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American University Library BARN RAZING: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN IDENTITY DURING CONFLICT by Reina C. Neufeldt submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Chair: 7 Mitchell R. Hammer, Ph.D. Mohammed Abq-Nimer, Ph.D. C'iroyln Gallaher, Ph.D. Dean of the College or School / 6 > 0 C ' h s Date 2005 The American University Washington, DC 20016 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3194814 Copyright 2005 by Neufeldt, Reina C. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3194814 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © COPYRIGHT by REIN A C. N EU FEL D T 2005 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. BARN RAZING: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN IDENTITY DURING CONFLICT by Reina C. Neufeldt ABSTRACT This dissertation seeks to understand how the identity of a particular people, Mennonites, changes and remains constant during periods of conflict, over time. Identity is approached from a symbolic interactionist and sociological (social) constructivist stance. Using an adapted historical, grounded theory methodology, it explores how a group defines itself during three, decade-long periods of conflict in the twentieth century. The three temporally and geographically bounded periods of conflict in focus are: 1914-1924 Russia/Ukraine, 1934-1944 western Canada, 1977-1987 western Canada (Saskatchewan). The sites of conflict raise competing affiliation demands around identification with the state, religious beliefs, land and belonging. The grounded theory constant comparative method is used to uncover the structure of the concepts and categories comprising Mennonite identity that are utilized by Mennonite leaders during the three periods of conflict. Each conflict site is described in detail followed by an analysis of the categories of identification; the categories and properties that emerge provide a substantive theory of Mennonite identity over time. The dissertation also investigates the dynamics of continuity and change in the content of ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. the categories. Three levels of change are evident: 1) subtle shifts and minor adaptations to context; 2) major fluctuations and temporary suspensions in the use of properties or categories; 3) properties and categories that are discontinued from use. The first two levels of change promote and enable continuity in Mennonite identification. The third level, discontinuity, is then explored in greater depth focusing on detachment from place (the Russian Steppe) and language (German). Taken together these examples highlight the interplay between external factors that promote change and the internal factors that are necessary for change but which also contribute to continuity over time. The dissertation utilizes and contributes to Rogers Smith’s notion of “political peoplehood,” demonstrating that an entire political people may seek to inspire a sense of “worth” and “trust,” and may further integrate these concepts into their group identification. Finally, the research contributes a methodology that identifies a relatively stable core set of categories of identification, as well as probing the dynamics of change over time. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Barn Razing” represents the first fruits of many years of labor and I am grateful for the tremendous support I received from family, friends and colleagues — of whom only a few can be thanked here. First, thank you to my Chair, Mitch, for steady guidance, excellent advice and encouragement. Thank you to my committee members, Mohammed and Carole, for probing questions, insights and engagement with my project. I am also grateful to the School of International Service for a Dissertation Research Fellowship, which made research travel possible. The archivists and staff at the archives in Goshen, Winnipeg, Waterloo and Zaporozhye were all wonderfully helpful, but I would particularly like to recognize Conrad Stoesz for his assistance in locating documents. Paul Toews and Harvey Dyck both aided my early exploration of Mennonites in Ukraine. Leonard Doell graciously opened his files and part of his life’s work in studying the land claim in Laird. I would like to recognize Walter Regehr, along with his wife Peggy, for their meticulous work on translating the “Selected Documents” and making them available to me; Jake Balzer, Karl Geoppert and Rebecca DeWinter also kindly assisted translation work. My SIS-PhD writing-group members provided very helpful comments on early versions of two chapters. Moving closer to home, I would like to thank Herta and Vic for hosting me in Saskatoon, Tobi for her careful editing eye, as well as my parents for helping in a plethora of ways. Finally, thank you to Naren for unfailing belief and walking with me on this journey. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................................iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................ix Chapter I. DANGERS IN TRANSITION ZONES: SURVIVING AS A MINORITY POLITICAL PEOPLE IN THE MURKY WATERS OF CONFLICT ...............................................................................................................................1 Group Identity and Political People Research Questions and Approach A Brief Introduction to Mennonites Dissertation Overview II. THE RESEARCH FRAME: METHODOLOGY ........................................................ 20 Research Methodology: A Historical Grounded Theory Data Collection Procedures Grounded Theory: Analysis and Substantive Theory Development III. CONFLICT SITE I, 1914-1924: MENNONITE COLONIES IN WANING IMPERIAL SOUTH RUSSIA ..................................................................... 44 Background: A New Russian Homeland v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A Decade of Conflict: 1914-1924 “We do not Recognize Ourselves:” Mennonite Identity in a Time of Upheaval Summary IV. CONFLICT SITE II, 1934-1944: CONFRONTING WAR IN THE NEW CANADIAN HOMELAND ............................................................................... 115 Background: Mennonites in Western Canada (1873-1934) A Decade of Conflict in Western Canada: 1934-1944 “We Will be Judged:” Mennonite Identity Themes in Western Canada Summary V. CONFLICT SITE III, 1977-1987: DISPUTED LAND CLAIMS AND COMMUNITY IN SASKATCHEWAN ..................................................................... 173 Background: Locating Laird Geographically and Historically A Decade of Low-Intensity Conflict in Laird: 1977-1987 Shifts, Contestation and Community: Mennonite Identity in Western Canada Summary VI. MENNONITES: A SUBSTANTIVE THEORY OF IDENTITY, CHANGE AND CONTINUITY ..................................................................................224 Developing a Substantive, Grounded Theory A Theory of Mennonite Identity: Central Categories and Properties Mennonite Identity Change Over Time Summary VII. PATTERNS IN THE MARGINS: CONTRIBUTIONS TO UNDERSTANDING IDENTITY CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN CONFLICT ................................................................................................................... 267 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Identity Categories and Content Continuity and Change, Stasis and Rupture, Maintenance and Transformation Limiting Change and Advancing Continuity A Word About Identity and Conflict Transformation Summary REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 313 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 3.1 Mennonite Colonies
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