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Increasing Floral Design Coursework Offerings Through INCREASING FLORAL DESIGN COURSEWORK OFFERINGS THROUGH INTEGRATION IN UNIVERSITY ART DEPARTMENTS AND IDENTIFYING FLORAL DESIGN EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDS FOR FLORAL STUDIO OWNERS A Dissertation by MORGAN MCKENNA ANDERSON Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Charles Hall Co-Chair of Committee, Tracy Rutherford Committee Members, Theresa Murphrey Daniel Lineberger Christina Bain Head of Department, Daniel Lineberger August 2016 Major Subject: Horticulture Copyright 2016 Morgan McKenna Anderson ABSTRACT Artists of various mediums use nature as a muse. To establish nature (flowers and foliage) as a medium, this study identified floral design as an art form, reviewed the introduction of floral design courses within university art departments, and determined floral studio owners’ preference in educational backgrounds of designer employees. Research methodologies included a meta-synthesis, focus group, and survey. The meta- synthesis sourced references (n=190) linking floral design to art and its integration in art departments. Results indicated that floral design is an art form because it contains meaning and is standardized (principles and elements of design and design process), and though floral design is interdisciplinary (science and art), higher education floral design coursework is typically limited to plant science departments (agriculture, horticulture, plant and soil science, natural resource and environmental science). The focus group (n=4) of higher education Texas Art Education Association members concluded that because the medium of flowers contain context and meaning, non-commodity floral designs are art and because members identified certain floral designs as art, coursework could be integrated into university art departments. The survey provided retrospective data from BBrooks Fine Flowers floral designs studio owners (n=106) in which results revealed owners believed floral design is interdisciplinary (primarily an art with agricultural science to lesser extent). Most designer employees attained a high school education level, but those designers with a higher education tended to have an arts degree and owners preferred designers to have an art to an agricultural degree. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my entire family, my husband, mother, father, and sister, thank you for your love and support in following my dream and passion in floral design. To my husband, Chase Anderson, thank you for being there for me every step of the way and for your unconditional love (now it is time for your career in Ornithology). To my father, Dr. Charles Jenkins, I hope this makes you proud, love you and miss you. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to all of my committee members whom have provided outstanding leadership and direction throughout my research. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Tracy Rutherford for her guidance throughout this entire Ph.D., from starting my program to advising on research concerns, as well as reviewing my data and statistics. A special thank you to Mr. William McKinley and Dr. Charles Hall for their support and commitment to not only my Ph.D. program but providing sound advice for my journey in the floral industry after graduation. Dr. Christina Bain, thank you for introducing me to the world of art education, not only did I learn a great deal in your coursework but I gained a greater appreciation for the arts because of you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I RESEARCH INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ............ 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review ................................................................................................ 3 Statement of Problem .......................................................................................... 5 Significance of Study ......................................................................................... 5 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................... 6 Purpose .............................................................................................................. 7 Objectives ........................................................................................................... 7 Methodologies ..................................................................................................... 8 Data Collection .................................................................................................... 8 Limitations .......................................................................................................... 9 Assumptions ........................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER II IDENTIFYING FLORAL DESIGN AS AN ART FORM AND THE POSSIBILITY OF INTEGRATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION ART DEPARTMENTS ...................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 11 Methods ............................................................................................................... 12 Instrument ..................................................................................................... 12 Population ...................................................................................................... 14 Results .............................................................................................................. 14 Defining Art .................................................................................................. 14 Categories of Art ........................................................................................... 16 Hobbyist or Enthusiast Art ................................................................... 17 Craft ..................................................................................................... 19 v Applied or Decorative Art .................................................................... 22 Amateur Art .......................................................................................... 23 Professional Art .................................................................................... 26 Commercial Art .................................................................................... 28 Commodity Art .................................................................................... 29 Visual Art ............................................................................................. 31 Fine Art ................................................................................................ 32 Installation Art ...................................................................................... 34 Capturing Ephemeral Botanicals ................................................................... 36 Negotiating New Art Forms and Disciplines ................................................ 37 University Curriculum Adjustment Procedures ............................................ 39 Defining Design ............................................................................................ 40 Floral Design as Art Form ............................................................................. 42 Designating Floral Design as Art ......................................................... 42 Botanicals as Medium in Art Creation ................................................. 46 Floral Design Compared to Other Forms of Art .................................. 48 Floral Arranging Containing Meaning and Expression ....................... 50 Florist as Artist ..................................................................................... 53 Floral Design History ........................................................................... 54 Floral Design’s Contemporary Popularity and Influencers .................. 59 The Future of Floral Art ....................................................................... 64 Businesses and Recent Publications Naming Floral Design as an Art .......... 65 Education Identifying Floral Design as Art .................................................. 66 Floral Design Education in Plant Science Departments ................................ 69 Principles and Elements of Design ................................................................ 72 The Background of the Principles and Elements ................................. 72 Student Education of the Principles and Elements ............................... 74 Floral Design Applies the Principles and Elements ............................
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