DOCSLIB.ORG

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Polymer-Grafted Low-K and High-K Nanoparticles for Dielectric and Electronic Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Polymer-Grafted Low-K and High-K Nanoparticles for Dielectric and Electronic Applications molecules Review Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Polymer-Grafted Low-K and High-K Nanoparticles for Dielectric and Electronic Applications Bhausaheb V. Tawade 1 , Ikeoluwa E. Apata 1 , Nihar Pradhan 2 , Alamgir Karim 3 and Dharmaraj Raghavan 1,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; [email protected] (B.V.T.); [email protected] (I.E.A.) 2 Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The synthesis of polymer-grafted nanoparticles (PGNPs) or hairy nanoparticles (HNPs) by tethering of polymer chains to the surface of nanoparticles is an important technique to obtain nanostructured hybrid materials that have been widely used in the formulation of advanced polymer nanocomposites. Ceramic-based polymer nanocomposites integrate key attributes of polymer and ceramic nanomaterial to improve the dielectric properties such as breakdown strength, energy density and dielectric loss. This review describes the “grafting from” and “grafting to” approaches commonly adopted to graft polymer chains on NPs pertaining to nano-dielectrics. The article also covers various surface initiated controlled radical polymerization techniques, along with templated approaches for Citation: Tawade, B.V.; Apata, I.E.; grafting of polymer chains onto SiO2, TiO2, BaTiO3, and Al2O3 nanomaterials. As a look towards Pradhan, N.; Karim, A.; Raghavan, D. applications, an outlook on high-performance polymer nanocomposite capacitors for the design of Recent Advances in the Synthesis of high energy density pulsed power thin-film capacitors is also presented. Polymer-Grafted Low-K and High-K Nanoparticles for Dielectric and Electronic Applications. Molecules Keywords: polymer-grafted nanoparticles; dielectric properties; energy density; SiO2; TiO2; BaTiO3; 2021, 26, 2942. https://doi.org/ Al2O3; reversible deactivation radical polymerization; ATRP; RAFT; NMP; click chemistry 10.3390/molecules26102942 Academic Editor: Bhanu P. S. Chauhan 1. Introduction The growing demand for power electronics and energy storage serves as an ex- Received: 14 April 2021 cellent motivation for developing next generation dielectrics and electrical insulation Accepted: 10 May 2021 materials [1,2]. Dielectric polymers and polymer nanocomposites stand out as next gener- Published: 15 May 2021 ation dielectric materials for many electrical insulation and energy storage applications owing to their high dielectric strength, high voltage endurance, low dielectric loss, low Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral equivalent series resistance, a gradual failure mechanism, light weight, low cost and ease with regard to jurisdictional claims in of processability [3–10]. The use of polymer-based dielectric capacitors in various sectors published maps and institutional affil- is summarized in Figure1A. As a result of numerous emerging potential applications of iations. polymer-based dielectric materials and capacitors, research on strategies for enhancing capacitive energy storage methods has experienced significant growth. Figure1B shows the number of yearly publications in the last 25 years on the topic of “dielectric polymer capacitor” as found in the Sci-Finder database. Clearly, over the years the research interest Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. in the field of polymer dielectric capacitors has grown exponentially. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Apart from the use of polymers in nanocomposites, inorganic materials such as This article is an open access article ceramics are critical components for nanocomposite capacitors due to their extremely large distributed under the terms and dielectric constants, often times >1000. Despite their high dielectric constants, inorganic conditions of the Creative Commons materials suffer from a low breakdown strength and non-graceful failure mode. Polymer Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ nanocomposites integrate key attributes of polymer and ceramic nanomaterial to improve 4.0/). the overall dielectric properties [11,12]. Molecules 2021, 26, 2942. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102942 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2021Molecules, 26, x 2021FOR, 26PEER, 2942 REVIEW 2 of 44 2 of 43 Figure 1. (FigureA) The 1. (emergingA) The emerging applications applications of of dielectric dielectric capacitors capacitors (B) Number(B) Number of publications of publications on “polymer on dielectric “polymer capacitor” dielectric ca- pacitor” perper year year in thethe last last 25 25 years. years. Several comprehensive review articles including a couple of review articles from Apartour group from have the been use publishedof polymers in the in field nanoco of polymermposites, and polymer inorganic nanocomposite materials di-such as ce- ramicselectrics are critical [13–26]. components Our first review for article nanocompos dealt withite coverage capacitors of the nanoscaledue to their strategies extremely in large dielectricthe field constants, of polymeric often and polymertimes >1000. nanocomposites Despite fortheir use inhigh emerging dielectric dielectric constants, capacitor- inorganic materialsbased suffer energy from storage a low applications breakdown [13]. Somestreng ofth the and strategies non-graceful to address failure permittivity mode. Polymer nanocompositescontrast between integrate nanofillers key and attributes the polymer of matrix polymer including and potentialceramic for nanomaterial developing to im- gradient permittivity structured nanofillers were presented. Additionally, we had described proveapproaches the overall to improvedielectric the properties compatibility [11,12]. of nanofiller with polymer, minimize nanofiller Severalaggregation, comprehensive and mitigate the review permittivity articles contrast including between a couple nanofiller of review and polymer, articles In from our groupour have second been review published article, we in discussedthe field different of polymer chemical and routes polymer for surface nanocomposite functional- dielec- trics [13–26].ization of Our ceramic first nanoparticles review article [14]. dealt For instance, with coverage the article of dealt the with nanoscale the synthesis strategies of in the low-k and high-κ nanomaterials [19–24] as well as surface functionalization of nanoma- field terialsof polymeric including and treatment polymer with hydrogen nanocomposites peroxide, silane for use coupling in emerging agents, phosphonic dielectric capaci- tor-basedacid and energy dopamine storage moieties applicat thations improved [13]. theSome interaction of the betweenstrategies nanomaterials to address and permittivity contrastpolymer between matrix. nanofillers and the polymer matrix including potential for developing gradient Inpermittivity the review article structured published nanofillers in Nanotechnology were presented.[14], it was pointedAdditionally, out that thewe had de- scribedselection approaches of the surface to improve modifying the coupling compatibility agent on theof surfacenanofiller of nanoparticles/layer with polymer, minimize dictate the dielectric properties of the nanocomposites as well as the performance of nanofillerthe bilayer aggregation, as it relates and to gate mitigate dielectrics. the Although, permittivity functionalization contrast ofbetween nanomaterials nanofiller and polymer,with chemicalIn our second agents isreview less cumbersome article, we and di lessscussed equipment different intensive chemical there are routes several for surface functionalizationshortcomings toof adopting ceramic this nanoparticles method viz., (i) [14]. the structureFor instance, of the chemical the article modifying dealt with the synthesisagent of is distinctlylow-k and different high-κ from nanomaterials the long chain [19–24] of polymer as well matrix as (ii) surface side reaction functionalization of the chemical agent could lead to multilayer formation and (iii) physical adsorption of the of nanomaterialsmodifying agent. including Unlike the surfacetreatment modification with hydrogen of nanoparticles peroxide, with chemical silane agents, coupling the agents, phosphonicpolymer graftingacid and of thedopamine nanoparticles moieties yield nanoparticles that improved with surface the energyinteraction which closelybetween nano- materialsmatches and with polymer that of thematrix. polymer matrix. The improved compatibility of polymer-grafted Innanoparticles the review with article polymer published matrix often in yieldsNanotechnology nanocomposites [14], with it superiorwas pointed properties out that the compared to nanocomposites with chemical agent-modified nanoparticles. For instance, selection of the surface modifying coupling agent on the surface of nanoparticles/layer maximum energy density and extraction efficiency values for polymethylmethacrylate dictate(PMMA) the dielectric grafted BaTiO properties3 filled PMMA of the nanocompositesnanocomposites was as found well to as be the two performance fold higher of the bilayerthan as that it relates of coupling to gate agent dielectrics. surface-modified Although, BaTiO3 functionalizationfilled PMMA nanocomposites of nanomaterials [27]. with chemical Thereagents are manyis less approaches cumbersome to improve and theless compatibility equipment of theintensive nanoparticles
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Surface Grafting of Polymers Via Living Radical Polymerization Techniques; Polymeric Supports for Combinatorial Chemistry
    Surface grafting of polymers via living radical polymerization techniques; polymeric supports for combinatorial chemistry By Nikolas Anton Amadeus Zwaneveld A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia March, 2006 ii iii Abstract The use of living radical polymerization methods has shown significant potential to control grafting of polymers from inert polymeric substrates. The objective of this thesis is to create advanced substrates for use in combinatorial chemistry applications through the use of γ-radiation as a radical source, and the use of RAFT, ATRP and RATRP living radical techniques to control grafting polymerization. The substrates grafted were polypropylene SynPhase lanterns from Mimotopes and are intended to be used as supports for combinatorial chemistry. ATRP was used to graft polymers to SynPhase lanterns using a technique where the lantern was functionalized by exposing the lanterns to gamma-radiation from a 60Co radiation source in the presence of carbon tetra-bromide, producing short chain polystyrene tethered bromine atoms, and also with CBr4 directly functionalizing the surface. Styrene was then grafted off these lanterns using ATRP. MMA was graft to the surface of SynPhase lanterns, using γ-radiation initiated RATRP at room temperature. It was found that the addition of the thermal initiator, AIBN, successfully increased the concentration of radicals to a level where we could achieve proper control of the polymerization. RAFT was used to successfully control the grafting of styrene, acrylic acid and N,N’- dimethylacrylamide to polypropylene SynPhase Lanterns via a γ-initiated RAFT agent mediated free radical polymerization process using cumyl phenyldithioacetate and cumyl dithiobenzoate RAFT agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Internal Plasticization of PVC: Copper-Mediated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization from PVC Defect Sites to Form Acrylate Graft Copolymers
    SYNLETT0936-52141437-2096 Georg Thieme Verlag KG Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart 2021, 32, 497–501 cluster 497 The Power of Transition Metals: An Unen- Synlett L. Li et al. Cluster Advances in Internal Plasticization of PVC: Copper-Mediated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization from PVC Defect Sites To Form Acrylate Graft Copolymers Longbo Lia O O wt% Plasticizer: 24% to 75% Yanika Schneiderb O Adrienne B. Hoeglundc O a Defect Sites Rebecca Braslau* O Allylic 2 Internal Chloride a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, BA 2EEA Plasticizer Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA Tertiary [email protected] Chloride 3 mol% CuBr, 3 mol% PMDETA b EAG Laboratories, 810 Kifer Rd, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA DMF c 100 °C EAG Laboratories, 2672 Metro Blvd, Maryland Heights, MS 63043, 2 h USA PVC PVC-g-(PBA-co-P2EEA) Dedicated to Barry Trost: celebrating a lifetime of exploring the beauty Tg: 54 °C to –54 °C of transition-metal catalysis in organic synthesis. Published as part of the Cluster The Power of Transition Metals: An Unending Well-Spring of New Reactivity Corresponding Author Received: 07.12.2020 Previous work in this laboratory highlighted the use of Accepted: 15.01.2021 thermal azide/alkyne Huisgen cycloadditions to attach Published online: 12.02.2021 6,12,14,15 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1610764; Art ID: st-2020-v0624-c plasticizers to PVC. However, the nucleophilic-sub- stitution approach to attaching plasticizers requires at least Abstract Internally plasticized PVC copolymers were prepared by three synthetic steps from PVC, which is impractical on an grafting PVC with butyl acrylate and 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate industrial scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Barton Esters in Polymer Modification. Timothy S
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1999 Application of Barton Esters in Polymer Modification. Timothy S. Evenson Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Evenson, Timothy S., "Application of Barton Esters in Polymer Modification." (1999). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6887. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6887 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. U M I films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UM I a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note w ill indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohjo University Library @ 1987
    The Kinetics of a Methyl Hethacrylate Polymerization Initiated by the Stable Free Radicals in Irradiated Polytetrafluoroethylene and Properties of the Resultant Graft Polymer A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Karen Ann Ehnot Donato --. June, 1987 OHJO UNIVERSITY LIBRARY @ 1987 Karen Ann Ehnot Donato All Rights Reserved This dissertation has been approved by the Department of Chemical Engineering and the College of Engineering and Technology of Ohio University Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering Dean of the College of Engineering and Technology TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures vi List of Tables XV List of Appendices xvi ii Acknowledgment ixx I. Introduction 1 11. Polytetrafluoroethylene 3 11.1 Structure and Properties of PTFE 3 11.2 Effects of Radiation on Polytetrafluoroethylene 11.3 Melt Extrudable Fluorocarbon Resins 11.4 Radiation Induced Grafting of PTFE Films with Vinyl Monomers 111. Free Radical Chain Polymerization 111.1 Theory of Free Radical Polymerization 111.2 Inhibition in Free Radical Polymerization 111.3 Hethyl nethacrylate Homopolymerization 111.4 Gel(Trommsdorf) Effect IV. Kinetics node1 for Irradiated PTFE Initiated HM Polymerization IV. 1 Kinetics Model from Earlier Work(69) V. Experimental Procedure for Production of the PTFE-PW Graft Polymer V. 1 Test Tube Runs V. 2 Factorial Design and Reaction Conditions for the Scaled-up Reaction V. 3 Kinetics Runs in Bulk VI. Results of the Graft Polymerization VI.l Test Tube Factorial VI. 2 Bulk Factorial VI. 3 Kinetics Data in Test Tubes(68) VI.4 Kinetics Runs in Bulk VI.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 8 Polymer Chemistry Polymer Chemistry Dynamic Article Links ►
    Polymer Chemistry Accepted Manuscript This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading. Using this free service, authors can make their results available to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available. You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the Information for Authors. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. www.rsc.org/polymers Page 1 of 8 Polymer Chemistry Polymer Chemistry Dynamic Article Links ► Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/c0xx00000x www.rsc.org/xxxxxx ARTICLE TYPE Corn starch-based graft copolymers prepared via ATRP at the molecular level Leli Wang, Jianan Shen, Yongjun Men, Ying Wu, Qiaohong Peng, Xiaolin Wang, Rui Yang, Khalid Mahmood, Zhengping Liu* 5 Received (in XXX, XXX) Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XX, Accepted Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XX DOI: 10.1039/b000000x Abstract: Ionic liquid was employed as a reaction media to prepare starch-based graft copolymers via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) due to its high dissolubility for starch and chemical inertness.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymers with Complex Architecture by Living Anionic Polymerization
    Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3747−3792 3747 Polymers with Complex Architecture by Living Anionic Polymerization Nikos Hadjichristidis,* Marinos Pitsikalis, Stergios Pispas, and Hermis Iatrou Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece Received January 31, 2001 Contents weight and compositional polydispersity. Later star homopolymers and block copolymers, the simplest I. Introduction 3747 complex architectures, were prepared. Polymer physi- II. Star Polymers 3747 cal chemists and physicists started studying the A. General Methods for the Synthesis of Star 3747 solution3 and the bulk properties of these materials.4 Polymers The results obtained forced the polymer theoreticians 1. Multifunctional Initiators. 3749 either to refine existing theories5 or to create new 2. Multifunctional Linking Agents 3751 ones.6 Over the past few years, polymeric materials 3. Use of Difunctional Monomers 3754 having more complex architectures have been syn- B. Star−Block Copolymers 3754 thesized. The methods leading to the following com- C. Functionalized Stars 3755 plex architectures will be presented in this review: 1. Functionalized Initiators 3755 (1) star polymers and mainly asymmetric and mik- R 2. Functionalized Terminating Agents 3756 toarm stars; (2) comb and ,ω-branched polymers; (3) D. Asymmetric Stars 3757 cyclic polymers and combinations of cyclic polymers with linear chains; and (4) hyperbranched polymers. 1. Molecular Weight Asymmetry 3757 Emphasis has been placed on chemistry leading to 2. Functional Group Asymmetry 3760 well-defined and well-characterized polymeric mate- 3. Topological Asymmetry 3761 rials. Complex architectures obtained by combination E. Miktoarm Star Polymers 3761 of anionic polymerization with other polymerization 1. Chlorosilane Method 3761 methods are not the subject of this review.
    [Show full text]
  • Macromolecular Engineering by Applying Concurrent Reactions with ATRP
    polymers Perspective Macromolecular Engineering by Applying Concurrent Reactions with ATRP Yu Wang 1,2,* , Mary Nguyen 3 and Amanda J. Gildersleeve 1 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; [email protected] 2 Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 July 2020; Accepted: 24 July 2020; Published: 29 July 2020 Abstract: Modern polymeric material design often involves precise tailoring of molecular/supramolecular structures which is also called macromolecular engineering. The available tools for molecular structure tailoring are controlled/living polymerization methods, click chemistry, supramolecular polymerization, self-assembly, among others. When polymeric materials with complex molecular architectures are targeted, it usually takes several steps of reactions to obtain the aimed product. Concurrent polymerization methods, i.e., two or more reaction mechanisms, steps, or procedures take place simultaneously instead of sequentially, can significantly reduce the complexity of the reaction procedure or provide special molecular architectures that would be otherwise very difficult to synthesize. Atom transfer radical polymerization, ATRP, has been widely applied in concurrent polymerization reactions and resulted in improved efficiency in macromolecular engineering. This perspective summarizes reported studies employing concurrent polymerization methods with ATRP as one of the reaction components and highlights future research directions in this area. Keywords: macromolecular engineering; ATRP; click chemistry; CuAAC; RAFT; ROMP; ROP; concurrent polymerization 1. Introduction Modern polymeric material design often involves precise macromolecular synthesis to achieve targeted macroscopic material properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Graft Copolymers and Blends Thereof with Polyolefins
    Europaisches Patentamt 0 335 649 J) European Patent Office GO Publication number: A2 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (5) Application number: 89303029.6 int.ci.4: C 08 F 255/00 C 08 L 57/00 @ Date of filing: 28.03.89 //(C08L57/00,51.:00), (C08F255/00,220:18) (gg) Priority: 29.03.88 US 174648 01.03.89 US 315501 @ Inventor: llenda, Casmir Stanislaus 942 Bellevue Avenue Hulmeville Pennsylvania 19047 (US) @ Date of publication of application: 04.10.89 Bulletin 89/40 Work, William James 1288 Burnett Road @ Designated Contracting States: Huntington Valley Pennsylvania 19006 (US) AT BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI LU NL SE Graham, Roger Kenneth Iron Post Road ROHM AND HAAS COMPANY 716 ® Applicant: Moorestown New Jersey 08057 (US) Independence Mall West Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19105 (US) Bortnick, Newman 509 Oreland Mill Road Orland Pennsylvania 19075 (US) (74) Representative: Angell, David Whilton et al ROHM AND HAAS (UK) LTD. European Operations Patent Department Lennig House 2 Mason's Avenue CroydonCR93NB (GB) @ Graft copolymers and blends thereof with polyolefins. (g) A novel graft copolymer capable of imparting to a polyolefin when blended therewith a good balance of tensile modulus, sag resistance and melt viscosity, is a polyolefin trunk having a, preferably relatively high weight-average molecular weight, methacrylate polymer chain grafted thereto. The graft copolymer is formed by dissolving a non-polar polyolefin in an inert hydrocarbon solvent, and, while stirring the mixture, adding methacrylate monomer together with initiator to pro- duce a constant, low concentration of radicals, and covalently graft a polymer chain, preferably of relatively high molecular CM to the backbone.
    [Show full text]
  • Rational Design of Soft Materials Through
    RATIONAL DESIGN OF SOFT MATERIALS THROUGH CHEMICAL ARCHITECTURES A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Heyi Liang December, 2019 RATIONAL DESIGN OF SOFT MATERIALS THROUGH CHEMICAL ARCHITECTURES Heyi Liang Dissertation Approved: Accepted: ______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Andrey V. Dobrynin Dr. Tianbo Liu ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Interim Dean of the College Dr. Ali Dhinojwala Dr. Ali Dhinojwala ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Matthew Becker Dr. Chand K. Midha ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Mesfin Tsige ______________________________ Committee Member Dr. Hunter King ______________________________ Committee Member Dr. Kevin Cavicchi ii ABSTRACT Mimicking the mechanical behavior of biological tissues is crucial for tissue engineering, medical implants, and wearable devices. Many biological tissues—such as lung, skin and artery tissues—are supersoft at small deformation (Young’s Modulus E0 < 104 Pa) and stiffen with increasing deformation. This unique combination of mechanical softness and nonlinear elasticity cannot be easily duplicated by conventional synthetic elastomers composed of linear polymers. Graft polymers, consisting of linear backbones densely grafted with short side chains,
    [Show full text]
  • A Substrate-Independent Method for Surface Grafting Polymer Layers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Reduction of Protein Adsorption ⇑ Bryan R
    Acta Biomaterialia 8 (2012) 608–618 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Acta Biomaterialia journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actabiomat A substrate-independent method for surface grafting polymer layers by atom transfer radical polymerization: Reduction of protein adsorption ⇑ Bryan R. Coad a,b, ,YiLua, Laurence Meagher a,b a CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, 3168 Victoria, Australia b Cooperative Research Centre for Polymers, Notting Hill, 3168 Victoria, Australia article info abstract Article history: A general method for producing low-fouling biomaterials on any surface by surface-initiated grafting of Received 14 June 2011 polymer brushes is presented. Our procedure uses radiofrequency glow discharge thin film deposition Received in revised form 31 August 2011 followed by macro-initiator coupling and then surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization Accepted 5 October 2011 (SI-ATRP) to prepare neutral polymer brushes on planar substrates. Coatings were produced on substrates Available online 11 October 2011 with variable interfacial composition and mechanical properties such as hard inorganic/metal substrates (silicon and gold) or flexible (perfluorinated poly(ethylene-co-propylene) film) and rigid (microtitre Keywords: plates) polymeric materials. First, surfaces were functionalized via deposition of an allylamine plasma Biomaterial interface engineering polymer thin film followed by covalent coupling of a macro-initiator composed partly of ATRP Surface-initiated ATRP Polymer brush initiator groups. Successful grafting of a hydrophilic polymer layer was achieved by SI-ATRP of 0 Low-fouling biomaterials N,N -dimethylacrylamide in aqueous media at room temperature. We exemplified how this method could be used to create surface coatings with significantly reduced protein adsorption on different material substrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Interfacial Behavior of Functional Amphiphilic Graft Copolymers Prepared by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Open Access Dissertations 2-2009 Synthesis and Interfacial Behavior of Functional Amphiphilic Graft opC olymers Prepared by Ring- opening Metathesis Polymerization Kurt E. Breitenkamp University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Polymer and Organic Materials Commons Recommended Citation Breitenkamp, Kurt E., "Synthesis and Interfacial Behavior of Functional Amphiphilic Graft opoC lymers Prepared by Ring-opening Metathesis Polymerization" (2009). Open Access Dissertations. 4. https://doi.org/10.7275/v32k-tj21 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/4 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SYNTHESIS AND INTERFACIAL BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONAL AMPHIPHILIC GRAFT COPOLYMERS PREPARED BY RING-OPENING METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION A Dissertation Presented by KURT E. BREITENKAMP II Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 2009 Polymer Science and Engineering © Copyright by Kurt E. Breitenkamp II 2009 All Rights Reserved SYNTHESIS AND INTERFACIAL BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONAL AMPHIPHILIC GRAFT COPOLYMERS PREPARED BY RING-OPENING METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION A Dissertation Presented by KURT E. BREITENKAMP II Approved as to style and content by: __________________________________________ Todd S. Emrick, Chair __________________________________________ E. Bryan Coughlin, Member __________________________________________ Anthony D. Dinsmore, Member ________________________________________ Shaw L. Hsu, Department Head Polymer Science and Engineering DEDICATION In memory of my father, Kurt E.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyvinyl Chloride Resin Composition
    Europaisches Patentamt 726 European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 347 A1 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 89110725.2 © int. ci* C08L 27/06 , //C08F285/00, (C08L27/06,51:04) © Date of filing: 13.06.89 © Priority: 14.06.88 JP 144695/88 © Applicant: MITSUBISHI RAYON CO., LTD. 3-19, Kyobashi-2-chome Chuo-Ku © Date of publication of application: Tokyo(JP) 27.12.89 Bulletin 89/52 @ Inventor: Kishida, Kazuo c/o Mitsubishi Rayon © Designated Contracting States: Co., Ltd BE DE ES FR GB IT NL 3-19, Kyobashi 2-chome Chuo-ku Tokyo(JP) Inventor: Kitai, Kiyokazu 208 Sunset Ave . Westfield New Jersey(US) Inventor: Ohkage, Kenji Sunny Town C-103 45-52, Enokigaoka Midori-ku Yokohama-shi Kanagawa(JP) Representative: Patentanwalte TER MEER - MULLER - STEINMEISTER Mauerkircherstrasse 45 D-8000 MUnchen 80(DE) ® Polyvinyl chloride resin composition. © Disclosed is a modifier to be incorporated in a polyvinyl chloride resin, which is a graft copolymer obtained by carrying out, in the presence of 100 parts by weight of a butadiene rubber having a swelling degree of 10 to 50 and an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.4 urn, first-stage graft polymerization of 1 to 42 parts by weight of methyl methacrylate and 0 to 5 parts by weight of an alkyl acrylate, second-stage graft polymerization of 10 to 120 parts by weight of styrene and third-stage graft polymerization of 7 to 75 parts by weight of methyl methacrylate and 0 to 20 parts by weight of an alkyl acrylate, the content of the butadiene rubber in the graft copolymer being 35 to 75% by weight.
    [Show full text]