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Spring 2014 Go East 2 Mining History News Spring 2014 Go East... MHA 2014: Welcome continued from page 1 to Trinidad, Colorado, Summary of the Proceedings of the International Roundtable on Artisanal Mining," Industry and Energy and the Raton Basin Department Occasional Paper: IEN no. 6 (Washington, DC: The World Bank, April 1996), pp. 3-4, Coal Field http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1996/04/44 1119/regularizing-informal-mining-summary- The 2014 MHA Conference will examine the proceedings-international-roundtable-artisanal-mining. Raton Basin Coal Field from our meeting base in The IIED's MMSD effort examined issues well beyond Trinidad, Colorado. Conference details appear artisanal mining, but that topic is addressed in several of its throughout this issue of the Mining History publications, including: Thomas Hentschel, Felix News. Hruschka, and Michael Priester, "Global Report on Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining," MMSD Working Paper The history of the basin must start with the area's No. 70 (January 2002), importance to transportation in the region. Raton http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00723.pdf ; and chapter 13 of the MMSD's Final Report: Pass is located 14 miles south of Trinidad. This http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00723.pdf "Pass of the Rat" was a trade and invasion route to and from the Great Plains after the Spanish colonization of New Mexico in 1599. Beginning Breaker Dismantled for in 1821, the Santa Fe Trail from Missouri to New Mexico left the Arkansas River (then the border Scrap between the new Republic of Mexico and the Mike Kaas sends sad news about the historic American lands received in the Louisiana preservation of a significant mining Purchase) near the junction of the Arkansas and structure. The Huber Anthracite Coal the Purgatoire Rivers (present-day La Junta). The Breaker in Ashley, Pennsylvania is in the trail ran southwest to Raton Pass along Timpas process of being dismantled and sold for its Creek because the Purgatoire flowed through a value as steel scrap. The Mining History canyon impassable by wagon trains. Association visited the "Blue Coal" breaker during our 2005 meeting in Scranton, and In the 1830s, the St. Louis-based Bent brothers we were permitted tremendous access into and partner Ceran St. Vrain built a trading post the remarkable structure. north of the river junction. For a decade, Bent's Fort flourished as the principal US outpost in the The Huber Breaker was built by the Glen Southwest. During General Stephen W. Kearny's Alden Coal Co. in 1938, and was one of the invasion of New Mexico in 1846, his Army of the most modern anthracite processing facilities West camped in a large grove of cottonwood trees constructed, coming on line in time to along the Purgatoire to rest their animals before witness anthracite's slow decline through the traversing the rough, rocky climb over Raton 20th century. It closed in the late 1970s. Pass. Trinidad began in that same grove as a trading center on the Santa Fe Trail during the The Ashley Breaker Preservation Society 1859 "Pike's Peak" gold rush. worked diligently for more than two decades to try to save the structure. Though they In early 1862, a small Confederate army from were unable to save the enormous breaker, Texas invaded New Mexico with the intention of they did raise awareness about its fate, and crossing Raton Pass and capturing the gold fields were successful in having a monument of Colorado to finance their cause. Colorado constructed at the site. volunteer forces crossed the pass in February Trinidad and the Raton Basin... (continued on page 3) Mining History News Spring 2014 3 Trinidad and the Raton Basin Coal Field continued from page 2 snows to join regular Army troops from Ft. Union manufacture rails, the demand for metallurgical (near present Las Vegas, NM) and New Mexico coal from the Raton Basin climbed. The demand volunteers to fight the Southerners. In March, the from silver, lead, zinc, and gold smelters in Confederate forces were defeated at the battle of Pueblo, Leadville, Denver, Black Hawk, and El Glorieta Pass, just east of Santa Fe. The South did Paso increased this demand exponentially. not threaten Colorado again after that defeat, Immigrants from many nations poured into which was probably the most important Civil War Trinidad to work in the coal mines and coking battle in the West. plants. Immediately after the Civil War, the famous The importance of coal from the Raton Basin in Goodnight-Loving cattle trail traversed first the early 20th-century West cannot be Raton Pass, then Trinchera Pass, and the overemphasized. The Basin was not only Purgatoire River on its way from Texas to Colorado's major metallurgical-coal field, but was Colorado to meet the demands of the hungry also important in New Mexico's early coal miners in the Rockies. Texas cowboys corrupted production. John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Colorado the French name of the Purgatoire to the "Picket Fuel & Iron Company was so dependent on the Wire" River (hence Picketwire Canyonlands Basin's coal for its steel mill that CF&I built the between Trinidad and La Junta). The Picket Wire 30-mile long Colorado & Wyoming Railroad later became notorious as a battleground between from Trinidad to its mines. By 1909, the Anglo-American cattlemen and native New American Smelting & Refining Company was Mexican sheepherders for control of the open producing coke from Raton Basin coal for its range. In this context, it is mentioned a number of smelters in Colorado and Texas. In the New times in the John Wayne/Jimmy Stewart movie Mexico portion of the Basin, Phelps-Dodge and "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance." Kaiser Steel coked coal from the Dawson- Vermejo Park area. In the 1860s, the new settlement of Trinidad was the site of entrepreneur and former mountain man Today, Raton Basin coal mining is nearly extinct. Uncle Dick Wootton's tollbooth on his improved But evidence of the Basin's coal mining past can wagon road over the pass. As the demand for a still be seen in towns like Cokedale and in rail route into New Mexico increased in the monuments in Trinidad, Hastings, and Ludlow. It 1870s, the AT&SF (Santa Fe) and Denver & Rio is also seen in the Basin's people, many of whom Grande railroads battled for the narrow rights-of- are descended from miners who immigrated from way through the Rockies. One route led through Mexico, Italy, Greece, and Slovenia. the Royal Gorge of the Arkansas River and the other over Wootton's toll road and Raton Pass. After the brief "Royal Gorge War," the Santa Fe Trinidad Conference claimed the trackage rights over Raton and the Hotel D&RG won the route through the Royal Gorge. Holiday Inn Hotel & Suites By the late 1870s, railroad demand for coal for 3130 Santa Fe Trail, Trinidad, CO 81802 locomotive fuel led to the opening of the first (Interstate 25, Exit #11) coal mines in the Raton Basin. When the Colorado Coal & Iron Company (later CF&I), Conference Rate: $79.99/night + tax initially a subsidiary of the D&RG Railroad, Reservations: 719-845-8400 opened its iron works in Pueblo in 1880 to (Code: "MHA") 4 Mining History News Spring 2014 Selected Readings about Trinidad and Colorado Coal Andrews, Thomas G. Killing for Coal: America's 1914." Journal of the West 24, no. 3 (1985): 3-115. Deadliest Labor War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008. (winner of a 2009 Bancroft McKenzie, William H. Mountain to Mill: the Prize for History of the Americas, and the MHA's Colorado and Wyoming Railway. Colorado Springs, Clark Spence Award for 2007-2008) CO: MAC Publishing, 1982. Harbour, R.L. and G.H. Dixon. Coal Resources of Rees, Jonathan. Representation and Rebellion: The Trinidad-Aguilar area, Las Animas and Huerfano Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel & Iron Counties, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin Company, 1914-1942. Boulder: University of 1072-G (1959). Colorado Press, 2010. Hills, Richard Charles. Spanish Peaks Folio. U.S. Saitta, Dean, Walker, Mark, and Reckner, Paul. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas of the U.S., Folio “Battlefields of Class Conflict: Ludlow Then and Series No. 71 (1901). Now.” Journal of Conflict Archaeology 1, no. 1 (2005): 197-213. Izett, Glen A. Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary Interval, Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, and its Scamehorn, H. Lee, Mill and Mine: The CF&I in the Content of Shock-Metamorphosed Minerals: Evidence Twentieth Century. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Relevant to the K/T Boundary Impact-Extinction Press, 1992. Theory. Geological Society of America Special Paper 249. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America, West, George P. Report on the Colorado Strike. 1990. Washington, DC: United States Commission on Industrial Relations, 1915. Johnson, Ross B. Coal Resources of the Trinidad Coal https://archive.org/details/reportoncolorado00unit Field in Huerfano and Las Animas Counties, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1112-E Wood, Gordon H., Jr., Ross B. Johnson, and George (1961). H. Dixon. Geology and Coal Resources of the Starkville-Weston Area, Las Animas County, Margolis, Eric. "Western Coal Mining as a Way of Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1051 Life: An Oral History of the Colorado Coal Miners to (1957). Attention Mining History Vendors! The Mining History Association is an organization of individuals from the United States and other countries with a common interest in all aspects of mining history. During our meeting in Trinidad in June 2014, many visitors will be interested in mining-related books, artifacts, specimens and other collectible material. A limited number of vendor tables will be available at the Massari Theater during the program portion of the conference.
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