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As Abelhas Eussociais (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Visitantes Florais Em Um Ecossistema De Dunas Continentais No Médio Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil

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As Abelhas Eussociais (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Visitantes Florais Em Um Ecossistema De Dunas Continentais No Médio Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 46(4): 571-578 31.XII.2002 As abelhas eussociais (Hymenoptera, Apidae) visitantes florais em um ecossistema de dunas continentais no médio Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil Edinaldo Luz das Neves1 Blandina Felipe Viana1 ABSTRACT. Highly eusocial bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) flower visitors in a continental sand dune ecosystem from the medium São Francisco River, Bahia, Brazil. A community of highly eusocial bees in sand dunes, covered with caatinga vegetation, in the medium São Francisco River, Bahia (10º47' 37"S and 42º49' 25"W) was studied. The local climate is semi arid and hot, with mean temperature of 25.7 ºC and annual precipitation of 653.8 mm. Censuses took place every two months, from February to December of 2000. The bees were sampled on flowers with entomological nets, from 6:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. A total of 2,147 individuals of eight species of Apinae were found, of which Apis mellifera Linnaeus (40.2%), Trigona spinipes (Fabricius) (28.7%) and Frieseomelitta silvestri languida Moure (14.7%) were the predominant species. The diversity was H´ = 1.53 and the evenness E´ = 0.73. The bees were active during the whole year, but there was a significant variation in the monthly abundance of individuals (χ2= 799.55; df= 35; p<0.0001). The daily activity was greater between 6:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m. The low bee diversity observed is a consequence of the low richness of botanical species and of the small amount of sites for the bees’ nests. The community of highly eusocial bees from the dunes presents organization patterns similar to those observed in other caatinga areas, albeit with some particularities. KEYWORDS: Apidae; Apinae; caatinga; community structure; Meliponini. INTRODUÇÃO por fatores climáticos, sociais e individuais que afetam os padrões de forrageamento, nidificação e as relações intra-e As abelhas eussociais (Apidae, Apinae) constituem a interespecíficas (CASTRO 2001). principal biomassa de insetos que visitam as flores de vários A estrutura da comunidade (composição e fenologia) tem grupos de plantas em ecossistemas naturais e agrícolas nas sido o tema preferencialmente abordado no Brasil nos estudos regiões tropicais (MICHENER 1979; ROUBIK 1989; WILMS et al. sobre Apoidea (PINHEIRO-MACHADO et al. 2002). Entretanto, 1996). Essas abelhas apresentam longo período de atividade, poucos compararam seus resultados com os de outros estudos, colônias perenes e sofisticados sistemas de comunicação que utilizaram métodos semelhantes, para testar a existência de (SEELEY 1985). padrões entre as comunidades nas diferentes localidades de Os meliponíneos (Meliponini) têm distribuição pantropical, um mesmo ecossistema e entre ecossistemas distintos, apresentando grande riqueza de espécies nos trópicos das buscando explicações possíveis para os padrões emergentes. regiões Neotropical e Indo-Malaia, com alguns táxons restritos Nos ecossistemas dos mares de areia do médio Rio São às zonas subtropicais do hemisfério sul (MICHENER 1979; ROUBIK Francisco, VIANA (1999) estudou aspectos relacionados à 1989). Em levantamentos de abelhas realizados no Brasil, os diversidade e padrões de abundância das espécies de Apoidea meliponíneos corresponderam a cerca de 40-75% dos eNEVES & VIANA (1999) estudaram a comunidade de machos de indivíduos e 5-40% das espécies coletados nas flores (RAMALHO Euglossini das matas ciliares próximas aos mares de areia. 1995; WILMS et al. 1996; CASTRO 2001). O presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar se a Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Apini) se tornou o visitante floral comunidade de abelhas eussociais das dunas interiores do mais comum nos ambientes tropicais (ROUBIK 2000). A médio Rio São Francisco (DMRSF) apresenta um padrão de diversidade e abundância de Apis mellifera são influenciadas estrutura semelhante ao de outras localidades estudadas na 1. Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Abelhas (LABEA), Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia. Rua Barão de Geremoabo s/n, Campus Universitário de Ondina. 40170-110, Salvador – Ba, Brasil. Home page: www.ufba.br/~labea; Endereço eletrônico: [email protected] 572 Neves & Viana caatinga e, mais especificamente: das dunas e nos vales localizados entre as dunas, além de 1. Ampliar o conhecimento sobre a fauna de abelhas ampliar a área amostral. O tempo de coleta em cada planta foi de eussociais residentes nas dunas, previamente inventariada por 5 a 10 minutos. Os espécimes coletados estão depositados na VIANA (1999), utilizando uma maior área amostral assim como Coleção fenológica do Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de um maior esforço de coleta; Abelhas do Departamento de Zoologia do Instituto de Biologia, 2. Investigar se há um padrão sazonal (mensal e diário) na Universidade Federal da Bahia. atividade de vôo das abelhas, relacionando-o com os fatores As plantas floridas foram amostradas e prensadas no campo, ecológicos (recursos alimentares e variações meteorológicas); num total de cinco exsicatas para cada espécie. O número de 3. Verificar a ocorrência de similaridade da fauna de abelhas flores produzido por cada exemplar de espécie vegetal foi eussociais das dunas com as de outras localidades estudadas estimado por um método arbitrário, contando-se o número de na caatinga; flores contidas em um quadrado de 50x50 cm colocado 4. Examinar as principais tendências de organização da aleatoriamente sobre a copa da planta. A estimativa do número comunidade local de abelhas eussociais e propor explicações de flores por indivíduo florido foi feita utilizando-se a fórmula: para as mesmas. Fi= k.c/q onde i é o indivíduo florido de determinada espécie vegetal, k é o número de flores contados na área do quadrado, MATERIAL E MÉTODOS c é a copa total da planta (m2) e q a área do quadrado (0,25 m2). Para a contagem em plantas com inflorescência, antes de utilizar O estudo de campo foi realizado em uma área restrita de a fórmula acima, multiplicou-se a quantidade de inflorescências dunas continentais (10 ha), com vegetação de caatinga, próxima contidas no quadrado pelo número médio de flores por ao povoado de Ibiraba (10º 47’ 37”S e 42º 49’ 25”W), Bahia, inflorescência. Para a estimativa do número total de flores por pertencente aos mares de areia do médio Rio São Francisco. O espécie botânica no transecto, multiplicou-se o número médio clima é quente e semiárido (BSwh, segundo o sistema de de flores por indivíduo (F) pelo número total de indivíduos Köpen), com temperatura média superior a 25,7ºC (INMET – IV floridos na área. Nas plantas de pequeno porte, quando Distrito). As precipitações são escassas e muito irregulares, possível, contou-se diretamente o número total de flores. As com média anual de 653,8 mm, apresentando um período seco exsicatas encontram-se depositadas nos herbários RADAM de sete a oito meses, com as chuvas ocorrendo entre outubro BRASIL (IBGE-Salvador), HUEFS (Universidade Estadual de e março (INMET – IV Distrito). Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana) e ALCB (Universidade A vegetação local é classificada como caatinga arbustiva Federal da Bahia, Salvador). aberta, pouco densa em espécies arbóreas e os arbustos e Durante o período amostral, procurou-se aleatoriamente os subarbustos são esparsos, apresentando três estratos distintos ninhos de abelhas eussociais presentes na área dos dois com predominância do segundo: (1) arbóreo, com transectos (10 ha) e entre os transectos (10 ha). Todos aqueles representantes de 8-12 m de altura; (2) arbustivo/subarbustivo, encontrados foram observados e monitorados. com indivíduos de 2-5 m e (3) o herbáceo, geralmente de caráter Nos dias de coleta foram anotados no próprio local, a cada anual. 60 minutos, os dados de temperatura (ºC), umidade relativa do As coletas foram realizadas a cada dois meses, durante ar (%) e velocidade do vento (m/s). Os dados de precipitação quatro dias consecutivos, no período de fevereiro a dezembro do dia de coleta, o valor total do mês e os dados da normal de 2000. Cada amostragem teve a duração de 11 horas, das 6:00 climatológica foram obtidos no INMET-IV DISTRITO, referentes às 17:00h, totalizando 528 h de esforço amostral, 264 h por ao posto meteorológico do município de Barra (11º 05’S e 43º coletor. Vale ressaltar que o esforço de coleta realizado no 10’W), o mais próximo de Ibiraba. presente estudo foi maior do que o realizado VIANA (1999) (156h), Para os cálculos de diversidade foi aplicado o índice de e as amostragem ocorreram no início (abril), meio (junho) e final SHANNON (H’) (1949, apud LUDWIG & REYNOLDS 1988). Para (agosto) do período seco e no início (outubro), meio (dezembro) melhor interpretação dos resultados do índice de diversidade, e final (fevereiro) do período de chuvas. utilizou-se também o índice de eqüitatividade (J’) (PIELOU 1975). A captura das abelhas nas flores foi feita por dois coletores O programa estatístico utilizado foi o BASIC PROGRAM (LUDWIG utilizando redes entomológicas com cabo de 4 m de altura, & REYNOLDS 1988). segundo método descrito por SAKAGAMI et al. (1967) com Para verificar se houve variação significativa na abundância algumas modificações. Dois transectos de 500 m cada, distantes relativa dos indivíduos, durante o período amostral, foi aplicado 200 m um do outro, foram estabelecidos na área. Os mesmos o teste qui-quadrado (χ2). O programa utilizado foi o INSTAT, foram percorridos pelos coletores simultaneamente, explorando VERSÃO 3.0 FOR WINDOWS. as plantas floridas a até 50 m de cada lado do mesmo. O local As espécies predominantes e seus limites de confiança de coleta foi o mesmo utilizado por VIANA (1999), porém o foram calculados através do método de probabilidade de KAT O transecto usado por essa autora foi estabelecido no topo de et al. (1952 apud LAROCA 1995). uma das dunas, enquanto os transectos do presente estudo Utilizou-se o método de agrupamento UPGMA para avaliar foram estabelecidos cortando três dunas transversalmente, a similaridade entre as faunas de abelhas eussociais das áreas possibilitando a captura das abelhas no topo e nas encostas de caatinga estudadas.
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