Second coldest planet in the solar system

Continue Uranus is the coldest planet in our solar system. The coldest planet in our solar system is strangely Uranus, the 7th planet, not Neptune, the 8th planet. With temperatures dropping to -218°C in Neptune's upper atmosphere, the planet is the second coldest in our solar system. Despite being a billion miles closer than Neptune, Uranus has a lower recorded temperature of -224°C. There are two hypotheses for this difference. One is the strange orientation of the planet: Uranus seems to have been hit on its side, probably by a giant impact a long time ago, which has caused the primordial heat from its core to spill into space. Second, Uranus has a very active atmosphere that causes it to lose heat, or some form of barrier exists in the upper layers of Uranus that prevents the core heat from reaching the surface. This article is about the planet. For other uses, see Uranus (disambifation). Seventh planet from the Sun in the Solar System Uranus Photographed as a featureless disc by Voyager 2 in 1986DiscoveryDiscovered byWilliam HerschelDiscovery date13 March 1781DesignationsPronunciation/ˈjʊərənəs/ (listen) or /jʊˈreɪnəs/ (listen)[1][2]Named after the Latin form Ūranus of the Greek god Οὐρανός OuranosAdjectivesUranian /jʊˈreɪniən/[3]Orbital characteristics[9][a]Epoch J2000Aphelion20.11 AU(3008 Gm)Perihelion18.33 AU(2742 Gm)Semi-major axis19.2184 AU(2,875.04 Gm)Eccentricity0.046381Orbital period 84.0205 yr 30,688.5 d[4] 42,718 Uranian solar days[5] Synodic period369.66 days[6]Average orbital speed6.80 km/s[6]Mean anomaly142.238600°Inclination0.773° to ecliptic6.48° to Sun's equator1.02° to invariable plane[7]Longitude of ascending node74.006°Time of perihelion2050-Aug-19[8]Argument of perihelion96.998857°Known satellites27Physical characteristicsMean radius25,362±7 km[10][b]Equatorial radius25,559±4 km4.007 Earths[10][b]Polar radius24 ,973±20 km3.929 Earths[10][b]Flattening0.0229±0.0008[c]Circumference159,354.1 km[4]Surface area8.1156×109 km2[4][b] 15.91 EarthsVolume6.833×1013 km3[6][b] 63.086 EarthsMass(8.6810±0.0013)×1025 kg 14.536 Earths[11] GM=5,793,939±13 km3/s2Mean density1.27 g/cm3[6][d]Surface gravity8.69 m/s2[6][b]0.886 gMoment of inertia factor0.23[12] (estimate)Escape velocity21.3 km/s[6][b]Sidereal rotation period−0.71833 d (retrograde) 17 h 14 min 24 s[10]Equatorial rotation velocity2.59 km/s 9,320 km/hAxial tilt97.77° (to orbit)[6]North pole right ascension17h 9m 15s257.311°[10]North pole declination−15.175°[10]Albedo0.300 (Bond)[13]0.488 (geom.)[14] Surface temp. min mean max 1 bar level[15] 76 K (−197.2 °C) 0.1 bar(tropopause)[16] 47 K 53 K 57 K Apparent magnitude5.38[17] to 6.03[17]Angular diameter3.3 to 4.1[6]Atmosphere[16][19][20][e]Scale height27.7 by volume(Below 1.3 bar) Gases : 83 ± 3% υδρογόνο (H2) (H2) helium (He) 2.3% methane (CH4) 0.009% (0.007–0.015%) Hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen sulphide (HD) hydrogen sulphide (H2S)[18] Ices: ammonia (NH3) water (H2O) ammonium hydrolfide (NH4SH) uranus hydrogen meth is the seventh planet from the Sun. His name is a reference to the Greek god of heaven, Uranus, who, according to Greek mythology, was the grandfather of Zeus (Jupiter) and the father of Saturn. It has the third largest planetary radius and the fourth largest planetary mass in the Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have massive chemical compositions that differ from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. For this reason, scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as ice giants to distinguish them from other gas giants. Uranus' atmosphere is similar to Jupiter and Saturn in the main composition of hydrogen and helium, but contains more ices such as water, ammonia and methane, along with traces of other hydrocarbons. [16] It has the coldest planetary atmosphere in the solar system, with a minimum temperature of 49 K (−224 °C− −371 °F), and has a complex, multi-layered cloud structure with water believed to form the lowest clouds and methane the upper layer of clouds. [16] The interior of Heaven consists mainly of ice and rocks. [15] Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system, a magnetosphere and many moons. The urea system has a unique configuration because its axis of rotation tilts sideways, almost at the level of its solar orbit. Its north and south poles, therefore, are located where most other planets have their equators. [21] In 1986, images from Voyager 2 showed Uranus as an almost unhinged planet in visible light, without cloud zones or storms associated with other giant planets. [21] Voyager 2 remains the only spacecraft to visit the planet. [22] Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007. Wind speeds can reach 250 meters per second (900 km/h, 560 mph). [23] History Like classical planets, Uranus is visible to the naked eye, but has never been recognized as a planet by ancient observers due to its dimness and slow orbit. [24] Sir William Herschel first observed Uranus on March 13, 1781, leading to its discovery as a planet, widening the known boundaries of the Solar System for the first time in history and making Uranus the first planet to be classified as such with the help of a telescope. Discovery william herschel, discoverer of Heaven in 1781 the telescope used by Herschel to discover Uranus Uranus had been observed on many occasions before its recognition as a planet, but was generally mistaken for a star. Possibly the oldest known sighting was from hipparkos, who in 128 BC could record it as a star for its star list which was later later Almagest, Ptolemy. [25] The earliest specified observation was in 1690, when John Flamsteed observed it at least six times, ingesting it as 34 Tauri. French astronomer Pierre Charles Le Monnier observed Uranus at least twelve times between 1750 and 1769,[26] including four consecutive nights. Sir William Herschel observed Uranus on March 13, 1781 from the garden of his home at 19 New King Street in Bath, Somerset, England (now the Herschel Museum of Astronomy),[27] and first reported it (on April 26, 1781) as a comet. [28] With a telescope, Herschel engaged in a series of observations regarding the parallax of constant stars. [29] Herschel recorded in his diary: In the quadrant near z Tauri ... either [a] Cloudy star or maybe a comet. [30] On March 17, he noted: I searched for the comet or the nebulous star and found that it is a comet, because it has changed its position. [31] When he presented his discovery to the Royal Society, he continued to claim that he had found a comet, but also indirectly compared it to a planet:[29] The power I had upon when I first saw the comet was 227. From experience I know that the diameters of fixed stars are not magnified proportionally with higher forces, such as planets; Therefore, I now put the powers at 460 and 932, and found that the diameter of the comet increased in proportion to the force as it should be, with the assumption of not being a stable star, while the diameters of the stars with which in comparison did not increase in the same proportion. In addition, the comet zoomed far beyond what its light would admit, appeared blurred and fuzzy with these great forces, while the stars retained this glow and distinction that from many thousands of observations I knew they would retain. The sequel has shown that my assumptions were well founded, this turns out to be the Comet we've noticed lately. [29] Herschel informed the astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne of his discovery and received this flummoxed response from him on April 23, 1781: I don't know what to call it. It is as likely to be a normal planet orbiting almost circularly towards the sun as a comet moving in a very eccentric ellipse. I haven't seen any coma or tail in it yet. [32] Although Herschel continued to describe its new object as a comet, other astronomers were already beginning to suspect otherwise. Finnish-Swedish astronomer Anders Johan Lexell, who worked in Russia, was the first to calculate the orbit of the new object. [33] Its almost circular orbit led him to conclude that it was a planet rather than a comet. Berlin astronomer Johann Elert Bode described the Herschel as a moving star that can be considered a previously unknown object that resembles a planet and circulates beyond Saturn's orbit. [34] Bode concluded that its almost circular orbit was more like a planet than a comet. [35] The object soon became universally accepted as Planet. By 1783, Herschel acknowledged this to the president of the Royal Society Joseph Banks: With the observation of the most eminent astronomers in Europe it seems that the new star, which I had the honor to point out to them in March 1781, is a prime planet of our solar system. [36] In recognition of his achievement, King George III gave Herschel an annual salary of £200, provided he moved to Windsor so that the Royal Family could look through his s]). [1] It is the only planet whose English name comes directly from aلranلuر] :telescopes (equivalent to £24,000 in 2019). [37] [38] Name The name of Heaven refers to the ancient Greek deity of heaven Uranus (Ancient Greek: Uranus), the father of Saturn (Cronos) and grandfather of Zeus (Jupiter), who in Latin became Ūranus (IPA [s/, with pressure in the second syllable and a long a, although both are considered acceptable. [fلre■nلs/,[2] with pressure in the first syllable as in the Latin Ūranus, as opposed to /■jلnلrرﻟﻞ/ form of Greek mythology. The adjectival form of Heaven is Uranian. [39] The pronunciation of the name Uranus preferred among astronomers is Consensus on the name was not reached until nearly 70 years after the discovery of the planet. During the initial discussions after the discovery, Maskelyne asked Herschel to make in the astronomical world the faver [sic] to give a name to your planet, which is entirely yours, [and] which we are so indebted to you for its discovery. [41] In response to Maskelyne's request, Herschel decided to name the object Georgium Silus (George's Star), or the Georgian planet in honor of his new protector, King George III. [42] He explained this decision in a letter to Joseph Banks:[36] In the mythical ages of ancient times the names of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were given to the planets as the names of their main heroes and deities. In this more philosophical age we could hardly resort to the same method and call it Juno, Pallas, Apollo or Minerva, for a name in our new celestial body. The first examination of any particular event, or remarkable incident, seems to be its date: if in any future era it should be requested, when was this planet last discovered? It would be a very satisfying answer to say, In the reign of King George III. Herschel's proposed name was unpopular outside britain and alternatives were soon proposed. Astronomer Jérôme Lalande suggested that he be named Herschel in honor of his discoverer. [43] Swedish astronomer Erik Prosperin proposed the name Neptune, which was supported by astronomers liked the idea of honoring the victories of the British Royal Navy fleet during the American Revolutionary War by calling the new planet even Neptune George III or Neptune Great Britain. [33] In a March March treatise, Bode suggested Uranus, the Latinized version of the Greek god of heaven, Ouranos. [44] Bode argued that the name should follow mythology so that it did not stand out so different from the other planets, and that Uranus was a suitable name as the father of the first generation of the Titans. [44] He also noted that the elegance of the name since just as Saturn was the father of Jupiter, the new planet must be named after Saturn's father. [38] [44] [45] [46] In 1789, Bode's Royal Academy colleague Martin Klaproth named his newly discovered celestial evidence to support bode selection. [47] Eventually, bode's proposal became the most widely used, and became universal in 1850 when HM's Almanac naval office, the final holdout, changed from using Georgium Sirus to Heaven. [45] Uranus has two astronomical symbols. The first proposed, ♅,[g] was proposed by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as un surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom (a bullet surpassed by the first letter of your last name). [43] A later sentence, ⛢,[h] is a hybrid of symbols for Mars and the Sun because Uranus was the sky in Greek mythology, which was considered to be dominated by the combined forces of the Sun and Mars. [48] Uranus is called by a variety of translations into other languages. In Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese, its name literally translates as the Sky King Star. [49] [50] [51] [52] In Thai, his official name is Dao Yurenat , as in Englishยู. His other name in Thai is Dao Maritayu (ฤฤยู, star of Mṛtyu), after the Sanskrit word for death, Mrtyu (मृय)ु . In Mongolian, his name is Tengeriin Van, which translates as king of heaven, reflecting the role of the homonymous god as ruler of heaven. In Hawaiian, his name is Hele'elekala, a loan for explorer Herschel. [53] In Maori, his name is Whňrangi. [54] [55] Orbit and Rotation A pseudo-colored near infrared image of 1998 Sky showing cloud bands, rings and moons taken from the Hubble Space Telescope's NICMOS camera. Uranus revolves around the Sun once every 84 years, taking an average of seven years to pass through each constellation of the zodiac. By 2033, the planet will have made its third full orbit around the Sun since it was discovered in 1781. The planet has returned to the point of its discovery northeast of ZetaS Touris twice since then, in 1862 and 1943, one day later each time the pre-ation of the equinoxes shifts it 1° west every 72 years. Uranus will again in this position in 2030-31. The average distance from the Sun is about 20 AU (3 billion kilometers, 2 billion miles). The difference between the minimum and maximum distance from the Sun is 1.8 AU, greater than that of any other planet, although not as large as that of its planet Pluto. [56] The intensity of sunlight varies inversely with the square of distance, and so in Uranus (at about 20 times the distance from the sun to Earth) is about 1/400 the intensity of light on Earth. [57] Its orbital data were first calculated in 1783 by Pierre-Simon Laplace. [58] Over time, deviations began to appear between predicted and observed orbits, and in 1841, John Couch Adams first suggested that the differences were due to the gravitational tug of an invisible planet. In 1845, Urbain Le Verrier launched his own independent investigation into the orbit of Uranus. On September 23, 1846, Johann Gottfried Galle spotted a new planet, later named Neptune, almost in the position predicted by Le Verrier. [59] The rotation period of the interior of Heaven is 17 hours, 14 minutes. As with all giant planets, its upper atmosphere experiences strong winds in the direction of rotation. At some latitudes, such as about 60 degrees south, the visible characteristics of the atmosphere move much faster, making a full rotation in just 14 hours. [60] Axial Tilt Simulation Earth view of Uranus from 1986 to 2030, from the southern summer solstice in 1986 to the equinox in 2007 and the northern summer solstice in 2028. The urea axis of rotation is approximately parallel to the plane of the solar system, with a axial gradient of 97.77° (as defined by rotation). This gives it seasonal changes completely unlike those of other planets. Near the solstice, one pole constantly sees the Sun and the other faces away. Only a narrow strip around the equator experiences a fast day-night cycle, but with the Sun low above the horizon. On the other side of The Sky's orbit, the orientation of the poles towards the Sun is reversed. Each pole gets about 42 years of continuous sunlight, followed by 42 years of darkness. [61] Near the equatorial era, the Sun faces the equator of Uranus giving a day-night cycle period similar to that observed on most of the other planets. Uranus reached its most recent equinox on December 7, 2007. [62] [63] Northern Hemisphere Year Southern Hemisphere Winter Solstice 1902, 1986 Summer Solstice Spring Equinox 1923, 2007 Autumn Equinox Autumn Equinox 1944, 2049 Spring Equinox A result of this axis orientation is that, on average during the heavenly year, the polar regions of Uranus receive a greater energy input from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is warmer at its equator than at its poles. The underlying mechanism that causes this is unknown. The reason for the Sky's axial tilt is also not known for sure, but the usual speculation is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-like protoplanet collides with Uranus, causing the warped orientation. [64] Research by Jacob Kegerreis of Durham University suggests that tilting slope from a rock larger than Earth that crashed into the planet 3 to 4 billion years ago. [65] The south pole of Uranus was facing almost directly at the Sun at the time of Voyager 2's flight in 1986. The labelling of this pole as a south uses the definition currently adopted by the International Astronomical Union, namely that the north pole of a planet or satellite is the pole that points above the unchanged level of the Solar System, regardless of the direction the planet rotates. [66] [67] A different convention is sometimes used, in which the north and south poles of a body are defined according to the right rule in relation to the direction of rotation. [68] Visibility The average apparent sky size is 5.68 with a standard deviation of 0.17, while the edges are 5.38 and +6.03. [17] This brightness range is close to the limit of naked eye visibility. Much of the variability depends on planetary latitudes illuminated by the Sun and projected from Earth. [69] Its angular diameter is between 3.4 and 3.7 arcseconds, compared to 16 to 20 arcseconds for Saturn and 32 to 45 arcseconds for Jupiter. [70] In contrast, Uranus is visible to the naked eye in the dark skies, and becomes an easy target even in urban conditions with binoculars. [6] In larger amateur telescopes with an objective diameter between 15 and 23 cm, Uranus appears as a pale blue disk with distinct edge darkening. With a large telescope 25 cm or wider, cloud patterns, as well as some of the largest satellites, such as Titania and Oberon, may be visible. [71] Physical features Internal Structure Comparison size of The Earth and Sky Diagram of the interior of the mass of Uranus is about 14.5 times that of Earth, making it the least huge of the giant planets. Its diameter is slightly larger than Neptune's at about four times that of Earth. A resulting density of 1.27 g/cm3 makes Uranus the second least dense planet, after Saturn. [10] [11] This value indicates that it is made primarily by various ices, such as water, ammonia, and methane. [15] The total mass of ice inside Uranus is not exactly known because different elements appear depending on the model chosen. It must be between 9.3 and 13.5 Earth masses. [15] [72] Hydrogen and helium make up only a small part of the total, with between 0.5 and 1.5 Earth masses. [15] The remainder of the non-ice mass (0.5 to 3.7 Earth masses) is calculated from the rocky material. [15] The standard model of the structure of Uranus is that it consists of three layers: a rocky (silica/iron-nickel) core in the center, an icy in the middle and an external gas hydrogen/helium envelope. [15] [73] The core is relatively small, with a mass of only 0.55 Earth masses and a radius of less than 20% of Heaven. the mantle consists of its volume, with approximately 13.4 Earth masses, and the upper atmosphere is relatively weighing about 0.5 Earth masses and expanding for the last 20% of the radius of Heaven. [15] [73] The core density of Uranus is approximately 9 g/cm3, with a pressure at the center of 8 million blocks (800 GPa) and a temperature of about 5000 K.[72][73] The ice mantle does not actually consist of ice in the conventional sense, but of a hot and dense fluid consisting of water, ammonia and other volatiles. [15] [73] This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water-ammonia ocean. [74] Extreme pressure and temperature deep within Uranus can dissolve methane molecules, with carbon atoms condensed into the crystals of the diamond raining down through the mantle like quartz. [75] [76] [77] Very high pressure experiments at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may include an ocean of liquid diamond, with suspended solid diamond-bergs. [78] [79] Scientists also believe that solid diamond rainfall occurs in Uranus, as well as in Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune. [80] [81] The mass compositions of Uranus and Neptune are different from those of Jupiter and Saturn, with ice dominating over gases, thus taking into account their separate classification as ice giants. There may be a layer of ionic water where water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down hyperion water in which oxygen crystallizes but hydrogen ions move freely within the oxygen grid. [82] Although the model considered above is reasonably standard, it is not unique. other models also satisfy the comments. For example, if significant amounts of hydrogen and rocky material are mixed into the ice mantle, the total ice mass inside will be lower and, respectively, the total rock and hydrogen mass will be higher. Currently available data does not allow the scientific determination of the model that is correct. [72] The fluid internal structure of Uranus means that it has no solid surface. The gaseous atmosphere gradually transitions to the internal liquid layers. [15] For convenience, a rotating asplic spheroidal set at the point where the atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar (100 kPa) is conditionally characterized as a surface. It has equatorial and polar rays of 25,559 ± 4 kilometers (15,881.6 ± 2.5 miles) and 24,973 ± 20 kilometers (15,518 ± 12 miles), respectively. [10] This surface is used throughout this article as a zero point for altitudes. Sky's internal heat appears significantly lower than that of other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low thermal flow. [83] Why Sky's internal temperature is so low is not yet understood. Neptune, which is the nearby twin of Uranus in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times more energy in space than it receives from the Sun,[23] but Uranus radiates almost no excessive heat. Total power from Uranus to distant infrared (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is 1.06±0.08 times the solar energy absorbed into its atmosphere. [16] [84] The heat flow of Uranus is only 0.042±0.047 W/m2, which is lower than the Earth's internal heat flow of approximately 0.075 W/m2. [84] The lowest temperature recorded in the Sky's tropasis is 49 K (−224.2 °C; −371.5 °F), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System. [16] [84] One of the assumptions about this discrepancy suggests that when Uranus was hit by a super massive impactor, which forced him to expel most of his primordial heat, he was left with an exhausted core temperature. [85] This impact hypothesis is also used in some attempts to explain the axial tilt of the planet. Another hypothesis is that there is some form of barrier in the upper layers of Uranus that prevents the core's heat from reaching the surface. [15] For example, the synagogue may take place in a set of synthetically different layers, which may inhibit the transfer of heat upwards. [16] [84] perhaps the double diffusion of the synagogue is a limiting factor. [15] Atmosphere Main article: Atmosphere of the Sky atmosphere taken during the Outer Planet Atmosphere Legacy (OPAL) program. [86] Although there is no well-defined solid surface inside Uranus, the outer part of the Sky envelope gas accessible to remote sensing is called its atmosphere. [16] The remote sensing capacity extends to approximately 300 km below level 1 bar (100 kPa), with a corresponding pressure of approximately 100 bar (10 MPa) and a temperature of 320 K (47 °C, 116 °F). [87] The weak thermoseed extends over two planetary rays from the nominal surface, which is defined to be at a pressure of 1 bar. [88] The uranium atmosphere can be divided into three layers: the troposphere, between altitudes −300 and 50 km (−186 and 31 mi) and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar (10 MPa to 10 kPa) the stratosphere, extending at altitudes between 50 and 4,000 km (31 and 2,485 mi) and pressures between 0,1 and 10−10 bar (10 kPa to 10 μPa); and the thermose that extends from 4,000 kilometers up to 50,000 kilometers from the surface. [16] There is no mesosphere. Composition The composition of The Sky's atmosphere is different from its bulk, consisting mainly of molecular hydrogen and helium. [16] The molecular helium fraction, i.e. the number of helium atoms per gas molecule, is 0.15±0.03[20] in the upper troposphere, which corresponds to a mass fraction of 0.26±0.05. [16] [84] This value is close to the proto-solar fraction of helium mass 0.275±0.01,[89] showing that the sun is not installed in its center as it has been gas giants. [16] The third most abundant component of The Sky's atmosphere is methane (CH4). [16] Methane has prominent absorption zones in visible and near infrared (IR), making Uranus blue-green or blue. [16] Methane molecules represent 2.3% 2.3% atmosphere by molecular fraction below the methane cloud deck at pressure level 1,3 bar (130 kPa); this represents about 20 to 30 times the abundance of carbon found in the Sun. [16] [19] [90] The mixing ratio[i] is much lower in the upper atmosphere due to its extremely low temperature, which reduces the saturation level and causes excess methane to freeze out. [91] Plenty of less volatile compounds such as ammonia, water, and hydrogen sulphide in the deep atmosphere are little known. They are probably also higher than solar values. [16] [92] Together with methane, traces of various hydrocarbons are found in the stratosphere of Uranus, which are believed to be produced by methane by photolyse caused by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. [93] They include ethane (C2H6), acetyline (C2H2), methylacetyline (CH3C2H) and diacetyline (C2HC2H). [91] [94] [95] Spectroscopy has also revealed traces of water vapour, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the upper atmosphere, which can only come from an external source, such as dust and comets we enter. [94] [95] [96] Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere and is characterized by a decrease in temperature at altitude. [16] The temperature drops from about 320 K (47 °C, 116 °F) at the base of the nominal troposphere to −300 km to 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) at 50 km.[87][90] Temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the troposphere) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57 K (−224 and −216 °C; −371 and −357 °F) depending on planetary latitude. [16] [83] The tropopause region is responsible for the vast majority of Sky's thermal distant infrared emissions, thus setting the effective temperature of 59.1 ± 0.3 K (−214.1 ± 0.3 °C− −353.3 ± 0.5 °). [83] [84] The troposphere is considered to have an extremely complex cloud structure; (2 to 4 MPa), ammonia or hydrogen sulphide clouds between 3 and 10 bar (0.3 and 1 MPa) and finally fine methane clouds are detected immediately at 1 to 2 bar (0.1 to 0.2 MPa). [16] [19] [87] [97] The troposphere is a dynamic part of the atmosphere, showing strong winds, bright clouds and seasonal changes. [23] Aurorae upper atmosphere in Uranus obtained by space telescope imaging spectrometer (STIS) installed in Hubble. [98] The middle layer of the uranium atmosphere is the stratosphere, where the temperature generally rises at an altitude of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) in the troponse to between 800 and 850 K (527 and 577 °C; 980 and 1,070 °F) in the of the thermospable. [88] The heating of the stratosphere is caused by the absorption of solar UV and IR radiation from methane and other hydrocarbons,[99] which in this part of the atmosphere as a result of methane photolysis. [93] Heat is also carried out by the hot water heater. [99] Hydrocarbons occupy a relatively narrow layer at altitudes between 100 and 300 km corresponding to a pressure range of 1000 to 10 Pa and temperatures between 75 and 170 K (−198 and −103 °C, −325 and −154 °F). [91] [94] The most abundant hydrocarbons are methane, acetyline and ethane with mixing ratios of approximately 10−7 relative to hydrogen. The mixing ratio of carbon monoxide is similar at these altitudes. [91] [94] [96] Heavier hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide have mixing ratios three orders of magnitude lower. [94] The abundance ratio of water is approximately 7×10−9. [95] Ethane and acetyline tend to condense into the colder lower part of the stratosphere and troponse (below the 10 mBar level) forming layers of fog,[93] which may be partly responsible for the mild appearance of Uranus. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the Uranus stratosphere above the fog is significantly lower than in the stratosphere of other giant planets. [91] [100] The outer layer of the Urania atmosphere is the thermoseal and corona, which has a uniform temperature of approximately 800 to 850 K.[16][100] The sources of heat necessary to maintain such a high level are not understood, as neither solar UV nor auroral activity can provide the energy necessary to maintain these temperatures. Low cooling efficiency due to the lack of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere above the pressure level of 0.1 mBar can also contribute. [88] [100] In addition to molecular hydrogen, the corona thermoseal contains many free hydrogen atoms. Their small mass and high temperatures explain why the corona extends up to 50,000 kilometers (31,000 miles), or two sky rays, from its surface. [88] [100] This extended corona is a unique feature of Heaven. [100] Its effects include an attraction to small molecules orbiting Uranus, causing a general depletion of dust in the heavenly rings. [88] The uranium thermosphere, together with the upper part of the stratosphere, corresponds to the ionosphere of Uranus. [90] Observations indicate that the ionosphere occupies altitudes from 2,000 to 10,000 kilometers (1,200 to 6,200 miles). [90] The uranium ionosphere is denser than that of Saturn or Neptune, which can result from the low concentration of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere. [100] [101] The ionosphere is mainly supported by solar UV radiation and its density depends on solar activity. [102] Auroral activity is insignificant compared to Jupiter and Saturn. [103] Atmosphere of the Sky Temperature Profile of the heavenly troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Cloud and fog layers are also indicated. The zoonic wind accelerates in Heaven. Shaded areas show the southern collar and its future northern counterpart. The red curve is a symmetrical adjustment to the data. Magnetosphere The Magnetic Field of Sky Sky observed by Voyager 2 in 1986. S and N are magnetic south and north poles. Prior to Voyager 2's arrival, no measurements of the sky magnetosphere had been made, so its nature remained a mystery. Before 1986, scientists expected that The Magnetic Field of Uranus would be aligned with the solar wind, because it would then align with the poles of Uranus that are in the elyptic. [104] Voyager's observations revealed that Uranus' magnetic field is peculiar, both because it does not come from its geometric center, and because it tilts at 59° from the axis of rotation. [104] [105] In fact, the magnetic dipole shifts from the center of Uranus to the southern rotary pole by as much as one-third of the planetary radius. [104] This unusual geometry leads to an extremely asymmetric magnetosphere, where the force of the magnetic field on the surface in the southern hemisphere can be as low as 0.1 gauss (10 μT), while in the northern hemisphere it can be as high as 1.1 gauss (110 μT). [104] The average field on the surface is 0.23 gauss (23 μT). [104] Studies of Voyager 2 data in 2017 show that this asymmetry causes The Sky's magnetosphere to connect to the solar wind once a day of Heaven, opening the planet to the Sun's particles. [106] By comparison, the Earth's magnetic field is about as strong at each pole, and its magnetic equator is roughly parallel to its geographic equator. [105] The bipolar moment of Heaven is 50 times greater than that of Earth. [104] [105] Neptune has a similarly displaced and inclined magnetic field, suggesting that this may be a common feature of ice giants. [105] One hypothesis is that, unlike the magnetic fields of terrestrial and gaseous giants, produced within their nuclei, the magnetic fields of ice giants are produced by motion at relatively shallow depths, for example, in the water-ammonia ocean. [74] [107] Another possible explanation for the alignment of the magnetosphere is that there are oceans of liquid diamond inside Uranus that would discourage the magnetic field. [78] The magnetic field of Uranus (animation; March 25, 2020) Despite its strange alignment, in other respects the uranium magnetosphere is like those of other planets: it has a shock arc in about 23 uranium rays in front of it, a magnetopaysm in the 18 Uranus rays, a fully developed magnetolia, and radiation zones. [104] [105] [108] Overall, the structure of The Sky's magnetosphere is different from Jupiter's and more similar to Saturn's. [104] [105] Sky's magnetoamylas follow into space for millions of kilometres and turn from the rotation in a long opener. [104] [109] The Sky magnetosphere contains charged particles: mainly protons and electrons, with a small amount of H2+ ions. [105] [108] Many of these particles probably come from the thermose. [108] Ion and electron energies can be as high as 4 and Respectively. [108] The density of low energy ions (below 1 kiloelectronicvolt) in the internal magnetosphere is approximately 2 cm−3. [110] The particle population is strongly influenced by the Uranian moons, which scan through the magnetosphere, leaving noticeable gaps. [108] The particle flow is high enough to cause dark or space weather conditions on their surfaces on an astronomically rapid time scale of 100,000 years. [108] This may be the cause of the uniformly dark colouring of The Urian Satellites and Rings. [111] Uranus has a relatively well developed aurorae, which are considered as bright arcs around the two magnetic poles. [100] Unlike Jupiter's, Uranus's aurorae seems to be insignificant to the energy balance of the planetary thermocable. [103] In March 2020, NASA astronomers reported the detection of a large atmospheric magnetic bubble, also known as a plasmoid, released into space from the planet Uranus, after re-evaluating old data recorded by the Voyager 2 space probe during a flight of the planet in 1986. [112] [113] Climate Main article: Climate of the southern hemisphere of Uranus in approximate natural color (left) and at shorter wavelengths (right), showing its faint cloud zones and atmospheric hood as seen by Voyager 2 In ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, The atmosphere of Uranus is mild compared to other giant planets, even with Neptune , which otherwise looks a lot like. [23] When Voyager 2 flew from Uranus in 1986, it observed a total of ten cloud features across the planet. [21] [114] One suggested explanation for this lack of features is that the internal heat of Uranus appears significantly lower than that of other giant planets. The lowest temperature recorded in the Sky Tropic is 49 K (−224 °C, −371 °F), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System. [16] [84] Banded structure, winds and clouds In 1986, Voyager 2 found that the visible southern hemisphere of Uranus can be subdivided into two regions: a bright polar cap and dark equatorial zones. [21] Their limit is approximately −45° latitude. A narrow band that overlaps the latitudinal area from −45 to −50° is the brightest large feature on its visible surface. [21] [115] It is called the southern collar. The lid and collar are believed to be a dense area of methane clouds located within the pressure range of 1.3 to 2 bar (see above). [116] In addition to the large-scale sliding structure, Voyager 2 observed ten small bright clouds, most located several north of the collar. [21] In all other respects Uranus looked like a dynamically dead planet in 1986. Voyager 2 arrived during the height of the southern summer of Uranus and could not observe the northern hemisphere. In the early 21st century, when the northern polar region came into view, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Keck initially didn't notice a single collar collar polar cover in the northern hemisphere. [115] Thus Uranus appeared to be asymmetrical: bright near the south pole and uniformly dark in the area north of the southern collar. [115] In 2007, when Uranus passed its equinox, the southern collar almost disappeared, and a faint northern collar appeared close to 45° of latitude. [117] The first dark spot observed in Uranus. Picture taken by HST ACS in 2006. In the 1990s, the number of observed bright features of the cloud increased significantly in part because new high-resolution imaging techniques became available. [23] Most were found in the northern hemisphere as it began to become visible. [23] An early explanation -that bright clouds are easier to identify in its dark part, while in the southern hemisphere their bright collar masks - turned out to be incorrect. [118] [119] However, there are differences between the clouds of each hemisphere. In the northern clouds will be denser, more intense and bright. [119] They appear to be at a higher altitude. [119] The life span of clouds extends to several size classes. Some small clouds live for hours; at least one southern cloud may have persisted from the Voyager 2 flyby. [23] [114] Recent observation also discovered that cloud features in Uranus have much in common with those on Neptune. [23] For example, the dark spots common to Neptune had never been observed in Uranus before 2006, when the first such feature called the Dark Spot of Heaven was illustrated. [120] Speculation is that Uranus becomes more Neptune-like during its equinoxial era. [121] Monitoring of numerous cloud features allowed the identification of zonesic winds blowing in the upper troposphere of Heaven. [23] At the equator the winds are regressive, meaning they blow in the reverse direction in the planetary rotation. Their speeds are from −360 to −180 km/h (−220 to −110 mph). [23] [115] Wind speeds increase at the distance from the equator, reaching zero values near latitude ±20°, where the minimum temperature of the troposphere is located. [23] [83] Closer to the poles, the winds shift in a pre- changing direction, flowing with the rotation of Heaven. Wind speeds continue to rise to a maximum of ±60° latitude before falling to zero at the poles. [23] Wind speeds at latitude −40° range from 540 to 720 km/h (340 to 450 mph). Because the collar obscures all the clouds below this parallel, the speeds between it and the south pole are impossible to measure. [23] maximum speeds of 860 km/h (540 mph) near latitude +50° are observed in the northern hemisphere. [23] [115] [122] Seasonal Sky variant in 2005. The rings, the southern collar and a bright cloud in the northern hemisphere are visible (HST ACS image). For a short period of time from March to May 2004, large clouds appeared in the heavenly atmosphere, giving it a Neptune-like appearance. [119] [123] The comments included a record speeds of 820 km/h (510 mph) and a persistent storm referred to as Fourth of July fireworks. [114] On August 23, 2006, researchers from the Institute of Space Science (Boulder, Colorado) and the University of Wisconsin observed a dark spot on the surface of Uranus, giving scientists more insight into Sky's atmospheric activity. [120] Because this sudden increase in activity is not fully known, but it seems that the extreme axial slope of Uranus leads to extreme seasonal fluctuations in its weather. [63] [121] Determining the nature of this seasonal variation is difficult because good elements in The Sky's atmosphere have existed for less than 84 years, or a full year. Photometry during the half year of Urania (early 1950s) has shown regular variation in brightness in two spectral zones, with the most occurring in the solstice and the few occurring in the equinoxes. [124] A similar periodic variation, with maxima in the solstice, has been noted in the microwave measurements of the deep troposphere that began in the 1960s. [125] Stratospheric temperature measurements beginning in the 1970s also showed maximum values near the 1986 solstice. [99] The majority of this variability is considered to occur due to changes in examination geometry. [118] There is some evidence that natural seasonal changes occur in Uranus. Although Uranus is known to have a bright southern polar region, the north pole is quite dim, which is incompatible with the seasonal change model described above. [121] During its previous northern solstice in 1944, Uranus showed elevated brightness levels, suggesting that the north pole was not always so dim. [124] This information suggests that the visible pole illuminates some time before the solstice and darkens after the equinox. [121] Detailed analysis of visible and microwave elements revealed that periodic changes in brightness are not completely symmetrical around the solstice, which also indicates a change in meridianal albedo patterns. [121] In the 1990s, as Uranus moved away from its solstice, Hubble and terrestrial telescopes revealed that the southern polar cap darkened noticeably (except for the southern collar, which remained bright),[116] while the northern hemisphere showed increasing activity,[114] such as cloud formations and stronger winds, reinforcing expectations that it should soon brighten. [119] This actually happened in 2007 when an equinox passed: a faint northern polar collar emerged, and the southern collar became almost although the zone profile of the wind remained slightly asymmetric, with the north winds being somewhat slower than the south. [117] The mechanism of these natural changes is not yet clear. [121] Near the summer and winter solstices, the hemispheres of Heaven alternately lie either in the full reflection of the Sun's rays or facing deep space. The glow of his the sunny hemisphere is believed to result from local thickening of methane clouds and fog layers found in the troposphere. [116] The bright collar at latitude −45° is also associated with methane clouds. [116] Other changes in the southern polar region can be explained by changes in lower cloud layers. [116] The variation of microwave emission from Uranus is probably caused by changes in deep trospheric circulation, because thick polar clouds and fog can block the synagogue. [126] Now that the spring and autumn equinoxes reach Uranus, the dynamics change and the synagogue may reappear. [114] [126] Formation Main article: Formation and evolution of the solar system For details of the evolution of the orbit of Uranus, see Nice model. Many argue that the differences between ice giants and gas giants extend to their formation. [127] [128] The solar system is believed to have formed from a giant rotating sphere of gas and dust known as the pre-solar nebula. Much of the nebula's gas, mainly hydrogen and helium, formed the Sun, and dust grains collected together to form the first protoplanets. As the planets grew, some of them eventually approached enough matter for their gravity to hold the rest of the nebula gas. [127] [128] The more gas they held up, the larger they became The larger they became, the more gas they held until a critical point was reached, and their size began to grow exponentially. The ice giants, with only a few Earth-like masses of nebula gas, never reached this critical point. [127] [128] [129] Recent simulations of planetary migration have suggested that both ice giants formed closer to the sun than their present locations, and moved outwards after formation (the Nice Model). [127] Moons Main article: Moons of Heaven See also: Timeline of the discovery of the planets of the Solar System and their natural satellites Important moons of Uranus in order of increasing distance (from left to right), in their appropriate relative sizes and albedos (collage voyager 2 photos) The Sky system (NACO/VLT image) Uranus has 27 known natural satellites. [129] The names of these satellites are chosen by the characters in the works of Shakespeare and Alexander pope. [73] [130] The five main satellites are Miranda, Ariel, Umbrella, Titania, and Oberon. [73] The Uranian satellite system is the least massive among those giant planets the combined mass of the five large satellites would be less than half that of Triton (larger Poseidon) alone. [11] The largest of Uranus's satellites, Titania, has a radius of only 788.9 km (490.2 mi), or less than half that of the Moon, but slightly more than Rhea, Saturn's second largest satellite, making Titania the eighth largest moon in the solar system. Sky's satellites have relatively low albedos; ranging from 0.20 for Umbrella to 0.35 for Ariel (in green light). [21] [21] are ice-rock groups consisting of about 50% ice and 50% rock. Ice can include ammonia and carbon dioxide. [111] [131] Among the Urian satellites, Ariel seems to have the newest surface with fewer impact craters and Umbrella is the oldest. [21] [111] Miranda has canyons damage 20 kilometers (12 miles) deep, terraced layers, and a chaotic variation in surface ages and features. [21] Miranda's previous geological activity is believed to have been driven by tidal heating at a time when its orbit was more eccentric than this period, probably as a result of a previous 3:1 orbital reseal with Umbrella. [132] The expansion processes associated with upwelling diapirs are the possible origin of miranda-like coronae track. [133] [134] Ariel is believed to have been held once in a 4:1 echo with Titania. [135] Uranus has at least one orbiting petal occupying the sun-uranus point L3 Lagrangian-a gravitationally unstable region at 180° in its orbit, 83982 Crantor. [136] [137] Crandor moves through the co-orbital region of Uranus in a complex, temporary horseshoe orbit. In 2010 EU65 is also a promising candidate for the Horseshoe of Heaven. [137] Planetary Rings Main Article: Rings of Heaven The Uranian rings consist of extremely dark particles, which vary in size from micrometers to a fraction of a meter. [21] Thirteen distinct rings are currently known, the brightest is the e ring. All but two rings of Heaven are extremely narrow - they are usually a few kilometers wide. The rings are probably quite small; Dynamic estimates indicate that they were not formed with Uranus. The theme in the rings may once have been part of a moon (or moons) destroyed by high-speed impacts. Of many pieces of debris formed as a result of these impacts, only a few particles survived, in fixed zones corresponding to the positions of today's rings. [111] [138] William Herschel described a possible ring around Uranus in 1789. This observation is generally considered doubtful, because the rings are quite faint, and in the next two centuries none were observed by other observers. Still, Herschel made an accurate description of the size of the epsilon ring, its angle on Earth, its red color, and its obvious changes as Uranus traveled around the sun. [139] [140] The ring system was definitively discovered on March 10, 1977 by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Jessica Mink using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. The discovery was accidental. they planned to use the occult star SAO 158687 (also known as HD 128598) of Uranus to study its atmosphere. When their observations were analyzed, they found that the star had briefly disappeared from view five times both before and after it disappeared behind Uranus. They concluded that there must be a ring system around Uranus. [141] They later identified four additional rings. [141] Rings rings immediately absent when Voyager 2 crossed Uranus in 1986. [21] Voyager 2 also discovered two additional faint rings, bringing the total number to eleven. [21] In December 2005, the Hubble Space Telescope detected a pair of previously unknown rings. The largest is located twice as far from Uranus as the previously known rings. These new rings are so far from Heaven that they are called the outer ring system. Hubble also spotted two small satellites, one of which, Mab, shares its orbit with the most outer newly discovered ring. The new rings bring the total number of heavenly rings to 13. [142] In April 2006, images of new rings from the Keck Observatory yielded the colors of the outer rings: the exterior is blue and the other red. [143] [144] One hypothesis about the blue color of the outer ring is that it consists of small particles of water ice from the surface of the Mab that are small enough to scatter the blue light. [143] [145] On the contrary, the inner rings of Heaven appear gray. [143] Rings of Heaven Cartoons to discover occultism in 1977. (Click on it to get started) [138] The sky aurora against its equatorial rings, illustrated by the Hubble Telescope. Unlike the aurora of Earth and Jupiter, those of Uranus are not according to its poles because of its one-sided magnetic field. Exploration Main article: Exploration of Uranus Crescent Sky as pictured from Voyager 2 while en route to Neptune In 1986, NASA's Voyager 2 interplanetary probe encountered Uranus. This flight remains the only Sky search conducted from a short distance and no other visits have been scheduled. Launched in 1977, Voyager 2 made its closest approach to Uranus on January 24, 1986, coming within 81,500 kilometers (50,600 miles) of cloud peaks, before continuing its journey to Neptune. The spacecraft studied the structure and chemical composition of The Sky's atmosphere,[90] including its unique weather, caused by the axial gradient of 97.77°. She did the first detailed surveys of her five largest moons and discovered 10 new ones. He examined all nine known rings in the system and discovered two more. [21] [111] [146] He also studied the magnetic field, its abnormal structure, its inclination and the unique magnetotail of the cork caused by the lateral orientation of Uranus. [104] Voyager 1 was unable to visit Uranus The search for Saturn's moon Titan was considered a priority. This orbit took Voyager 1 out of the elyptic plane, ending its planetary scientific mission. [147]:118 The possibility of sending the Cassini spacecraft from Saturn to Uranus was assessed during a mission expansion planning phase in 2009, but was ultimately rejected in favor of its destruction in Saturn's atmosphere. [148] It would take about twenty years to in the uric system after Saturn's departure. [148] A celestial orbiter and a detector were proposed by the planetary scientific decimal research 2013-2022 published in 2011. the proposal foresees the launch in 2020-2023 of a 13-year cruise to Uranus. [149] A Sky entrance detector could use venus champion Multiprobe legacy and descend into 1-5 atmospheres. [149] ESA evaluated a mid-range mission called Sky Pathfinder. [150] A new Border Uranus Orbiter has been evaluated and recommended in the study, The Case for an Uranus Orbiter. [151] Such a mission is enhanced by the ease with which a relatively large mass can be sent to the system-over 1500 kg with an Atlas 521 and a 12-year journey. [152] For more concepts see Suggested Sky Missions. In civilization In astrology, the planet Uranus () is the planet that rules Aquarius. Because Uranus is blue and Uranus is connected to electricity, the color electric blue, which is close to blue, is associated with the sign Aquarius[153] (see Uranus in astrology). The celestial chemical element, discovered in 1789 by German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, is named after the then newly discovered Uranus. [154] Uranus, The Magician is a movement in Gustav Holst's orchestral suite The Planets, written between 1914 and 1916. Operation Uranus was the successful military operation in World War II by the Red Army to take back Stalingrad and marked the turning point in the ground war against the Wehrmacht. The lines Then I felt like an observer of the skies / When a new planet swims in ken's, by John Keats of On First Looking into Chapman's Homer, it's a reference to Herschel's discovery of Heaven. [155] In English popular culture, humor often comes from the common pronunciation of the name of Heaven, which resembles that of the phrase your anus. [156] See also portal of the solar system Outline of Heaven 2011 QF99 and 2014 YX49, the only two known uralus trojans Colonization of Heaven Alien Diamonds (believed to be abundant in Heaven) Uranus in Sky astrology in fantasy notes ^ These are the means elements from VSOP87, along with derived quantities. ^ a b c d e f c Refers to the atmospheric pressure level of 1 bar. ^ Calculated using data from Seidelmann, 2007. [10] ^ Based on the volume within the level of atmospheric pressure 1 bar. ^ Its calculation, H2 and CH4 of molecular fractions is based on a mixing ratio of 2.3% of methane in hydrogen and 15/85 He/H2 ratios measured in tropopause. ^ Because, in the English-speaking world, the It sounds like Your Anus, the previous accent also saves embarrassment: as Pamela Gay, an astronomer at southern Illinois University s/. And then run, quick. [40] ^ Cf. (not supported supported all fonts) ^ Cf. (not supported by all fonts) ^ The blend ratio is defined as the number of molecules of a compound per hydrogenلnلrﻟﻞof Edwardsville, noted on her podcast, to avoid being entertained by any young students... if in doubt, do not highlight anything and just say /◊j s/, is the expected. The BBC's pronunciationلnلrرﻟﻞ/ ,molecule. References ^ a b Sky. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (A subscription or subscription or subscription to the UK Public Library is required.) ^ a b Because the vowel a is short in both Greek and Latin, the previous pronunciation unit notes that this pronunciation is the preferred use of astronomers: Olausson, Lena; Sangster, Katherine (2006). The BBC Oxford guide to pronunciation. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-19-280710-6. ^ Uranian. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (A subscription or subscription or subscription to the UK Public Library is required.) ^ a b c Munsell, Kirk (May 14, 2007). NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sky: Events & Numbers. Nasa. Retrieved August 13, 2007. ^ Seligman, Courtney. Rotation period and day duration. Retrieved August 13, 2009. ^ α β γ δ ε φ γ χ ι Ουίλιαμς, Δρ Δαβίδ Ρ. (31 Ιανουαρίου 2005). Sky Newsletter. Nasa. Archived from the original on 19 December 1996. Retrieved August 10, 2007. ^ The meanPlane (unchanged level) of the solar system passing through the barycenter. 3 April 2009. Archived from the original on April 20, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2019. (Produced with Solex 10. 19 February 2003. Archived from the original on 13 April 2003. Retrieved on 1 August 2019. Written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also Unchanged Plane) ^ JPL Horizons for Heaven (mb=799) and Observer Position: @Sun ^ Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.? Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Franku, C.? Laskar, J. (February 1994). Numerical expressions for precision types and mean data for the Moon and planets. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 (2): 663–683. Bibcode:1994A&A... 282..663S. ^ a b b d e f c c i Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.? A'Hearn, Michael F.? et al. (2007). Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotary Data: 2006. Heavenly Engineering and Dynamic Astronomy. 98 (3): 155–180. Bibcode:2007CeMDA.. 98..155S. doi:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y. ^ a b c Jacobson, R. A.? Campbell, J.K.? Taylor, A.H.? Synnott, S.P. (June 1992). The masses of Uranus and its main satellites from Voyager tracking data and Uranian Earth satellite data. The Astronomical Journal. 103 (6): 2068–2078. Bibcode:1992AJ.... 103.2068J. doi:10.1086/116211. ^ de Pater, Imke Lisauer, Jack J. (2015). Planetary (2nd update ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0521853712. ^ Pearl, J.C.; et al. (1990). 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Bode, Johan Eert (1784). Von dem neu entdeckten Planeten. Von dem Noi Eddekten Pladen. bey dem Verfasser [etc.] Bibcode:1784vdne.book ..... B. doi:10.3931/e-rara-1454. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Gore, Rick (August 1986). Sky: Voyager visits a dark planet. National Geographic. Volume 170 No. p. 178–194. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454. External Links The Sister of Wikipedia Outdoors From Wikimedia Commons News from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Excerpts from Wikisource Texts from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Ranus to the Encyclopedia Britannica Uranus in the Uranus newsletter of nasa's European Space Agency in Urarus. Uranus in the planetary photojournalist of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (photos) Voyager in Heaven (photos) Uranus (Astronomy Cast homepage) (blog) Uranian editing system (photo) Gray, Meghan; Maryfield, Michael (2010). Sky. Sixty symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham. How to Pronounce Uranus by CGP Grey Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the Uranian system Retrieved from 2 15 Orionis Location of 15 Orionis (circled) Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 Constellation Orion Right ascension 05h 09m 41.96481s[1] Declination 15° 35′ 49.9051″[1] Apparent magnitude (V) 4.82[2] Characteristics Spectral type F2IV[3] U−B color index +0.19[2] B−V color index +0.32[2] AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)+28.79[4] km/sProper motion (μ) RA: −3.105[1] mas/yr Dec.: –3.444[1] mas/yr Parallax (π)9.5097 ± 0.2951[1] masDistance340 ± 10 ly (105 ± 3 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)−0.04[5] Details15 Ori AMass3.42±0.67[6] M☉Radius5.9[7] R☉Luminosity300[6] L☉Surface gravity (log g)3.75[8] cgsTemperature7 ,161+50−49[6] KMetallicity [Fe/H]+0.21[8] dexRotational speed (v sin i)60[6] km/s Other determinations 15 Ori, BD+15°752, GC 6306, HD 33276, HIP 24010, HR 1676, SAO 94359, CCDM J05097+1536AB, WDS J05097+1536AB The database refers toSIMBADdata 15 Orionis is a suspect astrometric binary[9] star system in the equatorial constellation of Orion, near the border with Taurus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white star with an apparent visual size of 4.82. [2] The system is about 340 light years away from the sun based on parallax. It moves further from Earth at a heliocentric radial speed of +29 km/s,[4] having reached within 69 light years about three million years ago. [5] The main ingredient is an early subgiant star with a stellar classification F2 IV,[3] a star that has depleted the hydrogen in its core and is beginning to evolve into a giant. It has 3.42[6] times the mass of the sun and 5.9[7] times the radius of the sun. The star still has a relatively high rotation rate, showing a predicted rotational speed of 60 km/s.[6] Radiates 300 times the brightness of the sun from its expanding photocell to an effective temperature of 7,161 K.[6] It has a suspicious companion, component B, in a separation of 0.3. [10] References ^ a b c d e Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia cooperation) (August 2018). Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the content and properties of the survey. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A... 616A... 1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source in VizieR. ^ a b c d Ducati, J. R. (2002). VizieR Online Data Catalog: List of stellar photometry in Johnson's 11-color system. CDS/ADC Electronic Catalog Collection. 2237. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237.... 0D. ^ a b Hoffleit, D.? Warren, W. H. (1995). VizieR Online Data Catalog: Bright Star Catalog, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit +, 1991). Vizier Online Data Catalog: V/50. Originally published as: 1964BS.... C...... 0H. 5050. Bibcode:1995yCat.5050.... 0H. ^ a b Masarooti, Alessandro? Latham, David G.? Stefanik, Robert P.? Fogel, Jeffrey (2008). Rotary and radial speeds for a sample of 761 Hipparcos Giants and the role of Binarity. The Astronomical Journal. 135: 209. Bibcode:2008AJ.... 135..209M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/209. ^ a b Anderson, E.? Francis, H. (2012). XHIP: An extensive collection of hipparcos. Astronomy letters. 38 (5): 331. arXiv:1108.4971. Bibcode:2012Ast... 38..331A. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. Vizier directory entry ^ a b c d e f g Zorec, J.? Royer, F.? Aspled, Martin. Cassie, Sandy? Ramirez, Ivan? Meleedez, Jorge. Bensby, Thomas. Feltsing, Sofia (2012). Rotary star speeds of type A. IV. Evolution of rotary feet'. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 537: A120. arXiv:1201.2052. Bibcode:2012A&A... 537A.120Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117691. ^ a b Allende Prieto, C.? Lambert, D.L. (1999). Fundamental parameters of nearby stars by comparison with evolutionary calculations: Masses, rays and effective temperatures. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 352: 555. arXiv:astro-ph/9911002. Bibcode:1999A&A... 352..555A. Vizier directory entry ^ a b Wu, Yue; Singh, H.P.? Pregnil, P.? Gupta, R.? Koleva, M. (2010). Coudé-feed stellar spectral library - atmospheric parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 525: A71. arXiv:1009.1491. Bibcode:2011A&A... 525A.. 71W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015014. ^ Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovininin, A. A. (September 2008), A list of multiplicity of bright star systems', monthly announcements of the Royal Astronomical Society, 389 (2): 869-879, arXiv:0806.2878, arXiv:0806.2878, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. ^ Mason, Brian D.? Wykoff, Gary L.? Hartkopf, William A.? Douglas, Jeffrey G.? Worley, Charles E. (2001). The 2001 U.S. Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The List of Washington Double Stars. The Astronomical Journal. 122 (6): 3466. Bibcode:2001AJ.... 122.3466M. doi:10.1086/323920. Vizier Directory Entry Retrieved from

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