are provided on the incidence, as determined by X-ray and fluoroscopic analysis, of lead shot found in gizzards of waterfowl species (664 ducks and 57 geese) harvested at 17 locations in Alaska during the 1974-75 hunting season. A comparison of several ingested lead shot studies (Alaska, nationwide, Idaho, Utah, Washington. and Oregon) is presented, and future lead shot studies needed in Alaska are noted. .. MIN 818490060 Documenting Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Adrian, W.J.; Szymczak, M.R. Colorado Department of Natural Resources Game Information Leaflet No. 100, Outdoor Facts 1975.2pp. Ref., Graphs, Illus. ABS: Signs and symptoms for identifying lead poisoning in waterfowl, in particular Canada geese, are briefly described. Graphs depicting the percentage distribution of liver and bone lead levels found in hand- reared controls versus suspected Canada goose lead poisoning victims from Turk's Pond, Baca County, Colorado are provided. Procedures for reporting, collecting, and handling dead waterfowl suspected of lead poisoning In Colorado are outlined. MIN 818490069 Incidence and Size of Lead Shot In Lesser Snow Geese Ankney, C.D. Wildlife Society Bulletin Vol. 3, No. 1 1975. pp. 25-26. Ref.. Charts ABS: Breeding adult lesser snow geese were collected at the McConnell River (Northwest Territory, Canada) and dissected to determine the incidence and size of lead shot they were carrying. Data indicate that there was no significant difference in proportions of males and females, and snow and blue phase geese carrying lead shot MIN 818690324 ' ' - Some Effects of Lead Ingested Lead-Steel Shot on Wild-trapped Male Mallards Sanderson, G.C.; Hurley, S.S. Illinois Natural History Survey 1974.67pp. MIN 818690305 '' Guns and Ammunition Used During the 1972 Hunting Season In Eight Mississippi Flyway States Bednarik, K.E. •Qhio Dept. Natural Resources Wildlife In-service Note 262 1974.3pp. MIN 818690289 Lead Iron Shot, a Possible Solution to the Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl: Further ToxicKy Information Irwin, J.C.; Dennis, D.; Perret, N.G. Trans. Northeast Sci. Wildl. Soc. 1974. pp. 159-171. Vol. 31

62 AR200I11* MIN 818690267 The Pigeon, a Sensor of Lead Pollution Ohi, G.; Seki, H.; Akiyama, K.; Yagyu, H. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1974, pp. 92-98. Vol. 12, No. 1 ABS: An initial report is presented on the measurement of lead concentrations of blood, femur, and kidney, and those delta- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) collected from the adult street pigeons in both downtown and suburban Tokyo, Japan MIN 818690213 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Caithness, TA Wildl. Rev. N.Z. Wildl. Serv. 1974. pp. 16-19. Vol. 5 MIN 818690070 Lead Poisoning In a Bird of Prey Benson, W.W.; Pharaoh, B.; Miller, P. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1974. pp. 105-107. Vol. 11. No. 2 ABS: A case report of fatal lead poisoning in a prairie falcon raised in captivity is presented. The falcon was fed duck heads (primarily mallards) supplied by a local poultry processor during hunting season. MIN 818490292 Stats-wide Waterfowl Lead Ingestion Investigation Stutzenbaker, C.D. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 1974. 30pp. ABS: Special Report Objectives were to determine: (1) tje extent of lead ingestion in ducks wintering in Texas; and (2) gross food habits of Texas wintering ducks by major use zones. MIN 818490189 Transport of Lead 203 and Calcium 47 from Mother to Offspring Kostial, K.; Momcitovic, B. Archives of Environmental Health 1974. pp. 28-30. Vol. 29, No. 4 ABS: The transfer of lead 203 and calcium 47 from mother to fetuses and litter was examined 46 hours after a single intravenous application of both radioisotopes to albino rats on the 18th day of pregnancy and on the fourth and 15th day of lactation. MIN 818490185 . Comparison of Steel and Lead Shot from Controlled Field Tests and from Questionnaires, 1973-74 Kimball, C.F, 1974.19pp. MIN 818490177 Ingested Lead Shot In Washington Waterfowl 1973-74 Hunting Season Jeffrey, R.G.; Zender, ST. 1974(7). 9 pp. MIN 818490210 Dynamic Behavior of a Duck-Hunter System Lowry, E.D. 1974.23pp. ABS: A method for studying the behavior pattern of complex systems over a period of time is described. For purpose of example, a method, a duck- hunter systems is developed and its behavior is observed, noting some of its potential uses and implications. MIN 818490205' Significance of Lead Residues In Mallard Tissues Longcore, J.R.; Locke, L.N.; Bagley, G.E.; Andrews, R. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1974.29pp. ABS: Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 182. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, Stock No. 2410-00394. Lead levels in brain, tibia, gallbladder and spleen, kidney, pancreas, heart, lung, and breast muscle were determined. Factors affecting lead disposition and lead concentrations in non-waterfowl species are discussed.

63 AR200IIS MIN 818490203 <; Toxicity of Lead and Proposed Substitute Shot to Mallards Longcore, J.R.; Andrews, R.; Locke, L.N.; Bagley, G.E.; Young, LT. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1974.28pp. . S: Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 183. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, Stock No. 2410-00395. Substitute shot included lead shot with nickel coating, lead-phosphor tin alloy shot, lead shot with tin-nickel alloy coating, steel shot with lead coating, lead-tin alloy, disintegrable lead shot (with water-soluble binder), and lead with biochemical additives. MIN 818490086 ,!.. Ingested Shot Incidence In Waterfowl on the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge Baker, J.L.; West, L.D. Merrit Island National Wildlife Refuge 1974.6 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Data are provided on the number of lead and steel shot found in gizzards of 16 species of ducks bagged during the 1973-74 waterfowl hunting season at the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. MIN 818490037 Enzyme Changes In Mallard bucks Fed Iron or Lead Shot Rozman, R.S.; Locke, L.N.; McClure, S.F. Avian Diseases Vol. 18, No. 3 1974. pp. 435-445. Ref., Charts. Graphs ABS: Results are presented from a study designed to determine the values of serum alkaline phosphate (SAP), serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) in adult game farm-reared mallards before and after oral dosing with either iron or lead shot Enzyme levels in eight selected organs (pectoral muscle, liver, heart kidneys, duodenum, esophagus, gizzard, and brain) and in red blood cells , were analyzed by these serum assay methods. . . MIN 818490107 A Report on the Cooperative Central Flyway Project to Collect Duck Gizzards to Determine Incidence of Ingested Shot: Kansas Segment Carson, G. Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Commission 1974 ?. 10 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Data are provided on the incidence of ingested lead shot found In the gizzards of a total of 701 ducks (mallards, pintails and greater and/or lesser scaups) collected in various regions of Kansas in October through December 1973. Scaup were found to have the highest incidence of ingested lead shot followed by pintail, arid then mallard, with the incidence in all birds decreasing from east to west across the State; November was the time when the highest incidence occurred. The high incidence of ingested shot found among scaup is probably a result of a small sample size and/or the feeding habits of divers; lead shot ingestion rates for mallards and pintails in Kansas were similar to the national average. MIN 818490014 Summary of Iron Shot Program at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge during 1973-4 Season 1974 ?. 2 pp. Ref., Charts . ABS: Data on the number and success of hunters using lead versus steel shot on the Bear River Refuge (Utah) during the 1973-74 waterfowl season are provided. Findings from hunter questionnaires are summarized/indicating the bias of hunters against iron shot but their willingness to use K If required by law. The two most prevalent complaints against iron shot were the lack of power (range) and the cost Concern was also expressed regarding the possibility of barrel damage when using iron shot MIN 818490012 Extent of Ingested Lead Shot Found In Idaho Waterfowl Gizzards Collected During the 1973-74 Hunting Season 1-974 7.4 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Findings are summarized from X-ray and microscopic analyses of waterfowl gizzards (n=1,735) collected from hunter kills during the 1973-74 hunting season in six regions (northern, southwest eastern, Clearwater, Magic Valley, and upper Snake River) of Idaho. In addition to finding ingested lead in the-gizzards of these birds, a variety of copper wire, small pieces of iron, and minerals appearing to be gold and silver were also found.

64 AR200II6 MIN 818490002 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl at Rica Lake, Illinois Anderson, W.L. Illinois Natural History Survey 1974 .?. 16 pp. Ref, Charts, Graphs ABS: Data are provided on the population size of various species of waterfowl present in the vicinity of Rice Lake, Illinois, and on the number of birds found dead or in moribund condition during an outbreak of lead poisoning in the spring of 1972. It was estimated that 1,500 waterfowl died during this outbreak, with lesser scaup being the principle species affected, making up 75 percent of 396 birds found dead or in moribund condition. Data are also provided on the incidence of lead shot found in gizzards, as determined by visual examination, and on lead concentrations found in livers, kidneys, and wing bones (ulna and radius), determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometric micro-sampling system. MIN 818490163 Iron Shot Study Conducted on Willow Slough Fish & Wildlife Area, 1973-74 Hunting Season Hudson, D.; Jessup, D. Indiana Department of Natural Resources 1974.9 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: During the 1973-74 hunting season, an experimental iron shot study was conducted on the Willow Slough Fish and Wildlife Area to introduce hunters to the use of iron shot and to obtain data on its performance and the hunters' reactions or attitudes to its use. A total of 400 hunters used iron shot versus 445 hunters who used lead shot The following data, indicative of lead and iron shot performance, are provided: (1) number of shells fired; (2) birds bagged, downed, retrieved, and unretrieved; (3) birds bagged/hunting day; and (4) shells fired/bird bagged and downed. It was found that while 34 percent of the hunters were not satisfied with its performance, 51 percent agreed that lead poisoning is a serious problem. It is believed that by placing greater emphasis on decoying waterfowl (short range shots) and developing a heavier iron shot the problem of crippling loss would be significantly reduced to the point where the waterfowl hunter would accept the substitute shell to insure the future of their sport MIN 818490140 Lead Shot Investigations: Gizzard Collections Mallard, Scaup, Pintails, 1973-74 Funk, H.D. 1974.10 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Data on the number of gizzards collected from mallards, pintails, and scaups In the Central Flyway during the 1973-74 hunting season are reported by State, period (i.e. month collected) and land status (i.e., private or publte)W Data on the incidence of shot in mallards, pintails, and scaup hunter-harvested In the Central Flyway are compared to those collected in the early 1950s. Ingested lead shot data collected on these waterfowl species in the Mississippi and Pacific fiyways from 1938 through 1954 are provided. MIN 818490329 Pathogenesls of Lead Shot Poisoning In the Mallard Duck Clemens, E.T.; Krook, L; Aronson, A.L.; Stevens, C.E. Cornell Veterinary Vol. 65 1974. pp. 248*285. Ref., Charts, Graphs, Illus. ABS: Adult mallard ducks (N=48) were fed either a low or a high fiber diet and were administered steel pellets to determine the rate of excretion from the gastrointestinal tract In separate studies, ducks were administered five number 6 lead pellets, examined for clinical signs, and sacrificed at given intervals over a 20-day period to assess changes in tissue structure and concentrations of lead with time. Birds on the high fiber diet demonstrated more severe clinical signs and higher concentrations of lead in tissue than birds on the low fiber diet MIN 818690057 Lead in Texas Wetlands and Its Relationship to Waterfowl Hunting Price, L.H. M.S. Thesis. 1974. Rice University 1574.47 pp. MIN 818690391 The Wear and Damage of Shotgun Barrels with Pellets of Soft Iron and Lead-Iron Mixtures Dayson, C.; Maloney, T. National Research Council Canada Mechanical Eng. Report MP-62 1973.27pp. ABS: A third series of tests is described in which measurements were taken on the wear and damage of shooting iron, lead-iron and copper shot MIN 818690390 Some Facts about Lead Shot Burdett P.H. Ducks Unlimited 1973. pp. 19-20,56. Vol. 36, No. 5 ._

65 AR200II7 MIN 818690388 v ^ ; The NIlo Lethality Model Lowry, E.B. LAGFCC 63rd Convention of the International Assoc. Game, Fish and Conservation Commissioners (10-12 September 1973, Disney World, FL) 1973. pp. 117-141. Vol. 63 MIN 818690379 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl - A Canadian Approach to the Problem Ferret, N.G. Procs. Inter. Assoc. Game, Fish and Conserv. Comm. 1973. pp. 87-96. Vol. 63 MIN 818690348 _ A Survey of States Relating to the Waterfowl Lead Poisoning Problem and Conversion from Lead to Iron Shot Migratory Wildlife Committee 63rd Conv. Int. Assoc. Game, Fish Conserv. Comm. Convention held in Disney World, FL, 10-12 September 1973 1973. pp. 216-229 MIN 818690338 Lead In the Canadian Environment National Research Council Canada Publication No. BY73-7(ES) of the Environmental Secretariat 1973. 117pp. " MIN 818690099 A Method to Determine Waterfowl Shooting Distances Davenport, DA; Sherwood, GA; Murdy, H.W. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1973. pp. 101-105. Vol. 1, No. 2 MIN 818690093 The Effect of Ingested Lead Shot on the Electrocardiogram of Canada Geese Sileo, L; Jones, R.N.; Hatch, R.C. Avian Diseases 1973. pp. 308-313. Vol. 17, No. 2 ABS: An attempt was made to detect myocardial degeneration and necrosis by electrocardiography. . T- ; MIN 818690083 Lead Poisoning In Domestic and Wild Ducks Del Bono, G.; Braca, G. Avian Pathology 1973. pp. 195-209. Vol. 2, No.3 :•-••- ABS: Results of chemical, radiological, hematological, histomorphologica! and lexicological research on experimental lead poisoning are reported and discussed. MIN 818690026 Lethality In Danish Wild Ducks due to Lead Poisoning? Rebsdorf, A. Nord. Veterinaermed. Danish language article 1973. pp. 168-169. Vol. 25, No. 3 MIN 818490391 . ' . . , Accumulation of Toxic Metals wKh Special Reference to Their Absorption, Excretion and Biological Half-Times Task Group on Metal Accumulation Environ. Physiol Blochem. 1973. pp. 65-1 07. Vol. 3 - : MIN 818490355 . Cadmium, Nickel, Lead, and Zinc In Earthworms from Roadside Soil Glsh, C.D.; Christensen, R.E. Environmental Science & Technology 1973. pp. 1060-1062. Vol. 7 • ABS: Worms and soils were collected in 1970 at two locations along the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, and two locations along U.S. Highway 1. , ' -• , MIN 818490279 Organochlorlnes, Heavy Metals, and the Biology of North American Acclplters Snyder, N.F.R.; Snyder, HA; Lincer, J.L.; Reynolds. R.T. BtoScience 1973. pp. 300-305. Vol. 23, No. 5 MIN 818490255 , - :v ': Iron Shot -A View of the Issues Rogers, J!P. 1973.5pp. ABS: Presented at Annual Meeting of International Association of Game, Fish, and Conservation Commissioners, Disney Work), Florida, 10 September 1973. ,

66 AR200I 18 MIN 818490190 Nilo Shotshell Efficiency Test on Experimental Mallard Ducks, 1972-73 Kozicky, E.; Madson, J. 1973. 33 pp. ABS: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Association of Game, Fish and Conservation Commissioners (Disney World, Florida, 10 September 1973). Three non-lead shotshetls loads (#6 steel, #4 steeL_> and pure #4 copper) were compared to #4 lead shot in the Super- X, Douvle X Magnum. MIN 818490243 The 1973-74 Iron Shot Program Office of Migratory Bird Management 1973.6pp. ABS: The program, conducted on public hunting areas of seven national wildlife refuges, was designed to introduce hunters to the use of iron shot ammunition, and to obtain data on its performance and the reaction of hunters to it MIN 818490242 Summary of Findings from Iron Shot Program Conducted by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1972-73 Hunting Season Office of Migratory Bird Management 1973.6 pp. ABS: The program, conducted on public hunting areas of seven national wildlife refuges, was designed to introduce hunters to the use of iron shot ammunition, and to obtain data on its performance and the reaction of hunters to it MIN 818490239 Effects of Lead and Steel Shot on Shooting Flighted Mallards Nicklaus. R.H. Wildlife Monographs 1973(7). pp. 22-29. Vol. 51 ABS: Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service MIN 818490216 Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic Residues In Starlings -1971 Martin, W.E.; Nickerson, P.R. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 1973. pp. 67-72. Vol. 7, No. 1 ABS: Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service MIN 818490212 A Brief Description of the Nilo Lethality Model Lowry, E.D. 1973.19 pp. / MIN 818490211 Th» Nilo Lethality Formula Lowry, E.D. 1973.36pp. ABS: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Association of Game, Fish and Conservation Commissioners (Disney World, Florida, 10 September 1973) MIN 818490202 An Unusual Case of Lead Poisoning In a Whistling Swan Locke, L.N.; Young, LT. Maryland Birdlife 1973. pp. 106-107. Vol. 29, No. 3 ABS: Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service MIN 818490099 Waterfowl Lead Poisoning Studies at Fomey's Lake, Iowa Bishop, RA Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences Vol. 79 1973. pp. 12-13. Ref. Charts ABS: Mallards and snow geese collected during the winter of 1965-66 through 1968 were examined for lead shot in gizard and lead poisoning symptoms. Stratified, random lake and marsh bottom samples were also collected in 1967 and 1968 to determine the occurrence of lead shot and the influence of soil types on the rate and depth that lead settles. MIN 818490082 Lead Shot Settlement, Oxidation, and General Availability to Waterfowl: And a Bibliography on Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Bachman, V.; Low, J.B. Utah Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit 1973.22pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs, Illus. ABS: Data from plot samples taken from the marsh soil of the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge are provided, indicating the number of shot pellets recovered at various depths within the soil. A list of points to consider in terms of managing lead poisoning in waterfowl is presented. \^y

AR200II9 MIN 818490052 >._ , ; ' A Survey of States Relating to the Waterfowl Lead Poisoning Problem and Conversion from Lead to Iron Shot:, *nnual Report of the Migratory Wildlife Committee, 1972 -1973 Migratory Wildlife Commitee Migratory Wildlife v-^ommitee 1973.19 pp. ABS: Responses to a questionnaire sent to all states to sample opinions on the current lead poisoning problem and national strategy for conversion to iron shot are summarized. A copy of the questionnaire is provided, including , comments from each state on this problem. MIN 818490018 v , Lead Poisoning of Waterfowl In Maryland Bitefy, RA Maryland Wildlife Administration Paper presented at the 63rd Convention of the International Association of Game, Fish and Conservation Commissioners (Ortando, Florida, 10 September 1973) 1973.8pp. ; ABS: Data are provided on waterfowl losses resulting from lead poisoning in the Maryland-Delaware area during the winters of 1971 -72 and 1972-73. Efforts to prevent this problem, including the use of steel shot, are described. MIN 818490041 Research on Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Smith, R.I. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1973.2pp. ABS: In response to a request by the Technical Coordinating Committee on Iron Shot to examine the problem of . evaluating lead poisoning in waterfowl, the Bureau has examined methods of measuring the amount of mortality from ingestion of lead pellets, and the incidence and distribution of lead poisoning in the United States. Several research studies are cited in a discussion of research alternatives (I.e., direct counts and indirect estimates of deaths from lead poisoning, and surveys of lead levels in waterfowl) that were considered. MIN 818490043 A Summary of Dr. Locke's Autopsy Findings In Canada Geese Collected In Delaware, January 1972, and In Maryland, March 1972 Stickel, L.F. 1973.4 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Detailed findings on the age, sex, collection site, and diagnosis of autopsied Canada geese, collected in Maryland and Delaware, are summarized, noting the condition of their esophagus and/or gizzards, and the amount of lead shot and/or fragments found in gizzards. MIN 818690184 Lead Poisoning In Captive Wild Animals Zook, B.C.; Sauer, R.M.; Gamer, P.M. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1972. pp. 264-272. Vol. 8, No. 3 ABS: Lead Poisoning was diagnosed post-mortem in 34 simian primates, 11 parrots, and three Australian fruit bats at the National Zoological Park (Washington, D.C.). . MIN 818690124 Iron Shot - Panacea or Pacifier? Farrar, J. NEBRASKAiand 1972. pp. 32-35. Vol. 50, No. 12 MIN 818490374 Assays for Porphyrlns, delta-Amlnolevutlnlc-Aeld Dehydratase, and Porphyrinogen Synthetase In Microliter Samples of Whole Blood: Applications to Metabolic Defects Involving the Heme Pathway Grantek, S.; Sassa, S.; Granick, J.L.; Levere, R.D.; Kappas, A. Proc. National Academy of Science Research supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, U.S. Public Health Service, and General Clinical Center 1972. pp.2381-2385.Vol.69, No. 9 ABS: Three micromethods are described for the assay of enzymes or products of the heme biosynthetic pathway in blood: fluorometric assay and method, and cotorimetric assay. MIN 818490295 ; ; <• Mercury Levels In Tissues of Ducks Collected In South-Central North Dakota Swanson, G.A.; Krapu, G.L.; Nelson, H.K. North Dakota Academy of Science 1972, Vol. 25 MIN 818490275 The Problem of Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Smith, R.I. 1972.6 pp. Presented at 12 July 1972 Meeting, Department of the Interior

AR200I20 MIN 818490186 Results from the Hunter Performance Survey, 1970-1972, and the Bag Check Temperature Survey, 1972 Kimball, C.F. 1972.25pp. MIN 818490175 The Toxicity for Ducks of Disintegrated Lead Shot In a Simulated-Marsh Environment Irwin, J.C.; Karstad, L.H. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1972. pp. 149-154. Vol. 8 MIN 818490044 Lead Poisoning In Canada Geese on the Upper Eastern Shore of Chesapeake Bay Stotts, V.D. Maryland Department of Natural Resources 1972 ?. 16 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts ABS: Rndings are reported from an evaluation of lead poisoning occurring among Canada geese in the Queen Anne's County and Cecil County sections of the upper Chesapeake Bay between Christmas 1971 and April 1972. Data from aerial and ground surveys of these geese, and dabbling ducks, at several pond areas are provided, and the causes of mortality (i.e. lead poisoning and bacterial infections) are discussed, including weather conditions and feeding habits that contribute to the incidence of lead poisoning. MIN 818690327 Erythrocyta Enzymes In Experimental Lead Poisoning Rogers, L.E.; Battles, N.D.; Reimold, E.W.; Sartain, P. Arch. Toxikot. 1971. pp. 202-207. Vol. 28, No. 3 ABS: New Zealand white were administered 6 mg/kg lead acetate and erythrocyte lead levels and enzyme activity (in particular, delta- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) were measured. MIN 818690219 A Fluorescent Erythrocyte Test for Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Barren, M.W.; Karstad,. L.H. Journal of Wildlife Management 1971. pp. 109-119. Vol. 35, No. 1 ABS: Blood samples from experimentally poisoned and unexposed mallards and Canada geese were collected and subjected to blue-ultraviolet light and examined for the presence of fluorescent erythrocytes. MIN 818690191 The Corrosion of Lead Shot In a Simulated Waterfowl Gizzard Kimball, W.H.; Munir, Z.A. Journal of Wildlife Management 1971. pp. 360-365. Vol. 35, No.2 ABS: Corrosion of commercial and alloyed (tin, , and zinc) lead shot was studied. MIN 818590001 Iron for Waterfowlers Kansas Fish and Game Commission Kansas Fish and Game Commission 1971. pp. 20-22. Jul/Aug MIN 818490323 An Evaluation of Recovery Data from Artificially Seeded Lead Shot on Catahoula Lake, LaSalls Parish, Louisiana Wycoff, R.C.; Wills, D.W.; Glasgow, LL Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners (Charleston, South Carolina, 17-20 October 1971) 1971.23pp. ABS: Soil cores were taken on Catahoula Lake in October, 1967 from Big Bend, Willows Spring, and Stock Landing. Data ate provided on recovered lead shot by location, area, shot size, and depth. MIN 818490193 Lead Shot: Its Settlement Oxidation, and General Availability to Waterfowl In the Utah Marshes Lind, G. 1971.9 PP- ABS: Utah Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Special Report No. 23

69 AR200I2I MIN 818490105 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Browne.S. Special Staff Report 1971. 9pp. \BS: The problem of lead shot deposits in wetlands and lead poisoning among waterfowl in the United States, specifically in New York, is discussed, and solutions and recommendations for solving this problem are presented. The pathology of lead poisoning in waterfowl Is described, indicating birds known to be affected. A list of lead shot substitutes that have been tested, including reasons for dissatisfaction, and a selected bibliography on lead poisoning in waterfowl are provided. MIN 818490194 Background Levels of Lead In Tissue of Animals with No Known Exposure to Lead: A Review of Cases Submitted to the Iowa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from January 1,1968, through May 31,1970 LLoyd, W.E.;Buck,W.B. 1970.30pp. ABS: Supported in part by a grant from the American Petroleum Institute and a contract by National Air Pollution Control Administration. Animal species included bovine, canine, porcine, ovine, avian, equine, feline humans, chinchilla, and okapi. - MIN 818490183 Angiopathy and Cardlopathy In Wild Waterfowl from Ingestion of Lead Shot Karstad, L. 1970.10 pp. ABS: Paper presented at the Lead and Your Environment Symposium (Hartford, Connecticut, 1 December 1970) MIN 818690352 Dimensional Changes In Shot Gun Barrels Caused by the Firing of Hard Metal Pellets Dayson, C.; Maloney, T. National Research Council Canada 1969.53pp. ABS: Shot material tested included lead, steel BB and Carbonyl nickel only and with epoxy resin, teflon, resin bonded MoS2 and burnished NoS2 powder. MIN 818690317 Lead Poisoning In Swedish Wildlife Erne, K.; Borg, K. Swedish Nat Res. Council In: Metals and Ecology - A . Symposium. Bull. No. 5, Research Committee 1969. pp. 31-33 MIN 818690301 Apparent Favorable Response of Lead Poisoning In a Duck to Treatment with Chetatlng Agent Wobeser, G. Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc. 1969. pp. 120. Vol. 5 MIN 818690128 Lead Shot In Some Spring Migrant Ducks Jessen, R.L.; Warner, D.W.; Spurrel, FA; Lindmeier, J.P.; Anderson, B.W. J. Minn. Acad. Sci. 1969. pp. 90-94. Vol. 35, No.2-3 ABS: The incidence of lead shot in 1,687 lesser scaup and 416 ring-necked ducks In spring migration in Minnesota, and the implications as related to the bird population and hunting harvest the preceding fall are considered. The ducks, which were examined by pnotofluorographic radiography, had died as a result of oil pollution on the Missouri River. MIN 818690125 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Knap.J.J. Can. Audubon 1969. pp. 127-132. Vol. 31, No. 4-6 MIN 818690028 The Effect of Feeding Various Levels of Lead on the Performance of Broilers Damron, B.L.; Simpson, C.F.; Harms, rt.H. Poultry Science 1969. pp. 1507-1509. Vol. 48 ; - - - -' ' 1 •" ' . , <•> * ' : . - - -. MIN 818490207 . , Lead Shot: Its Settlement, Oxidation and General Availability to Waterfowl Low, J.B.; Tautin, J. 1969.12 pp. ' ABS: Utah Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Special Report No. 22. Objectives were to*determine the rate and depth of settlement of lead shot in a clay marsh soil, and the rate and degree of oxidation and decomposition of lead shot in saline marsh soils.

70 AR200I22 MIN 818690312 Development of Methodology for Determining the Effect of a Proposed Substitute Shot Type on the Aquatic Environment Grandy, J.W. M.S. Thesis, 1968. Univ. Massachusetts 1968. 64 pp. MIN 818690303 Influence of Diet In Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Jordan, J.S. Trans. N.E. Fish and Wildl. Conf. 1968. pp. 143-170. Vol.25 ABS: Experimental animals included Pekin ducks, captive wild mallards, game-farm mallards, lesser scaup, and Canada geese. Food supplies used included commercial duck pellets, shelled corn, tame rice, mixed grains, small grains, largeseed smartweed, Japanese millet, coontail, duckweed and sago pondweed. MIN 818690279 Lead Toxicosis in Mallard Ducks Bates, F.Y.; Bames, D.M.; Higbee, J.M. Bull. Wildlife Disease Assoc. Results presented in part at the 1967 Annual Wildlife Diseases Conference (Urbana, Illinois, 15-17 June 1967). Paper No. 6466, Sci. J. Series. U. of Minn 1968. pp. 116-125. Vol. 4, No. 4 ABS: The pathogenesis of hypochromic microcytic anemia in ducks with induced lead toxicosis was investigated. MIN 818690137 Pellet Technology Meadus, F.W.; Puddington, I.E. Canadian J. Chem. Eng. 1968. pp. 287-238. Vol. 46 MIN 818490192 Lead Shot Ingestion by Mourning Doves and Incidence In Soil Lewis, J.C.; Legler, E. Journal of Wildlife Management 1968. pp. 476-482. Vol. 32, No. 3 . MIN 818490143 Relative Toxlctty of Lead and Five Proposed Substitute Shot Types to Pen-reared Mallards Grandy, J.W.; Locke, L.N.; Bagley, G.E. Journal of Wildlife Management Vol. 32, No. 3 1968. pp. 483-488. Ref., Charts ABS: Results are presented from a 30-day acute test of the relative toxicity of lead shot and five alternative shot types (tin-lead alloy, zinc, nickel, teflon-coated steel, and tin) that were force-fed to pen-reared, 18-month-otd mallard drakes, which were offered cracked com, quartz, and oystershell grit ad libitum. Mortality and weight loss after treatment wera determined; shot retention was monitored by fluoroscopy. Liver and kidney tissues were chemically analyzed and histopathological examined, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and various staining methods plus microscopy, respectively. MIN 818690343 Lead Clarke, E.G.C.; Clarke, M.L Williams and Wiikins Co. In: Gamer's Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd Edition 1967. pp. 91-99 MIN 818690319 Lead Shot, Its Settlement, Oxidation and General Availability to Waterfowl Low, J.B.; Studinski, G. Utah Coop. Wildl. Res. Unit Special Report No. 20. Refer to MIN Nos. 818490035,818490082, 818490193, 818490206, 818490207 1967. 7pp. ABS: Objectives were to determine the rate and depth of settlement, and the rate and degree of oxidation and - decomposition of lead shot in clay marsh soil and in saline marsh soils, respectively. MIN 818490366 . A Rare Case of Chronic Lead Poisoning: Pofyneuropathy Traced to Lead Shot In the Appendix Hillman, F.E. Industrial Medicine and Surgery 1967. pp. 488-492. Jury MIN 818490200 Histopathology of Mallards Dosed with Lead and Selected Substitute Shot Locke, L.N.; Irby, H.D.; Bagley, G.E. Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Assoc. 1967. pp.143-147. Vol. 3

71 AR200I23 MIN 818490173 Relative Toxicrty of Lead and Selected Substitute Shot Types to Game farm Mallards Irby, H.D.; Locke, L.N.; Bagley, G.E. Journal of Wildlife Management 1967. pp. 253-257. Vol. 31, No. 2 The acute toxicity of lead, three types of plastic-coated lead, two lead-magnesium alloys, copper, zink-coated iron, and molybdenum-coated iron shot were tested In year-old game farm mallards. MIN 818490218 - Experimental Lead Poisoning of Bobwhtte Quail and Mourning Doves McConnell, C.A. 1967.26pp. ABS: Paper presented at the 20th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Game and Fist) Commissioners (New Orleans, Louisiana, 1967) !••..-- ,, : MIN 818490085 Lead Poisoning In Canada Geese In Delaware Bagley. G.E.; Locke, L.N.; Nightingale, G.T. Avian Diseases VOI. 11, No. 4 1967. pp. 601^608. Ref., Charts, Illus. ABS: Results are presented from necropsy and chemical analyses of dead and sick Canada geese collected on the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge from November 1 965 through April 1 966. Data indicate the number of lead shot found in gizzards, and lead concentrations in liver, tibia, brain, and kidney tissues of these birds. MIN 818490031 Lead Poisoning In a Black Duck Locke, L.N.; Bagley, G.E. Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association Vol.3 1967. pp.37. ABS: The first field case of acid-fast intranuclear Inclusion bodies in the kidneys of a black duck found dead at Rehoboth Bay, Delaware in March 1966 is reported. Kidney sections were stained with the Ziehl-Neelson add-fast technique, and brain and liver lead levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. MIN 818490141 Test of Grit Types In Alleviating Lead Poisoning In Mallards Godin, A. J. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 107, For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S Government Printing Office, Washington, 20402 1967. 12 pp. Ref., Charts / ABS: First-year mallard drakes (n-288) were given either no, two, or four No. 6 lead shot in combination with four grit treatments (no grit coarse sand, mica granite, and crushed oystershell) and maintained on a diet of whole com. Mortality, body weight losses, shot retention (determined by fluoroscopy), food consumption, and gizzard contents were recorded for 60 days. Analysis of variance indicated no significant differences In mortality in relation to grit type, but a significant difference was found between mortality and the lead shot doses. Oystershell grit apparently reduced mortality of ducks dosed with four shots, but not to a degree statistically significant In all treatments, mortality was closely associated with shot retention; ducks retaining shot for two weeks usually died. MIN 818690193 Experimental Lead Poisoning of Canada Geese Cook, R.S.; Trainer, D.O. Journal of Wildlife Management 1966. pp. 1-8. Vol. 30, No. 1 ABS: Histopathologica! findings are reported concerning lead concentrations in liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood, gizzard, and pancreas. ' r MIN 818490305 Apparent Lead Poisoning In a Wild Bobwhlte Westemeier, R.L. The Wilson Bulletin 1966. pp. 471-472. Vol. 78, No. 1 MIN 818490280 .'..'.:,' i ; n / Waterfowl Losses and Ways to Reduce Them Solman, V.E.F. Canadian Wildlife Service 1966. 6 pp. ABS: Paper Presented at the 30th Federal-Provicial Wildlife Conference (14 Jury 1966, Quebec City, Quebec) MIN 818490198 ' Acid-Fast Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies In the Kidneys of Mallards Fed Lead Shot Locke, L.N.; Bagley, G.E.; Irby, H.D. Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association 1966. pp. 127-131. Vol. 2

72 &R200I21* MIN 818490019 Incidence of Lead Shot on a Duck Hunting Area Brakhage, O.K. Missouri Department of Conservation Paper presented at the Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference (Chicago, Illinois, 14 December 1966), Refer to MIN 81-8490025 1966.5pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Results are reported from a study designed to measure the severity of lead contamination on a public waterfowl hunting area, the Duck Creek Wildlife Area (Missouri), in which shooting is permitted from blinds only. Soil samples (n=215) from 100 stations at two blinds were collected and the number of lead shot found per acre were determined. Soil samples (n=15) were also collected from a 2 acre cultivated clearing in front of one blind, to evaluate the effectiveness of cultivation in removing shot from surface soil. It appears that cultivtion removed about 78 percent of the spent shot in the surface two inches of soil. MIN 818490015 The Industrial Status of Lead Shot Substitutes Baker, J.G. Trans. of the 31st N. American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference Conference held 14-15 March 1966 1966. pp. 97-103. Ref., Charts, Graphs, Illus. ABS: Candidate shot materials (gold, lead, silver, copper, iron-pure, iron- preening, and zinc) are compared in terms of ideal shot property requirements (e.g., high density, reasonable cost, ease in processing, relative inertness, soft surface, and nontoxicity). Graphs depicting shot range versus velocity and pellet energy for No.3 iron, No.3 lead, and No.6 lead shot are provided. MIN 818490011 Comparative Toxlctty of Lead-Tln-Phospnorus Shot to Commercial Lead Shot When Ingested by Mallard Ducks Andrews, R. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Administrative Report 1966.4 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Findings are reported from a pilot test designed to compare the acute toxicity of shot containing a combination of lead, tin, and phosphorus versus commercial lead shot in drake mallards raised at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Data are provided on percent weight loss, days alive, and number of shot retained after ingesting shot The presence of acid-fast intranuclear Inclusion bodies in the epithelial cells of the kidney tubules of all ducks that died provided diagnostic evidence of lead intoxication.. MIN 818690310 . , The Incidence of Lead Shot In Spring Migrating Waterfowl Lindmeier, J.P. Minnesota Res. Q. Job Progress Reports^ Period Covered: 1 Jury 1963 - 30 June 1964 1965. pp. 51-59. Vol. 24, No. 4 MIN 818690106 Lead Poisoning of Waterfowl In Wisconsin Trainer, D.O.; Hunt RA Journal of Wildlife Management 1965. pp. 95-103. VoL 29. No. 1 ABS: Data are reported for the years 1940-1963. Some of the ecological factors involved with lead poisoning are discussed. MIN 818690089 Advances In Waterfowl Management Research Bellrose, F.C.; Low, J.B. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1965. pp. 63-72. Vol. 6, No. 2 MIN 818690042 Lead Poisoning of Whistling Swans In Wisconsin Trainer, D.O.; Hunt RA Avian Dis. 1965. pp. 252-264. Vol. 9, No. 2 MIN 818490319 An Investigation of Some Factors Affecting Waterfowl and Waterfowl Habitat on Catahoula Lake, Louisiana Wills. D.W. M.S. Thesis. 1965. Louisiana State University. Funded by Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Fish and Game Division 1965.92pp. ABS: The study was conducted to determine herbaceous ground cover, forage and chufa tuber production and utilization, lead shot deposition and lead poisoning, physical and chemical properties of soil, and water quality.

73 AR200I25 MIN 818490091 Uad Poisoning In the SHmbrldge Wildfowl Collection Beer, J.V.; Stanley, P. Wildfowl Trust 16th Annual Report 1965. pp. 30-34. Ref., Charts ' -' ^ Postmortem findings are presented from a study of lead shot poisoning among 32 species of waterfowl at SHmbridge, Gloucestershire, England. Sources of lead pellets and methods of preventing lead poisoning are discussed, noting that the differential mortality amount the various waterfowl tribes is possibly related to differences in feeding habits, diet, and gritting, as well as to susceptibility. MIN 818490035 Lead Shot Its Settlement, Oxidation, and General Availability to Waterfowl Nelson, D! Utah State University Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Special Report No. 13 1965.20 pp. Ref., Charts, Graphs, Illus. ABS: Preliminary results are presented from a study conducted on the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge at Brigham City, Utah for the years 1961 through 1964. This study was designed to determine: (1) the rate of settlement of lead pellets through the marsh soil; (2) the rate of oxidation and decomposition of lead pellets in typical saline marsh soil; (3) the availability of lead shot to waterfowl in a typical waterfowl feeding area; and (4) the general distribution of lead pellets in a typical western marsh. Implications of these findings for the management of waterfowl hunting are discussed. IMN 818490112 Wasted Waterfowl Mississippi Flyway Council Planning Committee Mississippi Flyway Council 1965.84 pp. Ref., Maps, Charts, Graphs ABS:, A progress report by the Planning Committee of the Mississippi Flyway Council on lead shot poisoning investigations is provided. The following articles and exhibits are included: (1) a Council statement on lead poisoning; (2) lead poisoning In waterfowl and a bibliograph; (3) lead poisoning problems In the four flyways: an iron shot study; (4) duck ingestion of coated lead shot; (5) toxicity of ingested copper pellets in wild mallards; (6) lead poisoning in the Sttmbridge Wildlife Collection; and (7) the 1965 resolution on lead poisoning of the International Association of Fish, Game and Conservation Commissioners. lilN 818490379 ^"Determination of Traces of Lead In Liver and Foces of Chickens Shifrine, M.; Stock, F.T.; Kusch, M. Amer. J. Vet Res. 1964. pp. 870-872. Vol. 25, No. 106 ABS: Lead was separated from other tons in ashed liver and feces by an anion exchange resin. Lead eluted from the resin was measured cotorimetrtcatry with dithizone. MIN 818490320 . Lead Shot on Catahoula Lake and Its Management Implications Wills, D.; Glasgow, L.L Proc. 18th Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Comm. 1964. pp. 1-16 ABS: Objective was to determine the number, weight and distribution of lead pellets on the lake, and the incidence of lead pellets In ducks during a die-off in 1964. MIN 618490297 Mallard Fluoroscopy Project Post-season -1964 Vaught, D.; Brakhage, G.; Petoskey. M.; Barstow, C.; Hunt, R.; Elder, W. 1964.4pp. ABS: Report presented to the Mississippi Flyway Technical Section (19 Feb. 1964). , MIN 818490252 Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Mississippi Flyway Council Planning Committee 1964.13 pp. MIN 818490017 ^ ; Spent Shot and Lead Poisoning Bellrose, F.C. U.S. Department of the Interior Reprint from Waterfowl Tomorrow, Catalog No. 149.4:177, Book for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 1964. pp. 479-485 ABS: Data on shot deposited at various locations in the United States, and on shot ingestion and mortality rates for waterfowl (ducks and geese) are provided in a discussion of the relationship between spent shot and lead poisoning. Feeding habits and the survfvability of waterfowl after Ingestion of lead shot symptoms of lead poisoning, and the effectiveness of iron shot as an alternative to lead shot are described.

AR200I26 MIN 818490153 The Lead Poisoning Problem In the Four Flyways Hawkins, A.S. 1964.38 pp. ABS: In early 1964, comments regarding the lead poisoning problem were solicited from various parts of North America Pertinent information (i.e., facts and opinions) extracted from these reports are summarized, by flyways. Parameters (environment, weather conditions, habitat and habits) and lead shot detection methods (gizzard analysis, fluoroscopy, and chemical analysis of internal organs or bones) used to define the potential for and incidence of lead poisoning in waterfowl are discussed. MIN 818690151 Waterfowl Mortality In the Coeur d'AIene River Valley, Idaho Chupp, N.R.; Dalke, P.O. Journal of Wildlife Management 1964. pp. 692-702. Vol. 28, No. 4 MIN 818690311 Availability and Use of Sago Pondweed by Ducks In Thief Lake, Minnesota Kuehn, J.H.; Holmes, R. Minnesota Dept Conservation Game Investigation Report No. 7 1963.7pp. MIN 818690212 Lead Poisoning In the Sllmbridge Wildfowl Collection Beer, J.V.; Stanley, P. The Wildfowl Trust Berkshire Printing Co., Ltd. Berks, England 1963-64. pp. 30-34 MIN 818490048 Lead Poisoning of Waterfowl on the Sauvls Island Gams Management Area Trainer, C. E. Oregon State Game Commission 1963.8 pp. Ref., Charts ABS: Gizzards from major species of waterfowl (mallards, pintails, green- winged teal, and widgeons) found in hunter bags during the 1962 hunting season and the first week of the early 1963 season, and from all waterfowl found dead or sick between October 1962 and early March 1963 were analyzed to determine the importance of lead shot deposits upon migrating and wintering waterfowl at the Sauvie Island Game Management Area (Oregon). Data on ingested shot levels (I.e. number of pellets found in gizzards) from these analyses are compared with similar data obtained from other sections of North America. MIN $18690394 Lead Poisoning, Scourge of th« Wild Waterfowl In Camargus Hoffmann, L TemeetVie French language article with English summary 1960. pp. 120-131. Vol. 107, No. 2 MIN 818690220 Lead Poisoning Among Ducks Wintering on the Lower Detroit River Hunt G.S. Trans. 25th N. Amer. Wildl. Natur. Res. Conf. 1960. pp. 162-170. Vol. 25 MIN 818490241 Lead Poisoning In Wildfowl Olney, P.J.S. F. Bailey and Sons, LTD., Dunsley, Glos. 1960. pp. 123-134 ABS: In: The Eleventh Annual Report of The Wildfowl Trust 1958-1959, H. Boyd and P. Scott (Eds.). Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service MIN 818490178 Study of Incidence of Lead Shot In Certain Marshes and Lakes Jessen, R.; Lound, R. 1959. pp. 56-69 ABS: Job Completion Report Period Covered: June - September 1959 MIN 818490093 Lead Poisoning as a Mortality Factor In Waterfowl Populations. Bellrose, F.C. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 27, Article 3 1959. pp. 235-288. Ref., Charts, Graphs. Illus. ABS: Findings from various early and recent studies of losses resulting from lead poisoning in wild waterfowl populations are summarized, and the prevention of lead poisoning is discussed. Data are provided on lead poisoning die-offs by flyway and season, the availability of lead, and the incidence of ingested lead shot, as determined by gizzard analyses and fluoroscopy, in migrating ducks and wild mallards that were dosed and released.

75 AR200I27 MIN 818690185 Mortality of Canada Geese with Impacted Gullets In Eastern Washington, 1949-1954 Hansen, HA; McNeil, C.W.; Priebe, M.D. Journal of WHdlife Management 1957. pp. 96-98. Vol. 21, No. 1 MM 818690119 Report on Goose Losses at Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge In Illinois U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Memo 1957.2pp. MIN 818690300 . ' - . » , ; Lead Poisoning In New Zealand Waterfowl Wisely, B.; Miers, K,H. New Zealand Dept Internal Affrs. Wildlife Publication No. 41 1956. 11 pp. MIN 818690045 Death Lurks on the Bottom Bednarik, K. Ohio Conservation Bulletin 1955 (April), pp. 13,23. • MIN 818490188 ; The Fall Food Habits of Waterfowl Korschgen, LJ. Missouri Fish and Game Division 1955.43pp. ABS: P-R Series No. 14 MIN 818490124 Fluoroscoplc measures of Hunting Pressure In Europe and North America Elder, W.H. Transaction of the Twentieth North American Wildlife Conference Paper published by the Wildlife Management Institute. Conference held in Washington, Q.C., 14-16 March 1955) 1955. pp. 299-326. Ref., Charts, Graphs, Illus. ABS: Findings are presented from an investigation of hunting pressure on birds in Europe and North America, as determined by the incidence of shot in the body, using fluoroscopy versus band recovery techniques. Yearly trends, flyway differences, and the significance of target size as a factor influencing the results of fluoroscopy and band recover rates are discussed, and the relationships among the various measures of hunting pressure are explored. ' . ,-••••.. ' 818490125 The Effect of Lead Poisoning on the Fertility and Fecundity of Domestic Mallard Ducks Elder, W.H. Journal of Wildlife Management Vol. 18, No. 3 1954. pp. 315-323. Ref., Charts ABS: Finds are presented from experiments conducted In 1948 and 1949 to determine the deleterious effects of Ingested lead shot either number 6 or 18, on the germ cells of domestic mallards. The fete of lead shot was followed by means of a fluoroscope, and the degree of induced toxemia was measured by body weight toss and red blood cell count Eggs were broken and examined to determine fertility, or cause of embryonic death. MIN 818490094 A Preliminary Evaluation of Cripple Losses In Waterfowl Bellrose, F.C. Wildlife Management Institute Reprint from Transactions of the Eighteenth North American Wildlife Conference (March 1953) 1953. pp. 337-360. Ref., Charts, Graphs, Illus. ABS: An attempt is made to formulate a more complete perspective of waterfowl crippling losses. Data from several studies conducted throughout the United States are provided on: (1) the relative numbers of ducks knocked down but not retrieved by hunters; (2) live-trapped ducks examined by X-ray to determine the incidence and importance of flesh and internal shot wounds; (3) ducks collected during and following hunting season to determine the cause of affliction; and (4) bagged duck examined to determine the extent and nature of their wounds. MIN 818690307 The Incidence of Lead Shot In Waterfowl of the Pacific Flyway with Special Reference to the Great Salt Lake Basin Heuer.W.H. M.S. Thesis. 1952. Utah State Agriculture College 1952.49pp. * . ABS: The incidence of ducks carrying lead shot in their tissues and carrying Ingested shot was investigated. MIN 818690221 Hunting Pressure Determined by X-ray Murdy, R. S. Dak. Conserv. Digest 1952. pp. 2-5. Vol 19, No. 2

76 AR200I28 MIN 818490181 Lead Poisoning In Wild Waterfowl Jordan, J.S.; Bellrose, F.C. Illinois Natural History Survey 1951.27pp. ABS: Biological Notes No; 26 MIN 818690182 Quail Picking Up Lead Shot Campbell, H. Journal of Wildlife Management 1950. pp. 243-244. Vol. 4, No. 2 MIN 818490371 Lead as a Nutritional Hazard to Farm Livestock: The Toxicity of Lead to Cattle and Sheep and an Evaluation of the Lead Hazard under Farm Conditions Allcroft, R.; Blaxter, K.L. J. Comp. Path. 1950 pp. 209-218. Vol. 60 MIN 818490180 Shot Alloys and Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Jordan, J.S.; Bellrose, F.C. Wildlife Management Institute 1950. pp. 155-170 ABS: Reprint from Transactions of the Fifteenth North American Wildlife Conference (March 1950). Shot alloys included arsenic, antimony, lead- tin-phosphorus, lead-magnesium, and lead-calcium. MIN 818490126 Measurement of Hunting Pressure In Waterfowl by Means of X-ray Elder, W.H. Fifteenth North American Wildlife Conference 1950. pp. 490-501. Ref., Charts ABS: Data are provided on the incidence of body shot found in several species of adult dabbling ducks (mallard, pintail, blue-winged and green-winged teal, shoveller, bald pate, and gadwalf) examined under fluoroscope in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, during the summers of 1948 and 1949. Data are also provided on regional variations in percent of ducks carrying body shot and on the incidence of lead in gizzards of ducks (adults and Juveniles) fluoroscoped at Delta Marsh, Manitoba. MIN 818690101 . Further Needs In Wildlife Research Cottam, C. Journal of Wildlife Management Paper presented at the 10th Midwest Wildlife Conference (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 9-11 December 1948) 1949. pp. 333-341. Vol. 13, No. 4 MIN 818490032 Report of Investigation of Duck Sickness: Lafourche Swamp, Swartz, Louisiana Lynch, J.J. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1949.7pp. ABS: The diagnosis and prognosis of lead poisoning in ducks on the Lafourche Swamp (near Swartz, Louisiana) and circumstances surrounding the outbreak of this condition are described. Field analysis of possible causes of this outbreak ruled out botulism, toxemia from industrial wastes, parasites and diseases, black maggots, and illegal hunting. MIN 818690183 Lead Shot In Minnesota Waterfowl Reid, V.H. Journal of Wildlife Management 1948. pp. 123-127. Vol. 12, No. 2 MIN 818690321 Ducks and Lead Bellrose, F.C. Illinois Conserv. 1947, pp. 10-11. Vol. 12, No. 1 MIN 818690217 Gunshot Wounds In Ducks Whitiock, S.C.; Miller, H.J. Journal of Wildlife Management 1947. pp. 279-281. Vol.11. No. 3 MIN 818490384 ., . Influence of Iron Salts on the ToxicKy of Lead Heppel, LA; Komberg, A. Proc. Exper. Soc. Biol. Med. 1946. pp. 220-223. Vol. 61. No. 3 ABS: Albino rats (Wistar, Osbome, and Mendel strains) were fed lead acetate and diets supplemented with ferric citrate, ferrous sulfate and sodium citrate to determine the effects on growth rate (weight), anemia, and polychromasia of lead poisoning.

77 AR200I29 MIN 818690202 Lead Poisoning of Geese Near Lincoln Mohler, L.L. Nebraska Bird Rev. General Notes 1945. pp. 49-50. Vol. 13, No. o " • • . MIN 818490356 , t . ., Effects of Lead Poisoning on Reproduction of Mallard Drakes Cheatum, EX.; Benson, D. Journal of Wildlife Management 1945. pp. 26-29. Vol. 9, No. 1 MIN 818690306 Lead Poisoning Hartsough, G.R. Wisconsin Conserv. Dept Bull. 1944. pp. 27. Vol. 9, No. 6 MIN 818490010 Chemical Analyses of Organs from Lead-Poisoned Canada Geese Adler, F.E. Journal of Wildlife Management Vol. 8 1944. pp. 83-85. Ref., Charts ABS: Various organs (leg bones, liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, caeca, and heart) collected from four Canada geese found on the shore of Swan Lake (Wisconsin) in April 1940 were analyzed to determine lead concentrations, using the dithizone colorimetric method. Results of these analyses are compared to those conducted on two control geese, which were comparatively free from lead poisoning; correlations are made between lead shot found in gizzards and lead concentration in organs. MIN 818690320 The Problem of Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Adler, F.E.W. Wisconsin Conserv. Bull. 1942. pp. 5-7. Vol. 7, No. 9 MIN 818690186 A Technique for Removing Lead from the Gizzards of LMng Waterfowl Nord, W.H. Journal of Wildlife Management Paper No. 1820 Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricul. Exper. Station 1941. pp. 175-179. Vol. 5. No. 2 ABS: The physiological effects of lead poisoning, and the use of an aspirator and vacuum stomach pump to remove lead from waterfowl gizzards are described. 818490358 3,000 Wild Bird Autopsies on Western Lake Areas Quortrup, E.R.; Shillinger, J.E. Journal A.V.MA Paper presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the AVMA (Indianapolis, Indiana, 11-15 August 1941) 1941. pp. 382-387. Nov. MIN 818690298 Duck Mortality In the Cataraqul Marshes Toner, G.C. Can. Field Natur. 1940. pp. 104-105. Vol. 54, No. 7 MIN 818690293 Lead Poisoning of Mallards Roberts, M.E. Iowa Bird Ufe 1940. pp. 30. Vol. 10 MIN 818490246 ' Lead Shot: Its Danger to Water-fowl Osmer, T.LG. Scientific Monthly 1940. pp. 455-459. Vol. L ABS: Paper No. 412, Miscellaneous Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Copyrighted material - not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service MIN 818490365 A Spectrochemical Study of the Normal Ranges of Concentration of Certain Trace Metals In Biological Materials Kehoe, RA; Cholak, J.; Story, R.V. J. Nutril Paper presented at the 98th Meeting of the American Chemical Society (Boston, Massachusetts, 11-15 September 1939) 1939. pp. 579-592. Vol. 19 MIN 818490360 New Bird Shot Proposed to Stop Duck Poisoning Science News Letter 1939. pp. 152. Vol. 36, No. 10 MIN 818490179 On the Occurrence of Lead Shot In Stomachs of North American Grulformes Jones, J.C. Journal of Wildlife ^Management 1939. pp. 353-357. Vol. 3, No. 4

78 AR200I30 MIN 818690392 Lead-Magnesium Alloys for the Prevention of Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Dowdell. R.L.; Green, R.G. Mining and Metallurgy 1937. pp. 463-466. Vol. 18 MIN 818690369 Minnesota Wildlife Disease Investigation (April, 1937): Lead Poisoning Green, R.G.; Dowdell, R.L. Minnesota Dept Conservation 1937. pp. 82-83 MIN 818690367 Minnesota Wildlife Disease Investigation (July, 1937): Lead Poisoning Green, R.G.; Dowdell, R. 1937. pp. 113-114 MIN 818690365 Minnesota Wildlife Disease Investigation (January, 1937): Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Green, R.G.; Shillinger, J.E. Minnesota Dept Conservation 1937. pp. 100-101 MIN 818690364 Minnesota Wildlife Disease Investigation (April, 1937): Tha Bear Lake, Freebom County, Minnesota, Lead Poisoning Epidemic Green, R.G.; Bell, J.F.; Evans. C.A.; Mather, D.W. Minnesota Dept Conservation 1937. pp. 49-50 MIN 818690363 Minnesota Wildlife Disease Investigation (November, 1937): The Occurrence of Lead Poisoning In Nature Green, R.G.; Evans, CA; Bell, J.F.; Larson, C.L; Mather, D.W. Minnesota Dept Conservation 1937. pp. 163-164 MIN 818690336 Post-mortem Examinations of Wild Birds and Mammals Shillinger, J.E.; Rush, W. U.S. Dept Agric. Misc. Publication No. 270 1937. pp. 1-15 MIN 818690257 The Importance of Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Schillinger, J.E.; Cottam, C.C. 2nd Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 1937. pp. 398-403. Vol. 2 MIN 818490368 An Early Report of Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl Wilson, I.D. Science 1937. pp. 423. Vol. 86 MIN 818690370 Minnesota Wildlife Disease Investigation (February, 1936): Disintegration of Lead-Magnesium Alloy In the Gizzard of Ducks Green, R.G.; Dowdell, R.L Minnesota Dept Conservation 1938. pp. 116-119 MIN 818690368 Minnesota Wildlife Disease Investigation (January, 1936): Special Report on the Production of Lead Alloy for the Prevention of Lead Poisoning In Ducks Green, R.G.; Dowdell, R.L Minnesota Dept Conservation 1936. pp. 101-106

MIN 818690366 Minnesota Wildlife Disease Investigation (March, 1936): Toxicity of Arsenic for Ducks Green, R.G.; Shillinger, J.E.; Larson, C.L; Dowdell, R.L. Minnesota Dept Conservation 1936. pp. 137-138 MIN 818490144 The Prevention of Lead Poisoning In Waterfowl by the Use of Disintegrate Lead Sfiot Green, R.G.; Dowdell, R.L Proceedings, North American Wildlife Conference Senate Committee Print 74th Congress, 2d Session, Washington, D.C., 3-7 February 1936 1936. pp 486-489. ABS: The use of a magnesium-lead alloy shot as an alternative to lead shot, to prevent lead poisoning in ducks, is briefly discussed. Findings from gizzard X-ray analysis of ducks after ingesting magnesium-lead alloy shot are • summarized, indicating that this type of shot wiH disintegrate in the gizzard and is eliminated before lead poisoning ^ can occur. It was also found that magnesium-lead alloy shot will, with certain limits, disintegrate in water. Methods . of utilizing magnesium- lead shot as to prevent lead poisoning in birds are described. AR200I3I MIN 818690362 Minnesota Wildlife Disease Investigation (May, 1935): Pathological Report on Miscellaneous Specimens Green, R.G.; Shillinger, J.E. Minnesota Dept Conservation 1935. pp. 31-33 MIN 818490377 The Biochemical Behavior of Lead In the Body Aub, J.C. J. American Medical Association 1935. pp. 87-90. Vol. 104, No. 2 MIN 818490376 Epidemiology of Lead Poisoning Lanza, A.J. J. American Medical Association 1935. pp! 85-87. Vol. 104, No. 2 MIN 818690210 * Lead Poisoning in Branta canadensls canadensls Howard, W.J. The Auk General Notes 1934. pp. 513-514. Vol. 51, No. 4 MIN 818490388 A Note on Pathological Changes Encountered In Wild Ducks Torrey, J.P.; Thorp, F.; Graham, R. Cornell Vet 1934. pp. 289-298. Vol. 24, No. 4 MIN 818490382 A Study of Punctate Stippling as Found In the Lead Poisoning of Wild Ducks Johns, F.M. J. Lab. and Ctln. Med. 1934, pp. 514-517. Vol. 19 MIN 818490213 Lead Poisoning In Wild Ducks Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research 1931. pp. 749-752. Vol. 6, No. 51 ABS: Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic. Copyrighted material _ not available through the Fish and Wildlife Reference Service 818690315 Shallow-Feeding Waterfowl Collect Lethal Doses of Spent Shot Califronia Fish and Game 1930. pp. 257-258. Vol. 16.N0.1) MIN 818690200 The Greater Scaup Affected by Lead Poisoning Van Tyne, J. The Auk General Notes 1929. pp. 103-104. Vol. 46, No. 1 MIN 818690297 Lead Poisoning In Trumpeter Swans Munro, J.A. Can. Field Natur. 1925. pp. 160-162. Vol. 39, No. 7 MIN 818490389 Lead Studies. III. The Effects of Lead on Red Blood Cells. Part 1. Changes In Hemolysis Aub, J.C.; Reznikoff, P.; Smith, D.E. J. Exper. Med. 1924. pp. 151-172. Vol. 40 MIN 818690215 Comparative Toxlctty of Inorganic Lead Compounds and Metallic Lead for Pigeons Hanzlik, P.J.; Presho, E. J. Pharm. and Exper. Therap. 1923. pp. 123-129. Vol. 21 MIN 818490390 Experimental Plumblsm In Pigeons from the Administration of Metallic Lead HanzHfc, P.J. Arch. Exper. Patho. U. Pharmakol. 1923. pp. 183-201. Vol. 97 ABS: A description of the course, symptoms and nature of chronic poisoning by metallic lead In pigeons Is presented. MIN 818490306 iLead Poisoning In Waterfowl Wetmore, A. U.S. Dept Agriculture Bulletin No. 793-19 1919.13pp.

80 AR200I32 MIN 818490136 A History of the Game Birds, Wild-Fowl and Shore Birds of Massachusetts and Adjacent States Forbush, E.H. Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture 1916. pp. 547-548 MIN 818490380 The Effect of Lead on the Germ Cells of the Male and Fowl as Indicated by Their Progeny Cole, L J.; Bachhuber, LJ. Proc. Soc. Exper. and Med. 1914. pp. 24-29. Vol. 12 ABS: Lead (lead acetate) was used in double mating experiments conducted on rabbits (Dutch-marked and albino) and white leghorns. MIN 818690206 Lead Poisoning In Ducks Bowtes, J.H. The Auk General Notes. 1908. pp. 312-313. Vol. 25, No.3 MIN 818690204 Lead Poisoning in Ducks McAtee, W.L. The Auk General Notes. 1908. pp. 472. Vol. 25, No. 4 MIN 818690316 Lead Poisoning Grinnell, G.B. Forest & Stream Pub. Co. In: American Duck Shooting 1901. pp. 598-603 MIN 818890001 The Incidence of Ingested Lead Shot In South Dakota Waterfowl Murdy.R. 1951(7). 4pp.

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