Red Lily Pond I Barnstable, Massachusetts 1 a Diagnostic/Feasibility Study I

RED LILY POND I BARNSTABLE, MASSACHUSETTS 1 A DIAGNOSTIC/FEASIBILITY STUDY I

I K-V ASSOCIATES, INC FALMOUTH, MA

IEP, INC. BARNSTABLE, MA

FINAL REPORT RED LILY POND DIAGNOSTIC/FEASIBILITY STUDY

Prepared for: Town of Barnstable Barnstable, MA 03601

Prepared by: K-V Associates, Inc. 281 Main Street Falmouth, MA 02540 and IEP, Inc. 3179 Main Street Sarnstable, MA 02360

Oune, 1988 I

I RED LILY POND I DIAGNOSTIC/FEASIBILITY STUDY TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements v I Contributors vii I Executive Summary 1 Red Lily Pond - A Historical Perspective 4 I PART I - DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 16 Lake and Watershed Description 18 Regional Geology 18 I Reconstruction of Original Lake/Ancient Pond History 18 Morphometric Data and Bathymetry 22 Lake Hydrology 27 I Land Use 38 Limnological Data Base 42 Methodology 42 I Discussion of Parameters 45 Comparison of Existing Water Quality with Previous Studies 71 In-lake Studies: Septic Leachate and Macrophyton Surveys 73 I On-site Wastewater Disposal Practices 79 Macrophyton Survey 81 Storm Sampling 86 I Sediment Analysis 89 Annual Nutrient Budget 91 I Carrying Capacity of a Pond 106 I Diagnostic Summary 110 PART TWO - FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT 112 Watershed Mitigation 114 I Mosquito Control Ditch 114 Alteration of the Ditch 115 Sediment Trap/pH Adjustment 121 I Maintenance Recommendations 121 Sewage Treatment/Disposal 122 Sewering 122 I Community Septic System 127 Non-discharge Toilets 132 Holding Tanks 133 I Maintenance Program 134 I I I I Runoff Control 135 Watershed Management 142 Zoning 145 I Subdivision Rules and Regulations 149 In-lake Mitigation 150 Mechanical 152 I Harvesting 152 Hydro-Raking 153 Benthic Barriers 155 Aeration 156 I Reverse Layering of Bottom Sediments 156 Dredging 162 I Drawdown/Water Level Manipulation 163 Chemical 164 Herbicide Treatment 164 I Light Supression/Dyes 165 Biological Control 166 I Effect of Alternatives on Nutrient Budget and Trophic Status 168 I Continuing Monitoring 172 Summary - Feasible Action 178 I Public Participation 181 References 183 I Appendix 186 I I I I I I I I I I FIGURES Number Title Page I 1 Location of Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth 5 2 Red Lily Pond of 1872 6 3 Historical photographs taken at the turn of the century 7 4 Sketches showing the evolutionary development of I Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth 8 5 View across lower Lake Elizabeth in Seotember, 1944 10 6 Lily and algae growth clogging Red Lily Pond 12 I 7 Area! view of Red Lily Pond, circa 1978 12 8 Weed harvesting of Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond 13 9 Surface watershed and recharge zone of Red Lily Pond 19 10 Original lake basins 21 I 11 Observation points along cross-lake transects for bathymetric study 24 12 Bathymetric map of Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth 25 I 13 Sediment thickness mapping of Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth 26 14 Flow rate at three stations over time 29 15 Groundwater flow patterns observed for Red Lily Pond I by direct measurement 34 16 Groundwater elevations measured April, 1986, compared with the Centerville-Osterville zone of contribution 35 I 17 Progressive development of Red Lily Pond from U.S.G.S. mappings • 41 18 Base map showing surface water quality sampling stations 43 I 19 a&b Temperature, alkalinity and pH data 50,51 20 a&b Ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and Kjeldahl nitrogen data 52,53 21 a&b Conductivity and chloride data 54,55 I 22 a&b Dissolved solids and suspended solids data 56,57 23 a&b Total phosphorus and total dissolved phosphate as P data 58,59 24 Bacterial analyses Station 1 - outlet 60 I 25 Bacterial analyses Station 2 - Lake Elizabeth 61 26 Bacterial analyses Station 3 - Middle Basin 62 27 Bacterial analyses Station 4 - Upper Basin 63 I 28 Chlorophyll a concentration 68 29 Plankton enumeration 69 30 Oxygen 70 31 Bacterial contamination of surface water quality 75 I 32 Septic leachate survey, August 12-15, 1985 76 33 Vegetation distribution and biomass plot locations , 82 34 Volume of storm waterflow observed from mosquito dtch I during storm events 88 35 Correlation between phosphorus content of water samples 94 36 Stormwater drainage areas 97 37 Mosquito ditch diversion routes ^° I 38 Preliminary engineering drawings for mosquito ditch diversion 119 39 Storm water management and ditch closure alternative 120 I 40 Potential community septic system location 129 I I I I 41 Proposed collection system, pump station, gravity collector, and leaching facility for the community sewage system 130 42 Proposed design of sewage treatment facility 131 I 43 Stormwater drainage areas 136 44 Surface watershed and recharge zone showing areas for future protection, a wetlands buffer strip, and I restrictions on development 144 45 Bottom rejuvenation by reverse layering 158 46 Proposed patterns for hydro-raking and reverse layering 161 I 47 Graphic presentation of three action strategies 170 I TABLES 1 Chronology of time and events 15 2 Morphometry of Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond 23 3 Measured surface water flows during 1985 28 I 4 Flow rates and directions observed around Lake Elizabeth/ Red Lily Pond, December 7 through 14, 1984 33 5 Morphometric data for Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth 36 I 6 Hydraulic budget for Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth 37 7 Number of structures in the Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth recharge area 39 I 8 a-d Red Lily Pond sampling results 64-67 9 Historical sampling results 72 10 Results of groundwater sampling following septic leachate survey, November, 1985 78 I 11 Aquatic vegetation survey, August 19, 1985 83 12 Aquatic vegetation biomass and nutrient removal estimates 85 13 Analytical results for stations 6,7,8 87 I 14 Sediment analyses from composite samples 90 15 a-c Phosphorus loadings 92,93 16 Road drainage calculations 95 I 17 Summary of drainage calculations 96 18 Nitrogen loadings for the herring run outflow and mosquito ditch 104 19 Annual nutrient budget 105 I 20 Cost summary/effectiveness of sewage disposal alternatives 123 21 Sewage disposal funding programs 125 22 Summary of Stormwater management recommendations 137 I 23 Environmental impact assessment of watershed management alternatives 141 24 Summary of alternative in-lake management/restoration techniques evaluated for Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond 151 I 25 Results of hydro-raking for weed control 154 26 Preliminary implementation schedule 171 27 Adverse effect mitigation 176 I 28 Permits required - proposed pond restoration 177 29 Cost estimates for restoration of Red Lily Pond/ I Lake Elizabeth 180 I I I I I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The extent of success of the Red Lily Pond restoration project rests I largely with the efforts of the Red lily Pond Project Association, Inc. (R.L.P.P.). The Executive Committee, particularly Doreen Spillane, has spent unending hours encouraging the Craigville community and pondside I neighbors to realize that the continuing deterioration of the pond can be reversed. The accomplishments of the Association can best be described I as incredible considering the diversity of the neighbors, seasonal occupancy, I and competition with summer activities. To date the following goals have been achieved: I 1) Private fund raising (R.L.P.P.) $46,160.00 2) Volunteer efforts (est. time) 20,000 man-hours 3) Independent scientific survey (I.E.P.) 1979 I 4) Restoration of herring run (Town funds) 1980 5) Mechanical weed harvesting (R.L.P.P.) 1982-1984 I 6) Erosion control and embankment restoration {R.L.P.P.) 1984 7) Sanitary survey and remedial action (R.L.P.P. with Barnstable Department of Health) 1984 I 8) Improvement of banks of public access along causeway and clarification of legal status (R.L.P.P.) 1984-1985 9) Initiation of Clean Lakes Program (R.L.P.P. with I state WPC Division and Town of Barnstable) 1985 10) Return of fishing to Red Lily Pond 1985 I 11) Formation of water quality action subcommittee I (R.L.P.P.) 1985 The membership of the Red Lily Pond Project which represents all abutters I includes the Craigville cottage owners, the Christian Camp Meeting Association (a non-profit organization), the Trade Winds Motel, residents from the east shore, some visitors, and even some tourists. All have contributed to the I fund raisings. I I I I I In addition, the Gavitts have provided boats, parking, and perhaps, at times, tolerated all-too-numerous intrusions, during restoration and diagnostic I activities. Dr. Allan Goroll and family have survived numerous boat landings and harvesting activities through his back yard. Nancy Giffin has been drenched occasionally attempting to assist in field observations of the I mosquito ditch. Dick Eggars of the Conference Center has allowed the use of the Tabernacle for public meetings and endured, along with others, dye I testing of toilet facilities. Consie Danforth spearheaded the very effective and rapid fund-raising efforts. Pat McComb and Anne DiPrete put together I a gigantic yard sale, raising a significant portion of funding, which enabled the conclusion of the second weed harvesting, opening up the flushing of Red Lily Pond. Pat Patterson spent many volunteer hours supervising embank- I ment repairs and erosion control performed by Chris DiPrete and Frank Kosarick, I who later became on-site manager for the major weed harvesting. Among those outside the local pond community, the Association particularly I benefited from the Conservation Commission and member (former chairman) Gilbert Newton for their public education efforts and assistance in public I fund raising. The Department of Public Works and Natural Resources Department have also added substantial man-hours and equipment to the on-going efforts. The Mosquito Control Service, too, has been very valuable in its aid and I support.

I To all those people and organizations mentioned above, to those we have failed to mention and the many who have distributed leaflets, newsletters, I or memoranda to keep the community informed and attended innumerable meetings and hearings, the professional scientists tip their collective hats for an I extraordinary effort. This project is jointly sponsored by the Town of Barnstable and the I Clean Lakes Program of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. I I I I I

I CONTRIBUTORS I Committee for the Improvement and Preservation of the Craigville Ponds and Centerville River System

I Red Lily Pond Project Association, Inc. Doreen Spillane, Co-Chairman and Project Manager Julie Gavitt, Co-Chairman I Nancy Giffin Consie Danforth I Richard Ireland Groups represented by the Red Lily Pond Project: C.C.M.A. (Christian Camp Meeting Association) I Craigville Conference Center Trade Winds Inn C.C.O.A. (Craigville Cottage Owners Association) I East Side Owners/Abutters

Barnstable Conservation Commission I Gilbert Newton (past chairman) Brad Barr (past administrator) I David Rouse (past administrator) I I I I I I I I I i -1- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i RED LILY POND RESTORATION PROJECT The Red Lily Pond Restoration Project began in 1978 and has progressed i through the efforts of the immediate lakeside community, the Town of Barnstable, and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Development surrounding i the watershed had proceeded without regard for the carrying capacity of the lake, resulting in serious environmental degradation. The groundwater flow i had been progressively reduced by sedimentation, erosion, and filling. Ditching of nearby cranberry bogs re-routed nutrients and runoff into the pond which served as a nutrient sink. Plant growth had begun to restrict wind i circulation and flow. The capacity of the soil to remove phosphorus from septic systems had been exhausted along certain shoreline sections, resulting i in high nutrient invasion of the lake bottom. i Presently, the pond is reviving. After community restoration activity, the outflow of the pond has increased. Vegetation harvesting has restored i circulation and spawning areas for fish populations which provided the recreational fishing enjoyed by many this past year.

i To maintain the improvements, several actions are necessary: 1) A reduction in nutrient loading i 2) Suppression of vegetative growth from existing lake bottom deposits i 3) Reduction in bacterial contamination The specific methods recommended to achieve these three distinct goals i are listed as alternative components to a restoration/maintenance program. Particularly, the discharge of storm water into the ditchway and eastern i abandoned bog from Old Craigville Road and adjacent roadways has contributed substantially to the mosquito ditch outflow. A combined storm water manage- i ment program to reduce inflow, combined with a stepwise closure plan for the ditchway is advised. The text details the feasibility, anticipated water quality/recreational benefits and cost-effectiveness of the alternatives. i A brief summary of the recommendations is presented on the following pages. i i i RED LILY POND % NUT. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS FUNDING SOURCE OR ACTION EST. COST IMPLEMENTATION LOADING

Plow from the mosquito ditch provides Special stormwater management and closure $130,000 Red Lily Pond over 261 of the nutrient loading to of ditch at Old Craigville Road. Town of Barnstable D.P.W. 281 Project Che pond and sediment deposits have Alternative: Diversion of ditch flow and Commonwealth of Massa- restricted circulation between the to western abandoned bog or Scoville chusetts, Division of Water north and center baa ins (interruption Beach swale. Pollution Control, Clean of flush). Road drainage to ditch and bog Lakes Program has been Identified as a major contributor.

There is chronic bacterial contamin- As it is unlikely that the problem can 9262,000 Town of Barn- 201 Community, Town of Barn- ation of Red Lily Pond and Lake be taken care of on an individual basis, stable Board of stable, Commonwealth of Elizabeth in (a) the southwest corner the following is recommended. There Health Massachusetts 201 Facili- should.be a local cluster sewer system. of the center bay and in (b) the ties Planning Construction northwest section of t>aka Elizabeth, A. probable area for a leaching field Grants Program, Farmer's has been located west of the Taber- roughly from opposite the end of Home Administration Hotel Avenue to within the area of nacle and this would allow a tie-in of Program tot S3. ' This provides for approx- the present C.C.M.A. system. imately 201 of the nutrient loading.

Pun-off control. In the following areas i Northeast sec- $48,500 12* tion of north bay, installation of » run-off diversion and infiltration basin. Interception of causeway flow during normal rain storms with catch basins. Improvement of drainage at bottom of Butler Avenue by installation of intercepting berms and drains.

In-situ phosphorus deposits. These As an alternative to dredging, a method Community, Town of Barn- $100.000 Red Lily Pond Recycled deposits over broad areas of the pond of reverse layering is being explored. stable, Commonwealth of Project bottom with higher concentrations In This would raise the original underlying Massachusetts Clean Lakes center bay and along west aide of Lake yellow sand bed to the top layer of the Program. Elizabeth. These deposits have lake bottom allowing the nutrient-rich collected In the pond over a long organic deposits to sink beneath It. This R l D funds. Water $30.000 period of time. would allow weed harvesting to be far more Pollution Control Div., effective and reduce the necessity of Commonwealth of Mass. frequent weed harvesting.

Heed harvesting. With reduction of $70,000 91 nutrient input, a maintenance weed- (3 yr harvesting program provides for aesthe- harvest tic improvement and nutrient removal. schedule r Sediment heave in north basin. This The reverse layering procedure which is Community, Town of Barn- $25.000 Red Lily Pond N/A should subside with removal ol mosquito being explored in connection with in-situ stable, Commonwealth of Project ditch inflow. phosphorus deposits may provide a further Massachusetts Clean Lakes solution to this problem Program

Herring Run. The herring run must be Box culvert implacements must be con- Mosquito Control Service $45,000 Department of N/A improved. Presently it suffers from structed at the roadway area and at the Natural Resources, periodic blockage. Sandy Lane roadway, and there must be Red Lily Pond deepening end improvement of the channel Project out to the marshlands. There must be run-off diversion at the foot of the steps from Craigville (berming should be corrected to lead run-off away from the herring run. Notei As an alternative the problem at the Sandy Lane roadway could be corrected by the installation of a larger-diameter culvert. As an alternative, the construction of a wooden bridge over the herring run at the bottom of the steps should be considered.

Drainage ditch - west side of north It is recommended that this ditch be Mosquito Control Service Red Lily Pond N/A basin. maintained by the Mosquito Control Project Service on a regular basis.

Embankment maintenance and erosion Substitution of grape vine with improved Community, Town of Barn- $15,000 Red Lily Pond N/A control ground cover is strongly encouraged. stable Project Information about recommended maintenance action ia Included in the Appendix.

Evaluation of progress Ongoing monitoring of bacterial concen- Hater Pollution Control $33,460 Red Lily Pond N/A tration, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, Division, Commonwealth Project, Conser- nutrients, vegetative development, fish of Massachusetts Clean vation Commission populations and benthic animals Lakes Program

Individual septic failures which can be addressed by rehabilitation are not covered by these recommendations.

N/A • not applicable m I I I RED LILY POND - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Rarely in lake studies does one find such a rich and lengthy history I as with Red Lily Pond. This brief account concerns not only a pond but also a unique community. Recollections of the pond, then called "Pink Lilly Lake", I and the adjacent Christian Camp Ground extend back to 1872. At that time, the Reverend Dr. Austin Craig founded a conference site for the Christian Churches of New England on the Perry Farm, overlooking Vineyard Sound and I the pond. Some detail of the past history of the area is contained in the booklets "Craigville, Then and Now" by Marion Vuilleumeir, "Craigville I Recollections" in remembrances collected by Lois Buffington, and the more I extensive "Craigville on Old Cape Cod" by Marion Vuilleumeir. From its founding, the region has attracted many historical figures I to the world-famous Craigville Beach and the tabernacles of Christian Hill, Some came to study, some to write, and others to meditate. Dr. Louis Agassiz. of Harvard University, one of the founders of the Marine Biological Laboratory I in Woods Hole and the Biological Laboratories in Cambridge, Massachusetts, once discovered a rare pink lily among the common white lilies of the pond. I The poet Henry Van Dyke, in his "Salute to the Trees", reflected his thoughts I as he trod among the then-stately pines between the hill and the pond. In the early 1900's, Red Lily Pond was an attractive 12-acre elongate, I shallow freshwater pond, with patches of lily pads, blue water, and sandy lake bottoms. It varied from 1 to 2 meters in depth and was crossed by a trestle bridge midway along its width. Figure 2 shows a surveyors rendition I of the original campground and the nearby pond.

I Children were always fond of picking lilies up by their roots, fishing, rowing and sailing on the lake. Evidently some of the earlier residents I liked to chisel dates in the back of turtles from the pond and release them to be found later like some cast-away bottle (Lloyd Hathaway, "Half a Century I in Craigville"). I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Figure 1. Location of Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth. PERRYS PLAN OF COUACl LOTS A"/

en t

H Y A N- N ni Figure 2. Red Lily Pond of 1872 taken from an original surveyor's sketch. LOOKING OUT TOWARDS THE SOUND - CIRCA 1900

CREATING THE CAUSEWAY

CRAIGVILLE FROM THE BASE OF LAKE ELIZABETH - CIRCA 1900

Figure 3. Historical photographs taken at the turn of the century 00 I

Public access

Public walkway to beaches

Figure 4. Sketches (not to scale) showing the evolutionary ni development of Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth. ro I -9-

I In the 1900's, a bog region east of the pond was prepared for a commercial cranberry bog. To allow drainage, a ditch was cut through to Red Lily Pond. I In 1928, the ditch was defined as an agricultural ditch (Oscar Doane, personal communication). The ditch region evidently served as a transporter of I nutrients and sediment into Red Lily Pond. A second ditch was cut to a second cranberry bog near the Centerville River. Here water had to be pumped out of I the pond, over the hill and down into the bogs. During the late 1920's, the arched wooden walkway gave way to a roadway, I suitable for horses and automobiles. The roadway provided access for fire wagons to the increasingly built-up village area. This divided the lake I into two sections: Lake Elizabeth and Red Lily Pond. Culverts were placed in the roadway, but tended to sink into the bottom sediments. Finally, I a local contractor, Harry Jones, installed the 24-inch diameter pipe culvert which exists to this date.

I Figure 5 shows a view across the lower Lake Elizabeth taken in September, 1944, with limited vegetation in the water, few lawn areas, and many pitch I pines surrounding the lake. The house in the background was built by Wainwright, purchased and established as the Pendergast Inn which later I burned and was replaced by the present Trade Winds Motel. Good wind-driven circulation existed and an unregulated outflow extended from the southern I end of Lake Elizabeth to the beach area. The path of the outflow was changed by hurricane. Occasionally, Lake Elizabeth has been breached by salt water. The most memorable event was during the hurricane of 1944 I which knocked down all the towering pines, burned the low-lying shrubbery brown from salt spray, and filled Lake Elizabeth with saltwater and waves I five feet tall at its outlet (Lloyd Hathaway, op. cit.). From the storm tidal frequency charts prepared by HUD, it has been computed that only once I every 14 years will the storm tides rise high enough to flood Lake I Elizabeth (IEP, 1979). I I I I -10- I I I I I I I I I I Figure 5 During the 1940's, the cranberry bog operations were abandoned. The I eastern bog began to have its ditches plugged with shrub roots, restricting drainage and developing increasing mosquito populations. The Massachusetts I Mosquito Control Project then began to maintain the ditch and channels to I ensure proper drainage. By the late 1970's, the central channel and upper basin had become choked by submerged and floating plant growth, predominantly floating mats I of Bladderwort, submerged growths of American Elodea, intermixed with Yellow Water Lilies and Water Willow extending outwards from the shore. I Passage by canoe or boat was virtually impossible. Substantial areas of the lower Lake Elizabeth basin had become covered with rotted mats of lilies I and Water Shield, particularly near the outlet, Turtle Cove, and along Lake I I I -11-

I Elizabeth Drive. Limited circulation, reduction of inflow through bottom sealing, siltation and increased sources of nutrients produced elevated levels I of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) in the upper basin and middle sections I (IEP, June, 1979). Much of Red Lily Pond, north of the causeway, became very shallow, I allowing for the proliferation of nuisance aquatic plants. Previous mechanical weed control projects (summer 1981 and 1982) and a more recent and expensive hydroraking program (September, 1984) have made significant progress towards I opening the middle basin. Shoreline growths of Water Willow (Decodon sp.) have been removed along with a substantial amount of Water Lily root material I and attached hydrosoil. The in-lake weed control activities, combined with shoreline pruning and embankment stabilization work, have done much to I restore water circulation throughout the upper basins. In addition, an apparent increase in groundwater inflow appeared to result from the partial I removal of the thick organic deposits. Recognizing that vegetative harvesting, by itself, usually is a limited I nutrient removal procedure, the Red Lily Pond Project and the Town of Barnstable have cooperated in public awareness programs and efforts to reduce I sources of nutrients from runoff and yard fertilizer. A brief septic leachate survey and sanitary survey have been conducted to locate wastewater sources. I With cooperation of the residents several old systems were combined, updated to meet the state Title V Environmental Code and the leaching facilities I moved upland. In 1985, Town Meeting voted matching funds for a lake restoration/ I preservation program sponsored by the Division of Water Pollution Control of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering. The I following diagnostic and feasibility studies represent the culmination of 1% years of effort by K-V Associates, Inc. of Falmouth, MA and Interdisciplinary I Environmental -Planners, Inc. (IEP) of Barnstable, MA, working in conjunction with the Committee for the Improvement and Preservation of the Craigville I Ponds and Centerville River System and the Conservation Commission of the I Town of Barnstable, MA. I -12-

Figure 6. Lily and algae growth clogging Red Lily Pond north of causeway, 1978.

Figure 7. Areal view of Red Lily Pond, circa 1978. i -13- i i i i i i i i i i Figure 8. Weed harvesting of Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond. i i i i i i i i I -14- I To allow the use of public funds, the causeway area was deeded as a Town taking in 1984. The combined 500 feet of direct public access and I 1000 feet of pathway ranks as the highest proportion of shoreline to pub-lie access in the central Barnstable region, surpassing Wequaquet Lake, Long Pond and Shallow Pond. The causeway-Lake Elizabeth Drive walkway has long I served as a popular pathway to the beaches. An estimated 300 persons per day use the peaceful walk during a busy summer day. The pond is a Great Pond I and, as such, public water of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Fishing from the causeway has become increasingly popular as the restoration project I proceeds. The sparsely vegetated water sections have encouraged a population expansion of bass and sunfish as spawning areas have increased. In certain I areas, shoreline vegetation has been retained to provide protective cover. Generally, the younger anglers outnumber the adult licensed fishermen by at least a 10 to 1 ratio. Not since the Commonwealth stocked the pond with I pickerel and bass in the 1950's has there been such interest in fishing. I I I I I I I I I I I feliER. I -15-

I Table 1. Chronology of time and events surrounding Red Lily Pond.

I Residential Structures in I Recharge Area Date pre-1800 Settlement and clearing of land I 1850 Christian Camp Meeting Association founded - 1872 Operation of Chequaquet Inn, (Harvard) Saben House I and Inn started (circa 1880) 15 1900 Causeway developed following bridge collapse I Eastern ditch opened for cranberry farming (circa 1922) Communal well developed I Hurricane of 1944 breached Lake Elizabeth 44 Rebuilding of shore region (South Winds) diverts herring outflow I Cranberry bog operations abandoned, mosquito control project took over maintenance I 1950 Development north of pond began I Municipal water to Craigville Lawns becoming popular 1960 Conference center (operated by the I Massachusetts Conference of United Church of Christ) established. Lodge, manor, Grove House, and .pond-side cottages acquired by CCMA to be I operated by conference center. 143 1970 Community first alerted to pond problem I Meals on Wheels, cooking and food distribution from Craigville Inn begun (continued for 4 years) 270 I Development of old eastern bog region begun RLPP founded, 1977 I 361 1980 Mechanical weed harvesting began, 1981 (Town/RLPP) I Diagnostic/Feasibility Project starts I 400 1985 I -16-

PART ONE

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

SJiER. I -17- I The purpose of the diagnostic section of the study is to develop the I basic information concerning the condition of the lake, nutrient loading sources and sinks, and the carrying capacity of the receiving waters. The I characteristics of the existing lake basin are defined and compared with the historical basin. The watershed development patterns are then reviewed and I their impact on water quality defined. Within the diagnostic study a detailed sampling of four stations was I performed over the period of 12 months to determine the seasonal influence on water quality. As shown by the results, a strong seasonal influence I occurs in water flow, bacterial contamination, and nutrient loading. The existing water quality is then compared to the recreational management goals I for the pond. The diagnostic section is used to order the priorities for recommended I actions in the feasibility section (Part Two) of the study. From the base data, reductions in nutrient content by various actions can be quantified I for consideration. The effectiveness of an action can then be related to I its corresponding cost. I I I I I I I I I -18- I I LAKE AND WATERSHED DESCRIPTION I Regional Geology The geological formation of Cape Cod is unique. Formed by the Wisconsin glaciation over 12,000 years ago as it receded northward, the thick unconsol- I idated sands were deposited by the retreating ice sheets. Unlike most of the Massachusetts landscape where exposed bedrock and rock dominates the I view, the Cape area consists of thick glacial sand and silt deposits mixed with gravel, cobblestones, and boulders along the moraines. In the vicinity I of Craigville, bedrock lies at a depth of about 400 feet (125 meters) below I sea level (Strahler, 1972). The Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond area is one portion of the Centerville River drainage system which runs up through Long Pond and into Wequaquet Lake I It empties through a herring run into the Centerville River estuary. The watershed area, determined by topographical contours, consists of about I 263 acres {Figure 9). I Two major soil categories dominate the watershed region of the lake: H-Hinkley sand and MS - Merrimac sandy loam (Land Resources Analysis, 1972). I The Hinkley sand deposits surround the lake region while the Merrimac deposits dominate the eastern portion of its watershed, drained by the mosquito control ditch. The Hinkley sand is a poorly-graded (i.e., mixed I size distribution) uniform medium sand which has a fast permeability and is well-drained. Silty layers in the Merrimac sandy loam make it less I permeable than the Hinkley soils, but it is still well-drained. Minor deposits of organic muck soils currently fringe the wetlands areas to the I north and east of the pond. I Reconstruction of Original Lake/Ancient Pond History A series of corings were taken during the summer of 1985 to further I understand the history of the pond. Core samples indicate that the lake I I i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i Recharge zone mini Soil classification boundary nn Hinkley sand • 'Surface watershed i (MS) Merrimac sandy loam Figure 9. Surface watershed and recharge zone of Red Lily Pond, i containing Hinkley sand and Merrimac sandy loam soils. i i I I region was originally a coastal salt marsh, probably similar to the extensive brackish marshes Surrounding the Centerville River and originally occupying the area between the bluffs and the beach. In the Lake Elizabeth region, I the original salt marsh sediments are clearly visible as a reddish-brown peat occurring at depths below 16 inches {41 cm) and containing Spartina stems I (reed debris), no diatoms, few fossils. Above this layer, lie the dark green to black freshwater deposits containing freshwater diatoms, Bosmina longirostris, I chydorids, and freshwater sponge spicules. The geomorphology of Craigville Beach, a barrier spit, indicates that the I spit has extended in a westerly direction. Thus the outlet of the Centerville River and the salt marshes near its mouth have migrated in a westerly direction. I As sand accreted behind the spit, Red Lily Pond changed from brackish to freshwater. Recent man's activity, both in filling and damming, as well as indirectly I by encouraging sea level rise, has increased the freshwater depth. The pond was then created out of the marsh, a form of retrogressive succession compared to I inland waterways' evolution which normally assumes that glacial lakes progressively fill in, eventually creating marshes.

I The depth of sediment varies with the type of deposition and its location in the pond, Emery (1969) and others have found that most lake deposition began I following the last glaciation from 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. Considering a sediment thickness range-between 10 and 15 feet (3.05 to 4.57 m), the rate of I deposition was between .25 and .38 mm/year. The maximum age of the pond would lie between 1640 and 1080 years ago, respectively, for the two rates, I considering a lake sediment thickness of 41 cm (410 mm). Lake Elizabeth sediments are typical of freshwater lakes, full of freshwater I diatoms and cladoceran remains. The Tack of marine and brackish diatoms and the generally low amounts of marine remains (microfossils) suggest that water depth I was originally quite low prior to freshwater filling. The original lake was tear-shaped, filling the entire basin south of. the "waistband". Wood fragments I in lake sediment on either side of the present causeway confirm that the causeway I was constructed over the site of the wooden bridge that spanned Lake Elizabeth. The northern sediments are a dark brown to light yellow fibrous peat (mostly intertwined rootlets of water lilies). This compact material contains I numerous benthic and freshwater plankters that indicate shallow-water, marsh I -21-

'siLTATIONaFILL

PEAT BOG ORIGINALLY LARGER THAN PRESENT

UPPER BASIN SAND-COBBLE WAISTBAND NATURAL HIGH POINT

I I I LOWER BASIN I I I I I Figure 10. Original Take basins; contour I depth in feet. I I -22-

I conditions up to the present. The northwest, relatively undisturbed patch of lily pads seem indicative of the original sedimentation conditions. Unfor- I tunately, dredging associated with macrophyte removal has peeled the peat off several locations in the original northern basin and even penetrated into the I sand at several sites. Hence "depth of sediment" calculations can give a misleading impression of the original sediment depths prior to disturbance. I A corrected version shows a much more symmetrical basin shape (Figure 10). The Spartina horizon underlies both the peat deposits of the northern I structural basin and the lake deposits of the southern structural basin. The narrow waistband of sandy deposits provided a structural feature which I separated the present pond into two basins, an upper, more-constricted (and originally stream-like channel) one and a lower, more broad basin. The upper I basin developed into a freshwater marsh, while the lower developed into a shallow lake (Lake Elizabeth). The peat and lake deposits were developed I simultaneously and hence are contemporaneous deposits indicating freshwater conditions in both basins.

I Morphometric Data and Bathymetry I Lake physical characteristics were determined by winter field investigation and map measurements. Table 2 presents the morphometric data for.the combined I Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond basins. A detailed bathymetric map was prepared from through-the-ice measurements at about 100-foot intervals in wide sections down to 50-foot intervals in narrow regions (Figure ll). The depth of the I pond to sediments was then contoured at 1-foot intervals (Figure 12).

I The total existing area of both ponds was 13.26 acres, with a mean depth of 2.6 feet. The greatest depth of Lake Elizabeth was found to be about 3.9 I feet, compared to over 4 feet (4.2 feet) in Red Lily Pond. The shallowest overall basin was the northern end of Red Lily Pond, with a mean depth less I than 2 feet. I The discharge rate from the pond through the herring run was previously I reported as .36 cfs (IEP, 1979). The present outflow is much higher. This I i -23- i i Table 2. Morphometry of Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond, Barnstable, MA i English Metric Surface Area 13.26 acres 5.37 ha i Maximum Depth 4.2 ft 1.28 m Mean Depth 2.6 ft .79 m i Volume 1.52 x 106ft3 42.9 x 103m3 Watershed Area 8.3 x 106ft2 7.7 x 105m2 i Recharge Zone 9.9 x 106ft2 9.2 x 105m2 Maximum Length 2450 ft 747 m i Maximum Width 625 ft 191 m Shoreline Length 7025 ft 2156 m Tributary Inflow .25 cfs .007 m /sec i Subsurface Inflow .99 cfs .028 m3/sec Subsurface Outflow .12 cfs .0028 m /sec i Discharge (surface only) 1.12 cfs .032 m3/sec i Retention Time 14 days i i i i i i i i -24-

I I I I I I

. 0' 200' I APPROX. SCALE: I

Figure 11. Observation points along cross-lake transects for I bathymetric study I I -25- l I I I l I l l l l l l l l

l CONTOUff INTERVAL: I FT l APPRO*. SCALE: Figure 12. Bathymetric map of Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth l l I I I I I I I I I I

CONTOUR INTERVAL: 5 FT APPROX. SCALE:

Figure 13. Sediment thickness mapping of Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth SJiER. I -27-

I may have been increased due to restoration activities of the previous year (1984). Removal of root mass in the Red Lily Pond basin resulted in a notice- I able surge of water which overran the causeway culvert for several weeks. It was described by some residents as if "someone had pulled out a plug and the I water flowed in!" I Later observations on the flow tend to substantiate this observation. Progressive sealing of the bottom can result in hastening the aging rate of a groundwater-based pond by choking off its freshwater inflow. For instance, I reducing the inflow by one-half would result in doubling the standing nutrient concentrations, if all other factors were left constant. The current I outflow averaged 1.14 cfs compared to .35 cfs during 1979 over the course of the study. This represented a three-fold increase over the previously-observed I outflow. Since the average rainfall was somewhat less than normal (39 inches compared to 42 inches), the increase appears real and not an artifact of I seasonal variation. I Lake Hydrology A detailed study of water flow through the Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth I complex has been completed. Flow measurements were initially taken on the mosquito ditch, northeast inlet, northwest cranberry bog inlet, causeway and I herring run. From the initial results, later measurements focused on the mosquito ditch, causeway, and the herring run outflow. The height of the I water and its flow rate were recorded monthly. Occasionally, the actual volume discharged from the sluiceway outlet was measured by a large bag. I These allowed an estimate of surface water inflow and exchange. Very little flow has been observed to originate from the northwest I cranberry ditch and the northeast inlet. About 21% of the total inflow to Red Lily Pond comes from the eastern mosquito ditch. Table 6 presents an I estimated annual hydraulic budget for the two pond basins. I Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth receives surface drainage from approximately I 255 acres of watershed (excluding lake area). It is fed by one significant I Table 3. Measured surface water flows during 1985 through Red Lily Pond, Barnstable, MA.

Month PPT ET* Recharge Outflow Causeway E. Ditch (inches) (inches) (inches) Discharge Rate, ft3 /day (m3/day}

Dec ('84) 2,500 (70'..6.) Jan 1.42 0 1.42 70,400 (1987) 29,400 (830) 3,125 (88.2) Feb 1.37 0 1.37 119,140 (3363) 75,000 (2117) 14,400 (406) Mar 3.09 .35 2.74 116.640 (3292) 95,780 (2703) 26,265 (741) Apr .81 1.26 - .45 120,960 (3414) 93,120 (2628) 25,990 (734) May 5.70 2.55 3.15 139,474 (3937) 68,415 (1931) 25,920 (732)

June 3.51 4.21 - .70 108,000 (3048) 71,326 (2014) 24,000 (677) CO I July 2.75 5.35 -2.60 86,400 (2439) 74,000 (2089) 53,016 (1496) Aug 9.53 4.92 4.61 129,779 (3663) 133,933 (3780) 35,000 (988) Sept 1.08 3.42 -2.34 65,000 (1835) 77,522 (2188) 12,500 (353) Oct 1.98 2.13 - .15 50,000 (1411) 57,000 (1609) 8,000 (226) Nov 4.75 .94 3.81 82,817 (2337) 72,000 (2032) 32,414 (915) Dec - .20 - 70,500 (1990) 58,032 (1638) -

Mean Flow 96,593 , 75,460 , 21,928 , Total 37.19 35,256,262-ftVyr 27,543,143 ftj/yr 8,003,538 ffVy (995,096 nT/yr) (777,397 m3/yr) (225,897 m3/yr)

*Potential evapotransiration ni ru FLOW RATE - FT3/DAY X IQ3 OUTFLOW - HERRING RUN CAUSEWAY EAST DITCH 50 100 ISO 200 5 IO O 10 20 30

PRECIPITATION f/nches)

T T 7 1.4 2.6 4.2 .7 1.4 2.1 .28 .56 .04 FLOW RATE " M3/DAY X

Figure ni I -30-

I inlet, a mosquito ditch to the east, surface runoff, groundwater, and direct I precipitation. A rough estimate of precipitation input can be computed from 20-year I average rainfall to the region (Theall, 1983; McVoy, 1980). The amount of precipitation does vary somewhat from one location to the next and according to the season. In nearby Hyannis, for example, the average monthly precipitation I for May through July is 2.95 inches per month while the average for the rest of the year (i.e., August through April) is 3.82 inches per month. Evapotranspir- I ation, on the other hand, reaches its peak during the hot summer months because of the absolute temperature and high plant growth rates. This year tended to I have lower-than-normal rainfall (or snowfall) during the winter and spring months. For the budget in Table 3, the potential evapotranspiration was compared I with the precipitation received following the procedure used by Carter (1964) and McVoy (1980). On this basis, direct addition to the pond surface is I estimated to be about 1.098 meters for the year. Maximum surface runoff has been previously estimated at 7% of the precipitation falling on the land area within the surface watershed (McVoy, 1980; I CCPEDC, 1978; and Carter, 1964). The fraction of total runoff was computed from the watershed area of the mosquito ditch and the final outflow of Red Lily Pond. I The surface runoff was closer to 10.1% of precipitation falling on the land area. The occurrence of severa-1 tropical storms during late summer and fall probably I contributed to increased runoff. The literature sources also do not take into account the steep slopes west of Lake Elizabeth and northeast of Red Lily Pond I or the high percentage of impervious area in the region. The mean inflow of the mosquito control ditch was measured as 22% of the I herring ditch outflow, based upon its present fractional contribution. The peak regions during late summer represented a series of tropical storms. I Although Hurricane Gloria occurred, her rainfall was not exceptional, being a I dry hurricane. Groundwater contribution is always difficult to directly determine. I Groundwater inflow was estimated by subtracting the estimated other sources from the outflow corrected for groundwater discharge. This value was then compared with directly measured inflow. The groundwater discharge from Lake I Elizabeth was estimated by determining the recharge per shoreline length. I i -Sl- i The discharge from the herring run outflow was measured at 1.14 cfs, subtracting the eastern mosquito ditch inflow (.25 cfs) and watershed runoff (.06 cfs). i The remaining discharge, reflecting groundwater inflow, would be estimated as .83 cfs. The recharge shoreline of the ponds, determined by direct flow measurement, amounts to 6100 feet with 900 feet as discharge on Lake Elizabeth. i The recharge rate would be about .000136 cfs/foot shoreline. Assuming discharge to be equivalent to recharge, the groundwater discharge from the pond would be i .12 cfs. i In the Red Lily Pond region, the maximum inflows occurred in difficult-to- reach brushy swamplands, as opposed to Lake Elizabeth where the inflow rate could be more easily characterized. The groundwater inflow for Red Lily Pond was 3 i estimated as 567,137 m /year, about twice that expected for Lake Elizabeth (278,300 m 3/year). This suggested that a substantial portion of the flow may i come through the bottom sediments, removed from the immediate shoreline. i The extent of groundwater inflow was found to be higher than anticipated, compared to the recharge area anticipated for the pond. The recharge zone for i the pond is limited by the withdrawal zone for the Centerville-Osterville public water system (wells 7,8, and 11) bordering the northeastern edge. If it is assumed that the wells intercept the full upgradient aquifer crossection, the surface c ? i area for lake recharge is limited to about 6.9 x 10 ft and the lake area to .58 x 106 ft 2, then the total annual recharge would be 4.0 to 4.7 ft pe3r ft 2 of re- i charge area per year. To account for the observed groundwater inflow, the recharge region was enlarged to overlap in 3 dimensions with the well zone of contribution. i The rate of recharge may also be more efficient due to storm runoff capture and i discharge into catch basins. The dashed line below the observed outflow (Figure 14) presumably depicts the base groundwater inflow separate from local runoff (about 80,000 ft /day or i 29.2 x 10 ft /year). To account for this outflow, the base groundwater input . must be receiving substantial input from imported water, the recharge water through i septic systems from domestic usage. The imported water constitutes about 29% of the recharge per acre. This is equivalent to h acre development where a residential unit would recharge 40 ft3/day or 14,639 ft3/yr, about 30% of the total recharge i 3 of 47,309 ft /yr expected with 18 inches of precipitation recharge per year plus i imported water. This observation is reinforced by the seasonal flow apparent in i I -32- I I the eastern mosquito ditch at a time when evapotranspiration is normally at a maximum. The correlation with water quality observed from the mosquito ditch I outflow also adds to the likelihood of the correlation. I Groundwater elevations were measured during April, 1986, and compared with direct groundwater flow measurements previously obtained during December, 1984. The direct flow measurements were obtained with a GeoFlo I Model 30 groundwater flowmeter inserted into natural strata. A 4-inch PVC casing is used to maintain the boring walls while hand coring the hole. The I casing is then pulled back to leave the probe in glass bead packing in the medium to coarse sand layer. Flow measurements are then taken with 180° I reversal techniques (Kerfoot, 1982; Melville, et_.aj_., 1985). Flow rates and I directions are presented as vectors (Table 4, Figure 15). The groundwater elevation measurements were taken in installed 2-inch ID PVC monitoring wells with 5-foot, .010 slot width Diedrich screens. Hand I augering was the method used for emplacement of the wells. Elevations were surveyed in to a local bench mark previously surveyed by the Barnstable I Department of Public Works. All elevations are given as height above mean sea I level (Figure 16). Certain flow characteristics appear noteworthy for diagnostic I considerations: 1) The present village green receiving wastewater from the Craigville I Inn appears to lie upgradient and upflow from Lake Elizabeth. 2) The causeway serves as a partial dam to water flow, maintaining the elevation of Red Lily Pond .78 ft (.23 m) above Lake Elizabeth. I 3) Almost one foot (.87 ft, .26 m) difference in hydraulic head exists between the outflow of the mosquito ditch and the lake I outflow into the herring run beyond the fish ladder. The construction of the causeway effectively divided the pond into two I separate basins, the northern one including a portion of the original lake I I I I -33- I Table 4. Flow rates and directions observed around Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily I Pond, December 7 through 14, 1984. I Site # Average Direction Average Rate (ft/day) 1 99°' 0.17 I 2 140° 0.85 3 215° 0.34 discharge I 4 263° 0.16 discharge 5 220° 1.01 recharge I 6 271° 2.15 recharge 7 120° 0.22 discharge 8 352° 0.14 discharge I 9 148° 0.26 recharge 10 327° 0.18 recharge I 11 210° 0.29 recharge 12 244° 0.19 recharge I 13 177° 0.15 recharge H 167° 0.29 discharge I 15 30° 0.'07 I I I I I I I I BiER. -34--

20NE OF / CONTRIBUTION /

/ INTERNAL RECURRENT

. •' APPROX. SCALE:

FLOW SCALE 0 05 I I ' n FT/DAY

Figure 15. Groundwater flow patterns observed for Red Lily Pond by direct flow measurement, I -35- I I I WELL FIELD I C/0-7 I i I I I I I I I FEET i

Figure 16. Groundwater elevations measured April, 1986 compared I with the Centerville-Osterville municipal well zone I of Contribution as per SEA (1985). I I BiER. i -36-

I Table 5. Morphometric data for Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth, Barnstable, MA, i Red Lily Pond Lake Elizabeth Total

Surface .Area 5;08 acres 8.18 acres 13.26 acres i (2.06 hectares) (3.31 hectares) (5..37 hectares-)' Maximum Depth 4.2 feet 3.9 feet i (1.28 meters) (1.19 meters) Mean Depth 2.1 feet 3.1 feet 2.6 feet (.64 meters) (.94 meters) (.79 meters) 3 Volume 426,400 feet3 1,090,000 feet3 1,516,400 feet i 3 (12,076 meters3) (30,869 meters3) (42,945 meters ) Maximum Length 1,525 feet 910 feet 2450 feet i (465 meters) (277 meters) (747 meters) Maximum Width 300 feet 625 feet 625 feet i (91 meters) (191 meters) (191 meters) Shoreline Length 3875 feet 3200 feet 7075 feet i (1181 meters) (975 meters) (2156 meters) i i i i i i i i i i 1 -37- • 1 Table 6. Hydraulic budget for Red Lily Pond/Lake El izafaeth, BarnstabTe, MA. Source Red Lily Pond

Entrance o Groundwater recharge 1,035,892 m x 1.098 1,110,820 mVyr 1 Imported recharge 479,125 Surface water precipitation 22,619 1 TOTAL 1,612,564 Exit Causeway 777,397 1 Groundwater 278,300 Watershed evaporation 543,683 1 Surface water evaporation 13,184 TOTAL 1,612,564 Volume = 426,400 ft3 (12,076 m3} Retention time = .011 yr (4.2 days) 1^v Flushing rate = 87 times per year

Lake Elizabeth 1M Inflow Groundwater I Red Lily 2300 ft x 121 mVyr/ft 278,300 a Imported water 79,260

Surface Water Causeway (observed) 777,397 i Surface runoff 121,400 m^ x .101 x 1.09 m/yr 13,365 Precipitation 33,100 m2 x 1.098 36,344

TOTAL 1,184,666

Outflow • Evaporation • Pond surface .64 m3/m2/yr x 33,100 m2 21,184 Watershed .49 x 121,400 m2 59,486 1^v Groundwater 900 ft x 121 m3/yr/ft 108,900 I Herring run outlet 995,096 • TOTAL 1,184,666 Volume = 1,090,000 ft3 (30,869 m3) Retention time - .028 yr (10 days) i • Flushing rate = 36 times per year i i ( I -38- I sediments and original wetlands, and the southern one including most of the original historic lake basin which is called Lake Elizabeth. To further I understand the nutrient loadings to each basin, the separate flows to each were determined. Table 5 describes the morphometry of the two basins and I Table 6 the hydrology of the two basins. Red Lily Pond has a greater length and shoreline than Lake Elizabeth, but contains less area (5.08 to 8.18 acres, respectively). Groundwater flow I 3 into each basin represents the single largest source of water (795,637 m /year I for Red Lily Pond and 357,560 nr/year for Lake Elizabeth). The second largest source comes from the northeast mosquito control ditch entering midway up I Red Lily Pond. The flushing rate of Red Lily Pond is over twice the rate of Lake Elizabeth (87 times and 36 times, respectively). ;"

I Surface runoff ranks as the third largest inflow volume. The total volume is somewhat understated since a substantial portion of flow from the mosquito I ditch originates as runoff. Of interest, if the storm peak flow of August is integrated and compared to the total surface runoff area drained by the mosquito I ditch, the storm runoff represents about 10.1% of the water received as precipitation. This is larger than McVoy's 7% estimate, but compares well considering that tropical storms would create more runoff than the average storm and reflects I the larger fraction of impervious surfaces.{roads and buildings) in the region. I Land Use

I Originally, the watershed/recharge area was dominated by the seasonal inhabitants of Craigville consisting of the Christian Camp Meeting Association I activities. Past the turn of the century, the campsite area gave way to summer cottages and houses, strung along the Craigville Ridge overlooking the pond I and the ocean beachfront. By 1941, much of the watershed was rural undeveloped -land, dominated by oaks and pines with some agriculture. The Craigville settlement constituted about 20% of the watershed. To the north of the village I were active cranberry bogs whose waters would occasionally be pumped back into the northwest shoreline of the pond. In addition, a second cranberry I operation existed east of the pond with the discharge entering near the "gut" I on the east side of Red Lily Pond. I I -39- I The Conference Center started operation in 1960. From mid to late 50's the Inn was operated as a summer inn by Dr. Allan Cook and his wife Mary, who I were from Maryland. They also organized Sunday and midweek services in the I Tabernacle. On request, the U.S. Geological Survey supplied historical quadrangle I maps of the region for 1941, 1961, and 1979 (photo revision of 1974). Using the maps as source material, the number of residential structures were counted I for the 1985 recharge region constituting about 263 acres. The results are presented in Table 1., A substantial rate of growth occurred during the 1960's and early part of the 1970's, adding over 100 structures. Most of I the building occurred to the north and east of Red Lily Pond. The number of structures at Craigville remained fairly constant, although historical I accounts indicate substantial additions to the existing structures and higher density usage of existing structures (i.e., in the conference center I buildings). I Table 7. Number of structures in the Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth recharge area I Date of Map Number of Buildings Density (Structures/Acre) 1942 44 .2 I 1961 143 .7 1974 270 1.0 I 1979 . 361 1.4

I Almost all the properties in Craigville are privately owned and/or operated as summer residences or lodging facilities. The conference-type I activities are operated by the C.C.M.A. and limited to services and programs in the Tabernacle and to the operation of the beach along preferred lines: I no drinking, dancing, or loud parties. Five cottages adjacent to the Craigville Inn were purchased as part of the United Church program together I with the lodge and the manor in the 1960's. Minnie's Seaside Rest was I I SJiER. I -4CT- I bequeathed to a missionary organization, for use as a retreat house. The beneficiary was unable to operate the bequest and it is managed by the Conference Center. Twin Pines, now Richard Eggar's residence, current director I of the Conference Center, was acquired by the United Church of Christ in return for the mortgage (cash) which purchased the newly-installed septic I system on the Craigville green. I While the cottage usage has remained predominantly summer homes (only I 10 year-round occupancy out of 85 units), the Conference Center has shown an increasing year-round usage. In July, 1985, the Center had announced I that 10,000 persons used the facilities during the previous 12 months. After remaining fairly steady in number, in recent years development I of the uplands adjacent to the eastern bog has renewed. Two major land tracts I are now under construction. Currently, the region is a suburban community with an increasing tendency I towards year-round use in the regions north and east of Red Lily Pond. The agricultural uses have been abandoned and about 80% of the watershed region I would constitute urban usage. The remaining areas consist of undevelopable I wetlands and individual remaining parcels of land. I I I I I I I I -41- I I I I I I I 1942 I I I I 1962 I I I

I 1979

I Figure 17. Progressive development of Red Lily Pond from U.S.G.S I mappings. Heavy solid line indicates recharge zone. I I -42- I I LIMNOLOGICAL DATA BASE Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth have been previously characterized as I nutrient sinks (IEP, 1979). The past and developing baseline information on water quality supports such an observation. Total phosphorus concentrations I have consistently exceeded the .020 critical limit for algal growth. Partly because of recent restoration activities, the lake has been classified as mesotrophic/eutrophic (McVoy, 1983). Iron and manganese levels are quite I high and could be assisting in precipitating soluble phosphorus into sediments. In addition, the elevated bacteria levels previously initiated concerns with I possible impacts of nearshore septic systems on lake waters. I Water quality sampling over a 12-month period was conducted at the pond to determine the current eutrophic status of the pond and to assist in identifying sources of nutrient enrichment. The water quality sampling I involves one year of sampling at monthly intervals at four sample stations: (1) the outlet, (2) a center station at the Lake Elizabeth basin, (3) at the I center of the middle basin, and (4) at the center of the upoer end of Red Lily Pond basin. In addition, the ditches {mosquito control - east side, old I cranberry bog - northwest side, northeast ditch at top of Red Lily Pond) and the Turtle Cove inlet were sampled at a mid-depth three times during I the year, after which sampling concentrated on the eastern mosquito ditch. The sample stations are shown in Figure 18. I Methodology I Since the lake is very shallow with a mean depth less than 1 meter, no evidence of stratification is present. Samples have been collected in the I field for laboratory analysis of the following parameters: pH . ammonia-nitrogen chlorides I total alkalinity nitrate-nitrogen total coliform bacteria suspended solids Kjeldahl-nitrogen fecal coliform bacteria I dissolved solids total phosphorus I conductivity total dissolved phosphorus I -43-

SAKPLING STATIONS 1 - the outlet 2 - center station, Lake Elizabeth basin 3 - center of middle basin 4 - center of upper end, Red Lily Pond basin 5 - mosquito control, east side 6 - old cranberry bog ditch, northwest side 7 - northeast ditch, top of Red Lily Pond 8 - Turtle Cove inlet

APPROX. SCALE:

400'

Figure 18. Base map showing surface water quality sampling stations. I -44-

I All analyses were performed by E.P.A. standard methods. Inorganic and bacterial samples were obtained in containers provided by GHR Analytical I Laboratories, chilled to 4°C, and normally delivered for analysis on the I same day as obtained. Dissolved oxygen determinations were accomplished by a Yellow Springs I Instrument oxygen probe field-calibrated against the oxygen saturation of air at ambient temperature. Temperature readings were taken with a laboratory I mercury thermometer accurate to *.l degree centigrade. Algal samples were chilled and analysed in the laboratory using Lugal's I iodine solution as a preservative and stain. After the first 4 months of sampling, this procedure was modified since 1) the plankton volume was low I and 2) it was found difficult to distinguish resuspended stained diatoms from stained living cells. One hundred milliliters of the field sample was I filtered through a .1 micron Nuclepore filter, then pressed face down onto a counting cell and washed with 1 ml of the original lake water. The cells were then randomly counted in 10 x 10 grids, and the mean cell count recorded I by genus and species (if possible). I Chlorophyll a analysis was performed following the procedure described by Duerring and Rojko (1984). A scanning fluorometer (Perkin Elmer 204) I was substituted for the fixed slit Turner fluorometer. This allowed discrimination of peak position as well as height. A spinach standard (Alpha Labs) was used as the chlorophyll a standard. Fresh standards were mixed I for each analysis. Of note, some difficulty was found in using the phaeophyton correction, perhaps because of golden-brown interferences. The chlorophyll I is reported as uncorrected for phaeophyton. I I I I I I

I Discussion of Parameters

I Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) refers to the uncombined oxygen in water which is available to aquatic life; 0,0. is therefore the critical parameter for fish I propagation. Numerous factors influence D.O., including organic wastes, bottom deposits, hydrologic characteristics, nutrients, and aquatic organisms. I Saturation D.O., or the theoretical maximum value, is primarily a function of temperature. D.O. values range from 6.0 mg/1 {minimum allowable for cold water fisheries) to saturation values. The latter range from 14.6 mg/1 at I 0°C (32°F) to 6.6 mg/1 at 40°C (104°F) (HcVoy, 1980). I The D.O. levels observed in the pond showed a July minimum of 3.5 mg/1 at Station 4 to 4,0 at Station 2. This low value can be stressful to fish I populations, but is an improvement over past conditions in the northern basin and upper middle basins (less than 2.0 mg/1) which led to odor production I (1976-1978). From September through June, the D.O. levels are above the optimum values for cold water fish species.

I pH is the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution on an inverse logarithmic scale ranging from 0 to 14. Values from 0 to 6.9 I indicate acidic solutions, while values from 7.1 to 14 indicate alkaline solutions. A pH of 7.0 indicates a neutral solution. Natural streams I usually show pH values between 6.5 and 7.5, although higher and lower values may be caused by natural conditions. Low pH values may result from the presence of heavy metals from acid mine drainage or metal-finishing waste. I High pH values may result from detergents or photosynthetic activities of I phytoplankton. The pH of the pond waters ranged from 6 to 7 units during most of the I year. Depression (more acidic) occurred during snow melt (January) or excessive rainfall (August tropical storm) and reflected the temporary mixing I of acid rain with the predominantly buffered groundwater inflow. The general tendency of rising pH may be related to the regrowth of vegetation, combining I phytosynthetic with organic production. I I I -46- I Alkalinity Is the measure of hydroxyl ions present in water, measured by neutralization by titration with standard acid. The resulting value I defines the buffering capacity of the water system. The final value is I reported as mg/1 of calcium carbonate. The alkalinity of the pond water stayed relatively stable, registering I a slight decline following snowmelt (February and March). The surface waters appear buffered by the groundwater inflow at around 10 mg/1 (as Ca I C03), until January snowmeU contributed a slug of .5 ft of water, equiva- I lent to groundwater flow, causing a alkalinity decrease to 4 mg/1 (as CaCO,). Suspended solids refers to the constituents of water which can be removed I by filtration by a .45 jum filter. All buoyant floating particles that cannot be dispersed throughout the sample by vigorous shaking are not included as I fundamental constituents of the water. A rise in suspended solids often indicates turbulence in the water or high production of floating algal cells.

I During August at Station 4, and less pronounced at Station 3, the stormwater from the eastern mosquito ditch discharged into the upper sections I of the pond. The rise in total phosphorus revealed a high phosphorus concentration of the suspended material. The solids settle out on the bottom I in the northern and middle basins. I Dissolved solids are the remaining soluble material in the water which passes through filtration. A comparison of the total dissolved solids with the sum of inorganic constituents is often used to determine if all major I dissolved elements are being analyzed. Salt water intrusions or tidal mixing I is often apparent in the total dissolved solids. Considerable fluctuation in dissolved solids occurred, with ranges I between 50 and 125 mg/1. The broad rise in dissolved solids at Station 2 coincides with the increased bacterial levels during summer and likely I represents sulfate and detergent increase in the Lake Elizabeth basin. I I I -47-

I Conductivity is the capacity of the water to conduct electricity. The value is obtained by applying an electric'current across a known distance, I defined as the reciprocal of resistance in ohms (mhos) measured between opposite faces of a centimeter cube of an aqueous solution at a specified I temperature. The conductivity levels of Stations 1 and 2 generally followed the I chloride behavior. Depressions were observed during February and Auqust due to precipitation events. The conductivity is higher than background I levels for inland freshwater lakes (70-90 pmhos/cm) and reflects salt I aerosolization, septic leachate seepage, and road runoff. Chlorides refer to determination of chloride ion in water. The chloride I content of the water can indicate the extent of saltwater, road runoff or septic system inflow. In the Cape region, salt aerosolization from wind action on waves often results in increasing background chloride concentrations I in water bodies as the coastline is approached.

I The chloride content of the lake waters was rather stable, mainly showing depressions from rainwater inflow. During February and August, the I lowering of chloride represented rainfall inflow. The chloride values (28- 34 mg/1) are higher than normally observed in more interior ponds (10-15 mg/1) I and probably reflect salt aerosolization, septic leachate, and road runoff. The chloride levels are not a problem with the pond. Salt water rarely enters the I pond, historically only during hurricane events. I Nutrients Dissolved Phosphorus I Phosphorus is one of the more common phytoplankton growth-limiting elements because of its normal low concentration in precipitation and ground- I water inflow. • Phosphorus cannot be converted from atmospheric gas as can nitrogen by biological fixation. Dissolved phosphorus refers to soluble fractions of phosphorus, usually in the phosphate form. Algal growth during summer I often occurs using phosphorus excreted by animals feeding on phytoplankton. I I I I Dissolved phosphorus in the pond is relatively low since plant growth rapidly ties up available forms. Late season increases reflected mosquito ditch I discharges. Total Phosphorus The total phosphorus content of the sample includes all of the ortho- I phosphates and condensed phosphates, both soluble and insoluble, and organic and inorganic species. Dissolved organic fractions are made up of nucleic I acids (for example, DNA and RNA). Particulate phosphorus is present as plant, bacterial, and animal tissue. In addition, some adsorbed phosphorus I clings to clay or other suspended particles. Total phosphorus generally stayed below .020 mg/1 in the middle and Lake Elizabeth basins. However, I at Station 4 the mosquito ditch discharge caused distinct rises during August and November. I Ammonia-Nitrogen (NH--N) Ammonia, present in water systems mainly as the dissolved ion NH.-N I (ammonium) is readily taken up by phytoplankton and aquatic plants. Ammonia in the epilimnion (upper wind-stirred water) occurs as a major excretory product from zooplankton and fish. The actual amount present often represents I a balance between animal excretory rates, plant uptake, and bacterial oxidation. During the summer months, as dissolved oxygen decreases in the water I column, the ammonium content will rise to about .5 mg/1.

I Nitrate-Nitrogen (N03-N) Nitrate-nitrogen represents the final form of nitrogen from the oxidation I of organic nitrogen compounds. Nitrate commonly comes from streams, direct rainfall, and groundwater inflow. Nitrate-nitrogen typically shows a seasonal cycle, in eutrophic lakes, reaching a peak during winter and reducing during I summer. In northern Red Lily Pond, the winter concentration of NO^-N is above 2.0 mg/1, reflecting groundwater inflow without vegetation removal or I denitrification (bacteria cease to function at about 5° C (41° F). I Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) Total Kjeldahl nitrogen includes ammonia and organic nitrogen but does I not include nitrite and nitrage nitrogen. Digestion of the sample converts organic nitrogen to ammonia nitrogen for analysis. Dissolved organic nit- I rogen includes simple nutrients like urea to complex organic residues. I I -49-

I Total Coliforms Coliform bacteria are well known to public health officials and are I frequently found associated with sewage. Many coliforms originate from the digestive tract and are facultative, gram-negative, rod-shaped nonspore forming bacteria which can ferment lactose. Although they occur naturally I in water, elevated levels suggest domestic contamination. Coliform contents of Red Lily/Lake Elizabeth are seasonally cyclic. The recreational limits I {greater than 1000 colonies/100 ml) are exceeded during August.

I Fecal Coliforms Fecal coliforms are coliform bacteria commonly occurring in the rear I intestinal tract of birds and mammals. Their content is also noticeably seasonal, exceeding recommended levels for bathing and body contact during I August. Chlorophyll a I The chlorophyll a content of fresh waters is a useful indication of the biomass of algae. Chlorophyll represents the green plant Digment which trans^ I lates sunlight into usable energy, usually sugars or starches. It is a complex molecule composed of four carbon-nitrogen rings surrounding a magnesium I atom. Chlorophyll a contents above 5 mg/1 (pph) are suggestive of enriched productive waters. Only following storm periods and the mosquito ditch dis- I charge were the eutrophic levels observed. I I I I I I I BiEP. 0 30- STATION I JJJ 20- STATION 2

^ /O-

/OH 0\1 o 5-

-i 1 1 1 1 r -i 1 1 1 i 1 r J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J MONTH ni Figure 19a. Temperature, alkalinity and PH data for Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth. 19R5 STATION 3 20- ui STATION 4

10 -

/5 s£ 10 -

7 •

6 -

JFMAMJJASO NDJ MOA/7H m Figure 19 b. .50-

^ STATION ( 2 .25 H STATION 2

3.0- uj < 2.0- or

IN3 t

i 3:

0.5-

i^TI III i 1 I I JFMAMJJASO N D

MONTH Figure ?0a. Ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and Kjeldahl-nitrogen data for ni Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth, 1985. .50 J

*/ 3 o STATION 3

«1-c ^ * STATION 4

3.0 . 2.0 A

1.0 -

/.o - Q -J Uj 0.5 .

I i J M J J A S 0 N D m MONTH Figure 20b. 6o in 300 o •ec A

K. O

O 100 o

30- UJ Q o -J

20-

10 i i i i

m Figure 2la. Conductivity and chloride data for Red Lily Pond/Lake Flizabeth. 19R5 400- o tf> o -c e 300-

K. 5 STATION 3 STATION 4 o 200 - o o -„» <--

30- uj Q

ua:

/O J F M S 0 D iH MONTH m Figure 21b. 125 -

<0 Q 3 O to /OO STATION I Q STATION 2 UJ

O to to 75-1

50 -

0 i i M M J S 0 N

MONTH m figure 22a. Dissolved solids and suspended solids data for Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth, 19R5 STATION 3 STATION 4

DETECTION LIMIT

Figure 22b. ni a: o X .040 - a STATION I STATION 2 .020 -

.020 -

.0/0 - «0 o .005 - DETECTION LIMIT

0 T ( I I I I I I MA M J J A S 0 ND

MONTH figure 23a. Total phosphorus and total dissolved phosphate as P data for Red Lily Pond/Lake m Elizabeth, 1985 Q§: o .040 - STATION 3 STATION 4 to .020 -

Q Q. ^ .020 ri ^ O <

5 o DETECTION P ? .005 — .005 LIMIT

0 i i i i J F M A J J A S 0 A/ D

MONTH Figure 23b ni I -60- BACTER/AL ANALYSES I STATION /- OUTLET I I

RECREATIONAL USE LIMIT I IOOO- I I I I 0 100 \ <0 \ UJ 5 \ I o \ -J o I o I IO - I

I • TOTAL COLIFORMS I O FECAL COL/FORMS I I —— I 1 1 — 1 — \ \ \ 1 'I r11 1 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D I MONTH I Figure 24 I -61-

BACTERIAL ANALYSES STATION 2- LAKE ELIZABETH

70,000 4

RECREATIONAL USE LIMIT 1000 J

O O 100 4 \ \

O -J O

/O J

TOTAL COLIFORMS

O FECAL COL/FORMS

T I i i i i M M J J S 0 N D MONTH Figure 25 i BACTERIAL ANALYSES i STATION 3-MIDDLE BASIN i I0t000 -i i i

RECREATIONAL USE LIMIT i 1000- i i E O i O x i ffi '00 o i o i i i i O FECAL COLIFORMS i • TOTAL COL/FORMS i i i i i F M M J J A 0 N i MONTH i Figure 26 I -6T- I BACTER/AL ANALYSES STATION 4-UPPER BASIN I / 0,000 I I

RECREATIONAL USE LIMIT I 1000 I I E O I O I 100- \ \ o I o I I I

I O FECAL COLIFORMS I • TOTAL COL/FORMS

I l r I T I I 7 I I I I J M A M J J A S 0 N 0 I MONTH I Figure 27 Office of Management Information Svstems Bureau of Technical Education 16 North Street MAY3T89 ?'/,| Boston, MA 02109 = 0 -2

Brian Friedman D.E.Q.E. - Tech. Serv. Branch Lyman School Wcstboro, MA 01581

ATTENTION: July Technical Education Bulletin Office of Management Information Systems Bureau of Technical Education

JULY CLASSES

The OM1S Bureau ot Technical Education will offer the following classes during July:

7/10/89 MASSLINK 7/14/89 Banyan Users' Overview 7/20/89 JCL Standards at OUIS

AUGUST CLASSES

- Banyan Users' Overview - CA-1: Tape Management System and CA-7: Automated Scheduling System - Management Overview of Local Area Networks (LANS) Selection Boards for Competitive Data Processing Procurements

Days and times will be listed in the August Bulletin, due out the first week in July. If you need extra copies of the Bulletin, you may request (hem through the OMIS Technical Education Center •at 973-2110.

COURSE DESCRIPTIONS Massllnk* NO FEE

This course will introduce users to the concept of file transfer using the MASSLINK software. Participants will (earn to create a file on the mainframe from PMIS or MMARS databases, transfer a file to a microcomputer, and reformat the file to a PC software format. Topics covered include: . Overview of the MASSLINK system and its environment . File creation, downloading and lormatting Prerequisites: Participants should have completed IMAGINE training. Experience with IBM- PC or PC compatible software applications is required. INSTRUCTOR: Ann Melniker, OMIS Date: 7/10/89 Time: 9:30 am - 12:30 pm Place: OMIS Technical Education Center, 2nd floor Room 2, 16 North Street, Boston

•SPECIAL REGISTRATION: To register for MASSLINK, call the Customer Service Department at 973-0905. Table 8 a . RED LILY POND SAMPLING RESULTS*

Station 1 Sampling Date

Parameter 1-24-85 2-26-85 3-26-85 4-25-85 5-29-85 6-27-85 7-30-85 8-26-65 9-24-85 10-21-85 11-18-85 12-17-85

PH 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.25 5.8 6.6 6.6 6.4 7.1 6.3 6.7 6.6

Alkalinity 8 7.5 7.0 10 8 12 9 9 11 10 10 13

Ammonia as N <0.05 0.18 0.05 , 0.12 0.02 * 0.16 0.35 0.08 0.19 0.09 0.28

Nitrate as N 1.63 0.81 1.37 1.32 0.72 0.22 10.05 0.11 0.29 0.44 0.93 0.05

Total Kjeldahl N 0.58 0.38 0.34 0.56 0.72 * 0.45 0.35 0.57 0.69 0.35 0.70

Chloride 34.5 27.3 29.9 31.9 29.0 30.4 30.7 26.7 26.3 32.5 30.0 28. 2 Solids:

Total dissolved 82 87 67 74 35 69 18 100 112 97 73 126 Total suspended 3 <.2 9 4 10 4 4 5 3

total 0.010 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.012 0.020 0.019 0.013 0.013

Total dissolved 0.007 0.006 0.009 0.008 0.012 * 0.011 0.010 0.009 ^0. 005 < 0.005 < 0.005

Conductivity 1 150 180 205 150 150 155 130 130 166 158 166

Total Coliform 2 100 30 10 70 300 2800 5400 3500 170 45 78 61

Fecal Coliform2 *10 <10 00 10 300 490 5400 170

1 Specific conductance In >imhos/cm

2 Coliform counts in colonies/100 ml

*not enough sample + All concentrations except pH (log units), conductance, and coliform in milligrams per liter (mg/l) m Table fl b . RED LILT POHD SAMPLING RESULTS

Station 2 Stapling Date

Ftraaatar 1-24-85 2-26-85 3-26-85 4-25-85 5-29-83 6-27-85 7-30-85 8-26-85 9-24-65 10-21-83 11-18-85 12-17-85

PB 5.4 6.2 6.2 6.10 5.7 5.4 6.6 5.8 6.9 6.3 6.8 6.8

Alkalinity 10 8.5 6.5 7 10 11 10 8 11 11 10 9

Afloooia a* N 0.14 0.13 0.07 0.10 ^0.05 0.24 ^0.05 O.L9 0,11 0.17 0.11 0.41

Nitratt a* H 1.96 0.63 1. 10 1. 01 0.72 0.20 0.10 0.02 0.39 0.53 0.82 <0.05

Total KJeldahl N 0.61 0.49 0.27 1.21 0.73 0.74 {0.05 0.96 0.54 0.33 0.11 0.76

Chlorida 35.0 26.5 30.2 32.4 29.6 30.4 30.5 26.2 27.2 31.7 29.8 30.0 i Solldi : en Ul Total dl«aolvad 94 94 47 124 46 84 100 106 92 107 66 117

Total impended 3 <2 4 1 5 6 2 2 3 2 2 < 2

Phoapbatt •• Ft

Total 0.011 0.007 0.006 0.015 < 0,005 0.022 id. 005 0.011 0.013 <0.005 0.011 L 0.005 Total dlaaolved 0.008 0.006 <0.005 0.007 < 0,005 0.007 < 0.005 0.006 0.013 t 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 Conductivity 150 195 205 153 250 153 115 138 160 159 160

Total Colifora 120 30 10 50 50 > 24000 700 1400 <.10 4 10 68 68

Tec*l Colilom 40 OO OO 24000 700 700 <10 < 10 40 < 10

ni Table Be . RED LILT POND SAMPLING RESULTS

Station 3 Sampling Date

Parameter 1-24-85 2-26-85 3-26-85 4-25-85 5-29-85 6-27-85 7-30-85 8-26-85 9-24-85 10-21-85 11-16-85 12-17-85

PH 5.3 6.2 6.1 6.10 5.7 6.5 6.9 5.6 6.7 5.9 6.1 6.3

Alkalinity 9 7.0 7.0 9 10 12 12 8 13 11 9 8

Ammonia as N £0.05 0.25 0.06 ' 0.34 0.11 0.28 0.19 0.44 0.19 0.40 0.30 0.14

Nitrate as N 2.32 1.18 2.22 2.08 1.29 0.62 0.28 0.34 0.96 1.04 1.37 0.05

Total KJeldahl N 0.74 0.55 0.46 0.75 0.56 0.69 1.15 1.37 0.74 0.68 0.30 0.71

Chloride 31.0 26.6 32.2 31.7 29.4 30.8 29.0. 20.5 30.7 30.2 29.8 29.7 Solids: 0* Total dissolved 88 87 45 133 47 103 104 90 124 99 89 109 Total suspended 2 ^2 42 3 4 8 2 2 3 <2 <2 4 Phosphate as P:

Total 0.012 0.013 0.009 0.019 0.005 0.020 I 0.005 0.020 0.008 0.005 0.033 < 0.005 Total dissolved 0.012 0.013 £ 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.009 < 0.005 0.013 < 0.005 <0.005 0.020 < 0.005 Conductivity 150 210 205 160 225 V52 voa 157 158 155 165 Total Collform 40 20 <10 80 400 50 220 >24000 80 110 330 170 Fecal Collform 10 <10 <10 00 252 20 220 5400 80 78 330 4 10

• • 111 Table 8 d. RED LILY POND SAMPLING RESULTS

Station 4 Sampling Date

Parameter 1-24-85 2-26-85 3-26-85 4-25-85 5-29-85 6-27-85 7-30-85 8-26-85 9-24-85 10-21-85 11-18-85 12-17-85 pH 5.1 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.3 6.0 5.9 5.5 6.4 5.7 6.2 5.9

Alkalinity 10 7.5 7.4 10 8 14 5 9 12 10 9 9

Ammonia as N CO. 05 0.13 0.23 0.13 < 0.05 * 0.45 0.35 0.11 0.34 0.32 0.22

Nitrate as H 2.04 1.36 2.22 1.85 1,57 0.83 0.63 0.24 1.50 1.44 1.73 ^0.05

Total Kjeldahl N 0.62 0.44 0.53 0.56 0.51 * 1.25 1.05 1.07 0.47 0.32 0.61 Chloride 26.6 30.0 32.2 32.7 29.7 30.6 29.3 21.7 30.8 31.0 29.3 29.7

Solids:

Total dissolved 79 97 52 99 60 100 118 96 126 92 86 119 6 6 Total suspended 4 <2 3 2 U 3 4 19 <2 " Phosphate as P:

Total 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.012 ^0.005 0.022 0.017 0.008 0.007 < 0.005 0.020 0.005 < 0.005 0.012 <0.005 Total dissolved < 0.005 0.005 < 0.00 5 0.007 < 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.007 < 0.005 150 159 175 Conductivity 190 220 220 164 260 165 117 167 68 170 68 Total Collform 110 30 30 170 <100 790 220 2500 <10 40 20 410 Fecal Collform <10 OO <10 ^10 28 110 140 1400 00

m I -68- I 10 STATION I OUTLET I I I STATION 2-- 13.6 I LAKE ELIZABETH o & I o: I LJ J. 0 I STATION 3 11.67- MIDDLE RED LILY a. o I a: o -j x I o I STATION 4 I UPPER RED LILX I 5- I

> c i i i r i » \ \ T T I J FMAMJJA SOND I MONTH I Figure 28 I -59- I STATtON 4-UPPER BASIN RLP I 1000 I I 500- I I STATION 3 -MIDDLE BASIN RLP*(2030 I 1000- I I

I ^ 500- I §

I STATION 2 -L I I 1000- I I 500- I I ' T 1 I I i / F M J JASON 0 I DATE I Figure 29 STATION 2 STATION 3 STATION 4 --•

UJ ID 6-^

4-\

T T T r ~r T F M A J J S 0 N DATE Figure 30 ni I I -71-

I Compari'son of Existing Water Quality with Previous Studies

I The condition of the lake is often ranked on a scale from oligotrophic to mesotrophic to eutrophic, characteristic of its aging process. Appendix A I presents a capsule summary on the limnology of inland freshwater lakes and ponds, prepared by Technical Services Branch of DEQE (Duerring and Rojko, I 1984). Red Lily Pond can currently best be described as mesotrophic-eutrophic, principally due to recent restoration activities. Aquatic vegetation has been Substantially reduced due to harvesting activities. However, the levels I of nutrients and impact of existing sources continues. I Currently, nitrate-N concentrations and total nitrogen concentrations are well above the .300 mg/1 level associated with eutrophic lakes. Total I phosphorus has been averaging about .010 mg/1, the threshold value between eutrophic and mesotrophic lakes. Chlorophyll a concentrations have increased as the lakes warmed up and phytoplankton cell numbers increased. Stations 2 3 I and 3 showed a chlorophyll a concentration above 4 mg/m (ppb), between mesotrophic and eutrophic (Vollenweider and Kerekes, 1980). The outlet I rise in chlorophyll a indicates the algal blooms occur following major flows I of the mosquito ditch into the middle basin. As in previous years, the pond shows evidence of an impact of septic I sources during the summer. Total bacterial counts have risen above 1000 counts/100 ml at the outlet, even though corrective action was taken recently to upgrade a number of known old systems near Red Lily Pond. Previous I sampling (Duerring and Rojko, 1984) during 1982 had shown similar total coliform increases in Red Lily Pond. The extent of rise at certain locations I (station 2 - center of Lake Elizabeth) suggests a direct discharge into Red I Lily Pond. The septic leachate survey confirmed the location of discharges. Since the current bacterial levels exceed bathing standards, swimming I activities should be restricted in both Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth. Since this appears to be a long-standing and persistent problem, it is I important to recognize that individual solutions may not provide an adequate I I Table 9. Historical sampling results from Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth, Barnstable, HA

Station Center Outlet Center Outlet Date 10-24-78 5-8-79 7-29-82 7-29-82 10-24-78 5^8-79 7-29-82 7-29-82 Sampler IEP WPC WPC IEP WPC WPC Parameter: PH 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.1 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.8 Temperature 23.9 22.6 Dissolved oxygen (mg/1) 8.0 11.5 10.0 6.4 Total alkalinity . - - 13 13 - - 13 15 Total hardness - - 21 21 - - 25 23 Suspended solids - - 2.0 8.5 - - 4.0 5.5 ro Total solids - - 120 110 - - 130 150 i Specific conductance (/imhos/cm) - - 130 130 - - 150 140 Chloride - - 29 28 - - 27 27 Ammonia-nitrogen .37 .03 .06 .01 .21 .10 .26 .14 Nitrate-nitrogen 1.20 .90 .1 .1 1.40 .91 .6 .6 Total Kjeldanl nitrogen - - 1.30 .53 - - .62 .56 Total phosphorus .08 .02 .04 .02 .09 .02 .05 .05 Total iron - - .35 .33 - - .44 .43 Total manganese - - .05 .04 - - .10 .11 Total coliform bacteria/100 ml 290 20 220 1,100 400 120 600 1700 Fecal coliform bacteria/100 ml 10 10 80 10 10 10 40 180 m I -73-

I solution. From the standpoint of nutrient loading, the septic sources also appear to be substantial contributors to nutrient inputs to the pond, I particularly Lake Elizabeth. I Interestingly, the eastern mosquito ditch, while it may occasionally carry bacterial contamination from nearby homes, maintains a low nutrient I content during nonstorm conditions. However, during storm conditions, it becomes one of the primary sources of nutrients to Red Lily Pond. Total phosphorus inputs have averaged below 4 /jg/1 (ppb) during the first half I of the study. During storm flow analyses and the latter summer period, the phosphorus content of discharges substantially exceeded this level I to sizable levels. At low flow conditions, phosphorus precipitates out in a yellow-orange floe. During high flow periods and reducing conditions, I the phosphorus is transported into Red Lily Pond, creating the largest point I loading source to the pond. The ditch inflow also appears to be a source of acidity to the lake. Early in the year, following the low pH observed following snow-melt, the I pond had continually become less acid during the summer and fall seasons. I In-Take Studies: Septic Leachate and Macrophyton Surveys I Both Red Lily Pond and the Lake Elizabeth basin have had a chronic problem with bacterial contamination. Total coliform and fecal coliform I bacterial counts have frequently exceeded 1000 and 200 counts per 100 ml, respectively, the limit for body contact for recreational (Class B) waters (WPC, 1982). In 1984, the Barnstable Health Department notified several I homeowners and establishments to bring septic systems into compliance with current Title V Sanitary Code requirements. The favorable outcome of actions I has been a substantial reduction in bacterial levels in the Red Lily Pond basin. Unfortunately, the levels of bacterial contamination continued high I in Lake Elizabeth and required warnings against bathing during summer 1985. I I I I -74-

I In an effort to identify the source of septic impacts, both bacterial and nutrient, a five-fold program was conducted which included: I 1) A septic leachate survey 2) Bacterial testing on a grid pattern I 3) A sanitary survey and selected dye tests on individual homes 4) Well point sampling of shoreline groundwater 5) Runoff sampling I The approach has been successful in identifying the existing locations of I malfunctioning septic systems and their impacts on the lake basins. Three types of on-site sewage failure have occurred in the pond area: I a) random periodic breakdowns in ancient plumbing, b) hydraulic backups from, excessive water flow into cesspools placed on severe slope regions, and I c) failure of the soil adsorption process to remove phosphorus due to excessive density of nutrient loading.

I The first two types of failure reveal themselves in indicator bacterial levels in surface waters. The concentration of bacteria at the monthly I monitored stations in the basins are shown in Figure 31. The bacterial levels were clearly related to the heavy seasonal occupancy of the Craigville I area. From June through August, total coliform bacteria levels exceeded recreational limits of 1000 counts per 100 ml (dashed line) at the outflow. I The highest levels were observed in Lake Elizabeth at the central station. A slower, later rise appeared in the upper basin of Red Lily Pond during I the month of August, In several instances, residential development has resulted in septic installations in the flood zones of the abandoned bog I region. The late rise in bacterial content probably reflects a combination of lag time of the similar seasonal overloading of the leaching facilities I of septic installations on the bog fringe draining into the bog channels and the heavier fall rainfall, inducing an inundation of portions of some leaching I fields. Figure 32 presents a graphical shading of the surface waters of the pond, I showing bacterial levels during late summer. A channel of elevated levels I extends from the mosquito ditch outflow through both basins. Shoreline I -75-

PROBABLE SOURCE REG/ON FDR BACTERIAL CONTAMINATIO

Bacterial contamination of surface water quality. -76-

Well point samples Plume location showing relative intensity Mosquito ditch plume flowing through pond basins

Figure 32. Septic leachate survey, August 12-15, 1935. Shading indicates bacterial levels. I -77-

I rises can be found at the northwestern ditch (likely single source), to below the Craigville Inn (runoff source), to a broad region of runoff entering the I western and northwestern shorelines of Lake Elizabeth. Bacterial testing of the street runoff from the residential homes of the region reveal very I high bacterial levels consistent with malfunctioning septic installations. Groundwater samples were taken along the shoreline and analyzed for I phosphorus and nitrogen content. Each sample was obtained by a .62 inch stainless steel well point sampler, with the screen positioned from 1 to 2 I feet below static water levels. Three volumes (3 liters) were pulled through the sampler and silt trap before the fourth liter was filtered through a I 100 micron glass-fiber filter. This sample was then transported to a certified laboratory for analysis of total phosphorus and total nitrogen. Stations I B,C and F were found to contain exceptionally high concentrations of phosphorus, exceeding surface water concentrations by a factor of 10 to 20. Previous groundwater sampling along the western shoreline of Lake Elizabeth showed a I similar high level of phosphorus and ammonia-nitrogen (IEP, 1979).

I The western shoreline of Lake Elizabeth (Stations A, B, and C) and northwestern shoreline of the middle basin of Red Lily Pond (Station F) I show considerable leaching of phosphorus which coincides with previously documented submerged and floating aquatic weed growth and with recent rapid I regrowth of submerged aquatic growth, particularly Naiad (Najas flexilus) and the emergent yellow water lily (Nuphar sp.). The areas of the shoreline near B, C, and F appear to serve as groundwater inflows of phosphorus-rich I leachate originating from groundwater inputs of subsurface on-site waste disposal systems. Of significance, the major source of inflow from the I Craigville Inn (near F) has been relocated to the Cralgville Green. Despite this, the infiltration of phosphorus from the previous groundwater discharge I continues into the pond. Generally nitrogen is quite mobile in the nitrate form, but phosphorus is more readily adsorbed and normally does not move for I long distances (greater than 300 feet), Along these shoreline regions, the normal excellent capacity for phosphorus removal by the Hinkley sandy soils I has substantially deteriorated. I I 1 -78- 1 Table 10. Results of groundwater sampling following septic leachate survey, 1 November, 1985, on Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth, Barnstable, MA.

1V Total Kjeldahl Total Phosphate Bacteria Sample Nitrogen as P Total Fecal Location Matrix mg/1 mg/1 Col i form/100 ml

Station A groundwater 0.29 0.092 Station B groundwater 1.58 0.144 1 Station C groundwater 1.10 0.110 Station F groundwater 1.73 0.233 1 Station H groundwater 0.06 0.049 Station I groundwater 0.21 0.020 Station 0 groundwater 0.64 0.046 Runoff on 1 Causeway surface water 0.59 0.140 >24,000 > 24, 000 Mosquito surface water 0.46 0.042 330 78 1 Ditch Runoff #1 surface water > 24, 000 230 1 " 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 ©i I .79.

I On-site Wastewater Disposal Practices The immediate watershed region of Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond has I experienced chronic difficulties with on-site septic systems. Part of the difficulty is due to old systems which are inadequate to handle hydraulic I loadings from conversion of summer cottages to homes and then to year-round residences. The older systems consist primarily of cesspools with only I isolated residents having recently installed septic tanks. Secondarily, the steep slope along the west side of the lake makes setback compliance with the Title 5 environmental code unachievable due to small lot si2e. I The extent of the chronic problems have been evident in septic hauling I records, on-site surveys, and local dye testing. Previous records were obtained for the number of septic loads, by I street locations, processed by the Barnstable Water Pollution Control Division at the pretreatment facility for the area surrounding Red Lily I Pond in Craigville (Department of Public Works, Water Pollution Control Division). This report covered a period from September, 1975 through March, 1979. Lake Elizabeth Drive, Old Craigville Road, Cranberry Lane, and I Clifton Lane drain into Red Lily Pond. Each load approximates 1300 gallons I of septic waste. Northwest and east of the pond # of loads % Clifton Lane . 8 . 7 I Elliott Road 17 14 Harbor Hills Road 3 3 Lake Elizabeth Drive 24 20 Mizzentop Lane 2 2 I Old Craigville Road 36 30 Soundville Road 2 2 I Strawberry Hill Road 10 8 Sub-Total 102 I Southwest and east of the pond Centerville Avenue 3 3 Cranberry Lane 2 2 I Laurel 1 Avenue 2 2 Marie Avenue Summerbelle Avenue 9 8 I Total 119 I I -80-

A sanitary survey was conducted by the Department of Health of the Town of Barnstable during 1983. The results of the survey of 45 homes abutting Red Lily Pond revealed the following: 1. Almost all systems were cess pools (one exception). " 2. Eighty-six percent (39) of the sytems were less than 100 feet from the shoreline. 3. Twenty out of the 45 systems had no on-site expansion area. 4. Forty percent (18) could not meet distance to groundwater requirements. Action by the Department of Health resulted in the upgrading of the Craigville Inn, Trade Winds Motel, and up to eight private systems through tie-ins with the Craigville Inn cluster system or cesspool replacement. At least two residents have initiated action on their own to provide septic tanks to their existing systems.

These actions, while a valuable contribution to improving the water quality of the pond, have not proved sufficient to reduce bacterial levels to acceptable recreational levels.

A dye testing program was initiated during July, 1986, in selected residential homes along Lake Elizabeth Drive. Confidentiality agreements were signed prior to testing. The tests confirmed that no apparent leaks exist in the Craigville Inn collection system. However, leakage did occur from old piping in one residence on Lake Elizabeth. The steep slope along Lake Elizabeth Drive often showed seepage flows crossing the roadway during peak occupancy and following storm periods. Samples from the rivulets revealed high coliform counts consistent with sewage leakage.

A separate inventory of lawn areas was performed for the watershed region. With the exception of isolated lawn regions to the southwest of Lake Elizabeth and a new house east of the causeway, lawn areas were relatively sparse near the immediate lake region. At greater distances from the pond, along Old Craigville Road, Clifton Lane, and Harbor Hills Road, high maintenance lawns were commonly observed.

BiEP. I -81- Macrpphyton Survey I On August 19, 1985, a macrophyton survey was performed using DWPC field sampling procedures to determine the area! distribution and density of aquatic I vegetation in Red Lily Pond. Observations were also made concerning maximum depths of growth for each species and its substrate preference. Macrophytes I were identified to a minimum of genus level, and to the species level for dominant plants and where otherwise appropriate.

I Figure 33 shows the area! distribution and relative abundance for the different plant genera found throughout Red Lily Pond. Associations between I the different plant genera and bottom types upon which macrophyton growth was observed are revealed in Table 11. Maximum water depths in which the I plants were found is also reported in Table 11. Vegetation diversity was high throughout the ponds with some 15 different macrophyton types observed. I During lEP's (1979) weed survey, 11 genera/species were identified with bladderwort (Utricularia) and water willow (Decodon verticillatus) codominant. The increase in plant diversity may be attributed to the reduced surface I coverage of spatterdock (Nuphar) and water!ilies (Nymphaea) that now exists following the fall 1984 mechanical weed removal program. The large size of I the spatterdock and waterlily leaves (pads) which float on the water surface I greatly reduces light penetration for other macrophytes below. The dominant plant currently found in Red Lily Pond is naiad (Najas I flexllus) with watershield (Brasenia schreberi) second in abundance/distribution. Naiad is an annual, submersed macrophyte. Throughout Tower Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth, naiad was quite dense and by mid-August naiad was approaching I the water surface in some of the shallower pond areas. Robust growth of naiad was observed on both sand or muck dominated substrates. Watershield I (Brasenia schreberi) continues to be a dominant species in the ponds, especially throughout the southern portion of Lake Elizabeth. Previous hydrorakings of I these areas have not provided significant control of watershield from one I year to the next. Water willow or swamp loosestrife was quite abundant throughout all three basins in 1979. Hydroraking has provided excellent control of this species. I Scattered clumps of water willow, however, were observed growing in deeper I water this summer. This water willow may have inadvertently been dropped by I I -82- I I I B« Brasenia schreberi (Watershleld) L- Ifymphaea odorata (White water!ily) P- Pontederia aordata (Plckerelweed) I E" Elodea «pp. (Elodea) N- Sajas flex-ills (Naiad) U* Utricularia. epp. (Bladderwort) Y« Ruphar spp.(Yellow waterllly) I D» Decodon verticilletUB (Swamp loosestrife) H» Pottanogeton ephydrus (Ribbonleaf pondweed) S« Potanogeton divereolius {Snailseed pondweed) G» Polygonun epp.(KnotweedV M" Potamogeton p«fliliu« (Slender pondweed) I T" ffymphoidea gpp. (Floating heart) F" Filamentous algae C- Chora app. (Musk grass) X- Ericcaulon septangular* (Plpewort) I A" Seirpus amerioanus (Three-square) I • • Blomass Plot- Locations I I I I 220' 440'fl __!_ I This area coveraoe I 60% B Figure 33. Vegetation distri- 90% N bution and biomass plot locations, Red Lily Pond, August 19, I 1985. I I I \ I -83- I

I Table 11. Aquatic vegetation survey., Red Lily Pond, August 19, 1985.

I Plant Genera or Relative Max. Depth Substrate Species Observed Abundance Observed (m) Preference I Brasenia schreberi (Watershield) D 1.5 Muck Nymphaea odorata (While waterlily) D 1.5 Muck I Pontederia cordata (Pickerelweed) C .9 Sand or muck I Elodea ssp. (Elodea) C 1.8 Muck Najas flexilis (Naiad) D 1.5 Sand or muck I Utricularia ssp. (Bladderwort) C .9 N/A Nuphar ssp. (Yellow waterlily) C 1.5 Sand or muck I Decodon verticil latus C .6 Muck (Swamp loosestrife) I Potatnogeton eplhydrus C 1.8 Muck (Ribbonleaf pondweed) Potenogeton diversolius 0 .9 Muck I (Snailseed pondweed) I Polygonum sp. (Knotweed) 0 1.2 Muck Nymphoides sp. (Floating heart) .0 1.8 Muck I Eriocaulon septangulare (Pipewort) C .6 Sandy Scripus americanus (Three-square) D .9 Sand or muck I *Chara sp. (Musk grass) 0 1.5 Sand or muck I Filamentous algae 0 1.5 N/A * Macroscopic form of algae D = Dominant N/A = floating vegetation I C = Common (no preference) 0 = Occasional I I I I

I the hyrdorake. Two men hand-pulled this water willow in approximately four I hours in order to prevent its spread. :. On August 19, 1985, a sampling program was also conducted at Red Lily I Pond to estimate the biomass and nutrient content of macrophytes. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the significance of the vegetation as I a source of internal nutrient loading to the pond and to ascertain the potential for nutrient removal via techniques such as weed harvesting or nutrient release that might follow a herbicide treatment of the vegetation. The depth I of water at the eight plot locations ranged between 2.5 and 5.0 feet, averaging 3.9 feet. Four plots were located in the north basin (Figure 35) and the I remaining four plots in the south basin. These one meter square plots were chosen to represent the variety of species and densities present in Red Lily I Pond. All of the plant material (with roots removed) within each of the eight plots was collected by a diver. The vegetation was then placed in individual I plastic bags, labeled, and the excess water drained. The wet weights for each plot were determined in the laboratory. Reitzel Associates of Boylston determined the dry weights by placing a subsample in a forced-air oven at I 105° C until constant weight was achieved. The different weed species were not separated prior to their analysis; however the percentage of each species I was determined in each plot. Literature values for nutrient content were used along with the calculated wet/dry weights to estimate the quantities of I nutrients stored in the vegetation. The biomass sampling results are presented I in Table 12. I I I I I I Table 12. Aquatic Vegetation Biomass and Nutrient Removal Estimates - Red Lily Pond

local HiQBpnanw — • — •^•idahl-mtmoan — _J,rrr- Uet Hood Dry Mead Qj£^ntLn.Um u Plot Specie* Present i Ha&a per H*fia per tenant in Cry Maad» Porant in ItoM oar ftaf^iiiL ?U^™'l^lf** Harvesting *2Ler Native Abundano. ^5^3^ ^(kq^ felswa .[g^g, Dry Weed. Plot ^ ^ggj*^ g^**** JS^i" SET E^2, *£%* **** »—••*• B-VW 1 lfWf<«ll 1 Scinua anericws IS. 000 2. God «.o -p inn « n 0 ... (90|) *»*vw «..,* w.au 6.20 23,000 2.30 3.795 46.0 Hynphaet odor>t* ( 10 J ) 1 £E*3*» "ericanus 2,000 loo 93.9 3.100 0.31 "°°" 0.03, 0.31 ,,.000 2.30 0.253 2.3 * bil»» nexUiy (901) 1,200 I,0o0 90.0 3.5OO 0.3J — * 0.413 J.50 23,000 2.30 2.714 23.Q 4 *C"*r BW (951) •,000 1,000 64.0 3.900 0.15 —« 5 ( ) 0.458 3.50 23,000 2.30 3.013 23.0 9 Bnuwiia •ctireberi 9.000 7oo 8fi.» a, AM n.jit (60l) Halaa flexilla (40» 0.174 *'1 "8 2 "iOO23 00O0 2.30 1.541 16.1 6 Brasenia «chreberi 9.000 l.Ooo M.I 3,100 n _»i n ... . i Wl a<1 2.30 (100%) * ° «,000 3.220 23.0 ui i 7 BrtaenU lebrcberl 5.000 1.000 81.9 3.10O O.21 ft.3n« * «« « .^ tlOO}) ••*!» «J,MAI 2.30 2.254 23.0

8 Hajas nexUU 13,000 1,000 91.0 . 4,400 0.44 0.497 4.40 24,100 (SO%) . 2.41 2.723 23.0 &(*** «H>* (501)

Averaqe (of all plot.) Rne(*xxua Hu. of Aquatic Vogatation - 2.99 kg/ha fiottw* for UUratur* Value* of H ft P %

Avorag* (of all Plot*) Nitrogen Mass of Aquatic Vegetatiai - 22.42 taj/ha jj Hitdiljwn, 1975 pp. 351-361. ATreaUwi on LUnoloov, Vol. 3. 2) Hkt»l« and Katney. 1972. Nitnnen and RtOEchorua Releasa frcn Dacayinq Mater Milfoil 3) Adana, CDl«, and Masai*. 1973. Element CCnstitutlcn of Selected Aqjatlc Vascular Hants fra» Permevlvania: SMtmersad and Floating leaved SpeCie-s and Root|«a

ni I -86- I Storm Sampling

I Stormwater sampling was performed during July at the mosquito ditch outflow, the northeast inlet, the northwest ditch, and Turtle Island. A I comparison with non-storm conditions indicates locations where rapid runoff has become significant. Storm conditions generally resulted in at least I a doubling of phosphorus concentrations in water samples. Figure 34 shows the flow variation observed issuing from the mosquito I control ditch during August, 1985. Two tropical storms occurred sufficiently closely to encourage substantial runoff on August 26. The initial discharge I from the mosquito ditch was rust-colored and reached a maximum measured flow I of over 280,000 ft3/day. Turtle Island. During storm conditions, a noticeable loading of I phosphorus and suspended solids occurred. The runoff from both the Old Craigville Road and the Trade Winds Motel parking lot flows into Turtle I Cove around the island. The strong vegetative growth reflects rich organic sediments. As a dead-end canal, the flushing rate in exposed waters is significantly reduced and accelerates plant growth. During summer and dry I weather conditions, the prevailing flow is out of the cove into the groundwater. During wet weather, the conditions reverse and flow occurs from I the cove into Lake Elizabeth along the southern shore to the outlet. I The Northeast Inlet. The northeast inlet is a cove in the northeast section of upper Red Lily Pond. It represents an old stream bed now filled I by the roadway and its embankment. While discharging noticeable groundwater, the phosphorus levels were reasonably low during storm conditions. Sheet I runoff from Red Lily Pond Road was observed to flow down the hill, along the roadway, and then down the driveway of the second home along the road at the I bottom of the hill. I I I Table 13. Analytical results for the northwest ditch (Station 6), the northeast inlet (Station 7), and Turtle Cove (Station 8) for samples taken during 1985.

Station: Northwest ditch Northeast inlet Turtle Cove Sampling Date: 2-26 5-29 7-16 2-26 5-29 7-16 2-26 5-29 7-16 Parameter (storm) (storm) (storm) PH 5.4 4.3 5.2 5.1 6.0 5.4 - Alkalinity <5 <5 <5 8 9 9 - Ammonia as N .29 .22 .11 <.05 .22 .11 - Nitrate as N .039 .06 2.06 1.87 .04 <.05 - TKN .60 1.22 1.52 .43 .44 1.10 .49 .96 1.40 Chloride 31.2 19.3 27.2 29.2 19.7 22.3 - I Solids: _ CO Total Dissolved 89 99 85 81 55 74 Total Suspended <2 6 16 <2 4 22 2 11 25 Spec. Conductance 135 81 175 164 105 115 - Total Coliform 60 1200 30 <100 <10 4 - Fecal Coliform <10 496 <10 <100 <10 25 -

ni ru 1 .«. 1 1 1

300 - 1 • l !~~ ^ u. 0 O 200 - 1 1 0 1 » G J 1 i 1 § /50. A 1 !' I^B ?( ^ ' \x ' 1 Ln ' \ '/ i• Q,oo3 /OO- i ** * " ^^^ i 1 i - - ^ /

• S 30- 1 * i i i i 11 it i ? 20 21 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 AUGUST, 1985 1 Figure 34. Volume of stormwater flow observed 1 issuing from the mosquito ditch during- closely associated storm events. 1 1 1 FJieP.. I -89- I The Northwest Ditch. The northwest ditch represents an abandoned I flooding canal previously used to inundate an abandoned bog off Circuit Avenue. Currently it has virtually no flow and is maintained by the I Mosquito Control Project. Summer water samples suggest the ditch may receive sewage from overflowing septic systems during storm events.

I The Causewa_y. Stormwaters from Old Craigville Road and Lake Elizabeth Road flow towards the central sag of the causeway and discharge into Lake I Elizabeth. The water volume needs control. The flow has been sufficient to erode part of the roadway. The feasibility section recommends the installa- I tion of additional roadside catch basins to mitigate the flow.

I Sediment Analysis I In June, composite samples were obtained of sediments in Lake Elizabeth and Red Lily Pond. The samples were taken with an Eckmann sampler from I 0-9 inches and 19-32 inches below top of sediment in Lake Elizabeth and 0-5 inches and 18-32 inches in the Red Lily Pond basin. The results showed I elevated levels of phosphorus in the lake sediments. The Red Lily basin showed an 80% higher phosphorus level than the Lake Elizabeth basin. This substantiates the contention that the upper pond region serves as a I "nutrient trap" to protect the lower basin. The lead content of Lake I Elizabeth also indicates significant road runoff contributions. Appendix F discusses the sediment analysis on the basis of the Sediment I Pollution Index (SPI). The SP1 compares sediment content to the relative abundance of elements in earth crust deposits. Sediments containing metals in I higher concentrations than their normal proportional content may be termed I "out of range" or polluted. I I I I -90- I I Table 14. Sediment analyses from composite samples. Lake Elizabeth Red Lily Pond I Copper (mg/kg) 9.32 6.32 Lead (mg/kg) 77.6 20 I Zinc (mg/kg) 82.3 23.2 Total Nitrogen (mg/kg) 3230 16,400 % Organics (% Ash) 7.6 4.5 I Chromium (mg/kg) 7.76 4.21 Phosphorus total (mg/kg) 2.13 3.84 I Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/kg) 3230 16,400 Cadmium (mg/kg) -<2.1 <2.1 I Iron (mg/kg) 10,700 2,100 I Manganese (mg/kg) 360 75.8 I I I I I I I I I I -91-

ANNUAL NUTRIENT BUDGET

Nutrient budgets allow a comparison of the magnitude of sources which flow into Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth. An annual phosphorus and nitrogen budget was prepared from the field observations for concentrations and flows at three locations in Red Lily Pond, the mosquito ditch, the causeway and the outlet of Lake Elizabeth. Table 13 shows the monthly loading and annual budget for different stations. For the mosquito ditch, a positive correlation existed between phosphorus content of the water samples and the logarithm of flow (Figure 35). From this, loading computations were prepared for the year. With other locations, the observed nutrient content was multiplied times the observed flow to obtain annual loadings. The budget was also based upon the use of existing loading coefficients for precipitation, land use, septic systems, and pond historical flows.

Individual contributions of phosphorus are broken down by source of inflow (Table 15). The precipitation loading is based upon McVoy's Johns Pond Study. He estimated that .147 Kg/yr of phosphorus occurred for each acre of pond sur- I face. With 5.08 and 8.18 acres in the Red Lily and Lake Elizabeth basins, resp- I ectively, the annual phosphorus loadings would be .7 and 1.2 Kg/yr. Surface runoff loading was estimated using drainage calculations for road- I way areas. A value of .056 Ibs P per curb mile per day was used based upon the EPA nonpoint source contribution data for the northeast. At a sediment loading of 156 Ibs per day per curb mile, with an orthophosphate content (OPO.) of I 1280 micrograms per gram of dry solid per day, a content of .056 Ibs P/day/curb mile appears reasonable. This was multiplied times the curb mile of pavement I for each area. The total runoff loading to Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth I would be 12 and 3 Ibs/year, respectively. I I I I SJiER. I -92-

I Table 15. (a) Phosphorus loadings for causeway flow between Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth.

I Volume Concentration Phosphorus 3 3 I Month ft /day mg/1 or gm/m gm P/day Days Load (gms) Jan 29,400 .007 5.81 31 180 I Feb 75,000 .006 12.7 28 356 Mar 95,780 .006 16.2 31 502 Apr 93,120 .015 39.4 30 1182 I May 68,415 <.005 9.7 31 301 Jun 71,326 .022 44.3 30 1329 I Jul 74,000 .008 16.7 31 518 Aug 133,933 .011 41.6 31 1290 I Sep 77,522 .013 28.4 30 852 Get 57,000 .005 8.0 31 248 I Nov 72,000 .011 22.4 30 672 Dec 58,032 .005 16.4 31 254 I Total 7684 =7.7 kg/yr I Table 15. (b) Phosphorus loading at the Lake Elizabeth outlet {Station 1). Jan 70,400 .010 19.8 31 614 Feb 119,140 .007 23.5 28 658 I Mar 116,640 .010 32.9 31 1020 Apr 120,960 .014 47.8 30 1434 I May 139,474 .012 47.2 31 1463 Jun 108,000 .020 60.9 30 1827 I Jul 86,400 .009 21.9 31 679 Aug 129,779 .013 58.7 31 1820 I Sep 65,000 .013 23.8 30 714 Oct 50,000 <.005 7.1 31 220 Nov 82,817 .012 28.0 30 841 I Dec 70-,500 .009 17.9 31 555 I Total 11 ,845 = 11.8 kg/yr I I BiER. I -93- I I Table 15. (c) Phosphorus loadings for the eastern mosquito ditch. Volume Concentration Phosphorus I Month ft3/day mg/1 or gm/m gm P/day Days Load (gms) Dec '84 2,500 .002 .14 31 4.34 I Jan '85 3,125 .002 .18 31 5.58 Feb 14,400 .028 11.4 28 319.2 I Mar 26,265 .062 46.0 31 1426 Apr 25,990 .060 44.0 30 1320 I May 25,920 .059 43.2 31 1339.2 Jun 24,000 .056 37.9 30 1137 Jul 12,558 .022 7.8 31 241.8 I Storm 133,933 .137 517 10 5170 Aug 35,000 .074 73 31 2263 I Sep 12,500 .022 7.8 30 234 Oct 8,000 .004 .9 31 27.9 I Nov 32,414 .070- 63 30 1890 Total 15,380 = I 15.4 kg/yr I I I I I I I I tOO.OOO-

X I Q UD

U. _

70,000 0 .020 .040 .060 .080 .100 .120 .140 ,160

PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION Figure 35. rorrelfll-.ion betv/oen phosphorus content; of water samples anH the logarithm of flow ni at the mosquito ditch. ru I • Table 16. Road drainage calculations - basic assumptions

_ The amount of road drainage was calculated using ten year storm value of | 4.9 inch precipitation in 24 hrs. (source S.C.S.) Sample calculation I Assume curve # of 98 for asphalt curve # of 65 for house lot • Volume for asphalt • - (4.9 inches precipitation)!.98 curve #) = .39 ft/23hrs (Area of asphaH)(.39 ft/24 hrs) = vol for asphalt I Volume from house lots (4.9 inches precipitation)(.65 curve #) = .13 ft/24 hrs | (Area of house lots)(.ll ft/24 hrs) = vol from house lots Phosphorus loadings figured from .15 Ibs/curb mile/day I Catch basin infiltration rate is 1865 ft /24 hrs i i i i i i i i i i I ©SEP. Table 17. Summary of Drainage Calculations

Area or Zone Area of Area of Vol. from Vol. from Total Volume Number of Phosphorus Asphalt House lots Asphalt House lots Catch Basins Loadings (ft2) (ft2) (ft3/24 hrs)(ft3/24 hrs) (ft3/24 hrs) Needed (lbs/yr)

1 12096 17500 4737.6 2333 7070.6 4 2.41 2 18700 20037.6 7293 2204.1 9497.1 5 3.3 3 16000 11750 6240 1292.5 7532.5 5 3.1 4 38280 8712 14924.2 998 15887.2 9 7.08 °t TOTAL 15.8

m I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Figure 36 IStormwater Drainage Areas

I 1000 1000 FEET I I -98-

I A second independent means of estimating runoff loading is to use the projected volume of water generated by runoff times the mean concentration of I nutrients (P and N) anticipated. During the Cape Cod 208 Regional Water Quality Planning Study (CCPEDC, 1978) several analyses were performed on water samples I obtained from residential runoff. To determine variation in runoff constituents with land use, catchment basins were sampled in a commercial shopping mall, along Main Street in Hyannis, in an established rural residential development (20,000 I sq. ft. lots), in a newly-developed residential housing development (20,000 sq. ft. lots), and an older suburban residential development (10,000-20,000 sq. ft. I lots). The range was .001 to .770 mg/1 with a mean concentration of .072 mg/1 P04-P at 19 locations. This would yield 17.4 Ibs/yr (7.6 kg/yr) and 2.3 Ibs/yr I (l.Okg/yr) for the Red Lily and Lake Elizabeth basins, respectively. Red Lily basin: 104,625 m3/yr x .072 mg/1 = 7.6 kq/yr I Lake Elizabeth: 13,365 m3/yr x .072 mg/1 = 1.0 kg/yr These values are very close to the EPA loading estimates. The Lake Elizabeth I value is underestimated by .7 Ibs/yr and the Red Lily basin is overestimated by 5.4 Ibs/yr. Considering the variation range, the independent values for I runoff are in agreement. Groundwater phosphorus loadings were more difficult to relate to lakewide I concentrations. Septic system loadings to groundwater are often computed based upon the natural eutrop-hication study's estimate of .25 Ibs P/person per year for I each resident within 300 feet of the lake shoreline (EPA, 1984). Assuming an average occupancy of 3 persons/dwelling, the loading per dwelling unit would be I .75 Ibs/year. An inventory of on-site systems was previously conducted by the Department of Health. The summarized results are included in the Appendix. The number of units in the recharge zone for each basin and within 300 feet I were counted and multiplied times the unit loadings (19 - Red Lily, 26 - Lake Elizabeth + 20 unit equivalent for CCMA system). The projected loadings for Red I Lily and Lake Elizabeth were 59 and 35 Ibs/yr, respectively, based on the EPA guidelines. The actual loading to both ponds is probably lower than this due to I intervening factors. First an extensive wetland basin exists to intercept phosphorus concentrations. Secondly, the plume of phosphorus from the Craigville Inn cluster I system, although in the Lake Elizabeth recharge area, has probably not yet reached the lake. The current loading from the Craigville system is estimated at 20 units I (5000 gpd: 250 g per unit) or 15 Ibs P/yr. The existing groundwater loading would I ©iER I -99-

I be around 20 Ibs P/yr. Considering the seasonal loading from the Craigville I region, 20 Ibs/yr was considered a reasonable estimate. There is no doubt that.the phosphorus in the groundwater is mobile. Ground- I water samplings obtained during the leachate survey and from previous sampling show elevated phosphorus levels (.020 - .233 mg/1). This condition is due to lower oxygen conditions in the groundwater which interfere with the natural soils I binding capacity for phosphorus. In well-oxygenated groundwaters, the dissolved I phosphorus levels are .005 to .010 mg/1 (Vaccaro et. al., 1979; LeBlanc, 1984). If the observed filtered groundwater phosphorus concentrations are multiplied | times the calculated groundwater flows, the potential groundwater loadings are substantial: | Red Lily Basin: 649,637 (minus ditch) m3/yr x .035 mg/1 P = 22.7 Kg/yr (49 Ibs/yr Lake Elizabeth Basin (western H) 178,780 m /yr x .115 mg/1 P = 20.5 Kg/yr i {43 Ibs/yr) Even though the Craigville Inn leaching pits have been disconnected and the i current sewage diverted to the village green, the old deposits continue to leach into the immediate gut region above the middle basin. With time the inflow should i attenuate from the old source. The sediments currently contain a large quantity of phosphorus, about i 269 kg for all sediment deposits. A higher content of phosphorus exists in the northern basin than the southern basin. The mean concentration of phosphorus in sediments was 3.84 gm/m in the Red Lily Pond basin compared i 3 i to 2.13 gm/m in the Lake Elizabeth basin. A quick inspection of the microscopic algae confirms that the phosphorus i is not being concentrated in algae, but instead in macrophytes and the sediment. An estimate of the stored and recycled phosphorus in the lily, water shield, and water willow plant growth has been prepared and will be i used in assessing the value of weed harvesting. The characteristics of the pond fit a classical alewife pond with low zooplankton populations due to i efficient grazing of fish.. i i i -100-

i Ni'trogen Loading Although phosphorus is the principal limiting nutrient, nitrogen can become i limiting under increased conditions of Tow oxygen in the surface waters. For this reason, the nitrogen loadings for the pond were also developed. For i instance, previous water analyses established the appropriate ratio of N to P for phosphorus limitation in Red Lily Pond. At the outflow (Station 1), the mean concentration of nitrogen was 1.13 mg/1 total nitrogen and .012 mg/1

i total phosphorus. ,v. , . Normally, algal cells require 15:1 N:P ratio. When the concentrations i fall below these values, the growth is then limited by one of the nutrients (Massachusetts DEQE, 1977).. Results of the previous water analyses showed a i mean N:P ratio to be 95:1 at the outflow (Station 1), thereby indicating that phosphorus is the limiting nutrient in this system. Excess phosphorus i is presently precipitated out in the sediments as long as aerobic conditions are maintained in the surface waters.

i Groundwater Loading Precipitation Loading to Groundwater i Nutrients enter the surface of the pond through rainfall and dustfall. Both are estimated based upon historic records for the specific region. McVoy 2 i (1980) used an estimate of 1330 mg/m /year of nitrogen for the Cape Cod area. This conforms to a groundwater loading of 1.2 Ibs/acre per year (KVA, 1982). i The loading per surface area is then multiplied by the surface area of the recharge zone (263 acres) to gain the total load to the pond of 141 kg/yr or 316 Ibs N/yr. i Existing Development - Groundwater Loading Over 370 residential houses exist within the estimated watershed area. i Most of these are seasonal residents. However, during the tourist season estimates of occupancy suggest a level double that of year-round housing. i Levels of nutrients anticipated from septic systems, lawn and garden fertilizer, and road runoff were completed following procedures developed by the EPA. Using guidelines based on the 1980 U.S. census for Cape Cod, the nitrogen i budget for a single family household was prepared. i i i • • -101- I Red Lily/Lake Elizabeth Groundwater Recharge Area Land Use Analysis

* Total Lots 425 Number of Built-on Lots " 361 ( Number of Vacant Lots 52 Potentially Undevelopable (due to wetlands) 9-10 I Tax exempt 4 Buildable Lots: I Multifamily 2 Hotel 1-partially in zone _ Tradewinds I 10-12 - northern drainage area 2-Acre Parcels: I 1 tax exempt 2 in mosquito ditch

Source: 1985 Barnstable Land Use Information from Barnstable Planning and • Development Department. i i i i i i i i i -102-

i Assumptlons N-Load/Person Total N Load 3.0 persons/lot 5 Ibs/person 15.0 Ibs/lot 5,000 ft2 lawn: 3 Ibs N 9.0 Ibs/lot i 2 per 1,000 ft lawn, with 60% leached i Total 24.0 Ibs N/lot

The projected groundwater nitrate-N concentration resulting from the number i of residential units for the area can be calculated as: i Septic Systems 15 Ibs/lot x 370 units = 5550 Ibs N/year i Lawn Fertilizer 9 Ibs/lot x 370 units = 3330 Ibs N/year A windshield survey of the region showed most highly developed lawn i areas were some distance from the pond, particularly in the residential subdivisions out of sight of the pond. Within the Lake Elizabeth recharge i area, the Craigville Inn cluster system supplies a discharge equivalent to 20 units (5,000 g/day sewage flow): i 20 units x 15 Ibs N/unlt = 300 Ibs additional N loading i Precipitation McVoy found 4.7 kg/yr/acre nitrogen loading to Johns Pond in Mashpee. If this value is used, the contributions to the Red Lily and Lake Elizabeth i basins are as follows: Red Lily i 5.08 acres x 4.7 kg/yr/acre = 23 kg/yr Lake Elizabeth i 8.18 acres x 4.7 kg/yr/acre = 38 kg/yr i A total of 61 kg/yr would be contributed through direct rainfall annually. Road Runoff Nitrogen The total mean inorganic nitrogen contents of road runoff was 2.39 mg/1 i for 19 stations in residential subdivisions and Main Street, Hyannis {CCPEDC, 1978). If the volume of storm runoff water is multiplied by the i observed concentration, the following nitrogen loadings are obtained: I -103-

I Red Lily Basin 104,625 m3/y/ r x 2.39 mg/1 = 250 kg/yr I Lake Elizabeth Basin I 13,365 m3/yr x 2.39 mg/1 = 32 kg/yr Mosquito Ditch The nitrogen content of the mosquito ditch outflow was measured five times I during 1985. To obtain the total nitrogen loading, the mean value was multiplied times the total flow. I 225,897 m3/yr x 1.2 mg/1 = 271 kg/yr I Causeway The nitrogen loading passing through the causeway was estimated by I multiplying the mean observed total nitrogen content (combined TKN and nitrate-N) by the total annual flow through the connection between both basins. I 777,397 m3/yr x 1.87 = 1453 kg/yr

I Herring Run - -: cThe total nitrogen content of the herring run outflow of the pond was I monitored monthly (Station 1). Table 18 presents a monthly breakdown of the annual distribution of nitrogen discharge from the pond. Higher concentrations I are usually encountered during the colder months when bacterial action and I vegetative growth is at a minimum. I I I I I I Table 18. Nitrogen loadings for the herring run outflow and mosquito ditch Nitrogen values are presented as mg/1. a. Mosquito Ditch

Date: 5/29/85 7/16/85 8/23/85 9/24/85 12/17/85

N03-N .67 0.97 < .05

TKN .58 1.30 .74 1.19 .50

TN 1.25 >1.30 >.74 2.16 .55

b. Herring Run Outflow

Vol ume Kjeldahl Nitrate Total Nitrogen Load Month (ft3/day) Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen gm N/day Days (kg)

Jan 70,400 .58 1.63 2.21 4391 31 136 Feb 119,140 .38 .81 1.19 4001 28 112 Mar 116,640 .34 1.37 1.71 5629 31 175 Apr 120,960 .56 1.21 1.77 6043 30 181 May 139,474 .72 .72 1.44 5668 31 176 Jun 108,000 .74 .22 .96 2926 30 88 Jul 86,400 .45 (.05)* .50 1219 31 38 Aug 129,779 .35 .95 1.20 . 4396 31 136 Sep 65,000 .57 .29 .86 1577 30 49 Oct 50,000 .69 .44 1.13 1595 31 49 Nov 82,817 .35 .93 1.28 2991 30 90 Dec 70,500 .70 (.05)* .75 1492 31 46 . . , , , _ •AAfiil 4-n*1 1 rt !un _M incf Total 1276 m I -105-- I Table 19. Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth Annual Nutrient Budget I Source Total Phosphorus % of Total Nitrogen lb/yr (kg/yr) input lb/yr (kg/yr) I Red Lily Pond Inflow Precipitation 1.6 (.7) 51 (23) I 12 (5) 559 (250) Surface runoff Inlet (mosquito ditch) 34 (15.2) 606 (271) I Groundwater 49 (22) 8881 (3970) SUBTOTAL 96.6 (42.9) 10,097 (4514) \ I Outflow Causeway 17 (7.7) 3250 (1453) I Lake Elizabeth Inflow Precipitation 2.6 (1.2) 85 (38) I Surface runoff 3 (1.3) 72 (32) Inlet (causeway) 17 (7.7) 3250 (1453) I Groundwater 20 (9.0) 311 (139) SUBTOTAL 42.6 (19.2) 3718 (1662) I Total Precipitation 4.2 (1.9) 3 136 (61) Surface runoff 15 (6.3) 12 630 (282) I : Mosquito ditch 34 (15.2) 28 606 (271) Groundwater 69 (29) 56 9196 (4103) I SUBTOTAL 22.2 (54.6) 10,568 (4717) Outflow I Herring run 26 (11.8) 2854 (1276) Storage I B.iomass (2.99 kg/ha x 5.37 ha) 35 (16 kg) I Sediments 596+ Ib (269+ kg) I I I I -106- I I CARRYING CAPACITY OF A PQND Every lake has a capacity to support a certain nutrient loading without I expressing undesirable conditions of heavy vegetative growth, algal blooms, or low dissolved oxygen which are often associated with eutrophic conditions. I Complex models have been used to relate the phosphorus loading to the level of eutrophication (aging) of a lake. Two basic approaches have been used in the analysis of lake eutrophication: I 1) A complex lake/reservoir model simulating the interactions occurring within ecological systems; 2) A more simplistic nutrient loading model which relates the loading I or concentration of phosphorus in a body of water to its physical I .characteristics. In contrast to the complex reservoir models, the empirical nutrient I budget models for phosphorus can be simply derived and can be used with a minimum of field measurement. This approach has formed the basis for the E.P.A. "Rural Lake Projects" (1981). The nutrient budget models, first I derived by Vollenweider (1968) and later expanded upon by him (1975), as well as Dillon (1975a and 1975b) and Larsen and Mercier (1975 and 1976), are based I upon the total phosphorus mass balance. There has been a proliferation of simplistic models in eutrophication literature in recent years (Bachmann I and Jones,-1974; Reckhow, 1978). The Dillon model has been demonstrated to work reasonably well for a broad range of lakes with easily obtainable data. The. validity of the model has been demonstrated by comparing results I with data from the National Eutrophication Survey (1975). The models developed by Dillon and by Larsen and Mercier fit the data developed by the I NES for 23 lakes located in the northeastern and north-central United States (Gakstatter, et.aU, 1975) and for 66 bodies of water in the southeastern I U.S. (Gakstatter and Allum, 1975). The DHlon model (1975b) has been selected for estimation of eutrophication potential for municipal ponds on I Cape Cod {KVA, 1983) and has been incorporated into the Falmouth, MA I "Nutrient By-Laws". I I • -107-

™ Vollenweider (1968) made one of the earliest efforts to relate external nutrient loads to eutrophication. He plotted annual total phosphorus loadings I (g/m /yr) against lake mean depth and empirically determined the transition _ between oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic loadings. Vollenweider later | modified his simple loading mean depth relationship to include the mean residence time of the water so that unusually high or low flushing rates I could be taken into account. Dillon (1975) further modified the model to relate mean depth to a factor that incorporates the effect of hydraulic i retention time on nutrient retention. The resulting equation, used to develop the model for trophic status, i relates hydraulic flushing time, the phosphorus loading, the phosphorus retention ratio, the mean depth and the phosphorus concentration of the i water body as follows: l „ ZP i 2 where: L = phosphorus loading (gm/m /yr) i R = fraction of phosphorus retained . P - hydraulic flushing rate (per year) z = mean depth (m) i P = phosphorus concentration (mg/1 ) i The graphical solution, is presented as a log-log plot of l(l-R) versus z. . P i The Larsen-Mercier relationship incorporates the same variables as the i Dillon relationship. In relating phosphorus loadings to the lake trophic condition, Vollenweider i (1968), Dillon and Rigler (1975) and Larsen and Mercier (1975, 1976) examined many lakes in the United States, Canada and Europe. They established i tolerance limits of 20 ^g/1 phosphorus above which a lake is considered i eutrophic and 10 jug/1 phosphorus above which a lake is considered mesotrophic. i i i -108- i The basic equation can be expressed in computation form as follows: Lc = (flushing rate) x (mean depth in meters) x (.020) x 5 x i 8,1 ( a conversion factor) = Ibs P/year For_Red Lily Pond i L = (87) x (.64) x (.020) x 5 x 8.1 = 45 Ibs P/yr . ' c To maintain a .010 level, the loading would be limited to 50% critical i or 22 Ibs P/year. i S = 100/20, , indicating a phosphorus retention of 80% for the year For Lake Elizabeth i Lc = (36) x (.94) x (.020) x 5 x 8.1 = 27 Ibs P/yr To maintain a .010 level, the loading would be limited to 50% critical i or 13 Ibs P/year. Currently, the existing loadings for Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth basins i are 96.6 and 42.6 Ibs P/year, exceeding critical levels by 114% and 58%, i respectively. • The Vollenweider-Dillon model assumes a steady-state, completely-mixed system, implying that the rate of supply of phosphorus and the flushing rate i are constant with respect to time. These assumptions are not totally true for all lakes. Some lakes are stratified in the summer so that the water i column is not mixed during that time. Complete steady state conditions are rarely realized in lakes. Nutrient inputs are likely to be quite different i during periods when stream flow is minimal or when non-point source runoff is minimal. In addition, incomplete mixing of the water may result in localized i eutrophication problems in the vicinity of a discharge. Lake Elizabeth, however, is a very good example of a wind-induced circulation system. Red Lily Pond basins, such as the north and central, have reasonable wind circulation but i not as intense as Lake Elizabeth. i i i i I -109-

I The Vollenweider/Dillon model or simplified plots of loading rate versus lake geometry and flushing rates can be very useful in describing the general I trends of eutrophication in lakes during preliminary planning and have been simplified to the land use formula which allows extrapolation to the surrounding I drainage basin (KVA, 1983). I I I EUTROPHIC I 0.1 I 2 1.2gm/m (.80) m I 36 I I OLIGOTROPHIC

0.01 I I I I I I I I I LO IOO I MEAN DEPTH (METERS) L= AREAL PHOSPHORUS INPUT Rs PHOSPHORUS RETENTION COEFFICIENT (DIMENSIONLESS) I />= HYDRAULIC FLUSHING RATE (yr"1) I I I I I -110- I I DIAGNQSTIC SUMMARY The diagnostic study of Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth extended over one I year of sampling and included special studies of septic system leachate, macrophyte growth and efficiency of harvesting, historical watershed development, I and groundwater hydrology. The following results reflect critical findings: 1. Weed harvesting and lake restoration activities have substantially I increased the groundwater flow through the lake, allowed more aggressive spawning of fish (bluegills and bass), re-established fishing as a pastime I on the lake, lowered the in-lake total phosphorus concentrations to .010 mg/1 I compared to previously-determined eutrophic levels exceeding .020 mg/1. 2. The lakes are still receiving well in excess of their carrying capacity of phosphorus. Currently, the existing loadings for the Red Lily I Pond and Lake Elizabeth basins are 96.6-and 42.6 Ibs P/year, exceeding critical levels by 114% and 58%, respectively. The continuing nutrient inflow fuels I rapid vegetative regrowth, with some species more resistant to harvesting I removal. 3. Coliform bacterial contents greatly exceed acceptable bathing I standards during summer months. The most significant source appears to be failures of on-site septic systems along the Craigville ridge above Lake I Elizabeth and lower Red Lily Pond. 4. The single largest point phosphorus source is the eastern mosquito I ditch, accounting for 22% of the flow to the lake and 28% of the loading. The flow has also encouraged encroachment of plants between the northern basin I and "gut" of Red Lily Pond, partially restricting water circulation in the I region. 5. Vegetative growth results from the excessive nutrient loading and I stored phosphorus in the bottom sediments. An estimated 596+ pounds (269+ kg) I I -111-

of phosphorus exist in deep bottom deposits ranging in thickness from 1 to 15 feet (.3 to 4.6 meters).

6. The largest source of nonpoint nutrients originates from septic leachate. The loadings appear heavy along the western recharge shorelines of Lake Elizabeth, Red Lily Pond, and in the seasonal flows into the mosquito ditch (further substantiated by coliform content and septic leachate survey). The total hydraulic flow into the recharge zone of the Take, truncated by the Centerville-Osterville well field, indicates considerable imported water, greater than double the expected recharge from natural precipitation.

7. Surface runoff accounts for 12% of all phosphorus loading to the pond Much of this can be intercepted. Significantly, two independent estimates suggest that the phosphorus loading per curb mile should be .056 Ibs P, corresponding to the EPA "storm" loading model.

8. Elevated nitrogen levels are found principally in the northern Red Lily basin. The levels are far in excess of critical limiting values and appear correlated with groundwater sources, likely from septic systems and lawn areas upgradient of the pond. -112-

PART TWO

FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT

I I I I I I I I I I I -113- I The feasibility assessment portion of the study focuses on management I techniques which could be implemented to achieve the water quality goal for Red Lily Pond. The feasibility section is divided into two sections: I watershed and in-lake. The watershed techniques involve the following considerations: Mosquito control ditch alteration I Surface road runoff management Road cleaning procedures I Sewage treatment and disposal Land use controls I The in-lake techniques deal with both short-term and long-term management/ restoration alternatives. The in-lake effort is primarily directed at control of aquatic plant growth, the primary nuisance condition affecting I the pond. The following major approaches are addressed: Dredging I Bottom rejuvenation through inversion Hydroraking I Mechanical weed harvesting Benthic barriers I Biological control through grass carp Herbicide (chemical) treatment

I The feasible watershed and in-lake restoration techniques are examined in detail with regard to water quality/recreational benefits, relative I cost-effectiveness and time-scale response. I I I I I I i -114- i WATERSHED MITIGATION A sound, comprehensive approach to lake management must consider both i in-lake and watershed-based techniques for reducing nutrient and other contaminant input and internal cycling as well as effective control of i nuisance macrophytes and algae. This section shall consider those alternatives i which would reduce watershed-derived contaminant loading. The greatest nutrient loading sources to Red Lily Pond are groundwater i (56% of the phosphorus load) and the eastern mosquito ditch (28%). Ground- water loading appears partially controllable, while the point-source mosquito ditch is entirely controllable. The surface water discharge is i dealt with first, then the groundwater sources.

i Mosquito Control Ditch i Surface water runoff (including the eastern mosquito ditch) accounts for 40% of the phosphorus budget of the ponds. The largest portion of this (28% i of the total phosphorus budget) enters Red Lily Pond via the mosquito ditch. The majority of the flow originates as storm runoff from surrounding roadways. Failure of the Town to provide good stormwater management has been the prin- i cipal contributor to movement of phosphorus deposits out of the bog region i into the pond. The mosquito ditch was originally constructed in 1922 and has been i maintained by the Cape Cod Mosquito Control Project since 1930. Site inspections along the ditch suggest that it drains an area including a wooded i swamp which is currently undergoing transition to upland plant and tree • species. Approximately 30 houses and septic systems have been constructed within 300 feet of the ditch and are likely to be substantial contributors of i phosphorus to the ditch. i Three options have been considered to mitigate the phosphorus loading to Red Lily Pond via the mosquito ditch. These include: a) alteration of the i ditch, b) sediment trap/pH treatment, c) maintenance recommendations. i i I -115- I a) Alteration of the Ditch I Four diversions have been considered (see Figure 37) as well as closure of the discharge. Three alternative routes involved the excavation of a ditch along existing roads and the construction of a subsurface drainage pipe. Water I elevations taken in the ditch and at the proposed outlet indicate that sufficient slope is available to accommodate such an option. The fifth I alternative would involve closure of the ditch discharge across the road, coupled with an effective storm water management plan to reduce inflow to the I ditchway and abandoned bog. I Three of the four diversion routes involve approximately 2,000 feet of ditching and piping at an estimated cost of $100,000. The potential environmental impact associated with each alternative route varies. The routes which I discharge to the outlet of Lake Elizabeth and to Hall Creek (Barnstable Assessor's Map) to the east raise the question of transporting bacterial I contamination and nutrient enrichment problems to two estuaries which contain shellfish. The third option, discharging to an isolated wetland south of I Craigville Beach Road, is likely to cause the least environmental impact. This wetland would receive storm flowage and would serve to meter out the I water by recharging the underlying groundwater. It is approximately 450 feet from the saline water of Nantucket Sound. This separation would provide adequate attenuation of bacteria and viruses. The major.problem with the I wetland option is its size (approximately 10,000 square feet). Preliminary estimates indicate that storm flowage may exceed the holding capacity of the I wetland. I Another option to alternative one is to end in the open field south of Lake Elizabeth with a constructed recharge basin and overflow to the herring run. This modification would require purchase of the land and construction I of the receiving basin. Increased detention would promote reduction in bacterial content during non-storm flows. The cost would increase by an I estimated $30,000 for construction of the basin. The land cost would be I at assessed market value ($30,000+). I I I -116- I A fourth alternative involves a direct westerly route across the shallow neck of the pond, through the land rise (15 ft) to discharge into a receiving I structure near the parking lot. This alternative is most direct and has the advantage of few land easements for crossing. The cost is estimated at $100,000 for the ditching and piping. A receiving basin would add $20,000 I to cost. This alternative would require more wetlands permits than the other I alternatives. A fifth alternative involves closure of the mosquito ditch at Old I Craigville Road. The observed high volume storm flowage reflects storm water drainage directly and indirectly to the ditched abandoned bog area. I Interception of the storm water is proposed to reduce the volume of storm water entering the region, allowing blockage of the flow and infiltration I at a recharge basin at the base of the concrete underpass. A three-stage process of closure is recommended: (Appendix H) I 1} Blockage of existing flowage with sand and gravel, with monitoring of water level at Old Craigville Road and in a monitoring well in the bog, I 2) Construction of infiltration basins and roadway catch basin, and finally I 3} Finish of design and installation of near-road infiltration basin and complete closure of eastern ditch flow. I The estimated cost is equivalent to ditch diversion, about $130,000. I I I I I I I I -117-

I Practicality Careful review and public discussion of the studied alternative has I selected option five as the desired alternative. The following difficulties were observed with the other alternatives: I Option 1. Extensive pathway with multiple easements and wetland crossing. This option would require storm surge basin and modification of herring run to accomodate storm flows. I Obtaining variances and easements will be difficult. Option 2. Elevation of bog region is 9 feet at this end, sloping I towards Red Lily Pond. The entire bog channels would have to be regraded to allow collection at this end. I Although this may reduce flooding in some areas, the cost would more likely be $200,000. Extensive permits would I be required. Option 3. Volume of wetlands appears too low to accomodate full flooding conditions associated with storm discharges • I from the mosquito ditch. Option 4. Extension of the ditch discharge under the pond and across I neighboring lands has several drawbacks: a) substantial alteration of the pond bottom, b) transfer of a nutrient I loading problem to another watershed, c) inability to achieve needed easements. Option 5. Closure of the ditch outflow and substitution to groundwater I discharge would-increase the likelihood of flooding in the abandoned bog area east of Old Craigville Road. To offset I this, a careful stepwise program of stortnwater interception I and infiltration must be conducted. I I I I I icr••••&, I

Craigville Beach : Craigville - C^Co* *•'.:•::: ^ "^-V'-'x '», " " i O I Beach i • • ^ s^-^g I -fr J

Figure 37 Mosquito Ditch Diversion Routes 1000 0 1000 FEET NOTE: Elevations are in feet and tenths and refer to the plane of mean sea level Locations are approximate only and must be verified by the contractor Plans not to detail scale

.MANHOLE 3

.MANHOLE 2 MOSQUITO DITCH

ABANDONED BOG ROADWAY RED LILY POND MANHOLE t .STONE PAVING GRATING GRATING WATER ELEV. 2.2 APRIL, 1986 •MANHOLE 0 WAUR CLEV 2.30* " ~'~ APhlL. IOOG -INVELEV 1.50' ,ELCV. .BO' OVERFLOW ELEV 2.00* tttnq .ELEV 000 "INVELEV 0.00'

INV ELCV. -1.20' SANDTRAP 'INV ELEV -2.00 -HEADWALL

Figure 38. Preliminary enqineerinq drawings for mosquito ditch diversion.

ni -120- i i i i i i i i i i i i i i KEY i D EXISTING CATCH BASIN • PROPOSED CATCH 0ASIN i PROPOSED LEACHING BASIN i i Figure 39. Storm water management and ditch closure alternative. i i -121-

i b) Sediment Trap/pH Adjustment i Numerous field visits to the mosquito ditch suggest that iron precipitates in the stream bed and is carried into Red Lily Pond under storm flowage i conditions. Iron has a high chemical affinity for phosphorus; hence, it is likely that substantial amounts of phosphorus are transported to Red Lily i Pond along with the iron. To reduce this loading, a sediment trap to intercept iron phosphorus i precipitates has been considered. The proposed trap would be located down- stream of Old Craigville Road and would be proceeded by deposits of sea- i shells or marble chips to provide buffering capacity and possibly raise the i pH of the stream water, enhancing the precipitation rate. The Vineyard Environmental Protection laboratory is currently experimenting with the use of seashells to adjust the pH of surface waters. Preliminary i results indicate that pH values can be adjusted substantially (4.0 to 7.0) in a short time period (48 hours). Applying these numbers to the Red Lily Pond i Project is different in that maintaining a 48-hour contact time (between the seashell and incoming water) will be different under storm flow conditions. i A second potential problem could result from the coating of the seashells with the iron precipitate decreasing their beneficial effect. Despite these i drawbacks, the seashell deposits is a very low-cost alternative and worth attempting in the mosquito ditch. i c) Maintenance Recommendations i Current maintenance practices include the annual cleaning of the ditch and piling of sediments along the banks. These deposits contain stored i phosphorus precipitates which, when exposed to the weather, become available for leaching. Removal of these sediments from the watershed would reduce the i phosphorus loading to the ditch under storm conditions. Cape Cod Mosquito Control representatives state that removal of these sediments would be i difficult and would have to be done by hand. It is possible, however, that i i I -122-

I a small tractor and trailer could access these areas and make this task more feasible. While the benefits of this option are difficult to quantify, it I is a low-cost alternative and should be considered as an effective I constructive measure. I Sewage Treatment/Disposal On-site sewage disposal through septic systems and cesspools is responsible for about 37% of the current phosphorus loading to Red Lily Pond. This value I does not include additional loading currently being received by the eastern mosquito ditch basin. With time, the phosphorus loading from sewage disposal I will increase as existing systems age and the soil's attenuation capacity is diminished. Evidence of this loss of removal capacity has occurred along I the Craigville western shoreline of Lake Elizabeth and lower Red Lily Pond. This section examines the feasibility of various options for reducing loadings I from on-site systems within the 300-foot phosphorus buffer zone to the Pond and the mosquito ditch. These alternatives are summarized in Table 20. Specific attention is given to possible options for correcting the severe problems of I the few systems along Lake Elizabeth Drive which currently cause coliform I contamination in Lake Elizabeth. I a) Sewering The standard approach to eliminating problems resulting from septic I system leachate is conventional sewering. With sewering, all of the nutrients and bacteria from septic system wastes could be removed from the area within 300 feet of the pond. Sewering could also remove a large percentage of the I nutrients found in the mosquito ditch system. To sewer the Red Lily Pond area, there would have to be a connection with the existing Town of Barnstable I sewerage system. For a number of reasons, this is not a viable option at I present and win not be for the considerable future. Whitman and Howard, Inc. is currently finishing a report for Barnstable I outlining the capabilities of the Town's sewerage system and the priorities I I Table 20 RED LILY POND COST SUMMARY/EFFECTIVENESS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES Mitigation of C/E 10 Yr. Annual Total Cost Bacterial Effectiveness Period Alternative Component Initial Cost O&M 10 Yr. Contamination Kq P/Yr. Removed $/Kq P Comments Conventional •Study & design $100.000 •Not possible for Sewering .Pipe 7,450' x 670,000 10-20 years $90/ft. •"557" funding for 'Individual 96,000 laterals costs 96 x .Individual costs high 1,000 •Some environmental .Total $886,000 $886,000 100% 31 $2,858 concerns

Community •Study & design $ 20,000 ."557" funding for Septic •Leaching 58,000 laterals System facility $5/gal 'Individual costs high 'Sewer Line $75/ 131,000 •Local maintenance ft. x 1,750 ft. responsibility • Pump 12,000 •Some environmental •Indlv. hookup 18,000 concerns -Total $239,000 $4.000 $279,000 100* 41 $6,975 i ••f Holding •Tank with $1.056,000 •Socially unattractive fy Tanks Installation •Prohibitive cost T 96 x $11.000 •No public funds -Pumping $378 'Possible option for x 12 x 96 homes surface runoff problems .Total $1,056,000 $435.500 $5.410.500 100* $453 .Some environmental .Mitigation of concerns Bact. Cont. $33,000 $4.500 $78,000

Non- •Equipment & $432,000 .Socially unattractive Discharge Installation •No public funds Toilets 96 homes at •Option for surface $4,500/home runoff problems .Total $432,000 $432,000 $1.393 •No environmental Impacts •Mitigation of Bact. Cont. $13.500 $13.500 100% 31

Maintenance .Annual Pumping .Always Important Program 96 homes x HO/ .Low cost pump •No publ1c funds .Total $10,560 $105,600 5% 1.6 $6 ,600 •Low effectiveness •No environmental impacts m ?w I -124-

I for future extensions of the system. This report recommends three areas for sewer extensions in order of priority: I I. Sea Street/Gosnold Street II. Area surrounding Bearses Way in Hyannis I III. Craigville Beach Road, west to Jackson Avenue These three areas were prioritized based on the number of malfunctioning systems in the area that cannot be upgraded and the potential for nitrate I contamination of public water supplies from on-site septic systems, as well as from the plume originating at the sewage treatment plant. Residential I and commercial density and depth to groundwater were also important considerations I The Craigville Beach Road extension is the lowest of the three priorities based on Whitman and Howard's criteria. According to the Barnstable Town I Engineer, it will be a considerable time, at least 10 to 20 years, before this extension will be built (F. Lambert, personal communication, April, 1986). Even if it were built, it would not extend to the critical parts of the Red I Lily Pond recharge area. Additional sewer lines would need to be added to extend the system from Jackson Avenue up to the area within 300 feet of the I pond. I Assuming the Craigville Beach Road extension were built, the cost of adding the additional lines to the 66 homes in the 300-foot buffer zone around I the pond would be approximately $520,000. Extending lines to the 30 homes within the buffer zone of the mosquito ditch would cost an additional $246,000, for a total of $766,000. Currently there are three state (and federal) I funding programs available for such projects. These programs are summarized I in Table 21. To determine the feasibility for funding of the proposed Red Lily projects, I meetings have been conducted with the Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, Division of Water Pollution Control officials. Funding under I 201/Construction Grants and Chapter 786 is unlikely due to the fact that both of these programs require a Facilities Plan to be prepared (a process which I usually takes a year or more and costs in the vicinity of $100,000), and the I I Table 21. Sewage Disoosal Funding Programs

Projects Cost Share Program Funding Agency Fundable Available

201/Construction EPA/DEQE-DWPC Sewage treatment 90 - 94% Grants Community Septic Systems (federal & state combined)

DEQE-DWPC Chapter 786 Sewage treatment 70% M (Massachusetts General Community Septic Systems Ui Laws) I

Chapter 557 DEQE-DWPC Sewer laterals 50% (Massachusetts General Laws)

m I -126-

I demand for this funding is very high and competitive. A point system has been established to rate projects on a priority list. In reviewing this priority I 11st and discussing the Red Lily project with the Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, Division of Water Pollution Control, it is apparent that I funding from these programs is highly unlikely and therefore it cannot be recommended that a facilities plan be developed to apply for this funding.

I The Chapter 557 program holds a somewhat better prospect for funding for the Red Lily Pond project. This program will provide 50% state funding for the I construction of the lateral sewers which transport the sewage to the disposal facility. Applications to this program require a "project information" form I which examines the alternatives and provides design and cost estimates. This program does not provide funding for the disposal system or the sewers between I individual houses and property lines. These costs must be borne by the residents of the town.

I With sewering, all the phosphorus reaching the pond from septic systems (U kg P/year or 37% of the total loading) would be removed. It would also remove a portion of the groundwater entering the pond. With 66 homes sewered, I 3 approximately 16,500 gallons (63 m } of artificial recharge per day {or 4% of I the total watershed recharge) would be removed from the pond. This would have a minimal impact on the pond's flushing rate and its permissible loading for I any given trophic state.' Sewering the homes near the mosquito ditch would remove a large portion of I the phosphorus entering the pond through the ditch. Assuming that 75% of the phosphorus in the ditch comes from septic systems, approximately 11.4 kg/year I (or 38%) would be removed by sewering. In total, sewering all of the septic I systems would remove 25 kg P/year or 68% of the total phosphorus load. A few engineering factors involving the construction of .the sewer along Craigville Beach Road need to be considered. According to Barnstable's I sewage system plan, it will be logical and necessary to build the Sea Street I and GosnoTd Street extensions in order to allow the connection with the I I I -127-

I Craigville Beach Road system. Also, as stated by Whitman and Howard (1986), It will be necessary to upgrade the pumping station and sewer Tines along I West Main Street in Hyannis to accommodate the additional sewage volume from I the Craigville Beach Road extension. b) Community Septic System

I Another alternative for dealing with sewage disposal is a community septic system. A community system is essentially a larger-scale version of an I Individual on-site system with a number of homes hooked into it. Due to the intensity of development in the pond's recharge area, there are very few I undeveloped parcels remaining which are suitable for such a system. I One area in which a community septic system may be feasible is the Christian Camp Meeting Association grounds. The sewage from many of the . Conference Center buildings and private residences in the area could be I collected and carried a short distance to a leaching facility outside the recharge area of the pond. Such a system would have many benefits. It would I remove the nutrients and bacteria presently entering Lake Elizabeth directly from the-few failing septic systems along Lake Elizabeth Drive. It would I remove the phosphorus loadings from other septic systems within the 300-foot buffer zone, most of which are quite old and cannot be upgraded to meet I Title V regulations because of lot size and distance requirements. Furthermore, it would remove sewage from the Craigville Inn and other Conference Center buildings which presently drains into a. leaching facility which is within I the groundwater recharge area of Red Lily Pond.

I Three available parcels outside of Red Lily Pond's recharge area have been examined as potential sites for a community leaching facility. This I facility would have a capacity of approximately 12,000 gallons per day to accommodate the existing 6,500-gallon-per-day system for the Craigville Inn I and adjoining buildings, and add up to 16 additional homes. The three parcels considered were the parking lot directly below and southwest of the Craigville I Conference Center Chapel, the tennis courts along Summerbell Avenue at Clark I I I -128- I Avenue and the ball field next to the Craigville Lodge on Prospect Avenue (see Figure 40). Test borings were completed at the three locations and from I this and other information it was determined that the ball field location is I most suitable. The first location, the parking lot, is not feasible because of its proximity to a wetland, the shallow depth (two feet) to groundwater at high I groundwater levels, and the size requirements of the leaching facility. The tennis court site meets the size requirements of the facility, but the shallow I 7-foot depth to water table under high groundwater conditions makes it difficult to meet the depth requirements of Title V. The other drawback to this site I is the cost and inconvenience of removing and then rebuilding the tennis courts. The ball field location meets the necessary requirements for the siting of the leaching facility. The test boring indicates the area is I comprised of medium to coarse-grained sand and depth to groundwater is greater than 16 feet. There is adequate space to site the leaching trenches or I leaching galleries needed to handle 12,000 gallons per day of sewage. I Drawbacks to the ball field site include the proximity of the ball field to a steep slope and the existence of a leaching facility for the Craigville I Lodge within the ball field. Both of these can be overcome. The site is large enough that the Title V setback requirements for slopes can be met. There is also enough room to accommodate both leaching facilities here, although I the position of the reserve area for the Lodge system would have to be moved. Another drawback is the distance of this site from the areas it would service. I Approximately 1,750 feet of sewer lines would be needed to connect the homes with the leaching area. Also, because the system would connect individual I residences, a strong community organization would be needed to handle the I construction of the system. The potential environmental impacts of this alternative have been considered Approximately 150 feet downgradient of the proposed system is a stream I connecting the outlet of Lake Elizabeth to the Centerville River. This stream I serves as a herring run. According to water level information collected I I -129s--

!• * ;j m\h ^-V^r—

i«=R. »V I r *\riTO

CraigyilieSeach Craigville Beach \

Figure 40. . Potential Community Septic System Locations N 1000 0 1000 FEET I -130- I I I I I I I I COLLECTION AND I PUMP STATION I I I • GRAVITY COLLECTOR I I I I Figure 41. Proposed collection system, pump station, gravity collector, and leaching facility for the community I sewage system. I BiEP. t • ' O » • __ __ .1 __ _. ._

i * ' , R r; s Ef lv E HMK.M CO. «« * Jj ,-...., _,.. u . ..! -*»%n -,* * r~ ^7^ \v •" * i is' *$' At/jg ^T*!^ fcrS "*• • •.01 ° tjîr-s^-J /-•-.. p • 7 1 ^*«»«hikv *m \ \ 1 i r il Lji. 1 . ntstnyt '| T f C , J ^ :( I ^jRJWHlFi LEACHING FIELD 1j - tW"~ J V |>VC Mttf I— r •^-'-"-'-•-tr-^- aaaun no Oca a ~1 S.QC> D a? 1 _, Docaaa * aaODo rMui-. _. **-*^ taSotao oonaa W.-7-08 U _i ^-nr*cT MTX. RX* fc oaooo 92 **" ** «UDB *»*U ^-*- | :,_. J | rr | • MfRt*»Rf ^ IM)^T 3WOTHCS s* (MD tlCTMM \ ., ftMtlFoRCE-0^*- U^TtMO . -oHCêic- M avkwj > /^ — ^ ^^ v ,1-0 d j m m >-—v ,- -*^~^ ' - \ . , v - . 1.1* X / V_^/ ; j| ] I • a o a a a I Nvtu.nl 1 r rf 1 Iv . x . Baoa«a *r H' ir iH > / 1 ir w • * — ^ î ggaaa I V II II 1, v / \ 1 * ' • * ' 1 . • • • . ' • *•* "j*** "- w.w»« \wa w BMVH. V | _ niaiM ••enow - .

^\ TYPICAL LEACHING GALLERY SUBMERSIBLE SEWAGE PUMP STATION &J m Figure 42. Proposed design of sewage treatment facility (not to scale). I -132-

I during the diagnostic portion of this study, this stream functions to exfiltrate to groundwater. That is to say that effluent flowing southerly I would flow underneath the stream rather than into it. Ultimately, the wastewater from the proposed system is expected to discharge into Nantucket I Sound at a distance of approximately 700 feet from its source. This travel distance will provide for attenuation of microbiologic contaminants (such as bacteria and viruses) and for the dilution of nutrients (such as nitrogen I and phosphorus) to insignificant concentrations.

I The benefits of this community septic system would include the elimination of current bacterial contamination due to breakouts to Lake Elizabeth and a I reduction in phosphorus loading to 4 kg P/year (or 9% of the total phosphorus loading). (Reduction of phosphorus loading from 7 homes in the recharge area I removes 5 kg P/year.) I The total cost of the community septic system would be approximately $207,000. This includes the sewer pipe costs ($131,000), the leaching area construction ($58,000), and individual hook-ups ($18,000). Individual septic I tanks or cesspools would be incorporated into the system so no community I septic tank will be needed. As with the sewering alternative, it may be possible to obtain funding I for the lateral sewers through the Chapter 557 Program. With this funding, the local cost would be reduced to $141,500.

I c) Non-Discharge Toilets

I Another potential alternative for reducing pond nutrient loadings is to retrofit existing toilet fixtures within non-discharging toilets. This could I include all 96 houses within the 300-foot phosphorus buffer zone, or simply the 3 houses on the western shore of Lake Elizabeth which are exhibiting I break-out problems resulting in bacterial contamination of the pond. I Installation of non-discharge toilets for the 96 houses could eliminate I 31 kg P/year or 68% of the total phosphorus loading. I I -133-

I Assuming an average of 1.5 toilets per house and a per-unit cost of 53,000, this would cost $432,000. Installation of non-discharge toilets for I the three identified failing systems would cost approximately $13,500. Since these units would be individually - owned, they would not be funded under I existing public programs. I Environmental impacts would be limited to inconvenience to homeowners during the retrofitting process and potential aesthetic and/or odor problems I sometimes associated with improperly-operated or poorly-functioning systems. I d) Holding Tanks Holding tanks have also been considered as an alternative to the 96 I existing septic systems within 300 feet of Red Lily Pond and the mosquito ditch. This would eliminate sewage discharge from these houses. Because I of the costs and inconvenience involved with holding tanks, it seems best to consider using them to replace only the few problem systems along Lake Elizabeth Drive. Using holding tanks for these three or four homes would eliminate the I existing bacteria problems from surface runoff into Lake Elizabeth, A negligible amount of the phosphorus entering the lake from these systems I would also be removed. I The cost burden for holding tanks would fall on the individual property owner. They are not fundable under a public sewage program. The cost would depend on the size of the tanks used. A 7,000-gallon tank would handle 70% I of the monthly design flow and would meet approval standards of the Barnstab'le Board of Health. Costs for each tank (including installation) would be I approximately $11,000. Pumping costs on a monthly schedule would be $4,500 per year. A reduction in the amount of flow would lower the pumping costs I proportionately. I Another drawback to holding tanks, besides the high mainenance costs, is I the capacity of the Town of Barnstable's septage treatment facility. Due to I I I -134-

* heavy volume, the treatment facility has had to shut down and refuse some « shipments. Increases in the amount of septage pumped in the Town will only aggravate this problem. i e) Maintenance Program i Periodic pumping of a septic system or cesspool is a necessary operation in order to maintain the system's long-term viability. Without maintenance pumping, solids move into the leaching area, clogging soil interstices and i eventually resulting in system malfunction or failure. i Maintenance pumping is a practice which should be followed on, at least, a once in every three year basis. It is not, however, very effective in i reducing nutrient loading. If conducted on an annual basis for a typical family of four, it was estimated that only 2.3% of the nutrient load would be i removed (4 persons x 60 gpd/person x 365 days/yr = 87,600 gpy; 1 pumping/yr = 2,000 gpy : 87,600 = 2.3%). Assuming some additional benefit due to a prolonging of attenuation within the septic tank for a period following pumping, i promoting aerobic conditions within the leaching area, etc., a 5% removal figure was used yielding 1.6 kg P/year for the 96 homes. Organic solvents and acids i should not be used to clean clogged leaching facilities. If cleaning is necessary, hydrogen peroxide treatments are effective and will not cause i groundwater contamination. i i i i i i i LJiEP i -135- i Runoff Control i As determined previously, 12% of the total annual phosphorus loadings to Red Lily Pond are due to stormwater runoff from roads alongside the pond. Road runoff during storms also accounts for a substantial portion of the i phosphorus loadings entering the pond through the mosquito ditch. The mosquito ditch serves as a receiver of an estimated 2000 feet of road i drainage (30,000 sq. ft.). i This subsection will focus on means by which nutrient loading entering the pond with stormwater runoff may be reduced. Figure 43 shows seven i separate drainage systems which have been examined. Each system has been considered separately as realistic alternatives for each will vary. For most of the drainage systems, water should be allowed to infiltrate through i leaching catch basins to curb direct storm runoff into the pond. Based on earlier work by IEP (1982) and work done by Wanielista (1978), it is safe to i assume that these catch basins will have a 70% effectiveness in removing i phosphorus from stormwater runoff. Table 22 summarizes recommended stormwater management techniques, inducing -toits and effectiveness, for each drainage area. The recommended i improvement =re designed to meet the Town of Barnstable Subdivision Regula- tions which require minor, lcp.<-traffic roads to have drainage systems which i will handle the runoff from a 10-year storm. Discussions for individual i areas follow below. Area 1. i Area 1 collects runoff from a 29,600 square foot area of Red Lily Pond Road and Soundview Drive. At present, there is only one leaching catch basin which overflows very quickly during a storm event. To collect the runoff i from a 10-year storm, it is recommended that three additional catch basins be installed at a cost of $6,000 for design and installation. 2.7 kg/year i of the stormwater phosphorus could be removed with a cost-effectiveness of i S222/kg over a 10-year period. i i -136- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Figure 43. I Stormwater Drainage Areas

1000 1000 FEET 1 -1J/- 1 1 Table 22 SUMMARY OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 1 FOR RED LILY POND

1• Cost Effectiveness Drainage Kg P/Yr $/kg P 1 Area Methods Costs Basins Removed (10-Yr Period) 1 1 Infiltration $ 6,000 3 2.7 $222 2 Infiltration $12,000 6 3.6 $333 3 Infiltration •1 Improved Curbing $10,000 4 3.5 $285 1 4 Infiltration $18,000 9 9.1 $197 . 5 Improved Curbing* $28,000 2 8.4 $333 6 Improved/ Increased 0 169 Street Sweeping

I 7 Improved/ Increased 0 Street Sweeping • 8 Infiltration 'Basins* 1 {4} 15 x 25 ft $40,000 10.0 $400 1 TOTAL $114,000 38.4** $295 (average) NOTE: All values for phosphorus removal assume improved street sweeping/ catch basin cleaning practices. * Extra infiltration capacity added to reduce storm flowage 1 to bog region ** Includes removal of some loading into mosquito control ditch 1 region 1 1

1 (Kyi I -138-

I Area 2. I Area 2< consists of the portion of Center-vine Avenue which runs between Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth from Old Craigville Road to Valley Avenue. I At present, this area drains directly into Red Lily Pond and Lake Elizabeth through road cuts.

I To handle the drainage in this area, it is recommended that six catch basins be installed along Centerville Avenue to prevent direct runoff into I the pond. These catch basins would have to be placed uphill on the road from the ponds to provide adequate leaching area. At a cost of $12,000, I 3.6 kg P/year could be removed with a cost-effectiveness of $333/kg over a I 10-year period. Area 3.

I Area 3 is the portion of Lake Elizabeth Drive between Butler Avenue and Valley Avenue where stormwater from the road and adjoining house lots runs I directly into Lake Elizabeth. Vegetation has been planted along the lake shore to slow the runoff and facilitate some leaching, but most of the stormwater I still flows straight into the pond. I It is recommended that four leaching catch basins be installed to collect and infiltrate the storm runoff in the area. Additional curbing along the lake shore will have to be added to what is already there in order to direct I the runoff into the catch basins. At a cost of $8,000 for the catch basins and $2,000 for the curbing, 3.5 kg/year can be removed at a cost-effectiveness I of $285/kg over a 10-year period. I Area 4. Area 4 is-the section of Old Craigville Road from Centerville Avenue to I Soundview Avenue which presently drains directly into the mosquito ditch. I The runoff from the drainage system has been considered as part of the I I I -139-

I mosquito ditch system in the section on the mosquito ditch. It is also being considered separately here because a separate solution for the I drainage problem is available. I To prevent storm runoff into the ditch, it is recommended that nine leaching catch basins be installed along Old Craigville Road. Design and installation of these catch basins would cost $18,000 and would remove 9.1 kg I P/year giving a cost-effectiveness of $197/kg over a 10-year period. I Area 5. I Area 5 consists of the southwestern section of Clifton Avenue. Drainage from this area presently flows through two road cuts and then into the I mosquito ditch which is approximately 50 to 100 feet from the road. It is recommended that these two road cuts be blocked and a series of I leaching catch basins be installed to infiltrate the stormwater runoff. The basins would cost $2,500 and would remove 1.4 kg P/year giving a cost- I effectiveness of $178/kg over a 10-year period per basin. I Areas 6 and 7. I Area 6 along Lake Elizabeth Drive north of the Craigville Inn and Area 7 along Lake Elizabeth Drive south of Area 3 were both field-checked for drainage problems. These areas are relatively flat and no runoff features I such as scouring or channeling were visible. For this reason, it is felt that very little phosphorus loading is occurring through storm runoff at I these sites. No recommendations are made for these areas beyond the improved/ I increased street sweeping recommended for all of the roads around the pond. An important component of stormwater management is regular maintenance I of roads through improved street sweeping and catch basin cleaning. At present, the smaller Town roads, such as those found in the pond's watershed, I are swept by a brush sweeper once every two years at most. Brush sweepers I I I -140- are relatively ineffective at removing the fine materials (silt, clay, I colloidal particles) which contain the bulk of the phosphorus load. Catch basins are not maintained regularly and are only cleaned when there is a I noticeable problem. I For catch basins to reduce phosphorus loadings effectively, improved street sweeping and catch basin practices are needed. It is recommended that street sweeping and catch basin cleaning be done on a regular basis four I times a year throughout the pond's watershed. The street sweeping needs to be done with a vacuum-type sweeper which is more effective than a brush sweeper I in removing the fine materials containing the bulk of the phosphorus. The Town could purchase a vacuum sweeper for approximately $140,000 and provide I the labor or contract the work at approximately $175/mile. For the Red Lily Pond watershed, the contract cost would be approximately $452 for each I cleaning or $1,700 per year. Improved/increased catch basin maintenance and street sweeping is also I important in many other areas in the town. Nutrient loadings in the watersheds to the many other ponds in the Town and in zones of contribution to public I wells could be reduced with increased cleaning and maintenance. It is perhaps most cost-effective for the Town of Barnstable to consider an improved/increased I maintenance program for Red Lily Pond as part of a Town-wide package. I A map indicating proposed storm drains, catch basins, curbing and infiltration basins for drainage areas 1, 2, and 3 is presented on pg. 140a. The map for drainage areas 4, 5, and 8 was presented previously in Figure 39. Catch I basins are the standard Barnstable DPW basins. Recharge basins have 1 inch gravel-lined (or run-of-the bank gravel) bottom regions of similar design to I those found at the Cape Cod Mall. The central region is depressed 3 ft over I the sidewalls with a maximum 1:3 vertical to horizontal slope. Appendix I presents more detailed information on size and I construction of catch and recharge basins. I I I -UOa-

IMPROVED CURBING PROPOSED CATCH BASIN I PROPOSED LEACHING BASIN I I I I I I Figure 43a. Proposed .catch basins and infiltration (recharge) I basins for drainage areas 1, 2, and 3. I I Table 23

RED LILY POND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

Long Displace- Deface- Changes Public Ambi- Range Poten- Water ment of ment of in land Land Aes- ent- Increase Public incre. Qual. Local Local Use Scenic the- air - Noise in energy Wet- Water sedi- in Residents Residences Patterns Resources tic qual. Levels Odors Demand lands Supplies ment Ponds Sewering -L -S 0 0 -S -s -S 0 -L H 0 -S H Community Septic System -L -S 0 -S -S -s -S 0 -L 0 0 -S + L Non-Discharge Toilets -L -S 0 0 -L -L 0 -L 0 +L 0 0 H Holding Tanks -L -S 0 0 -S •-s -S -S 0 H 0 -s +L Septic System Maint. -L -S 0 0 -S -s -S -S 0 0 0 0 +L Mosquito Ditch Alteration 0 -S 0 -s -s .0 -S 0 0 H 0 +L +L pH, Sediment Trap 0 0 0 -s 0 0 0 0 0 +L 0 +L H Wetlands Enhancement 0 0 0 0 -s -s -S 0 0 H 0 -S +L Mosquito Ditch Maint. 0 0 0 +L +L H 0 H 0 +L 0 H +L Infiltration of Road Drainage 0 -s 0 0 -S 0 -S 0 0 +L 0 +L H Street Sweeping/Catch Basin Cleaning 0 0 0 +L -s -s 0 0 -L H 0 +L +L Reverse Layering 0 0 0 0 -s . 0 -S 0 0 +S 0 +S +L

0 s No adverse impact L = Long-term or continuous impact + = Major Impact S = Short-term innpact Minor Impact m •! It I -142-

I Watershed Management

I The capability of land to support various different uses differs widely from one parcel to another within the Town of Barnstable. Some lands are I well-suited to intensive residential or commercial development without creating environmental nuisances. Others, such as those within the watersheds of various lakes, have a limited capacity to support such development and their I misuse can result in a direct, costly impact upon the residents of Barnstable. The results of misuse include the decline of land values, municipal income I sources and the need for expensive public programs to remedy the planning I failures resulting in the misuse. The protection of environmentally sensitive lands within the Town generally, I and lands within the designated watershed of Red Lily Pond, specifically, should be considered a high priority within the Town of Barnstable. In addition to the need to protect water resources such as Red Lily Pond for the neighborhood's I immediate residents, Barnstable must also protect its critical resources for I the enjoyment of the entire Town. Unfortunately, the Red Lily Pond watershed is almost completely developed. I Out of the total 225 acres within the defined watershed, only 42 lots are potentially available for new construction based upon current zoning. The I remaining potential dwellings represent only 14% of the total dwelling units within the watershed. Massachusetts laws, specifically, MGL., Chapter 40A, precludes retroactive zoning by "grandfathering" virtually all land uses in I place prior to new zoning legislation. Similarly, MGL., Chapter 41 precludes the imposition of subdivision road and drainage requirements after subdivision I approval has been granted. With few exceptions, lots and roads within the Red Lily Pond watershed were protected from new zoning legislation beginning I in the early 1960's. I The groundwater recharge zone, however, extends beyond the watershed and includes an undeveloped section north of Red Lily Pond. This region may be valuable to protect to reduce future groundwater loadings to Red Lily Pond. I Management of the stream drainage to the west, by encouraging recharge, I I I -143-

' could increase the supply of clean groundwater to the Red Lily Pond basin.

I A long-term program to improve and control groundwater phosphorus discharges to the Red Lily Pond region would involve:

1) Protection of remaining open regions within the recharge zone of I Red Lily Pond, particularly Area A.

2) Encouraging the conversion of existing septic leaching pits to lower i rate leaching fields, increasing the aeration of existing septic _ discharges in the recharge zone.

3) Development and maintenance of an extensive wetlands buffer zone I at the north of Red Lily Pond as a natural treatment system to remove invading groundwater phosphorus loads (Area B).

4) Discouragement of lawns within the watershed (runoff) zone of the • ponds.

5) Placement of restrictions on any further development below the 12-foot contour in the existing mosquito-ditched region.

I There are several methods of implementation; the noteworthy ones are discussed i i i i i i i I -144- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I — ^ — — Recharge zone

I Surface watershed I Figure 44. Surface watershed and recharge zone of Red Lily Pond showing areas for future protection (A), a wetlands buffer strip (B), I and restrictions on development below the 12-foot contour (C) I I -145- I I a) Zoning As noted earlier, MGL., Chapter 40A, Section 6 provides broad protection I to uses and structures lawfully in existence at the time of adoption of new zoning regulations. As 86% of the Red Lily Pond watershed falls within this I protection category, zoning in general should not be viewed as a viable regulatory option for protecting water quality. There are, however, two goals that Barnstable town officials should set relative to ensuring no I additional degradation to the water quality of Red Lily Pond: first, limiting phosphorus loading to an amount no greater than present loadings or, preferably, I reductions in present loading and second, assuring that the total loading from individual septic systems within 300 feet of the bank of Red Lily Pond I and its drainage sources not be increased over current loading. I MGL., Chapter 40A, Section 6 and Section P of the Barnstable Zoning Bylaw provides the town the opportunity to regulate pre-existing, non-conforming structures if they attempt to expand, alter or change. This provision grants I Barnstable the authority to regulate the extent of expanding of pre-existing I houses on undersized lots, for example. I Similarly, MGL., Chapter 40A, Section 10 and Section Q of the Barnstable Zoning Bylaw provide for the issuance of area variances from the area provisions (setbacks, for example) of the Zoning Bylaw. It is conceivable, therefore, I that no special permit or variance be granted within the designated Red Lily Pond recharge area without imposing restrictions on nutrient sources such as I lawn fertilizer or upon the overall number of bedrooms within the dwelling. I I I I I I -146- I

I The two recommendations that follow are designed to provide the Barnstable Board of Appeals (the special permit granting authority in Barnstable) with I the tools necessary for imposing these restrictions. It is important to note, however, that these two recommendations have extremely limited applicability as few, if any, of the existing or proposed structures within the watershed I will ever request a special permit or variance. Further, the Board of Appeals must seriously question the equity of limiting lawn fertilization through the I issuance of a special permit for a dwelling owner that seeks merely to extend his deck or porch an additional five or seven feet. Conversely, however, the I issue of protecting the water quality of Red Lily Pond should be considered a priority in the minds of Barnstable officials and it is clearly within their I police powers to properly regulate for the health, safety and welfare of the inhabitants of the Red Lily Pond watershed area and the Town of Barnstable.

I Recommendation 1: Revise special exception criteria of the Barnstable Zoning Bylaw to provide I direction to the Board of Appeals in issuing special permits within a 300-foot zone, designated as an area of critical environmental concern, within the I Red Lily Pond watershed area. This bylaw change would instruct the Board of Appeals to withhold_the issuance of special permits for the change, I alteration, relocation or increase in size of an existing non-conforming structure within a 300-foot zone, designated as an area of critical environmental concern, within the Red Lfly Pond watershed area. The goal is to avoid I increasing disruption to Red Lily Pond by limiting point and non-point source nutrient loading. It is recommended that an article be submitted to Town I Meeting as follows: I I I I I BiEP. I -147-

I Article . To see if the Town will vote to amend the Barnstable Zoning Bylaws as they pertain to special exceptions by adding new Section "P.5" I as follows: I 5. Within the area designated as the Red Lily Pond area of critical environmental concern noted on the Barnstable Zoning Map and adopted herein by reference, no special permit shall be issued for any of the items noted I in Section P.4 above, without a finding by the Board of Appeals that: I 1) The proposed change, alteration, relocation or increase in size of structure or use will not be more detrimental to the water quality I of Red Lily Pond. The Board of Appeals may, as part of the special permitting process, require that the proposed change, alteration, relocation or increase in size of structure or use not contribute I nutrients from both point and non-point sources in greater quantity than is generated by the structure or use at the time said special I permit is applied for. As a condition of granting said special permit, the Board of Appeals may impose, but not be limited to, the I following conditions: I a) Limitations on total number of bedrooms within the dwelling to three b) Limitation on total area of lawns and gardens cultivated with organic fertilizers. I c) Limitations on impervious surface coverage. d) Imposition of on-site drainage systems for the capturing of I point-source runoff. I Recommendation 2: • Revise variance criteria of the Barnstable Zoning Bylaw to provide similar I direction to the Board of Appeals as noted in Recommendation 1. This bylaw would instruct the Baord of Appeals to withhold the issuance of a variance from the provisions of the Barnstable Zoning Bylaw for structures or uses I within a 300-foot zone, designated as an area of critical environmental I concern, within the Red Lily Pond watershed area. The goal is to avoid I I I -148-

I Increasing disruption to Red Lily Pond by limiting point and non-point source I nutrient loading. Article . To see if the Town will vote to amend the Barnstable Zoning I Bylaws as they pertain to variances by adding new Section Q. (f) as follows: I (f) Within the area designated as the Red Lily Pond area of critical environmental concern noted on the Barnstable Zoning Map and adopted herein by reference, no variance shall be issued for any of the items I noted in Sections Q. (c) and (e) above, without a finding by the I Board of Appeals that: 1) The proposed change, alteration, relocation or increase in I size of structure or use will not be more detrimental to the water quality of Red Lily Pond. The Board of Appeals may, as I part of the variance-granting process, require that the proposed change, alteration, relocation or increase in size, of structure or use not contribute nutrients from both point or non-point sources I in greater quantity than is generated by the structure or use at the time said variance is applied for. As a condition of granting I said variance, the Board of Appeals may impose, but not be limited I to, the following conditions; a) Limitations on total number of bedrooms within the dwelling to three b) Limitation on total area of lawns and gardens cultivated with I organic fertilizers. c) Limitations on impervious surface coverage. I d) Imposition of on-site drainage systems for the capturing of I point-source runoff. I I I I I -149-

I b) Subdivision Rules and Regulations

I Enforcement of a town's subdivision rules and regulations relative to drainage design and road construction is an important consideration when I designing a watershed management plan. However, in developed areas such as the Red Lily Pond watershed where no additional land subdivision requiring I road construction will occur {see MGL., Chapter 41, Section 81-1 and 81-P), there is no opportunity for the Town to require upgrading of road or drainage design. And, while there are numerous road drainage failures within the Red I Lily Pond watershed (see Runoff Control), the Town of.Barnstable has no authority to require the residents of the watershed to upgrade these facilities. Any I improvements to existing facilities must be undertaken by the Town, although Barnstable does have the right to assess fees to local property owners under I the "Betterment Law" (MGL., Chapter 40; Sections 42-G, 42-H and 42-F). I In sum, the powers granted a town under the Subdivision Control Law (MGL., Chapter 41, Section 81) are limited to the subdivision of land and the laying out of new roads and associated utilities. The subdivision control law I provides no opportunity for towns to correct past planning failures or require developers or property owners to upgrade the original infrastructure of the I subdivision. It is recommended, therefore, that Town officials not focus on the Subdivision Control Law (MGL., Chapter 41, Section 81) for strategies I to improve the water quality of Red Lily Pond. I I I I I I I I -150- I I IN-LAKE MITIGATION In-lake.management/restoration alternatives are generally divided into I two categories, short-term and long-term. The first group includes techniques such as mechanical harvesting or herbicide treatment, which provide short-term I weed control and generally must be repeated each year at a recurring expense. Sediment removal (dredging), fall-winter drawdown, and in some cases, mechanical weed raking, are usually considered long-term weed control I strategies. The initial cost for design and implementation of these restoration techniques may be high, but the expense for annual maintenance of the I waterbody is often reduced or eliminated. I Of particular importance to the evaluation of these different in-lake strategies is first defining the restoration program's goal and objectives. I A public swimming area is not envisioned at Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond. Rather, the ponds should be maintained for secondary contact usages including fishing, boating, nature study, waterfowl and wildlife habitat, and aesthetics. I For these secondary contact usages, the aquatic plant community throughout the ponds should be brought into balance, with reduced plant density but I maintenance of a high species diversity. I Vascular aquatic plants rather than nuisance algal populations are currently the primary problem at the ponds. Therefore, the following discussion of management strategies focuses upon those techniques/methods that are known I to be effective for controlling macrophytes. Table 24 summarizes the techniques I considered for use at Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond. I I I I I BiEP. Table 24 Summary oT Alternative In-lake Management/Restoration Techniques Evaluated for Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond

Duration of Projected Project Total Cost Recommended for Benefit/Frequency Effective (fiasco upon Lake Elizabeth/ Alternative Description of Application CosI/Ac/Yr Rcd_Llly Pond Chemical Treatment Herbicide application ! year, possibly 1350 S3. 500 HO - Chemical treatment would effectively control the of nafad wiln Aquatho) 2 years on lilies (forainanl plants. Nutrient release following plant and ROOCO herbicide and watershield decomposition and public acceptability are problems. for lilies

Mechanical Weed Cutting/removal of 2 cuttings/year SI,350 $13,SCO YES - As a short-tern maintenance strategy. Unliktly Harvesting nuisance aquatic on naiad, 3-4 though to realize a reduction in plant density due to the (contractor) vegetation cuttings/year on high sediment reserves of phosphorus. lilies & watershield

Mechanical Weed Same as above except Same as above 11.175 SI 1,750 Sane as above. Use of Harvester at other Barnstable Harvesting with town-owned ponds/lakes would substantially reduce cost/acre 'town-owned) equipment shown here.

Mechanical Weed Digging, uprooting of >2 yeirs $3,760 137.500 (5 ac.) YES - Previous Hydro-Raking has shown to be cost nuisance vegetation. eTTective on lilies and emersed plants but not on Recommended only for submersed species such as naiad. waterltlie; and emersed vegetation. tirawdown or Water lower or drain ponds. 1-2 years NO • Existing outlet structure at like allows for gravity Level Manipulation Usually In fall/winter Towering of only I-Z feet. Elevation of outlet brook is to dry I freeze plants. close to that of lake surface. Naiad resistant to drawdown.

Bent hit Weed Cover weed choked bottom >3 years $4,485 1134.540 NO - Benthlc barrier are best suited for use at small Barriers areas with either fiber- (screened) bathing beaches. They would smother aquatic life and glass mesh screening or 13,033 $90,960 might become silted over In just a few years. perforated black nylon (black nylon sheeting sheeting)

Dyes Use of colored dyes such 2 treatments/ 1300 S3,000 NO - Lake/pond are so shallow that effective screening of as Aquashade to suppress year TTght may not be possible. Success of this technique Is light and hence control not well documented In shallow ponds. aquatic weeds. Possibly - Although presently Illegal to Introduce Into Weed Eating Fish Introduction of sterile >3 years $133 $4,000 (grass carp) grass carp to Lake waters of the Commonwealth. Mass. DFW night consider Elizabeth Red Lily Pond «s a site for • "pilot project'.

Dredging or Use of hydraulic or >25 years 13,660 $9)5,000 NO - High cost of dredging versus desired (passive) pond Sediment Removal conventional equipment to uses result In low probability of stale/local funding. remove muck/silt sediments Other severe design constraints. Deepen lake/pond beyond photic zone (>6 feet). Estimated sediment volume Is 105,000 yd3 for both pond and lake. HS - Allows suppression of vegetative growth 1100,000 Reverse layering Clean sand underlying >1Q years tlDOO an3 reconstltutton of original bottom deposits of Bottom Sediments bottom sediments would of pond. Would probably best be performed In be removed and placed conjunction with weed harvesting. Hast. UPC on top of existing or- may consider take Elizabeth site for "pilot project' ganic sediments. The bottom HOU<| collapse rejuvenating a sandy ni bottom. I -152- I Mechanical I Harvesting. In recent years the use of commercially manufactured weed cutters/harvesters has become prevalent. There are several Massachusetts-based companies that I provide contract weed harvesting services to municipalities and pond associations Recently, several municipalities have purchased their own equipment for I operation by Town DPW personnel. THese machines range in cost from about $20,000 to $80,000, depending upon width of cut and load capacity. A small I model harvester (i.e., Aquamarine H4-100) suitable for Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond has a productivity of approximately 0,1.to 0.2 acres/hour. If the capital cost were $40,000 and written off over a period of 10 years, the annual cost I would be $4,000.00. Assuming base labor costs were equivalent, the cost of operation runs about $200/acre with commercial companies, compared to about $100/acre, where a town owns its own harvester. Roughly 40 acres would have to be harvested annually for the breakeven ooint to be reached where income I received balances cost of equipment. The mechanical harvesters have sickle-bar type cutters which cut the weeds I from a variable depth from the pond surface to a maximum of about five feet. Behind the horizontal/vertical cutter bars is a conveyor system which simultan- I eously collects the vegetation for on-board storage. When a full load has been obtained, the harvester backs into shore and automatically empties its I contents on shore. The vegetation may be trucked directly away by the contractor or else allowed to dewater for a day or two and then be picked up I by the Town DPW for disposal. Harvesting has the advantage over chemicals because the vegetation is I removed from the water body rather than decomposing. Harvesting projects are seldom followed by algal blooms and no potentially toxic materials are added I to the water. However, waterlilies are controlled by harvesting for a period I of only 2 to 3 weeks before complete regrowth occurs. The direct purchase and operation of a small harvester by the Town of Barnstable for use at these and other public water bodies may make economic I sense. The unit cost of weed harvesting with Town-owned equipment sharply I declines as the machine is utilized to its capacity. I I -153- I Most harvesting contractors charge hourly for their equipment plus a I "lump sum" mobilization fee. The costs for harvesting at Lake Elizabeth/ Red lily Pond are likely to be approximately 3450/acre, including trucking I of the cut vegetation. Harvesting should be directed at priority areas, such as access points used for shoreline fishing and secondly within areas of greatest plant biomass. Based upon 10 acres, the cost of one harvesting would I probably run about $4,500. Two and preferably three harvests per summer would I be desirable. Hydro-Raking. I The Hydro-Rake consists of a barge propelled through the water by paddle wheels. On the barge is mounted a back-hoe with a six-foot wide York-Rake I digging attachment. Unlike a weed harvester, the Hydro-Rake is capable of scraping or digging soft bottom materials to a depth of 12 to 14 feet. The Hydro-Rake has no on-board storage capacity. Therefore, each rake-full (500 to I 600 Ibs.) must be deposited either on-shore or else onto a separate transport I barge. The Hydro-Rake will effectively remove virtually all common types of I aquatic vegetation. Macrophytes such as white waterlilies and yellow waterlilies possess a large tuberous rhizome which can easily be grasped and dislodged by the teeth on the Hydro-Rake digging attachment. Hydro-Raking will also I remove peat and muck attached to the rhizomes and other loose bottom debris. Recent experience has shown that thorough Hydro-Raking is required for multiple I years of nuisance waterlily control. However, Hydro-Raking is a relatively slow and expensive process and is not cost-effective on aquatic plants with I fine root systems such as naiad and thin-leaved pondweeds. These species I will fully regrow, usually within one year of being raked. Hydro-Raking of nuisance aquatic vegetation throughout Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth has been undertaken during the summers of 1981, 1982, and 1984. The I following table summarizes these previous in-lake weed control programs and I provides a qualitative assessment of the relative control achieved (Table 25). Assessment of nuisance plant control ascertained during the summer I following Hydro-Raking is also shown in the table. Since 1981, the area! I Table 25 Results of Hydro-Raking for weed control in Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond.

Year Work Lake Lower Red Upper Red Dominant Assessment of Control Performed Elizabeth Lily Pond Lily Pond Vegetation Achieved

1981 4.0 1.0 1.0 Pondweed Good Watershield Poor Waterlilies Fair Spatterdock Good

1982 4.0 1.5 1.5 Watershield Poor/ fair Pondweed Good Waterlilies Fair Spatterdock Good -fCJ*1 Waterwillow Excellent I

1984 2.5 2.0 2.0 Watershield Fair Waterlilies Excellent Spatterdock Excellent Waterwillow Excellent

ni I -155-

I coverage of pondweed (believed to £. epi'hydrus) has been greatly reduced throughout Lake Elizabeth. Mechanical Hydro-Raking has also provided I excellent carry-over control (from one year to the next) of the emersed water willow and floating-leaved spatterdock. White or pink waterlilies I have been greatly reduced in area! coverage especially throughout lower Red Lily Pond where extensive Hydro-Raking was performed during September, 1985.

I A survey of both ponds last summer showed a dramatic increase in naiad following the previous fall's Hydro-Raking. This increase was quite unexpected I and disappointing to observe. For these reasons we believe that any future Hydro-Raking should be focused on weed species which have displayed longer I control. Projected costs for raking 5 acres of waterlilies and emersed plants is $37,500. Good control should be provided for at least two years I and probably much longer. Benthic Barriers. I There are several types of commercially available benthic barriers that have specifically been developed to control nuisance aquatic vegetation. One I such product, Aquascreen, is a coated fiberglass material that has the appearance of window screen. The mesh size has been developed to preclude sufficient I light beneath the screening such that rooted aquatic plants cannot survive. The screening lies on the pond or pond bottom. Gases from the sediments or from decomposing vegetation can escape through the screen, in contrast to I black plastic sheeting which often balloons when used for this purpose.

I Aquascreen is usually ordered in panels 14 feet wide by 50 or 100 feet in 2 length. The screening is priced at about 0.24/ft and pins to anchor the I screening and installation "are added costs. Screening is quite expensive when used to cover large areas. Material costs alone run approximately SlO,454/acre, I and installation is likely to cost an additional $3,000 or so. The manufacturer projects a minimum life expectancy of 10 years for the material. Screening may become ineffective within a year or two if used in proximity to storm I drain outfalls or where tributaries enter a pond since sediment may accumulate I on the screening. Plants may start to grow on top of the screening if it is I I I -156- I covered with even a thin layer of sediment. Aquascreen or even lower-cost barriers such as Dartek (a black nylon material) are not recommended for I large-scale use at the ponds. Decomposing weeds/algae and other suspended material which settles to the bottom would probably soon cover the screening. I Further, it would not be desirable to cover all benthic life beneath the I screen. Aeration. Mechanical aeration/destratification systems have been used with some I success in ponds and reservoirs to reduce densities of microscopic algae and improve water quality. Control or reduction in macrophytes (vascular plants) I is seldom reported as an observed benefit of aeration. Both ponds are quite shallow and oxygen depletion in the bottom waters does not occur. Reduction I in aquatic plant densities or coverage is not likely to be attained with aeration and microscopic algae have not been a significant problem in either I water body to date. Reverse Layering of Bottom Sediments. I The current regrowth of aquatic plants in the middle basin of Red Lily Pond and lower Lake Elizabeth basin demonstrates that without remedial action I the lake will again become congested with submerged vegetation within a short period of time. .The source of the problem is phosphorus-rich organic I sediments. Regardless of reduction in nutrient inputs to the lake, this stored reservoir of plant fertilizer will promote regrowth unless removed by I dredging or covered by blanketing. The proposed alternative of blanketing does not attempt to seal the lake sediments (as fly ash treatment does), but to bury the organic layer while maintaining a porous bottom substrate allowing I flow to occur. I Sand application is a recognized retardant to establishment and growth of macrophytes. Scientific studies have been conducted on the effectiveness I and impact of'sand applications as a lake restoration process for over 30 years I (Misra, 1938; Peltier and Welch, 1969; Nichols, 1974). I I I -157- I Application of sand/gravel onto existing sediments to thickness of 16-20 cm has been used to control macrophytes (Nichols, 1974). As a I restoration technique, it is applicable to small areas, but usually not used in large lakes because costs/unit are high for transport and application I (Welch, 1980). On Red Lily Pond, the presence of beach sand underlying the organic sediment layer requires only that the original sand bottom sediments I be brought up again to the surface - hence the term "reverse layering". Corings conducted during July, 1985 and August, 1987 revealed historic I episodes of sand covering of the organic layers, presumably from hurricane events and beach washover. Heavy vegetation resulting from cultural I eutrophication is not conducive to pond life or water quality for the I following reasons: 1. Low dissolved oxygen levels increase fish mortality and produce I nuisance odors. 2. Heavy vegetation limits water circulation and recreational I usage such as swimming and fishing. 3. The heavy biomass aids sedimentation which reduces groundwater I inflow and flushing. I A test of the procedure was conducted off the Gavitt's dock at the base of Lake Elizabeth in April, 1986. A modified centrifugal "mud" pump was connected to a 2-inch ID PVC pipe placed down inside a 4-inch casing. The I casing was initially hand-augered to 3 feet below the lake bottom through 2.7 feet of peat deposit. The hydraulic flow was adjusted to sufficient I velocity to transport medium sand up the cross-sectional .area between the 4-inch casing and 2-inch ID pipe. The transport sand volume was about 1% I of water volume. The1 test showed that the underlying sand can be I effectively transported to the surface (Figure 45). Advantages of application of sand: 1) 15-20 cm (5-8 inches) layer of sand reduces by 400% regrowth of I macrophytes (Peltier and Welch, 1969). Reduces colonization and species I I BOTTOM REJUVENATION BY REVERSE LAYERING

A. MINING B. COLLAPSE OF PEAT VALVE

LAKE SURFACE LAKE SURFACE

2' CASING

4' CASING TRANSPORTED /SAND

LAKE DEPOSITS TRANSPORTED SAND

en PEAT DEPOSITS Co i

UNDERLYING SAND

Figure 45. Diagram showing the process of reverse layering

^_j?J nmmi I -159- I diversity, particularly submerged algae and weeds (Potamogeton, Hyriophyllum, and Najas) (Pearsall, 1920, 1929). I 2) The porous sand substrate provides aeration to sediments and limits ion exchange with phosphorus. I 3) Improves the sandy substrate nesting sites for bluegills and bass. The increase in aerated sediment will decrease mortality by increasing egg I and fry survival. Mortality is directly related to oxygen content and water movement. I 4) Penetration of the organic sediment layer encourages groundwater inflow Reduction of negative impacts during layering process: I 1) Circular booms would limit turbidity to working area. A cyclone separator may be used to segregate silt from the sand fraction. I 2) Patchwork approach allows macrophyte stands to be present outside working areas during sand application within confined working areas. Work I could be staggered to allow recolonization of benthic (bottom) organisms during restoration activities. I 3) Vegetative harvesting would precede sand application to reduce regrowth. 4) Bottom restoration work would involve a notice-of-intent proceeding I and monitoring of impacts prior to, during, and after sand application. 5) A research and development phase for defining most cost-effective I and environmentally suitable procedure would be conducted initially on a limited area (3 acres) of Lake Elizabeth prior to conducting full-lake I activities. Sand application would then be expanded to the middle and northern Red Lily Pond basins.

I Although the method of reverse layering is being explored, at present it appears to be less costly than dredging. It also has historic appeal since I the original lake bottom is being recovered and transported back to the surface. Depending upon the depth of burial of the bottom sediments, I vegetative growth would be substantially reduced. In addition, the sediment profile of Lake Elizabeth shows numerous instances of sand inundation, I presumably from beach sand overwash during hurricane events. I I L^JiER I -160-

I The cost of reverse layering for the Lake Elizabeth basin is estimated to be $100,000. Funds may be available for a demonstration of the process I since it would be applicable to other eutrophic kettle ponds with similar I stratigraphy as an alternative to dredging. During the next two years, a two-phase program of weed harvesting and I reverse-layering would be coordinated. Year 1: I A. Selected weed harvesting in 1) southern end of Lake Elizabeth 2) upper middle basin I 3) north basin The selected harvesting will remove water shield and naiads I which have regrown since the last harvesting. B. Hydroraking in the northern basin in the vicinity of sediment I heave and mosquito ditch deposits. The region to be raked is stippled in Figure 46. Removal of the interconnected lily roots I is considered necessary for successful reverse layering. C. Reverse layering to be performed in a checkerboard grid, having 100 ft by 100 ft squares, across the lower two-thirds of Lake I Elizabeth. The checkerboard pattern allows recolonization of the intervening square areas. Regions 1-8 will be used to test the I most effective and environmentally sound procedure. I The research and development first year testing will concentrate on testing three methodologies: jetting, jet siphon, and air lift. Recycling I water flow through a cyclone or Lakes separator will be used to reduce turbidity during operations. A filter cloth containment boom would be placed around each square during operations. The impact on bottom organisms I and fish will be monitored through the study and recolonization rates I determined. I I I I -161- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Figure 46. Map of Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth I showing proposed hydro-raking (stippled) I and reverse-layering (checkerboard pattern) I I I -162- I Dredging. I Dredging or sediment removal can usually be accomplished in one of two ways, either (1) with conventional excavating equipment once the water body has been lowered or pumped down or (2) with hydraulic dredge apparatus with I the pond/lake full.

I Sediment profiling for the pond and lake reveal that an estimated 3 105,000 yd of predominantly muck/peat material would have to be removed I from both the pond and lake to achieve a post-dredging water depth averaging approximately eight feet. In reality, if dredging were a recommended alter- I native it should be a terraced-bottom type where shallow areas ( 2 feet) remain for emersed plants, but the central portions of the ponds would be deepened to at least 8 to 10 feet to inhibit rooted plants by precluding I sunlight to the bottom. I Although selective dredging could serve to greatly improve the ponds, the unit costs would be quite high given that the lake/pond cannot be gravity I lowered and lack of suitable dredge spoil disposal sites in close proximity to the pond. Wetlands cannot be used as disposal locations. Therefore I trucking of the sediment would almost assuredly be required. The absence of a suitable land parcel near the pond for sediment disposal heavily weights against the feasibility of hydraulic dredging. To put the estimated cost of o I dredging in perspective, we have an estimated cost of $8.00/yd for removal and trucking to a containment area within one mile of the pond. For removal I of 105,000 yd , the estimated cost is $840,000 plus an additional $50,000 to $75,000 for final engineering design and containment area preparation. These I costs are likely to be conservative and if the total volume of material to be I removed were reduced, the unit costs would rapidly escalate. I Because of DWPC (628) Clean Lakes funding availability and application prioritization criteria, Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond would stand very little I chance of receiving funds for a costly dredging project. I I -163-

Drawdown/Water Level Manipulation The present outlet structure at Lake Elizabeth does not allow for lowering of water level by more than 1 to 2 feet. A drawdown of at least four feet would be required to expose the lake bottom for freezing and drying of the aquatic plants. A major lowering of the lake would be very detrimental to fish and further, naiad is one of the most drawdown-resistant plants. Drawdown is not viewed as a viable or effective technique here. I -164- I Chemical

I Herbicide Treatment. Herbicide or chemical treatment is still the most widely-used method I for controlling nuisance aquatic vegetation. Relative to other techniques, herbicides are usually less expensive, equally or more effective and the I results are apparent within a few days to several weeks". The Commonwealth of Massachusetts requires that all herbicides applied to public water bodies be I performed by licensed applicators. Naturally, only EPA/State-approved chemicals can be used, with permit approval required from the DEQE and the I local Conservation Commission. I Herbicide treatment would provide effective short-term control of the naiad, pondweed and waterlilies which are dominant throughout the ponds. Either 2,4-D granular or RODEO (a glycophosphate compound) would be needed, I to control the white waterlilies and watershield. RODEO is far more effective on yellow lilies or spatterdock. Aquathol K (dipotassium endothol) would I provide annual control of the naiad and pondweed. Based upon a treatment of $350/acre, the total cost would be about $3,500, and control of the lilies I might be effective for two years. Conditions at the ponds which make herbicide treatment less attractive are (1) the high density of vegetation which could I lead to increased algal growth following plant decomposition, and (2) public acceptance as to the long-term safety of the chemicals to be used. Reducing the total area treated would, in part, help to lessen the potential for I increased algae growth. The second concern (long-term risk of the herbicides) is not easily addressed. Based upon review of the literature on the herbicides I mentioned above, 2,4-D is widely used both for aquatic as well as terrestrial weed control, yet there is considerable controversy among the scientific I community as to its long-term effects on non-target organisms. RODEO is relatively new, yet its active ingredients have long been used in a terrestrial I herbicide called Round-up. The manufacturer of RODEO (Monsanto Chemical) I reports low acute and chronic toxicity, no bioaccumulation within the food I I I -165- I chain, and fairly complete and rapid biodegradability. The manufacturer cautions I against use of the RODEO herbicide within 0.5 mile of a potable water intake, but there are no restrictions on use of the treated water for irrigation or I recreational purposes. Aquathol K rapidly degrades from both water and soil I within several days to 2 to 3 weeks. ., : Light Supression/Dyes. I Aquashade, an inert dye, has been used in recent years to control both vascular aquatic plants and microscopic algae. The blue color of the dye I suppresses weed and algae growth through light reduction. Experience with Aquashade in Massachusetts has been limited to treatment of small, non-flowing I ponds. Aquashade or other dyes are not recommended for use at Lake Elizabeth/ Red Lily Pond. The anticipated extent of weed or algal reduction is not well- I documented and the ponds are so shallow that effective screening of light I may not occur. I I I I I I I I I I -166- I Biological Control

I The most commonly discussed biological control technique is the use of the grass carp, which is a non-native fish that consumes aquatic vegetation. It I is presently illegal to bring this fish into the Commonwealth, although a proposal for a "pilot project" to introduce sterile (triploid) grass carp I into Chebacco Lake in Hamilton is pending before the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Advisory Board. The introduction of the grass carp into Red Lily Pond could have significant merit. First, the cost for purchase I of the fish and the expected duration of nuisance plant control reveals an attractive cost/benefit (Table 24). Further, it is well-documented that naiad, I elodea, and most species of pondweeds are among the grass carp's preferred food sources. These plant genera are presently the major problem in Red Lily I Pond. I Red Lily Pond is a relatively small body of water and has been intensively studied. Therefore, post-stocking monitoring data would be readily available. Some type of screens to retain the carp would be required at the I lake outlet and between Lake Elizabeth/Red Lily Pond. Selection of a suitable screen size could probably be found that would enable the smaller herring to continue their spawning runs.

Various stocking models have been developed to arrive at the number of fish required per vegetated acre to control the nuisance plant infestation. Most models call for between 30 and 50, 9-11 inch fish/acre. This stocking number would need to be refined. Finally, although sterility of the triploid fish does not seem to be in question, Red Lily Pond is a coastal pond with outflow indirectly to the ocean.

The potential negative aspects of introducing grass carp into Red Lily Pond revolve around questions of (1) nutrient release from the carp feces, and (2) their ability to graze on the plant community without decimating all vascular aquatic plants. It is true that grass carp do not remove significant amounts of nutrients from the system. On the other hand, nutrient release from their feces is a gradual process and not a "shock load" as often follows a herbicide treatment. Stocking an adequate number of fish to control nuisance vegetation, but not eradicate all plants, may be the largest obstacle to • -167-

" overcome. Excessive fish, however, could either be netted or electroshocked H to reduce their numbers if too much plant growth was consumed. i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i I -168- I EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVES ON NUTRIENT BUDGET AND TROPHIC STATUS

I Several conclusions have come directly from the nutrient budget analysis and alternative action consideration: I 1. The present loading exceeds the carrying capacity of the pond. 2. Diversion of sufficient nutrients can be accomplished by a) alteration I of the mosquito ditch, b) sewering, and c) runoff control to bring the lake loading below carrying capacity. 3. In-situ nutrient deposits in the lake bottom sediments will mask I any nutrient loading improvements unless removed or suppressed.

I Figure 47 attempts to depict graphically the results to the three different strategies: I 1. No action 2. Continued weed harvesting I 3. Proposed recommended action plan involving mosquito ditch closure, sewering, runoff control, and continued education on fertilizer impacts. The graphic analysis considers that the current flushing rates are maintained I and that sediment phosphorus is equally available throughout the lake unless I suppressed. The most dramatic change in nutrient loading occurs with alteration of I the mosquito ditch or sewering. It should be noted that although the phosphorus loading from septic systems is diverted to a leaching field out- I side the recharge area, historical loadings exist in the groundwater system under Craigville and will continue to leach for a number of years. It may be desirable to reduce some potential for leaching from the present Craig- I vine Inn discharge location by peroxide treatment after diversion is completed. Peroxide treatment oxidizes organic deposits and oxyginates the I surrounding soil. Phosphorus would then be immobilized by iron oxide formation. The cost of treatments commonly runs $2,000 - $3,000 (Frisella I Engineering, Rhode Island) for septic bed treatment. Similar treatment would be anticipated. Down-gradient monitoring would be recommended to I evaluate the effectiveness and adequacy of peroxide volume. Dissolved phosphorus and dissolved oxygen content should be monitored twice a year I (winter, summer) (discussion included in the Appendix). I frJIER. -169-

The combined action of mosquito ditch alteration, selected weed harvesting, surface runoff control and reverse layering has the most likely success in achieving a moderate degree of control over weed growth. However, only with the onset of Town sewering of the water recharge zone win the nutrient loading begin to decline instead of increase. The large drops in available phosphorus represent the result of sand application to the bottom sediments during reverse layering.

Action to reduce phosphorus input from the mosquito ditch and storm runoff, as well as community sewering, combined with weed harvesting, should allow the input levels to adjust to a mesotrophic condition. This should support ample fish populations and acceptable weed growth for recreational use in Red Lily Pond. The outcome depends greatly upon control of the in situ phosphorus deposits and their influence on weed regrowth.

REDUCTION OF ANNUAL LOADING BY PROPOSED ACTION

Source Loading Action Reduction % Total kg/yr(lbs/yr) Ibs/yr Precipitation 1.9 (4.2) Mosquito ditch 15 (34) Closure 34 28% Groundwater 29 (69) Cluster sewer 24 202 Runoff 6* (15) Catch basin 15 12% Total 122

In-situ 269 kg Weed harvesting (3 Yr) 9% Reverse layering 70%

+ The total reduction of in-situ recycling is not known but will be determined by depth of burial during R and D study. The existing percentage reflects the area of the pond eventually subjected to the procedure. * Runoff loading separate from fraction received by mosquito ditch and with groundwater fraction subtracted. i -170- i i i i i i i MOSQUITO DITCH ALTERATION •f ft rf 0 REVERSE LAYERING i WEED HARVEST SURFACE RUNOFF CONTROL i I- CLUSTER SEWER i FULL POND REVERSE LAYERING SEWERING i RECHARGE AREA i i i 1986 2000 i Figure 47. Graphic presentation on affect of three action strategies on available phosphorus. No action alternative shows increasing annual loads from i all three sources: mosquito ditch, groundwater i (septic), and storm runoff. i Table 26. Red Lily Pond preliminary implementation schedule.

Year/ 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 /Quarter 3 4 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 STRATEGIES Watershed: • Mosquito Ditch Alteration $ • Other Road Drainage Improve. $ $'X X • Town Sewering Schedule will be based upon finalization of Barnstable sewering plan (to be completed 8/86) • Community Septic System $ $ $ $ X X l \ • Zoning Bylaw X| ^ ^ • Best Mgment Practices XI *- r

In-Lake :

• Sediment Reversal $ $ $ X X H R & • Improvement of Herring Run $ 4f> -t P AX 1 — 1| • Selected Hydroraking $ $ $ X X | 11 • Limited Weed Harvesting 4 t t 1 i

Grant Application/Appropriation Municipal Funds XXXX Final Engineering/Design Implementation/Construction m i -172- i CONTINUING MONITORING i Monitoring of the pond waters is planned to provide continuing information on the water quality, plant growth and animal populations. The monitoring will document the regrowth of vegetation in each basin and provide i background data on the impacts of ongoing restoration projects. The three- i year sampling program will proceed as follows: A. Baseline Water Qua1ity i Frequency: 4 times per year— March, June, September, December Sample locations: Stations 1, 2, 3, 4, and mosquito ditch outflow i Constituents monitored: 1. Water quality: Dissolved oxygen Ammonia-nitrogen pH Nitrate-nitrogen Suspended solids Kjeldahl-nitrogen i Dissolved solids Total Phosphorus Total alkalinity Total dissolved phosphorus Conductivity Total coliform bacteria i Chlorophyll a Fecal coliform bacteria i Cost: $200. per sample x 5 samples x 4 times per year + (4 x $280: labor) = $5,120.00 per year 2. Macrophyton survey, pre-harvest and post-harvest - whole i lake density and species mapping Cost: $900.00 per survey time x 2 = $1,800.00 i 3. Chorophyll a: 4 locations (Stations 1, 2, 3, and 4) i Cost: included in above water quality analyses B. Reverse Layering i 1. Frequency: before testing, during testing, following testing Sample locations: Station 1 (outlet from pond), Station 2 i (center of Lake Elizabeth) Constituents monitored: Water Quality: Suspended solids Total-phosphorus i Dissolved solids Total dissolved phosphorus Dissolved oxygen Cost: $150. per sample x 2 samples x 3 times + (3 x $280: i labor) = $1,740 per year (no charge if baseline i conducted) i i -173- i 2. Benthic organism census i a. Prior to reverse layering Three quadrants in Basins: upper, middle and Lake Elizabeth (separate from Research & i Development Study) 1. SpecieK s enumeration attache,. . d. t.o vegetation... , sessile., , 2. Diversity index in-fauna will be done during i R & D in quadrant sections b. Following reverse layering Three quadrants in reversed region, three in non-reversed i region - enumeration and indexing as above Cost: $900.00 each survey time i 3. Fish census - Lake Elizabeth, middle basin, upper basin (outside R & D area) Enumeration of spawning locations, time of spawning and number i of fish Cost: $900.00 per survey time i 4. Selected macrophyton survey (upper, middle, and Lake Elizabeth) Time series on harvested species density and quadrant biomass i Cost: $900.00 each survey time Mosquito Ditch Alternatives i 1. Water quality Sampling locations: NE mosquito ditch, surface water off ditch outflow i Frequency: four time per year Constituents monitored: Bacteria Ammonia-nitrogen Total Phosphorus Nitrate-nitrogen i Dissolved phosphorus Kjeldahl-nitrogen Cost: $150. per sample x 2 samples x 4 times per year + $200. labor, if done in conjunction with baseline series = i $1,400.00 per year 2. Flow and Flooding Measurements i Frequency: Four times per year Locations: NE mosquito ditch, perimeter of abandoned bog region i (mapping of flow network in abandoned bog) Cost: $125. each survey time ($500 each year) 3. Vegetation mapping - abandoned bog area east of Old Craigville i Road i Cost: One time at $600.000 i I -174-

I D. Community Cluster 1. Water quality I Bacteria (total and fecal) four times per year (June, July, August, September) at Stations 1 and 2 Cost: 2 samples x 2 times x $30. per sample x 3 years = $360.00 I (if done in conjunction with baseline water quality) Nutrient analysis and flow rate at end of herring run twice per I year (July and December) Cost: $200. per sample x 2 times x 3 years = Si,200.00 I Labor cost for above - $540. I I I I I I I I I I I I I ALTERNATIVE MONITORING COSTS ACTIVITY FIRST YEAR SECOND YEAR THIRD YEAR TOTAL

A. Annul 1 weed harvesting/ Vater quality $5110.00 Utter quality $5110.00 Vater quality $3110.00 $11,160.00 hydroraklng Post-harvest •atrophy too survey $ 900.00 ••trophy ton survey f 900.00 J 1, 800. 00 Report $ 100.00 Report S 100.00 R«oart $ 100.00 $ 600.00 Harvesting st»rti July Harvesting ends Auf,uit Cleanup $17,160.00

B. nosqulto ditch Water quality $1*00.00 Water quality $1 400.00 Water quality JUOO.OO $ 4,200.00 alteration Flow J 500.00 Flow $ 500.00 Flow $ 500.00 $ 1,500.00 •t Annual weed harvesting/ Vegetation Mpplng Report $ 400.00 * 1,000.00

C. Weed harvesting/ Weed harvesting Weed harvesting hydro raking •onltorlng is above Monitoring as above •onltortng as above $17,760.00 Reverie layering vater quality! Reverie layering (R40) no charge If bas*Hne water qualli j Monitoring perfor**4 Selected Macrophyton $ 900.00 Post-layering Macro- phyton survey (whole lake) i 900.00 $ 1, BOO .00

Fish censui $ 900.00 Fish census $ 900.00 Fish census $ 900.00 $ 1,700.00 Benthlc orients* Benthlc organise Benthlc organise ctMUl > pre-reversil ) 600.00 census * post reversal $ 600.00 j J. 400. 00 . $ 600.00 quadrants $14,660.00

D. riosqulto ditch alt* ration Mosquito ditch Monitoring *> aboi e $ 6,700.00 4 Weed harvesting ve $17,760.00 $ 6.900.00 Reverse layering IR4D) $11,160.00

C. CoMunlty cluster CoMunlty cluster 1 1,100.00 (It In conj. with systea b 1 IM) Mosquito ditch Monitoring at a bo** Kasqulto dtd'h closure (6,700.00 " " Monitoring ol groundu»t*r Hoiqutto ditch altcratlo n Weed harvesting Monitoring •» ah $17,760.00 Elevation and Quality + or closure rave as well •• Flooding $ 6.900.00 Weed harvesting $11,460.00 Reverse Ivyerlng (RAD) ni Table 27. Adverse effect mitigation

ACTION BENEFITS REQUIREMEHTS ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATING MEASURES Impact: Mitigating Measures:

A. Mosquito .Ditch Alteration Reduction of phosphorus and Sediment trap and ellraina- a) Volume lose to pond Only IX total flow sedlment load tion of discharge b) Receiving wetlands Improve ditching of abandoned bog c) Construction-related Silt fencing and hay bales during catch basin Instal- lation and near wetlands

B. Community Sewage System Eliminate septic failures Relocate CCHX leaching Eleld a) Construction of pump Runoff control: silt fence and bacterial contamination; and Include falling lakeside station near wetland and hay bales reduce nutrient load septic systems b) Nutrient leaching Discharge source removed from pond recharge area

C. Reverse Layering Reduction of weed regrouth Bottom sediment layer sub- a) Benthlc organisms Checkerboard pattern rate; reduction of in situ sidence with sand layering b) Fish populations Silt control on floating benthlc oxygen demand and platform, silt fences phosphorus content; improvement of fish habitat c) Water quality Benthlc and water quality monitoring

D. Weed Harvesting Reduction in vegetation Hydroraklng in north basin; a) Shoreline Impact Off-loading In disignated biomass and ditch-accelerated weed harvesting in middle and regions only productivity lower basin Replanting of damaged shoreline vegetation

b) Water quality Monitoring

ni i -177- i Table 28 i PERMITS REQUIRED - PROPOSED POND RESTORATION MUNICIPAL i Town of Barnstable Wetlands Filing under G.L. 131, s.40, Wetlands Protection Regulations i Notice of Intent filing Wetlands permit - work conducted in a freshwater wetlands, land subject i to flooding, land under water (pond) STATE i DEQE Division of Waterways Chapter 91 license i Chapter 21 license - work in a great pond Southeast Regional, DEQE, Wetlands Division Lakeville Hospital i Lakeville, Ma. 02346 Wastewater Facility Approval and Discharge Permit - Water Pollution i Control Division, DEQE 314 CMR Chapter 21, Section 43 permit - Surface discharge design review i and hydrogeological Dredging permits form (for reverse layering on temporary basis) from i Water Pollution Control i FEDERAL U. S. Army Corp. of Engineers Section 404 Permit - Work within 100-yr. i flood zone i i i i i I -178-

I SUMMARY - FEASIBLE ACTION

• The required action necessary to maintain Red Lily Pond as a recreational resource can be formulated into two composite strategies of future plans: • restoration or maintenance. Simply stated, several actions are necessary to restore the pond: I) A reduction in nutrient loading I 2) Suppression of vegetative growth from existing lake bottom deposits 3) Reduction in bacterial contamination

An aggressive restoration program (Plan 1) includes the following elements

• Action Est. Cost _ A) Alteration of mosquito ditch and stormwater management $130,000 | B) Community sewering of west bank of pond involving relocation of CCMA current discharge and incorporating 16 homes, discharge to park area $279,000 1 C) Bottom rejuvenation through reverse layering $100,000 D) Selective weed harvesting $ 70,000 | E) Runoff diversion $ 48,500 F) Recharge zone protection and septic rehabilitation G) Wetlands buffer zone (north end of Red Lily basin) H) Embankment maintenance $ 15,000 TOTAL $642,500

The alternative to a restoration program would involve continual maintenance on the lakeshore homeowners, the Town, and individual property owners with substandard septic facilities. The elements of the program (Plan 2) would include the following: Action Est. Cost Annual Halnt. A) Sediment and nutrient trap for mosquito ditch $75,000 $3,500 B) Tight tank installation and required pumpage $64,000 $8,000 C) Upgrading of existing CCMA discharge to incor- porate nutrient (phosphorus) removal or aeration $50,000 $2,000 D) Frequent weed harvesting - $4,500 E) Runoff diversion - -* F) Wetlands buffer

* Town funding - addition to annual DPW budget _ -179- i Proposed Final Cost Estimate

After public review comments and discussions with the different agencies I involved with funding, the following cost estimate was prepared for 1987 (Table 29). The projects listed are recommendations and may be modified • by Town or agency action. Costs are 1986 dollars. i i i i i i i i i i i i i Table 29. Cost estimates for restoration of Red Lily Pond/Lake Elizabeth.

Action Projected Cost Division of Cost Craigville Town State Mosquito ditch alteration $130,000 $32,500 $97,500 (Alternative 4, or 3 with DPW assistance on drainage)

$17,500 $52,500 Weed harvesting (3 yr. $70,000 program, 2 revisits, loading and transport

$262,000 $65,500 - $196,500 03 Community sewerage o (ballpark site, solids t handling)

(R & 0 funds - bottom ($40,000) (Poss.) ($40,000) reversal)

Continual monitoring $33,460 $8,365 $25,095

TOTAL $495,460

ff ^^ n•i • i -181-

i PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

i Public participation has been sought throughout the diagnostic study process by advertised public hearings, newsletters circulated by the Red i Lily Pond Project Committee, and by demonstrations of proposed lake restoration techniques. Two seminar-like presentations were held at the i Tabernacle at Craigville on August 14, 1985, and July 30, 1986. The August meeting involved a tour of Craigville and Red Lily Pond, followed by an afternoon presentation on a progress report of the diagnostic study by i representatives of the RLPP, the Town Conservation Commission, County Planning Agency, Water Pollution Control Division, IEP, and K-V Associates. The July i meeting centered on final results of the diagnostic study, recommendations, and the feasibility study. The participants included the following: i Jack Weis, Selectman Alice Rojko, D.E.Q.E. Oscar Doane, Mosquito Control Board i Lindsay Council, Conservation Commission William Kerfoot, K-V Associates i Michael Beck, IEP Separate meetings were held with the following groups: i Cottage Owners Association, Abel Garaghan, President Conservation Commission - review of proposed in-lake restoration i Copies of the quarterly reports (4) were made available to the Craigville community, Town of Barnstable, and Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control officials for comment. The Village Advertiser i carried a two-part series, authored by Rob Steuteville, on the Red Lily Pond project and the broader view of lake restoration for the Town of Barnstable. i The two articles appeared on August 29, 1985, and September 5, 1985, and were entitled "The Long Road to Reclamation" and "A Wider View of Local i Lakes and Ponds". i i i i -182-

An additional "Water Quality Committee" was formed by RLPP to review the sewage treatment alternatives. Meetings were also held with Low and Weller, engineers of the Craigville Inn cluster system, to review the current design and alternative sewage tie-ins. Additional feasibility information was supplied to: Gabe Facke, President of C.C.M.A. Bill McKinney, Long-Range Planning Committee of C.C.M.A. Abel Garaghan, President, C.C.O.A. Dick Eggars, Craigville Conference Center

A discussion of the major public comments is included in the Appendix I I -183- I I REFERENCES Bachmann, R.W. and J.R. Jones, 1974. Phosphorus inputs and algae bloom in I lakes. Iowa State Journal of Research, 49:155-160. Buffington, Lois, 1972. "Craigville Recollections." Personal recollections of Craigville by four long-term residents. I CCPEDC, 1979. Water Supply Protection Project Final Report, Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development Commission, Barnstable, MA. I Dillon, P.J., 1975a. The phosphorus budget of Cameron Lake, Ontario: The importance of flushing rate to the degree of eutrophy of lakes. Limnology & Oceanography, 20:28-39. I Dillon, P.J., 1975b. The application of the phosphorus-loading concept to eutrophication research. Scientific Series No. 46, Canada Centre for I ... .-^Jo.land Waters, Burlington, Ontario, 14 p. Dillon, P.J. and F.R. Rigler, 1975. A simple method for predicting the capacity of a lake for development based on lake trophic status. Journal I of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 32:1519-1531. Duerring, C.L. and A.M. Rojko, 1984. Baseline water quality studies of selected lakes and ponds in the Cape Cod drainage basin, Vol. 2 - Johns I Pond-Wequaquet Lake. Division of Water Pollution Control, Westboro, MA. Emery, K.O., 1969. A Coastal Pond Studied by Oceanographic Methods. American I Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., New York. FMC, Corporation. 1979. Industrial Waste Treatment with hydrogen peroxide. I Industrial chemical'-group, Philadelphia, PA EPA, 1981. Alternative waste treatment systems for rural lake projects. U.S. EPA, Region V, Water Division, 230 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60604. I Gakstatter, J.H., et.al., 1975. Lake eutrophication: results from the National Eutrophication Survey. Paper presented at the 26th Annual AIBS I Meeting, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Gakstatter, J.H. and M.O. Allum, 1975. Data presented at the EPA Region IV Seminar on Eutrophication, Atlanta, GA. I Hathaway, Lloyd, 1972. "Haifa Century in Craigville". In "Craigville Recollections", edited by Lois Buffington. I IEP, 1982. Diagnostic/Feasibility of Dudley Pond, Wayland, MA. IEP, Inc., Northborough, MA. I - 1979. Water supply protection project final report, Cape Cod I Planning and Economic Development Commission, Barnstable, MA. I -134- I Kerfoot, W.B., 1982. Water quality assessment in six groundwater lakes in Barnstable, MA K-V Associates, Inc., Falmouth, MA 02540. I KVA, 1983. Water quality evaluation and recharge area assessment for Lovells, Joshua, and Hamblin Ponds, Barnstable County, MA. Prepared for Barnstable I Conservation Commission by K-V Associates, Inc., Falmouth, MA 02540. Larson, D.P. and H.T. Mercier, 1976. Phosphorus retention capacity of lakes. I Joint Fisheries Board of Canada, 33:1742-1750. LeBlanc, D.., 1984. Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report 82-274, I Boston, MA. Melville, et.al., 1985. Groundwater, Vol. 23(4):486-495.

I McGinn, 1981. A Sediment Control Plan for the Blackstone River. DEQE, #14, 946-244-25-7-30-CR. I Misra, R.D., 1938. Edaphic factors in the distribution of aquatic plants in the English Lakes. J. Ecol. 26:411-451. I McVoy, R-, 1980. Johns Pond Diagnostic/Feasibility Study. Mass. Dept. of Environmental Quality Engineering, Division of Water Pollution Control, Westborough, MA. I National Eutrophication Survey, 1975. Summary analysis of the North American OECD Project, prepared by W. Rast and F. Lee, U.S. EPA, 6QQ/3-78-OQ8, EcoT . I Res. Ser. 1978. Nichols, S.A., 1974, Mechanical and habitat manipulation for aquatic plant I management. Wisconsin Dept. Natural Res., Tech. Bull. No. 77, 34 pp. Pearsall, W.H., 1920. The aquatic vegetation of the English Lakes. J. Ecol. B. 163-199. I - 1929. Dynamic factors affecting aquatic vegetation. Proc. Int. Cong. Plant Sci. 1:667-672. I Reckhow, K.H., 1978. Empirical lake models for phosphorus: development, applications, limitations & uncertainty. In Perspectives on Lake Ecosystem Modeling, D. Scania and A. Robertson, eds., Ann Arbor Science, I Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 93-221. Strahler, A.N., 1971. Groundwater geology and hydrology of Cape Cod. Draft manuscript, Impact Statement 13, Association for the Preservation of I Cape Cod, Orleans, MA, Texas Research Institute. 1982. Enhancing Microbial Degradation of I Underground gasoline. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. I Vaccaro,R-, et.al., 1979. Wastewater renovation and retrieval on Cape Cod. I EPA-600/2-79-176, U.S. EPA, Ada, Oklahoma. I -185- I Vollenweider, R.A., 1968. The scientific basis of lake and stream eutrophication, with particular references to phosphorus and nitrogen as eutrophication I factors. Technical report DAS/DSI/68-27. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France, 182 pp. Vollenweider, R.S. and Kerekes, 2980. Background and summary results of the I QECD Cooperative Program on Eutrophication. In: Restoration of Lakes and Inland Waters, EPA 440/5-81-010, Office of Water Regulations and I Standards, Washington, D.C. 20460. Vuilleumeir Marion, 1972. "Craigville on Old Cape Cod', the official centennial history. William S. Sullwold Publishing, Taunton, MA. I - 1964, "Craigville, Then and Now", published by the Craigville Inn and Conference Center, the Charles A. Draper Company, Inc. Boston, MA. I Wanielista, M.P., 1978. Stormwater Management, Quantity and Quality, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI. I Welch, E.B., 1980. Ecological Effects of Waste Water. Cambridge University I Press. I I I I I I I I I I i -186- i i i i APPENDIX i _ A. Basic concepts of limnology • B. Maintenance plan - embankment management

• Ca Public access D. Public comments g E. Public Health Department septic survey F. Bottom Sediment Evaluation G. Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment of Abandoned Craigville Inn Leaching Field H. Bog Closure I. Drawings and sketches of catch basins and recharge basins i i i i i i i APPENDIX A Basic concepts of limnology • (from Duerring and Rojko, 1984) i i i i i i i i i i i i A-l i APPENDIX A i A NOTE ON LIMNOLOGY AND LAKE RESTORATION PROJECTS Limnology is the study of inland fresh waters, especially lakes and ponds (lentic water vs. lotic water for streams and rivers). The science encom- passes the geological, physical, chemical, and biological events that | operatooerate togethetoaetherr inn a lakee basin andd aree deo'enrtpndependentt on each otherr (Hutchinson, 1957). It is the study of both biotic and abiotic features that make up a lake's ecosystem. As pointed out by Dillon (1974) and i others before him, in order to understand lake conditions, one must realize that the entire watershed and not just the lake, or the lake and its shoreline, is the basic ecosystem. A very important factor, and one on which the life of the lake depends, is the gravitational movement of minerals i from the watershed to the lake. Admittedly, the report contained herein concentrates mainly on the lake itself. Yet the foremost problem affecting • the lakes and ponds today is accelerated cultural eutrpphication, which • originates in the watershed and is translated into various non-point sources of pollution. A great deal of lake restoration projects will have to i focus on shoreland and lake watershed management. Hynes (1974) sums up the science well in stating: ...The conclusions...are therefore that any interference with the i normal condition of a lake or a stream is almost certain to have some adverse biological effect, even if, from an engineering point of view, the interference results in considerable improvement. At i present it would seem that this is little realized and that often much unnecessary damage is done to river and lake communities simply because of ignorance. It is of course manifest that sometimes engineering or water-supply projects have over-riding importance i and even if they have not, the question of balancing one interest against the other must often arise. But, regrettable, even the possibility of biological consequences is often ignored. It cannot i be emphasized too strongly that when it is proposed to alter an aquatic environment the project should be considered from the biological as well as the engineering viewpoint. Only then can the full i implications of the proposed alteration be assessed properly, and a reasonable decision be taken. Obviously this will vary with the circumstances and the relative importance of the various consequences Involved, but, at present, unnecessary and sometimes costly mistakes i are often made because the importance of biological study is unknown to many administrators. Often, as for instance in drainage operations, it would be possible to work out compromises which would satisfy both i engineering and biological interests. i i i 142 i A-2

i APPENDIX A (CONTINUED) i EUTROPHICATIQN The term "eutrophic" means well-nourished; thus, "eutrophication" refers to natural or artificial addition of nutrients to bodies df water and to the i effects of added nutrients (National Academy of Sciences, 1969). The process of eutrophication is nothing new or invented by man. It is the process whereby a lake ages and eventually disappears. An undisturbed lake i will slowly undergo a natural succession of stages, the end product usually being a bog and, finally, dry land (see Figure A). These stages can be identified by measuring various physical, chemical, and biological aspects i of. the lake's ecosystem. Man can and often does affect the rate of eutrophication. From a pollutional point of view, these effects are caused by increased population, industrial growth, agricultural practices, watershed development, recreational use of land and waters, and other forms i of watershed exploitation. It might also be mentioned that some forms of water pollution are natural. i Streams and ponds located in densely wooded regions may experience such heavy leaf fall as to cause asphyxiation of some organisms. Discoloration of many waters in Massachusetts is caused by purely natural processes. As pointed out by Hynes (1974), it is extremely difficult to define just what i is meant by "natural waters," which is not necessarily synonomous with "clean waters." i For restorative or preservative purposes of a lake and .its watershed, it is important to identify both a lake's problem and the cause of the problem. Problems associated with eutrophication include nuisance algal blooms (especially blue-green algae), excessive aquatic plant growth, low i dissolved oxygen content, degradation of sport fisheries, low transparency, mucky bottoms, changes in species type and diversity, and others. The pollutional cause is identified as either point or non-point in origin. A i point source of pollution may be an inlet to the lake carrying some waste discharge from upstream. Or it may be an industrial, agricultural, or domestic (e.g., washing machine pipe) waste discharge which can be easily i identified, quantified, and evaluated. Non-point sources of pollution, which are the more common type affecting a lake, are more difficult to identify. They include agricultural runoff, i urban runoff, fertilizers, septic or cesspool leakage, land clearing, and many more. They are often difficult to quantify, and thus evaluate. i An objective of a lake survey is to measure a lake's trophic state; that is, to describe the point at which the lake is in the aging process. The measure most widely used is a lake's productivity. Technically, this involves finding out the amount of carbon fixed per meter per day by the i primary producers. Since it is a rather involved procedure to determine the energy flow through a lake system, the lake survey attempts to indirectly describe the lake's trophic state or level of biological produc- I tivity. i i 143 i A-J I

I Oligotrophic lake I

I Mesotrophic lake I

I Eutrophtc lake I I GEOLOGIC TIME I I Pond, marsh, or swamp I I I Dry land I

Source: Measures tai the Restoration and Enhancement of Quality of Freshwater Lakes. I Washington, O.C.: United Stales Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. I DWPC- Tachnical Sarviees Branch I EUTROPHICATION FIGURE A aging by ecological succession I I 144 A-4 i APPENDIX A (CONTINUED) i During the process of eutrophication, a lake passes through three major broad states of succession: oligotrophy, mesotrophy, and eutrophy. Each stage has its characteristics (Table A). Data from a lake survey can be analyzed for assessment of the lake's trophic state.- Although the level of i productivity is not quantified, the physical, chemical, and biological parameters measured go a long way in positioning the lake as to its trophic status. The perimeter survey helps locate and identify sources of pollu- i tion. It should be noted, however, that at the present time, there is no single determination that is a universal measure of eutrophication. Figure B shows the various zones of a typical stratified lake. In addition i to the lake's life history mentioned above, a lake also has characteristic annual cycles. Depending on the season, a lake has a particular temperature and dissolved oxygen profile (Figure B). During the summer i season, the epilimnion, or warm surface water, occupies the top zone. Below this is the metalimnion, which is characterized by a thermocline. In a stratified lake, this is the zone of rapid temperature change with depth. i The bottom waters, or hypolimnion, contain colder water. The epilimnion is well mixed by wind action, whereas the hypolimnion does not normally circulate. During the spring and fall seasons, these regions break down due to temperature change and the whole lake circulates as one body. In i shallow lakes (i.e., 10 to 15 feet maximum depth) affected by wind action, these zones do not exist except for short periods during calm weather. i The summer season (July and August) is the best time to survey a lake in order to measure its trophic status. This is the time when productivity and biomass are at their highest and when their direct or indirect effects can best be measured and observed. The oxygen concentration in the hypo- i limnion is an important characteristic for a lake. A high level of productivity in the surface waters usually results in low oxygen concentrations in the lake's bottom. Low oxygen in the hypolimnion can adversely affect i the life in the lake, especially the cold-water fish which require a certain oxygen concentration. Organic material brought in via an inlet can also cause an oxygen deficit in .the hypolimnion. Hutchinson (1975) has i amply stressed the importance of dissolved oxygen in a lake. A skilled limnologist can probably learn more about the nature of a lake from a series of oxygen determinations than from any i other kind of chemical data. If the oxygen determinations are accompanied by observations on Secchi disc transparency, lake color, and some morphometric data, a very great deal is known i about the lake. Nitrogen and phosphorus have assumed prominence in nearly every lake • investigation in relating nutrients to productivity (eutrophication). Some • investigators (Odum, 1959) use the maximum nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations found during the winter as the basis of nutrient productivity (correlation due to the biological minimum caused by environmental conditions. 'Others use data following the spring overturn as a more reliable i basis for nutrient productivity correlation. In any event, considerable i 145 i i -A-5 • TABLE A LAKE TROPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

H 1. Oligotrophic Lakes a. Very deep, thermocline high; volume of hypalimnion large; water I of hypolimnion cold. _ b. Organic materials on bottom and in suspension very low. ™ c. Electrolytes low or variable; calcium,'phosphorus, and nitrogen relatively poor; humic materials very low or absent. I d. Dissolved oxygen content high at all depths and throughout year « e. Larger aquatic plants scarce. • f. Plankton quantitatively restricted; species many; algal blooms rare; Chlorophyceae dominant. I g. Profundal fauna relatively rich in species and quantity; Tanytarsus type; Corethra usually absent. I h. Deep-dwelling, cold-water fishes (salmon, cisco, trout) common to abundant. I i. Succession into eutrophic type. 2. Eutrophic Lakes | a. Relatively shallow; deep, cold water minimal or absent. _ b. Organic materials on bottom and in suspension abundant. • c. Electrolytes variable, often high; calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen abundant; humic materials slight. I d. Dissolved oxygen in deep stratified lakes of this type minimal or absent in hypolimnion. I " e. Larger aquatic plants abundant. f. Plankton quantitatively abundant; quality variable; water • blooms common, Myxophyceae and diatoms predominant. g. Profundal fauna, in deeper stratified lakes of this type; poor in species and quantity in hypolimnion; Chironomus type; I Corethra present. i iI 146 i A-6 i TABLE A (CONTINUED) h. Deep-dwelling, cold-water fishes usually absent; suitable for i perch, pike, bass, and other warm-water^fishes. i. Succession into pond, swamp, or marsh. i Dystrophic Lakes a. Usually shallow; temperature variable; in bog surroundings or i in old mountains. b. Organic materials in bottom and in suspension abundant. c. Electrolytes low; calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen very i scanty; humic materials abundant. i d. Dissolved oxygen almost or entirely absent in deeper water. e. Larger aquatic plants scanty. i f. Plankton variable; commonly low in species and quantity; Myxophyceae may be very rich quantitatively. g. Profundal macrofauna poor to absent; all bottom deposits with i very scant fauna; Chi'ronomus sometimes present; Corethra present. i h. Deep-dwelling, cold-water fishes always absent in advanced dystrophic lakes; sometimes devoid of fish fauna; when present, fish production usually poor. i i. Succession into peat bog. i SOURCE: Welch, P.S., Limnmology, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 1952. i (Reprinted with permission of the publisher.) i i i i i 147 i A-7

METALIMNION (THERMQCLINE)

SUMMER SPRING-FALL WINTER Dissolved Oxygen (rag/0 2 4 G 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 24 6 8 10 12 14

— Temp.

O.O.—

32 39 47 54 61 68 75 82 32 33 47 54 81 68 75 82 32 39 47 54 61 68 75 82 Temperature f STRATIFICATION ISOTHERMAL INVERSE STRATIFICATION

; Measure* for the Hestotitiao and Enhancement of Quality of Freshwater lakes. Washington O.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1973.

' QEQE- DWPC- Tectfticot Services Branch

THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS FIGURE B OF TEMPERATE LAKES A-8 i APPENDIX A (CONTINUED) i caution must be used in relating nutrient concentration limits found in other lakes to the present situation. Table 8 depicts concentrations of various substances and other data for two i hypothetical lakes, one eutrophic, the other oligotrop.hic. It is intended as a guide for comparison to the data presented in this report. Each lake, of course, is different from all others. There is no hard and fast rule as i to the critical concentrations for each lake. The morphology of a lake (e.g., mean depth) plays an important part in its general well-being. A small, deep lake will react differently to nutrient loading than a large, i shallow lake. In the final analysis,- each lake is found unique and must be i evaluated on an individual basis. i i i i i i i i i i i

i 149 i TABLE B SELECTED DATA FOR TWO HYPOTHETICAL LAKES1 CONCENTRATIONS IN mg/1

DISSOLVED OXYGEN TRANSPARENCY PHYTOPLANKTON AQUATIC CHARACTERISTIC 2 TROPHIC STATUS AT BOTTOM (SECCHI LEVEL) NH3-N N03-N TOTAL P ASSEMBLAGES VEGETATION FISHERIES Lake A High High Low Low Low High diversity, Sparse Cold Water (Oligotrophic) >5.0 <0.3 <0.3 <0.01 low numbers, types nearly complete absence of blue-greens.

Lake B Low Low High High High Low diversity, Abundant Warm-water (Eutrophic) <5.0 . >0.3 >0.3 >0.01 high numbers, types Ul abundance of o blue-greens.

1. Not established as State standards. 2. Oligotrophic = nutrient poor Eutrophic = high concentrations of nutrients I I I I I I

I APPENDIX B

I Maintenance plan - embankment management i i i i i i i i i i i i B-l i Maintenance Plan - Embankment Management During the two-year study, it became apparent that the embankments i along the west side of Lake Elizabeth and the middle basin of Red Lily Pond were aggravating water quality problems. Unfortunately, planted vegetation i is often overtaken and overshadowed by grape vines. The result is a loss of near-ground vegetation (grasses, small perennials, etc.). Storm runoff i encounters little resistance, decreasing the travel time of flow, increasing its velocity, and increasing its erosion capacity. To control this i undesirable succession, the following strategy is recommended: i 1) Creation of a master plan for lakeside landscaping involving periodic replanting of bankside vegetation at three-year i intervals on a rotating basis. 2) Consideration of terracing with raised edges to encourage recharge i instead of runoff. This would allow easier access for mowing and i maintenance. 3) Establishment of an annual fundraising event earmarked for i bankside maintenance. Perhaps a "lake" lottery with 2/3 going towards the fund and 1/3 towards prizes.

i There is no town agency which approves lakeside landscaping, although the town Conservation Commission must approve of all work done within 100 feet i of a wetland. An estimated budget for architectural plans for landscaping Red Lily Pond could be drawn up, and, if approved by the Conversation Commis- i sion, could be put out to bid. Conservation areas would be exempted from any activity, whereas private land subject to alteration would require a mainten- i ance easement. Estimated costs may be: Lake landscape plans (preliminary) $1500.00 (detailed) $5000.00 i Hearing approval and permits $3000.00 i Contracting work $15-30,000.00 i i B-2 Embankment maintenance program

As discussed with Robt. W. Gatewood, Town of Barnstable Conservation Commission Agent on September 14, 1987.

The aim of the program is to restore and maintain the embankments to protect them from erosion and to protect the pond frorn^ sedimentation and water pollution, with special attention to eroding sections, areas used for weed harvesting launching and off-loading sites, and areas used for special purposes such as the public access areas at the causeway and on adjacent sections of the embankments. General - Replacement plantings will be in accordance with Town of Barnstable Conservation Commission recommendations including sweetgale, rugosa rose, bayberry, beach plum etc. (see attached list). All activities will be towards establishing and maintaining a continuous protective woody vegetative cover along all embankments. No. 1 sections (see map) To correct the overgrowth of undesirable plants and weeda and the erosion of loose soil associated with over shaded roots, a) Remove destructive grape vine roots identifying location and removal with markers to permit regular inspection for new growth. b) Selectively prune overgrown and over-shading shrubs. c) Remove weak growth and replant as necessary. d) No. 1 sections will be restored in strips of approximately 6' to 10' at a time allowing a season or two for consolidation before adjacent sections are tackled. No. 2 sections (see map). Launching and off loading sites The repair work completed following weed ^harvesting has proved satisfactory control of erosion. Sweetgale is well established along sections of embankment which have been undisturbed over a long period of time (30 - 50 years and more). This plant does well on the Red Lily Pond embankments, providing a good clean water edge barrier. The poor barrier growth along launching and off loading sites will be cleaned out and t-eplaced with sweet gale as soon as the major weed harvesting program is completed. .Additional planting will be made as required and according to the attached list. Ho. 5 sections (see map) Special sections Heavy public use of the causeway access has caused severe trampling and erosion of the embankments. The Red Lily Pond Project Association cont'd. B-3 Embankment maintenance continued - I will replant the sections within Craigville and will discuss the main-enance of the other (Town owned) public access sections with I the Town of Barnstable. A better use of this access could be coordinated with storm water management road work and would limit the I severe sedimentation taking place on each side of the embankment. Information for residents and abutters. I The Red Lily Pond Project Association Inc. is preparing an illustrated leaflet for residents describing preferred embankment maintenance, I including recommended plantings. The R.L.P.P. is seeking input from qualified sources. The Town of Barnstable Conservation Commission I documents, "A land management guidline for property owners" and "List of indigenous and naturalized species for buffer zone enhancement" (see

attached) will be included with the leaflet. Distribution will be made

to all property owners facing and abutting the pond.

I For further information contact Mr. John (Skip) Danforth, Chairman Embankment Committee, Red Lily Pond Project Assn. Inc., Craiprille, Ma. 02636. I Mrs. Doreen Spillane Co. chair R.L.P.P. Assn. Inc., I Craigville, Ma. 02636. I I I I I I I i, Ma. 02636, I September, 1987. I

B-5 SARNSTABLE CONSERVATION COMMISSI- Tcwm Hall. 367 Main St. I Hygnnls, Masa. 02601 I 367 MAIN STREET I HYANNIS. MASSACHUSETTS O26O1 I LIST OF INDIGENOUS AND NATURALIZED SPECIES FOR BUFFER ZONE ENHANCEMENT I Shrubs Beach plum Prunus maritima Bayberry Myrica pjannsylvanica i Rugosa rose Rosa rugosa Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum l Swamp azalea Rhododendron viscosum Sweet pepperbush Clethra alnifolia I Pussy willow Salix discolor Winterberry Ilex verticillata l Spice bush Lindera benzoin Speckled alder Alnus rugosa I Elderberry Sambucus canadens_is_ Inkberry Ilex glabra Shadbush Amalanchier canadensj.s l Arrow-wood Viburnum recognitum l Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana Groundcover (woody creepers) l Wintergreen Gaultheria procumbens Bittersweet Celastrus scandens/orbiculatus Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi l P at tr i dg e-be rry Mitchella repens l Virginia creeper Parthenocissus cruinguefolia Trees l White Pine Pinus strobus American Beech Fagus grandifolia White Oak Quercus alba i Hed Maple Acer rubrum l l B-6

BARNSTABLE CONSERVATION COMMISSl* Town Hail. 367 Main SL AHE3gte ^tegifleasENT GUIDELINE FOR PROPERTY OWNERS Regarding : i Vegetation Bordering Lakes , Ponds, Marshes, Estuaries, Bays, Streams, and the Ocean

Property owners frequently remove vegetation facing bodies of open water and marshes I to gain access and an enhanced view. However, to prevent soil erosion and sedimentation, and to promote the filtration of pollutants (i.e./ runoff and lawn chemicals) , it is important that a protective vegetative cover be maintained in areas of bordering i lakes, ponds, marshes, estuaries, streams, bays, and the ocean. The Barnstable Conservation Commission,- in compliance with the Mass. Wetlands Protection i Act, has a legal responsibility to protect embankments from erosion, to protect bodies of water and marshes from sedimentation and to prevent water pollution. Further., the Commission has legal authority to restrict development within 100 linear feet of any wetland or body of open water. The Commission has, therefore, established the i following guidelines for the management of vegetation adjacent to wetlands and water bodies: 1. Clear cutting of standing trees and removal of all surface vegetation will I not be allowed on embankments facing water bodies. Selective limbing and removal of dead wood, and selective thinning of standing trees to a spacing i of not over 20 feet, may be allowed. 2. Woody brush (trees, shrubs, briars, and vines) will not be removed within 20 feet of a wetland or water body, or within 20 feet of a steep bank bordering a water body or wetland. Vegetation within this 20 foot buffer I strip shall remain undisturbed, and in its natural condition. 3. Low brush (understory) growing on an embankment further than 20 feet from i the wetland may be cut if replaced by grasses and/or shrubs as long as the mineral soil is completely and continuously covered. 4. Elevated wooden stairways or boardwalks which follow the existing grades, I thus minimizing disruption of vegetation, are the preferred method of construction when access to the water is desired. Such structures shall be elevated at least one foot above grade, have a maximum width of four feet, I and a minimum spacing of V between planks to allow light to penetrate. 5. Pathways and stairways built with imbedded timbers may be allowed on moderate slopes, providing that the ways are constructed across the slope at a grade I of not over 5%, with switchbacks. Runoff water will be directed into blind drains located at each switchback and sized large enough to fully accept the flow.

The attached material illustrates a typical elevated stairway for use on a steep embankment, and a suggested plan for a pathway on a moderately sloping hillside facing a pond or lake.

Please note that the above information represents general guidelines only, and that the Conservation Commission may vary its requirements according to the specific conditions of each individual site. In all cases, property owners are encouraged to consult with the Commission when planning projects adjacent to wetlands.

Persons owning land near wetlands or water bodies should also be aware that the Town of Barnstable Zoning By-Laws requires that all construction, with the exception of elevated stairways, decks, driveways, fences and water dependent structures such as piers and marina facilities, shall be set back a minimum of 35 feet (50 feet on any Great Pond) from wetlands. : U^MG^H CAR fcM>fCY 14- A ^" 3' WKH I I I I I I I

I APPENDIX C

I Public access i i i i i i i i i i C-l I Christian Camp Meeting I 3nn, Jttanor, SCobqr, anlt (Coitaacs I Craigville (Cape Cod) Massachusetts 02636 THE INN October 12, 1982 I TO: the Red Lily Pond Project I CCIVGE^IKG: Adjacent to Pond section of Lake Elizabeth Drive Dear Sirs, - I The ChrisLian Camp t.eeting Association, now 110 years old, has permitted foot and road traffic on the I-ond side of Lake I Elizabeth Drive (a private read) to and from the causeway ros.d to the beach via Town Road to Craigville Beach Head. This peaceful I walk, which has been enjoyed by countless thousands for many decades, will continue in the future. The Christian Camp Meeting Association supports the activities I of the Ked Lily Pond Project, and has contributed to the Pond Reclamation ?und. V/e have p:;r;nitted launching of the weed I harvesting machine and dumping, and collection of Pond muck and vegetation fron: this section of the road, ana from behind the Inn. I We also have cooperated in the pruning, planting and erosion control measures,// the posting of erosion control signs, fund raising I efforts and Hed Lily Pond leadership through our liason Director Pat Patterson. I irely ^ Chribtian Camp/keet£hl7~Ts^ociation Board of Idre/ctors I ^/ I I I I I Our Privau O«igvil!e Btsch Houis with Oretting Rsomi fine Ls:«:i o.n rht Warm Soulhtrn Shore of Cape Cod C-2

1C J>T£R-V1LLE ' —t^*""!*-— -^j^

C-4 i i RECREATION COMMISSION TOWN OF BARNSTABLE P. O. Box 97-4, Hyannis, Mass, 02601 DIRECTOR OF RECREATION i 775-5603 - John °' Hehcr i October 18, 1982 i RE: RED LILLY POND PROJECT The Barnstable Recreation Commission supervises Covell's i Beach in Centerville. The beach is open for swimming weekends starting Memorial Day weekend until June 20th, then daily until Labor Day. i The maximum use on a good beach day is about 1,200 people and attendance will vary downward according to i the weather. The walk-on bathers who live in the immediate area would average about 500 on a good day; the remainder are stick- i ered cars. The parking lot holds 275 cars. I would estimate the total use at Covell's Beach each i summer at 55. 300. i John O. Heher ./^S... ^. s*-. i Director of Recreation i Town of Barnstable i i i i i i APPENDIX D

Public comments D-l

THE RED LILY POND Restoration and Preservation Community Project

JULV 30,1986 Seminar at Craigville Community Action To Reverse Cultural Eutrophication sfc^i^^t.. s >• v

KV ASSOCIATES, INC. AND ffiP, INC i D-2 i

i ORGANIZED BY THE RED LILY POND AGENDA PROJECT ASSOCIATION Wednesday, July 30

Doreen Spillane - Co-Chairman i Registration Julie Gavitt - Co-chairman Nancy Giffin 7:15 Introduction - Gilbert Newton, Chairman i . Consie DanEocth Rich Ireland 7:30 Historical Perspective - Doreen Spillane, RLPC and Others i 7:45 Town involvement - Lindsay Counsell CURRENT PROGRESS 8:00 Restoration Considerations - Mike The Red Lily Pond Project now spans Beck over 8 years of effort on behalf of home- i In-Lake Restoration - William B. owners, visitors, and helpful townspeople to better understand our lake resources and Kerfbat, K-V Associates, Inc. how to maintain their value-. The pond project committee has been able to document the 9:00 Coffee Break i historical changes in the Craigville area dating back to 1860, providing a unique 9:15 Panel Discussion - Future opportunity to review land use patterns, Perspectives occupancy changes, and agricultural i practices which have influenced the pond. Jack Weis, Selectman Together with ongoing scientific studies, Alice RojhLQ, D2QE the project offers new insights into proper pond management. John Doane, Mosquito Control i and County Commissioner The session will present the results John Kelly, Board of Health of the diagnostic study and recommend action to continue improvement of the pond. To Lindsay Counsell, Conservation maintain existing improvements, several Commission i steps are needed: (1) A reduction in nutrient William Kerfoot, K-V Associates, Inc. loading, (2) A suppression of vegetative growth from existing lafce bottom deposits Mike Beck, IEP and (3) Reduction in bacterial contamination. Ted Panitz, former Conservation i Two alternative programs are addressed, re- Commission Chairman storation or maintenance. The restoration proposals include diversion of the eastern mosquito ditch inflow, cluster sewering of a section of the western shore- i The Association wishes to thank those line, bottom rejuvenation by reverse layering, weed harvesting, drainage modifications, whose tireless efforts have allowed the and wetlands enhancement. Locations of the progress to date. This project is jointly recommended activities, alternatives, and sponsored by the Town of Sarnstable and i protected costs are discussed. A panel the Clean Lakes Program of the Commonwealth i discussion will follow the presentation. of Massachusetts. i i i i 30 cents Parking bylaw exemption granted...pg 2 I Solution to housing problems.... pg 4 Crocker Neck plan pg 7 ConCom approves Tamarek pler.pg 10 A'DVERTISERj Plan to solve North St. differences..pg 11 I Selectmen deny second cab permit, pg 11 I V« Th* Town at Btmtabl* and Hti PeopU Volume 16 Mutnbci 11 Auguat 39, 19S5 Labot Day classic pg 17 The long road to reclamation

I In 197?. residentsof Crmigville ft*™) a groupfotthepur- a committee has been formed of CraigviHe residents to look Part one of t two-part series concerning the Red Lilly pose of saving [heir-pond. Red Lilly Pond, from an accelerated into the possibility of • cluster system. Pond Project and the condition of other ponds id the Town of Barnstabl*. death due to the pressures Caused by human habitation of ihe Nutrient Recycling area. Furthermore, just stopping the pollution at its source is by Rob Steuieville After eight years of searching for funding, applying for sometimes not enough. Depending on how many nutrients are grants, writing Town Meeting articles, and endleu Hiking to trapped in the pond's ecosystem, something might have to b« Spreading aluminum sulphate on the pond, which combine! I and trying to gee action from various governmental agencies, done to remove them. When nutrients circulate in the pond's with phosphorous; dredging; and cutting vegetation, which the pond is starting to gel cleaned up. ecosystem, it is called "nutrient recycling." Some methods has already been done al Red Lilly. Due to vegetation tunings thai have coincided with a for dealing with this, according lo lEP's Gerry Smith, include: 130,000 study that is being carried oui jointly by 1EP Inc. of Continued on page 23 Barnsubk and X-V Associates of Falmouth, the pond has started on the road to reclamation. The pond is now suitable I for boating and fishing, although it is Hill not safe for swimming or drinking. Things Hive Improved It is an improvement over the days when a person would have been hard put to force t nyxboai through ill of the weed* and vegetation that were choking all the life out of the pood. This I is only a temporary reclamation, cautioned Bill Kerfoot of K- V Associates, because the underlying problem thai created the pollution in the first place haa no< been solved. RccOBunendatloiu To Come The study ii nil] in the stage of finding out what ctused the pond's sickness. The diagnosis will be finished in I December, and the cure will be recommended by February or M*rcn of 1986. Kerfbot said. The recommendation will come in the form of a feasabiliry study. This was all revealed lo the public in a seminar on Red Lilly Pood recently which drew water quality, wetlands, and conservation specialists from several towns on the Cape, as well as interested residents I of uVarpuJ>e,gsniii«r, held a (be Craigvllle Tabem*clen ""IWkcd mwiyjwtiSS not only about Redjjlly Pood, but about*- Cane ponds in general. Is Eted Lilly Pood an isolated problem, a case of too much development around- loo small a pond, t problem unique to , a Victorias community thai wu built before wetland regula- I tions? Or it ii an indication of what might happen, an example of the fragility of kettle hole ponds, » lesson 10 be ttroerobenri in these tuna of tremendous pressure for growth? Mao-nude Eutrophkallon OsterriUe Bay School- ThU photo uken a few •sffgoed to the Otferville EtaoenUry School District. Red Lilly Pond ii an 11-acre, fresh-water ale wife pond. It, ago show) renovation work I*king place In the former All other schools and grades will open as scheduled, along with pans of a slightly smaller liiter pond. Lake Cape Cod Academy building. The Bankable School on Wednesday, September 4, Elizabeth, became eutrophied, or choked with vegetation and Oepurtnwnl announced Monday that due to cir- The Osterville Bay Building (formerly Cape Cod I cumstances beyond their control, opening of toe school Academy) hu undertone $750,000 of renovation* *od algae. This is cameo by an overabundance of nutrients in the water. will be delayed until Monday, September 9,1985. This repairs during the months of July and August. • There is man-made, and there i* natural euirophication. delay involves only students In grades four and five (Photo by Pal Germani) Natural eutrophication occurs eventually in all lakes, and is caused by the build-up of sediment. It can tike thousands of I yean. The eurrophkaiioo in Red Lilly a not natunl. It is caused by man, and it has occurred in the last 40 to 60 years, according to Kerfoot. There can be no doubt of this, he said. IP officials file 194 lot subdivision No claims can be made that the pond was turning naturally by Doug Fogel into a marsh. Independence Park officials filed preliminary plans with the us." Flynn and the park official! have been negotiating t new In fact, the evidence ihowi thai the pond was not only not Banuiable Planning Board last week that would enable them to plan for the park'i future development for ihe post 14 months. naturally eutrophytng, it was emerging. It hadn't even begun The park and town entered into an igreemeni which, among I the aging process. Old photographs bear this out, showing a other thingi, preventi the p»rk from developing its land cast of clear lake. Flynn labels filing "untimely" Mary Dunn Road for a period of IB months. This moratorium Septk Systems and Runoffs expires December 12 of this year. subdivide three tracts of land, totaling approximately 578 acres Leachate from septic systems and fertilizer runoff are two Abo. the park filed suit against the Bariuublc Board of Health into 194 IMS. of (he pfii&uy cause* fot nutrient overloading, and ihty are last week to *ec if il ii exempt from a recent regulation that limiti to blame al Red Lilly. In this case, septic systems have Ihe "1Ci just a basic subdivision of the park." taid David Chase, she si" of individual icpiic systems unteu a variance is gramed. I most impact. At Red Lilly, they are twill too close to the water park vice president, adding thai the lypei of businesses lo be lo- The amount of wasie discharged u limited to 330 gallons a day and do not meet current septic system standards. cated there will be consistent with "what »e already have in Ihe under the regulation. Chase said this limit "makes it very, very park." The park houses a variety of businesses and light manufac- difficult to develop our land" and believes the regulation should Possihk Recommendations turing industries. Some of the recommendations that may be made to solve not ipply to Uw part. He said the pait^should be e«empt under Selectman Martin Flynn, who has been negotiating with park a grandfather clause because the part hat had ptaru filed within these problems include: Connecting all of the septic systems officials for over a year, called the submiiston "untimely." •round the pood into one "clutter" jyslem located away from three yean of the health board rule. I Chase said the plans were submitted in order 10 give the town He said me part was forced lo go to court because Flynn and the water; another is rehabilitation of the current lystems, so an accurate picture of what presently undeveloped portions thai they meet more stringent standards: and sewering the area. the planning depanmenl "refused to gci involved." of the park, primarily the portion east of Mary Dunn Road, He iaiii the point of the filing ii lo confirm whether or not the Other pouible Rcodunendukuu — decreasing the use of will took like. park is eligible lo be gnndfathereii. phosphate detergents, and using water-saving devices in Responding lo Flynn's criticism. Chase Mid. "Marty has not homes. recognized that, over and over again, he's asked for plans from I Any of the first three solutions would be fairly expensive, but as Gil Newton, chairman of the Bamstable Conservaiidn Commission said at the seminar. "Cleaning up a pond is far more expensive than preventing one from being polluted." Bylaw would change role of However, the state Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, who funded the study, have promised lo pay for a portion of ihe implementation of a cluster system. Rehabilita- by Doug Fogd I tion of individual lysienu would be considered personal pro- Personnel Board perty improvement and would not get funding from the state, The Banuiable Government Study Committee plans lo have men's approval. If the article, officially known as "Person- Kerfooi said. Sewering is seen as an unlikely possibility. an article for November Town Meeting that would change the nel Bylaw Option A,"is approved in November, then the Per- With state funding, the cluster alternative may be attrac- Personnel Board from a policy-making body lo an advisory sonnel Board will propose policy changes lo the selectmen, live financially. A cluster system would cost between S150,000 one. Presently, ihe board seis policies regarding town who in turn will decide whether or not to act on them. and S2JO.OOO, or about 110,000 per septic system. However, employees at its regular meeting!. Poyarn explained that if a grievance were to ensue, ihen the I the rescarcheri are looking into other possible me*iu of fun- As ii stands now, according to Luc sen Poyant. the siudy Personnel Board would act as an appeals board. It would have ding for individual septic system rehabilitation. At this point, committee1! chairman, these policies do not require (he select- I Continued on pagt 4 D-4 VILLAGE ADVERTISES AnfvMZ9,lMi

i Heartbeat Hill Road Race The 2nd annual Heartbeat racers will be tendered a free Hill Road Race sponsored by spaghetti supper on the night the felmouth Hospital Social before ihe race, Saturday. Club for the benefit of the September 21, at 6:30 p.m. i hospital will be held Sunday, in the hospital cafeteria. September 22. at K> a.m. Entry blanks for the race The five-mile course, will arc available at ipons shops begin and end «the hospital. and centers throughout ihe Runribrs will be given area or at the hospital. i t-ihira. and all pre-registered i THE BARCLAY CORPORATION CUSTOM HOMESS * ADDITIONS '' HEMOOELIHO PASSIVE SOLAAR XMO UltEUltEAA INlUUkTEI D i HOMES PELLELLA SUN ROOROOMM ! i 775-5761 Lake Weqiuquct Yachl Club soiling winners tut ' America's Cup Trophy, from left to right- Jenny Saturday- Top, in the Junior Rice Stria, tma left Grady, 6lfa; Jeff Slrada, 5th; John Haley, 4th; Krfatcn to right- Geoff Stuckc, 4th; Jim Terkdsen, 3rd; Sean Terkeben, 3rd; Jenny Beaton, 2nd; JefTLeJava. 1st. ffledelros Painting i Grady. 2nd; and Mike CanifT, 1st. Bottom, the Little (Photo by Pu German i) Rssoc. INTERIOR V EXTERIOR PRINTING

—QUALITY WORKMANSHIP— i —REASONABLE PRICES— —ESTIMATES

175HlckflrYHUICI*de i (UlervllI* 4IS-731S MOUNTAIN GREEN /»s i SERVICE 'jg All PRoftssioN*! SERVICES IN rkc Loc*l i AREA fan OVER 20 YEARS" Complin Milnlcnuic* — Architect D**lQn S«rvlg» Aviilibl* — JoliN VIEJRA - 428-7718 i 17S Hickory HUliClrcM, Oiitnlll* i DID YOU KNOW Your Month for ...The long-road Inspection? Hurricane season il —^ *ppn»ching. Your home- i Continued from page 1 owner's policy doci not covet dtm4ge from flooding. Check into the iviiltbilfty of flood Community Involvement Alt in ill. much his been learned from the Red Lilly Pond inniruice through nulontl Project. Ooreen Spilline, i member of the project committee "j flood insurance program by since the beginning, said that currently about a dozen i conltcting Cnif ville residents are on the committee. However, "all the Fiir 4 Ye»Bcr Insunnca. community has been involved in one way or another," she (Maca. Lwp«ct)oa SUDOB 1019) said. Craigville wai the first community nn the Cape to join together and take action to clean up a contaminated pond, she said. In the process, the residents "learned an enormous A UTO MARINE Electric i amount," she said. One of the things they learned was that a community has to initiate the cleanup. "No one came and did it for us," she slid. Other communities can learn something from the Craigville experience, too. They should take steps to keep ponds in their natural state before the ponds are contaminated, she said. 138 Wast Barnstabli Rd. i "They have to make sure cesspools do not drain into ponds," she said, "and runoff does not flow off roads into Corner Bumps River Rd, ponds." Ehtarvillfl FAIR * XEAOER The experience has also made Craigville residents concerned about die rapid development thai is occurring all over the Cape. "We can foresee what will happen." SpilUne said. 428-2738 i • Centervttto Comer* Mau. ImpactlM lUUxi Wit i 619 Mala Street, Centervilk 775-3131 Nett week- Pmrt n; Other poods in the Town of flarmttble. Monday - Friday 8-5 p.m. ~^ <

/"~"\ j< y~' ^H "^^^ °/ ^"^^^ MM* i 01581 i June 30, 1987 Secretary Executive Office of Environmental Affairs i 20th Floor 100 Cambridge Street i Boston, MA 02202 ATTENTION: MEPA UNIT i RE: EOEA #6610 Red Lily Pond Restoration i Dear Mr. Secretary: We have completed our review of the "Red Lily Pond Diag- i nostic/Feasibility Study" and have taken notice o-f the EOEA #6610 in the Monitor referencing this project. There is no data on the fish and wildlife resources of Red Lily Pond nor has there been i any substantial management of the fishery by this agency. With respect to the proposed actions, which have the potential for considerable alteration and impact to the aquatic i environment, a baseline assessment of the fish population should be done to document species present, relative abundance, growth and overall population structure. While the study does mention i that a monitoring program will be implemented to evaluate the impacts from the proposed actions, there is no mention of documenting the existing fish resources. The following addition- i al concerns should be addressed: (1) What will be the impact from the reverse layering on other wildlife, such as turtles, muskrats, frogs, i crayfish, and waterfowl? (2) What are the anticipated changes to water quality from i the reverse layering process? (3) What techniques will be used to sample the fish i population during the post treatment monitoring program? Also,what parameters of the fish population will be evaluated? i (4) To what extent will existing hiding cover for fish, such as downed trees, submerged stumps, etc., be removed or i altered? i D-5 {page two of letter)

The overall concept of the reverse layering is an interesting one in that it is; attempting to restore ,the pond to its earlier historical sarid bottom condition. However, such a change in -the aquatic habitat is bound to have substantial ramifications for the fish and wildlife populations which presently constitute the fauna of Red Lily Pond, The monitoring of these changes should be an integral 'part of the R&D project (reverse layering).

Should have questions concerning these matters please do not hesitate to contact me.

Sincerely,

Robert P. Madore Aquatic Biologist II

cc. K-V Associates, Inc. MDWPC, Art Screpetis RECEIVED JIM 1 9 «* I MEMORANDUM

I SUBJECT: BARNSTABLE— Wfetlands TO: 'MEPA Review for ENF for Red Lily Pond Restoration THROUGH: Elizabeth Kouloheras EOEA No. 6610 v I FROM: Lenore Valutkevich ^ I DATE: June 5, 1987 1. The reverse layering project component should be reviewed in terms of the potential for gound water to be impacted and/or conraininated. Maas^ires to I avoid gound water contanunation must be employed if contamination is likely. 2. The mosquito ditch diversion component appears likely to impact a salt I marsh. The preservation of salt marsh species is critical to the prevention of pollution, the protection of marine fisheries and storm damage prevention. The flow level of fresh water is also significant to the protection of marine I fisheries. The proposed project therefore shall not destroy any portion of the salt marsh and shall not adversely affect its productivity. (Reference 310 CMR 10.32(3)}. I 3. The project proposes to construct a corrmunity septic system to serve sixteen (16) aciditional homes and the Craigville Inn. Will servicing only these sixteen (16) homes in a well developed residential area significantly alter the rate I of eutrophication? 4. A Chapter 91 license is required for work being conducted in a Great Pond, I i.e., Red Lily Pond. 5. The possible locations of the stormwater diversion needs to be identified I and may require an additional wetlands filing. K/LV/mac I cc: Conservation Cornrdssion Town Offices 397 Main Street I Hyannis, MA 02601 I I E-OCA I I I D-7

1 <5 K-V ASSOCIATES, INC ANALYTICAL SYSTEMS

281 MAIN STREET • P.O. BOX 574 • FALMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS 02541 •" 617-540-0561 1 August 1, 1986 1 Dr. Richard McVoy Clean Lakes Program 1 Department of Environmental Quality Engineering Westview Building, Lyman School 1 Westborough, MA 01581 RE: R & D funds for bottom rejuvenation by reverse layering. Red Lily 1 Pond Project, Barnstable, MA Dear Rick:

During the recent Red Lily Pond feasibility presentation on July 30 1 at Craigville, the lake association has endorsed considerations of lake bottom rejuvenation by reverse layering. A preliminary testing apears to indicate that the lake geology is suitable for the process in the Lake Elizabeth 1 region. The association wants to consider the process for the entire lake. The Town of Barnstable is interested in its application to other locations. We would like to inquire on their behalf if R & D funding may be available I for demonstration of the restoration procedure to allow full investigation of the feasibility to the whole pond area.

Reverse layering consists of the transport of original underlying sand 1 deposits up to the surface on top of organic lake deposits. The underlying strata then collapses, causing the downward transport of the phorphorus-rich sediments and replacement of the original sandy lake bottom. As an alternative 1 to dredging, it allows the removal of nutrient-rich lake sediments from contact with the lake waters without the costs of dredging.

The process has been tested as a result of favorable corings in the I Lake Elizabeth region which revealed a medium to fine sandy soil, relatively free of fine sediments, underlying the existing lake deposits to a depth beyond 10 feet. The lake organic sediment thicknesses range from 1 to an I average of about 5 feet in the Lake Elizabeth region. These sediments are loosely consolidated in many regions due to previous hydro-raking to I remove lily roots. An R & D study can be used to answer the following questions not I addressed or included in the original Red Lily Pond scope of work: I I i D-8 Dr. Richard McVoy August 1, 1986 i Page 2

i 1) Most efficient means of vertical relocation. At least 3 methods may be applicable: i a) Jetting (already demonstrated) b) Fluidized augering {water and screw transport) c) Air piston dislocation {air driven)

i 2) Necessary spacing for avoiding overlap of relocated sand {dependent on horizontal transmissivity of deposits) i 3) Means of turbidity control (boom curtains or other devices) 4) Correlation of vertical core profile to efficiency of i transport 5) Need for additional coring of pond bottom to establish depth i and consistency of sand deposits in other locations 6) Further definition of costs i With the nearby beach as a ready location for deposit of sand, the interesting question comes to mind that the procedure could also be used to selectively deepen areas of the lake where desirable. Further R s D i may be able to address these questions and provide valuable guidelines for future restoration projects on lakes in the Cape Cod region. I would estimate that the cost of full investigations would run in the §20,000 to i $30,000 range. Since Alice Rojko is away at present and the'lake association wished to have the subject addressed for their planning purposes, I am forwarding you i this brief request. A demonstration of the process is also planned for Tuesday at 10:00 a.m. at the Gavitt's dock on Lake Elizabeth (August 5). If you or Alice have any recommendations, I would welcome them. We would i be happy to prepare a full proposal with personnel, scope of work and time schedules upon indication that the Department would look favorably on such a demonstration of this technique and would entertain such a proposal. i Sincerely, i K-V Associates, Inc. i William B. Kerfoot, President WBK:phk ccr Doreen Spillane i J. Weiss, Selectman i i BOTTOM REJUVENATION BY REVERSE LAYERING

A. MINING B. COLLAPSE OF PEAT VALVE

LAKE SURFACE LAKE SURFACE

2" CASING —

4* CASINO TRANSPORTED /SAND

LAKE DEPOSITS TRANSPORTED SAND

PEAT DEPOSITS

UNDERLYING SAND D-10 I Jne wo4wmoww€nt o/ &twM&O4wne0ifal ^tlucuifaf wttav

S. RL'SSELL SYLVA OT A • / J> > i ,. . . Z/eefaruccU *jewt i Oi58i i August 14, 1986

William B. Kerfoot, President i K-V Associates* Inc. 281 Main Street P.O. Box 574 i Falmouth, MA 02541 Dear Mr. Kerfoot: i Dr. McVoy of the Clean Lakes Program has referred your letter of August 1 regarding R&D funds for reverse layering of Red Lily Pond to me. I manage the Division of Water Pollution Control Research and Demonstration i Program, My staff and I have read your letter. We would be interested in receiving a more detailed proposal to evaluate. Please include any i literature you have available on previous applications of this technique. I am also enclosing a brief description of how our R&D program works. Please feel free to contact me if you have questions. i Sincerely, i Fonasch i :e Environmentalist JJJ/v Enclosure i cc: A. Rojko R. McVoy W. Kimball i A. Screpetis M. Wheeler i A. Cooperman i i i I I I I I I I

APPENDIX E im Public Health Department septic survey i i i i i i i i i i E-l _ SANITARY SURVEY OF RED LILY POND AREA

• NUMBER OF DWELLING STUDIED/SURVEYED , 45

NUMBER OF SYSTEMS IN GROUND WATER • 14

I NUMBER OF SYSTEMS 2-3 FEET ABOVE WATER 18 Mfftlr NUMBER OF SYSTEMS -££SS THAN 4 FEET ABOVE WATER 14 I NUMBER OF SYSTEMS MORE THAN 100 FEET TO WATER 6

I NUMBER OF SYSTEMS 50 FEET- OR LESS TO WATER 15

NUMBER OF SYSTEMS WITH LESS THAN 100 FEET TO I WATER 39 _ NUMBER OF DWELLINGS WITH NO EXPANSION AREA 20

NUMBER OF SYSTEMS IN GROUND WATER WITH NO EXPANSION AREA 8 SANITARY SURVEY OF RED LILLY POND AREA (continued) Page 2 ASSESSOR'S MAP DISTANCE TO DEPTH TO nuuac. ""' & LOT NO. LOCATION OWNER SYSTEM WATERAiv^) GROUND WATf 226/16 LAKE ELIZABETH DRIVE cesspool 50' 2-3' 15 " cesspools 70' 2-3' " 152 11 200' 4V plus 154 " cesspool 80' 4' plus 140 CRAIGVILLE BEACH ROAD TRADEWINDS INN-2 lodging houses cesspools 45' & 35' 0' on both 136 MARIE AVENUE cesspool 100 'plus 4' plus 185 OLD CRAIGVILLE ROAD cesspool 75' . 0' 557 99 " . cesspool 60' O1 101 " cesspool 40' O1 531 102-1 " cesspool 45' 0'. 102-2 . " cesspool 60' 2' 103 11 cesspool 80' 2-3' 497 227/42 RED LILLY POND ROAD cesspool 90' 2-3' 3G 43 " cesspool 125' 3' 45 " cesspool 100' plus 4' plus 11 47 " cesspool 40' 0' 48 " field 100' 4' ASSESSOR'S DISTANCE TO DEPTH TO HOUSE NO. MAP & LOT NO. LOCATION OWNER SYSTEM WATER/T/^^ GROUND WAT Tank & 250 227/37 Lake Elizabeth Drive McClough 60' Less than 2' field 248 11 38 Henderson cesspool 55' 0 246 " 39 Garcia cesspool 50' less than 2' 242 " 40 Brennan cesspool 35' less than 2' 238 " 41 Gifford cesspool 20' 0 226/95 cesspool 20' less than 1' 228 " 96 Kirk 3 cesspools 15' 0-1' 222 " 97 C.C.A, cesspool 15' 0 wood & field 30' less than 2' " 97 INN Grease trap 45' 0 1 202 " 97 Andover cesspool 60' O m i 198 " 97 Yale cesspool 40' 0' 194 " 19 Boston 2 cesspools (new - illegal) 40' 0' cesspool 75' 0' 186 " 184 Blissmilde + 73 s.tank 5 1/p 100''h 4' 72 cesspool 100' plus 4' plus 71 cesspools 1001 plus 4' plus Sargent- Schultz 100' plus 149 65 . Kaiser 2 cesspools 85' 4' plus 57 cesspool 60' 4 ' p'lus 56 cesspool 60' 4' plus .127 55 cesspool 55' 4' plus ', 54 Riley 2 cesspools 50' 2' 53 Plunkett cesspool 50' 2* 52 Lloyd cesspool 45' 2' .L05 51 cesspool 40' 2' 50 cesspool 60' 3' - 4' 17 cesspool 50' 4' plus i E-4 • REPLACEiJEKT AITD REPOSITIONING 0? QIC SITZ i:u DISPOSAL SYSTEMS HAS EEEN COMPLETED AT THE MIiLOV/IKG

I LOTS'

• L02 - 1 Old Craigville Road • 97 C.C.A. cottage II;N | " Andover cottage ^ " Yale • 19 Boston • 184 new Conf.Centre dir. cottage.

v/ork is also complete at lot 23

Craigville "ffest Hyannisport Sep 1983 ASSESSOR'S DISTANCE TO DEPTH TO HOUSE NO. MAP & LOT NO. LOCATION OWNER SYSTEM GROUND WAT 250 227/37 Lake Elizabeth Drive McClough Tank & f field 60' Less than 2 248 " 38 Henderson cesspool 55' 0 246 " 39 Garcia cesspool 50' less than 2' 242 " 40 Brennan cesspool 35' less than 2' 238 " 41 Gifford cesspool 20' 0 226/95 cesspool 20' less than 1' 228 " 96 Kirk 3 cesspools 15' 0 - 1' 222 " 97 C.C.A. cesspool 15' 0 wood & field 30' less than 2' .. 97 INN Grease trap 45' 0 202 " 97 Andover cesspool 60' 0' 198 " 97 Yale cesspool 40' O1 194 " 19 Boston 2 cesspools (new - illegal) 40' 0' 186 " 184 Blissmilde cesspool 75' 0' 73 s.tank a 1/p 1001 + 4.+ 72 cesspool 1001 plus 4' plus 1 71 cesspools 100' plus 4' plus Sargent- Schultz 100* plus :149 65 Kaiser 2 cesspools 85' 4' plus ' 57 cesspool 60' 4* plus " 56 cesspool 60' 4' plus 'L27 55 cesspool 55' 4' plus 54 Riley 2 cesspools 50' 2' 53 Plunkett cesspool 50' 2' 52 Lloyd cesspool 45' 2' LOS 51 cesspool 40'. 2' 50 cesspool 60' 3' - 4- 17 cesspool 50' 41 plus SANITARY SURVEY OF RED LILLY POND AREA (continued) Page 2 ASSESSOR'S MAP HOUSE NO. DISTANCE TO DEPTH TO & LOT NO. LOCATION OWNER SYSTEM -'— _jr GROUND WATE 226/16 ' LAKE ELIZABETH DRIVE cesspool 50- 2 - 3' 15 " cesspools 70' 2 — 3 ' 152 ti ' 200' 4'. plus 154 " cesspool 80' 4' plus 140 CRAIGVILLE BEACH ROAD TRADEWINDS INN-2 lodging houses cesspools 45' & 35T 0' on both 136 MARIE AVENUE , cesspool 100 •plus 4' plus

185 OLD CRAIGVILLE ROAD cesspool 75' , 0' IT 1 57 " 99 " - cesspool 60' O1 a 101 " ' cesspool 40' 0' 31 " 102-1 " cesspool 45' O1 " 102-2 " cesspool 60' 21 103 " cesspool 80' 2-31 97 227/42 RED LILLY POND ROAD cesspool 90' 2-3' 8 " 43 " . cesspool 125' 3' 45 " cesspool 100' plus 4' plus 47 " cesspool 40' O1 48 field 100' 4' I I I I I I I I APPENDIX F • Bottom Sediment Evaluation — (From McGinn, 1981. A Sediment Control Plan for the Blackstone River

C9 I I I I I I I I I i F-l

i Sediment Evaluation with the Sediment Pollution Index Sediment condition can be evaluated with the use of the Great Lakes

i Sediment Guidelines and the Sediment Pollution Index.

• The Clarke Number (CN) represents the fraction (in ppm - parts per million)

of an element in the earth's crust. Since the CN reflects an average of all oc-

| curing rock types within the earth's crust one should expect a deviation from

_ this number when sampling geologic materials (sediments) in a specific area of

the world. Individual elements (metals) may occur more frequently at one loca-

I tion in a (watershed) than at another.

The combined occurrence in the earth's crust of all the (trace) metals

• (not included are Al, Fe, Mg, Mn) is less than one tenth of one percent.

— Unless there are highly metallic geologic formations in the vicinity of a

™ specific site, the natural occurrence of trace metals at that site is not

B expected to deviate significantly (less than a factor of two or three) from

the combined CN (£0.1%). Hence, CN may be used as a standard for nonpolluted

I rock-forming minerals.

Metal contents of unpolluted sediments are expected to be lower than those I of unweathered rock from the same watershed. The older the sediments and the I more aggressive the chemical environment, the higher are the rates of leachate of mineral metals from the sediments. Hence, the Clarke Number is expected

• to be more like an upper limit for pollution-free metal contents in sediments.

Unpolluted organics within sediments will also contribute somewhat to

• the total metal content of a dried sediment sample, depending on the plant

• physiology of the species. The contents of metals relative to those of th I crystalline component of the sediments are expected to be negligible, however. I I i F-2 _ Hence, pollution-free sediments composed of mainly inorganic macter

™ (80% Co 95%) and some organic matter (5% to 20%) are expected to contain I metal concentrations less than or equal to those given by the Clarke Number. •

• Consequently, sediments containing higher metal concentrations than

indicated by CN are an indication that they may be polluted.

• A criterion on metal pollution based on the use of the Clarke Number

can be formulated as:

I c Metal I Pollution exists if Qt Metal where "f" is a factor whose magnitude may depend on a given metal.

• The term c metal stands for the statistical mean concentration of a

given metal as derived from the total number of samples taken from the I same deposits, and CN metal stands for the Clarke Number of a given metal Application of this principle to a number of metals occuring in a

I sediment sample yields the folio-wing Sediment Pollution Index:

I SPI = I yN C—l H .f -, CNi I 1=1 Where: SPI ** Sediment Pollution Index /

• N * Total number of metals included in calculating the SPI

I Ci = Average concentration of metal i I CNi= Clarke Number of metal i Adopting the above criterion for indication of pollution, one may I call a site potentially polluted with a number (n) of metals, if: I SPI > F I I i F-3

• where the threshold factor may be arbitrarily selected to be j F=10, i.e., if the composite average metal occurrence exceeds its composite

| CN by a factor of ten, the site may be generally polluted" with metals. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 F-4 1 1 AVERAGE ABUNDANCES OF METALS IN THE EARTH'S CRUST 1 (REFERRED TO AS "CLARKE NUMBER") AND RIVER WATERS

1 Clarke Number Earth's Crust Average River 1 Metal rns/kg (ppm) Water ug/1 (ppb) Ag .07 .3 1 Al 82,000 400 As 1.8 1-0 1^v Ba 425 10 1 Cd .1 Cr 100 1-0 I Cu 55 5.0 Fe 56,000 670 1 Hg .08 -07 1 Mn 950 5.0 Ni 75 -3 1 Pb 12.5 3.0 Se .05 -2 1 Zn 70 10 1 1 1 1 1 i F-5

i Sediment Analysis Results i The following table compared sediment samples obtained from Red Lily Pond with selected samples from other lakes. Tne Ashumet #4 rep-

• resents an unpolluted kettle pond sediment sample in the southern basin.

The composite sediment samples from the Red Lily and Lake Elizabeth basins

| were well -below the 10 value of the .SP1 index indicating polluted conditions g The Lake Elizabeth sediment did show substantial enrichment of lead (SPI

value of 6) reflecting road runoff from the causeway and surrounding roads.

• The TKN value of Red Lily Pond is within the region considered "heavily

polluted" by the Great Lakes sediment rating criteria. This value reflects

| a high organic content of the sediments containing root material and decay- tm ing vegetation. The higher phosphorus content of the Red Lily Fond sedi-

ments also corresponds with the basin's role as a nutrient trap of the

I bog/road runoff discharge sources. In summary, the sediments all contain I metals "within range" but are substantially enriched with organic matter. I I I I I I I I 1 F-6 1 Great Lakes Sediment Rating Criteria - I^B Constituent1 Nonpolluted Moderately Polluted^ Heavily Polluted I Volatile Solids 5 5-8 8 COD <40,000 40,000-80,000 >80,000 I TKN < 1,000 1,000-2,000 >2;000 Oil & Grease < 1,000 1,000-2,000 >2,000 (Hexane Soluble) I Lead <40 40-60 >60 Zinc <90 90-200 >200 Ammonia <75 75-200 >200 Cyanide 0.25 1 Phosphorus <420 420-650 >650 Iron <17,000 17,000-25,000 >25,000 Nickel <20 20-50 >50 |^B Manganese <300 300-500 >500 Arsenic <3 3-8 >8 1 Cadmium * * >6 Chromium <25 25-75 >75 1 Barium <20 20-60 >60 Copper <25 25-50 >50 Mercury "* * ^ 1 Poly chlorinated * * >IQ Biphenyls(FCB's) SPI 5.3 6.3

| • 1. All concentrations given in MG/KG Dry Weight except as otherwise indicated.

1 *No lower limits defined. 1 1 1 TABLE Fl . COMPARISON OF OBSERVED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS WITH SPI VALUES FOR OTHER CAPE COD LAKES.

Aahuraet Pond Shallow Pond 3 lark Ho. n ' sit *1 H2 B3 Lake Elizabeth Red Lily Pond Mg/kg sediment Total Phosphorus 23 . 2.2 18 36 29 2.13 3.84

Total Volatile Solids 15. 8* 1.92 36.7 49.9 63.7 7.6 4.5

Nitrate-N 59 1 - - -

Total KJehdahl N 11,000 960 15,900 14,600 20,300, . „ ,3230. , ,„, 16,400 . , «33J (C801 «9°) «10> .2 Cadmium* 13 (65) 2,7 (13) <16 (-) <1B (-) <2.l (10) <2.1 (10)

100 Chromium 19 (.19) 4.1 (.04) <6.6 (<.05) <16 (<.16)

55 Copper 39 (.70) 9.6 (.17) 9.9 (.18) 16 (.29) 13 (.32) 9.32 (.17) 6.32 (.11)

56,000 Iron 10,900 (.19) 1,910 (.03) 1720 (.03) 3030 (.05) 4120 (.07) 10,700 (.19) 2100 (.04)

12.5 Lead 62 (5) 27 (2) <33 (3) 76 (6) 92 (7) 77.6 (6) 20 (1.6)

950 Manganese 578 (.6) 303 (.3) 30 (.03) 39 (.Of.) 27 (.03) 360 (.38) 75.8 (.08)

70 Zinc 130 (1.9) 32 (.45) 33 (.47) <16 (<.23) <18 (*.25) 82.3 (1.2) 23.2 (.33)

SPI 10.5 2.3 .74 1.6 1-8 1'3 0.4

i UKn .- n . CDT .. * X i - 1

SPI - sediment pollution index

H ™ total number of metals included

G « average concentration of metal i

CN - Clarke number of metal i

The numbers In parentheses are computed ratios for the enrichment of Individual elements above that of Clark's number. In some cases, numbers are calculated for less than ( = O values. * values for cadmium are not included in SPI computations. I I I I I I I I APPENDIX G

I Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment of Abandoned Craigville Inn Leaching Field | ADOPTED FROM REDA AND KUFS, 1985 - LEACHATE PLUME MANAGEMENT AND FMC, 1979 - INDUSTRIAL WASTE I TREATMENT WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE i i i i i i i i G-l

Hydrogen Peroxide

« Classically, hydrogen peroxide (H^) has been used as a bactericlde in _ medicine and as a chemical oxidant in industrial wastewater treatment. How- | ever, in dilute concentrations, H-O- may be feasible to use*as a source of oxygen for the microorganisms associated with bioreclamation. . Bacterial cells I normally produce H^CL during respiration, and though H^ is cytotoxic at higher concentrations (3%), bacteria have developed enzymatic defenses against H-O- toxicity, known as hydroperoxidases (Texas Research. Institute, 1982a) . I This phenomena suggests that a threshold concentration exists below which I microorganisms can tolerate hydrogen peroxide. The cells may then be free to

use the oxygen provided by the decomposition of H202 to aerobically degrade organic material.

Studies conducted in flasks indicate that toxicity threshold levels for concentrat ions I hydrogen peroxide are dependent on cell populations. H202 ' higher than 1000 mg/1 have not been found to elicit a toxic response from • established microbial populations. In fact, maximum cell mass was measured at

concentrations of about 1000 mg/1 H202 (Texas Research Institute, 1982a) . A much lower toxicity threshold of 100 mg/1 H^O- was exhibited with non- ( established, smaller populations. Measurements were not conducted on hydro- i carbon utilization rates. A major concern in the use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source is i that it may be completely decomposed in a matter of hours, thereby releasing oxygen all at once instead of under more controlled conditions. Then, oxygen may bubble out of the system instead of being available for areas farther i downgradient in the aquifer. i Decomposition of H^ can be catalyzed either biologically or chemically. Enzymatic decomposition by hydroperoxidases (catal.ases and peroxidases) is the i defense mechanism of bacteria mentioned earlier. The reactions are as follows i (Texas Research Institute, 1982a): i i i i G-2 i

i LOCATION OF INJECTION WELLS FOR PEROXIDE TREATMENT .Zone of Aeration i Top View i i

ABANDONED LEACHING Surfaca Contours i Direction of Groundwater i

Injection Wells i Side View /wms /1 t "J^^^^: . » i / 1 Abandoned / 1 PLUME ' leaching field 1 REGION l is also treated ' i U 'Art b J _ Aerated Zona p~ X^ 1 V • • • ' , «T* o 1 9 * *" ' • • *.^*-* «*.* ' ^ <*.*•; *

*• * T! •^ •*• • * • *•;*/ "•.^•r7^:» ' •*../• • | i • o '• • • • • ••»• * • / c /.*/• * / V• • '.**. • **' . - * • • • * * « , * I *•v *• • '* ** •* * * ^ i • 1 / * * ' \s //' \c — Ca# \c. iI f M A^ & * ^bV"' i . ^^ a — d i i i i i G-3

i catalase I 2 - ^2H20 i peroxidase where X is reduced ni cot in amide adenine dinucleotide (NAOH), glutathione or i another biochemical reductant. i Enzymatic decomposition of H-O^ to oxygen would occur only "with catalases i and not with peroxidases. Decomposition of H?(L to oxygen also is catalyzed by metal salts, particularly ferrous iron. The mixture of H^0« and ferrous 6* £• salts is called Fentons reagent, and has been widely used as a hydroxylation i reagent (Texas Research Institute, 1982a). Reduced iron present in the substrata may catalyze the decomposition reaction and cause immediate i decomposition and release of Op. Similarly, an alkaline pH will also accelerate decomposition of the H-O- molecule. i Decomposition of H 0 may be slowed by the addition of mineral acid, 2 2 dissolution in an acidic solution, or addition of a stabilizing agent, i such as acetanilide or sodium pyrophosphate (Texas Research Institute, 1982a). However, the effect of stabilizing agents is limited to conditions of low i -metal contamination (FMC Corporation). Introduction of H202 to soil would cause contact with metals and thus probably catalyze the decomposition reaction. Other stabilizers, which slow the rate down considerably, may be i developed . Studies to measure decomposition rates and dissolved oxygen i retention are required to properly assess the feasibility of ^O/j- Hydrogen peroxide is available commercially for industrial uses in i 35 percent, 50 percent, and 70 percent solutions (FMC Corporation). A highly stabilized product'mix is recommended for bioreclamation; however, even this may not be adequate because of the high susceptibility to catalytic decom- i position when in contact with metal-containing substances, such as soils. An

H202 storage and metering facility is required for use'. Drum or tank storage i may be used. Drum storage has inherent labor costs associated with it, while

a tank facility would Incur large capital costs. Since HpQ2 is a powerful i oxidizer, only specific materials of construction can be used such as aluminium alloys, white chemical porcelain, pyrex, teflon, and Kel- F® 81 i resin (FMC Corporation). Polyethylene, stainless steel, and polyvinyl chloride i also can be used for limited contact application. i G-4 i For the abandoned Craigville Center leaching field, peroxide treatment would occur at the field and an estimated eight well locations. The inten- i sive treatment of the leaching field attempts to remove oxygen demand at its source. i The arrangement of injection wells is shown in the figure to the left. The treatment facility will be housed in i a stockade enclosure. Peroxide in a 200g container will be fed by pump to the injection locations. Periodic sampling i will be performed to indicate the extent of restoration. A cost breakdown would i involve the following: i Labor $6,000 Wells (8) (inst.) 2,400 materials 600 i Peroxide 5,000 Stockade 800 i Monitoring (per yr) 5,000

i Total $ 19,000 i Monitoring of the site for dissolved oxygen and phosphorus should extend i for about 3 years after treatment. i i i i i i APPENDIX H

Bog Closure H-l

Bog Closure The abandoned bog closure should follow a phased plan: 1. Adequate background monitoring a. Establish local flooding and groundwater elevation patterns and local hydraulic conductivity b. Prepare geological crossections of basin c. Plot flood elevations-and groundwater as a probit function d. Estimate flood volume generated from example storm 2. Sand blockage test a. Measure immediate change in flow of mosquito ditch and causeway outflow b. Record groundwater rise above baselevel c. Record extent of variation from background (including 1 inch and 2 inch storm) 3. Install roadway catch basins a. Review change in discharge volume 4. Install stormwater receiving basins a. Review change in discharge volume 5. Using gravel and sand construction construct recharge basin with silt trap at Old Centerville Road 5. Close off outflow a. Review change in background flood elevation and groundwater levels 1. 1 inch and 2 inch storm events 2. Compute 10 year and 25 year storm flood conditions b. If surface flood elevations not significantly different from original probit flood curve do not install additional catch basins or storm flow alterations I I I I I I I

APPENDIX I. Drawings and sketches of • catch basins and recharge basins. i i i i i i i i i i I r-i I I I I I I I I

^X/dM/^&e/*^

Figure 11. Typical stormwater catch basin STAKED SOD

GRAVEL

!-*• VARIES- -M

Figure 12. Typical recharge basin cross-section 1-3

THE RED LILY POND Restoration and Preservation Community Project

JULY30.1986 Seminar at .^> Craigville Community Action To Reverse Cultural Eutrophication

_Jr!SH isssf

KV ASSCX:UTESt INC. AND EEP. INC. 1-4

i ORGANIZED BY THE RED LILY POND AGENDA PROJECT ASSOCIATION Wednesday, July 30

Doreen Spillane - Co-Chairman i Registration Julie Gavitt - Co-Chairman Nancy Giffin 7:15 Introduction - Gilbert Newton, i . Chairman Consie Danforth Rick Ireland 7:30 Historical Perspective - Doreen i and Others Spillane, RLPC 7:45 Town involvement - Lindsay Counsell i CURRENT PROGRESS 8:00 Restoration Considerations - Mike The Red Lily Pond Project now spans Beck over 8 years of effort on behalf of home- i In-Lake Restoration - William B. owners, visitors, and helpful townspeople to better understand our lake resources and Kerfoot, K-V Associates, Inc. how to maintain their value-. The pond project i committee has been able to document the 9:00 Coffee Break historical changes in the Craigville area dating back to 1860, providing a unique 9:15 Panel Discussion - Future i opportunity to review land use patterns, Perspectives occupancy changes, and agricultural practices which have influenced the pond. Jack Weis, Selectman i Together with ongoing scientific studies, Alice Rojko, DEQE the project offers new insights into proper pond management. John Doane, Mosquito Control and County Commissioner i The session will present the results John Kelly, Board of Health of the diagnostic study and recommend action to continue improvement of the pond. To Lindsay Counsell, Conservation i maintain existing improvements, several Commission steps are needed: (1) A reduction in nutrient William Kerfoot, K-V Associates, Inc loading, (2) A suppression of vegetative i growth from existing lake bottom deposits Mike Beck, IEP and (3) Reduction in bacterial contamination. Ted Panitz, former Conservation Two alternative programs are addressed, re- Commission Chairman storation or maintenance. The restor- i ation proposals include diversion of the eastern mosquito ditch inflow, cluster sewering of a section of the western shore- i line, bottom rejuvenation by reverse layering, The Association wishes to thank those weed harvesting, drainage modifications, whose tireless efforts have allowed the and wetlands enhancement. Locations of the progress to date. This project is jointly recommended activities, alternatives, and sponsored by the Town of Barnstable and i the Clean Lakes Program of the Commonwealth protected costs are discussed. A panel i discussion will follow the presentation. of Massachusetts. i i i