A-Scalendar.Qxd

Anu Engliscu gerimboc gedafenlicu eallu gear

An Englisc (Anglo-Saxon) Calendar, suitable for all years The text and pictures are by Eadmund Dunstall. The pictures are drawn after original illustrations in MS Cotton Tiberius B.V . How it Works The dates on this leaf are according to the Julian Calendar, by which our forefathers reckoned, with their modern equivalents according to the Gregorian calendar (in general use today). The right-hand column shows the dates as our forefathers would have written them, as on the right hand leaf, which is written in Englisc; although the original (Cotton Tiberius B.V) calendar was in Latin. Each month had three fixed days, the Kalends, the Nones and the Ides, from which the position of all the others was reckoned, counting backwards from the next fixed date ahead. Prid is short for pridie , Latin for ‘the day before’. The days of the major saints – the evangelists, the twelve apostles etc have not been included. The saints in the Englisc section are designated by the letter ‘H’, which stands for Halig – the English for Saint. Haligu (Hu) was the feminine, and Halige (He) was the plural form. The runic symbol Ash (Æ, æ) stands for the digraph Æ; Thorn (Þ, þ) and Eth (Ð, ð) stand for TH; and Wynn (W, w) stands for W, w.

January Æftera Geola

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 The Circumcision of Our Lord Jesus Christ Kal Ian 2 15 iiij Non Ian 3 16 iij Non Ian 4 17 Prid Non Ian 5 18 Non Ian 6 19 Sceawungtid (Epiphany) viii Id Ian St Peter, first Abbot of Canterbury, AD607 7 20 St John the Baptist vij Id Ian 8 21 St Æthelbert, Bishop in Ireland vi Id Ian St Æthelhelm, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD923 St Pega of Crowland, anchoress, Sister of Guthlac St Wulsin, Bishop of Sherborne, AD1002 9 22 St Adrian of Canterbury, Abbot v Id Ian St Berhtwald, Archbishop of Canterbury 10 23 St Sethride of East Anglia, Abbess C7 iiij Id Ian 11 24 iij Id Ian 12 25 St Benedict Bishop, founder & Abbot of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow AD629–689 Prid Id Ian 13 26 St Kentigern (Mungo), AD642 Id Ian 14 27 xviiij Kal Feb 15 28 St Ceolwulf, King of Northumbria – abdicated to become a monk xviij Kal Feb 16 29 St Fursey of East Anglia AD650 xvij Kal Feb 17 30 St Mildgyth, Abbess of Lyminge C7 xvi Kal Feb 18 31 St Wilfrid, missionary and martyr in Sweden xv Kal Feb 19 1Feb St Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester xiiij Kal Feb 20 2Feb xiij Kal Feb 21 3Feb xij Kal Feb 22 4Feb St Berhtwald, Bishop of Ramsbury AD1045 xi Kal Feb 23 5Feb x Kal Feb 24 6Feb viiij Kal Feb 25 7Feb St Sigeberht, King of East Anglia, later monk and martyr, C7 viij Kal Feb St Thordgyth of Barking, nun 26 8Feb vij Kal Feb 27 9Feb vi Kal Feb 28 10Feb St John the Wise of Malmesbury, monk v Kal Feb 29 11Feb iiij Kal Feb 30 12Feb St Balthild of Chelles, Queen iij Kal Feb 31 13Feb St Adamnan of Coldingham, monk, AD680 Prid Kal Feb St Wilgils, hermit, C7 Ianuarius Æftera Geola

Kal Ian v Id Ian xv Kal Feb vi Kal Feb Hælendes Cristes H Berhtwald, H Wilfrid, martir in ymbsnidennes Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop Sweolande v Kal Feb iiií Non Ian H Hadrian, xiiií Kal Feb H Iohan snyttre Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop H Wulf=tan, Maldufesbyrig, munuc iií Non Ian iiií Id Ian Wigoracea=tres biscop iiií Kal Feb Hu Seþride ea=tengla, xiií Kal Feb abbode{e Prid Non Ian iií Kal Feb iií Id Ian xií Kal Feb H Balthild Chelles, cwen Non Ian Prid Kal Feb Prid Id Ian xi Kal Feb H Adamnan H Benedict Biscop, viií Id Ian H Berhtwald Coldingahammes, munuc Wiramuþa-gyrwa Sceawungtid Hræfnesbyrig bi=cop H Wilgils, ancor ge=taþoliend & abbod H Petrus, ærest abbod x Kal Feb Cantwarabyrig Id Ian H Centigern vií Id Ian viiií Kal Feb H Johann fulwihtere xviiií Kal Feb vi Id Ian viií Kal Feb H Æþelberht, scotta xviií Kal Feb H Sigebeorht, biscop H Ceolwulf, Ea=tengle cyning, munuc H Æþelhelm, Norþanhymbre cyning, þe Hu Þordgyþ Berecinga munuc geweordod Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop vií Kal Feb Hu Pega cruglandes, xvií Kal Feb ancra, Guthlaces sweostor H Fursey Ea=tengle H Wulsin, Scirburnan xvi Kal Feb biscop Hu Mildgyþ, Limingæ abode{e Days of the Week Because this calendar is suitable for all years, the days of the week have not been included in the months. They were Sunnandæg = Sun Day, Monandæg = Moon day, Tiwesdæg = Tiw’s day (Tiw was the Norse god of war), Wodnesdæg = Woden’s day (the chief of the Norse gods, equivalent to Jupiter), Þunresdæg = Thunder’s day (Þor was the Norse god of thunder and lightning), Frigedæg = Frige’s day (Frige was the Norse equivalent to Venus) and Sæterndæge = Saturn’s day: a day of mirth and jollity. The civil day, like the church day, began on the evening of the previous one. For example Sunnanniht (Sunday-night) refers to what we would nowadays call Saturday night.

February Solmonað

Kal Feb vi Id Feb xvi Kal Mar viií Kal Mar Hu Æþelflæd, Seo ealdlice Æþelflæd iiií Non Feb Streonesheales abbode{e Streonesheales vií Kal Mar Candelmæ{e H Cuþman Stæninga xv Kal Mar H Gurmin, Ea=tengle Gesetnes Hælendes v Id Feb H Sigfrid, Sweona æþeling Cri=tes on templum ercebi=cop Hu Milburh, Wynloces iií Non Feb iiií Id Feb xiiií Kal Mar abbode{e H Laprens, Hu Merewenne, H Finan, Lindisfaranea vi Kal Mar Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop Hramsege abbode{e bi=cop Hu Werburh, H Trumwin, Abercornes xiií Kal Mar v Kal Mar Legaceastres abbode{e bi=cop on Scottalande H Colman, Lindisfarnea H Æþelberht, Centrices Prid Non Feb iií Id Feb biscop cyning H Ealdgeat, H Cædmon Hu Æþelu, Soppabyrig Hu Walburh Winburnan Gleawcea=tres bi=cop, Streonesheales munuc hleowhlæfdige myn=tres abbode{e martir Prid Id Feb xií Kal Mar iiií Kal Mar H Liephard, martir, H Æþelwald, Galwalas bi=cop Lindisfarnea bi=cop xi Kal Mar iií Kal Mar Non Feb Id Feb H Alnoþ Stowes ancor & Hu Hunne Elege x Kal Mar martir viií Id Feb Hu Ermenhild, Miercna Prid Kal Mar cwen, Elege abbode{e viiií Kal Mar H Herefriþ, munuc vií Id Feb H Earcpongote Elege H Oswald H Ricard Hamtun=cires, Wigoracea=tres, He Willibrordes, Eoforwices ercebi=cop Winebaldes & Waldebyrig fæder Leap Year Those who used the Julian calendar were compelled to make every fourth year a leap year, just as we do today. They called this the Annus bisextilis, because they doubled the sixth day before the Kalends of March. The increasing anomaly between the astronomical and the Julian year was apparent by the sixteenth century, when Pope Gregory XIII was persuaded to cut ten days from the year 1582, making the 15 October follow the 4 October, and making only the fourth of the end years of centuries a leap year. This ‘reform’ was adopted only by countries within the Roman obedience however. Various places followed suit at different dates – England not until AD1752: a parliamentary decision that was deeply unpopular and caused riots throughout the country. Other places such as Russia did not adopt the new calendar until even more recently. The Orthodox church still does not recognize it, and uses the original Julian calendar that she brought to the Englisc.

February (leap years) Solmonað (Annus bisextilis)

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 Kal Feb 2 15 Presentation of Our Lord Jesus Christ (Candlemas) iiij Non Feb 3 16 St Lawrence, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD619 iij Non Feb St Werburh, Abbess of Chester, c.AD700 4 17 St Aldgatu (Aldate), Bishop of Gloucester, Martyred c. AD 517 Prid Non Feb Liephard, Bishop & Martyr in France 5 18 Non Feb 6 19 viij Id Feb 7 20 St Richard of Hampshire (father of SS Willibrord, Winebald & Walburh), AD720 vij Id Feb 8 21 St Æthelflæd, Abbess of Whitby, AD720 vi Id Feb St Cuthman of Steyning, C8 9 22 v Id Feb 10 23 St Merewenne, Abbess of Ramsey, C10 iiij Id Feb St Trumwine, Bishop of Abercorn 11 24 St Cædmon of Whitby, monk AD640 iij Id Feb 12 25 St Æthelwald, Bishop of Lindisfarne AD704 Prid Id Feb 13 26 St Earmenhild, Queen of Mercia, Abbess of Ely, c.AD 700 Id Feb St Huna of Ely, AD690 14 27 The venerable Æþelflæd of Whitby xvi Kal Mar 15 28 St Sigfrid, Archbishop at Växjö in Sweden c. AD1045 xv Kal Mar 16 29 St Finan, Bishop of Lindisfarne AD661 xiiij Kal Mar 17 1Mar St Æthelu (Eudelma), patroness of Little Sodbury, Gloucestershire xiij Kal Mar St Colman, Bishop of Lindisfarne, AD676 18 2Mar xij Kal Mar 19 3Mar xi Kal Mar 20 4Mar x Kal Mar 21 5Mar St Earcongote of Ely c.AD 660 viiij Kal Mar 22 6Mar viij Kal Mar 23 7Mar St Gurmin, Prince of East Anglia, C7 vij Kal Mar St Milburh, Abbess of Wenlock, C7 24 ×2 8Mar Bis vi Kal Mar 24 9Mar vi Kal Mar 25 10Mar St Æthelberht, King of Kent, AD646 v Kal Mar St Walburh of Wimborne, Abbess in Germany, AD 779 26 11Mar iiij Kal Mar 27 12Mar St Alnoth of Stowe, hermit and martyr, c . AD700 iij Kal Mar 28 13Mar St Herefrith, monk Prid Kal Mar St Oswald, Bishop of Worcester, later Archbishop of York, AD992 Februarius (Annus bisextilis) Solmonað Kal Feb vi Id Feb xvi Kal Mar viií Kal Mar Hu Æþelflæd, Seo ealdlice Æþelflæd iiií Non Feb Streonesheales abbode{e Streonesheales vií Kal Mar Candelmæ{e H Cuþman Stæninga xv Kal Mar H Gurmin, Ea=tengle Gesetnes Hælendes v Id Feb H Sigfrid, Sweona æþeling Cri=tes on templum ercebi=cop Hu Milburh, Wynloces iií Non Feb iiií Id Feb xiiií Kal Mar abbode{e H Laprens, Hu Merewenne, H Finan, Lindisfaranea Bis vi Kal Mar Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop Hramsege abbode{e bi=cop Hu Werburh, H Trumwin, Abercornes xiií Kal Mar vi Kal Mar Legaceastres abbode{e bi=cop on Scottalande Hu Æþelu, Soppabyrig Prid Non Feb iií Id Feb hleowhlæfdige v Kal Mar H Ealdgeat, H Cædmon H Colman, Lindisfarnea H Æþelberht, Centrices Gleawcea=tres bi=cop, Streonesheales munuc biscop cyning martir Prid Id Feb xií Kal Mar Hu Walburh Winburnan H Liephard, martir, H Æþelwald, myn=tres abbode{e Galwalas bi=cop Lindisfarnea bi=cop xi Kal Mar iiií Kal Mar Non Feb Id Feb Hu Hunne Elege x Kal Mar iií Kal Mar viií Id Feb Hu Ermenhild, Miercna H Alnoþ Stowes ancor & cwen, Elege abbode{e viiií Kal Mar martir vií Id Feb H Earcpongote Elege Prid Kal Mar H Ricard Hamtun=cires, H Herefriþ, munuc He Willibrordes, H Oswald Winebaldes & Waldebyrig Wigoracea=tres, fæder Eoforwices ercebi=cop Lent In Englisc ‘Lent’ means ‘Spring’, and there are a number of words incorporating it in this sense. However Lent also referred to the period of strict fasting that led up to Easter. Everyone was expected to go to confession before the fast started, so the day was called Scriftedæg which became Shrove Tuesday, also later known as Pancake Day because all dairy produce had to be finished up before the first day of the full fast, which was Ash Wednesday, called because of the ashes which folk had smeared on their foreheads as a symbol of their repentance. The Wednesday, Friday and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent were the first Ymbrendagas, or Turning Days of the year. These are days of abstinence when alms were given, the church services were longer, and clergy were ordained. The other Ymbrendagas followed Trinity Sunday, Holy Cross and Id Dec.

March Hreþmonað

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 St Swithberht the Elder, Bishop of Frisia, AD713 Kal Mar 2 15 St Cead (Chad), Bishop of Lichfield AD672 vi Non Mar St Cynibil, AD 679 3 16 v Non Mar 4 17 St Owen of Lichfield, AD670 iiij Non Mar 5 18 iij Non Mar 6 19 St Baldred, hermit, C8 Prid Non Mar St Billfrith, hermit, C8 St Cyneburh of Castor, foundress & Abbess, AD680 St Cyneswith, Abbess of Castor, C7 St Tibba, nun of Castor, C7 7 20 St Eostorwine, Abbot of Wearmouth, AD 650–686 Non Mar 8 21 St Felix, Bishop of Dunwich, AD647 viij Id Mar 9 22 St Bosa, Archbishop of York, AD705 vij Id Mar 10 23 vi Id Mar 11 24 v id Mar 12 25 St Ælfheah, Bishop of Winchester, AD951 iiij Id Mar St Gregory the Great, Pope of Rome, Apostle of the English 13 26 St Gerald of Lindisfarne, Abbot of Innishbofin, AD732 iij Id Mar 14 27 Prid Id Mar 15 28 Id Mar 16 29 xvij Kal Apr 17 30 St Withburh of Dereham, virgin c. AD 743 xvi Kal Apr 18 31 St Eadweard the Martyr, King of England, c . AD978 xv Kal Apr St Egbert of Ripon, confessor, c . AD720 19 1Apr St Ealcmund, Prince of Northumbria, martyr, AD800 xiiij Kal Apr 20 2Apr St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, Bishop, AD 634–687 xiij Kal Apr St Herbert of Derwentwater, hermit, AD687 21 3Apr xij Kal Apr 22 4Apr xi Kal Apr 23 5Apr St Æthelwald of Farne, hermit AD699 x Kal Apr 24 6Apr St Hildelith, Abbess of Barking c. AD712 viiij Kal Apr 25 7Apr Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary (Lady Day) viij Kal Apr St Ælfwold, Bishop of Sherborne, AD1050 26 8Apr vij Kal Apr 27 9Apr St Æthild (Alkeld), martyred by the Danes: holy well at Middleham, Yorks. vi Kal Apr 28 10Apr v Kal Apr 29 11Apr iiij Kal Apr 30 12Apr St Osburh, Abbess of Coventry, c . AD1018 iii Kal Apr 31 13Apr Prid Kal Apr Martius Hreþmonað Kal Mar viií Id Mar xvií Kal Apr x Kal Apr H Swiþberht se ealda, H Felix, Dommoccea=tres H Æþelwald ancor Frysisces bi=cop bi=cop xvi Kal Apr Farene ieglandes vi Non Mar vií Id Mar Hu Wiþburh mægden viiií Kal Apr H Cead, Liccetfeldes H Bosa, Eoforwices Deorhammes H Hildeliþ Berecinges bi=cop ercebi=cop xv Kal Apr abbodesse H Cynibil vi Id Mar H Egbert andetta viií Kal Apr v Non Mar Onhripnes Eadigu Mægdennes v Id Mar H Eadweard martir Maria bodungdæg iiií Non Mar Englalandes cyning H Ælfwold, Scireburnan bi=cop H Owen Liccetfeldes iiií Id Mar xiiií Kal Apr iií Non Mar H Ælfheah, H Ealcmund vií Kal Apr Wintancea=tres bi=cop Norþanhymbres æþeling Prid Non Mar H Gregorius great, xiií Kal Apr vi Kal Apr H Baldred, ancor Englalandes apostol H Cuþbert Lindisfarnea Hu Æthild martyriod be H Billfriþ, ancor iií Id Mar biscop Dene Hu Cyneburh Cea=tres H Giraldus Lindisfarnea, H Herbert v Kal Apr hleawhlæfdige & abbode{e Boffinesieglandes abbod Derewentwæteres ancor Hu Cyneswiþ Cea=tres Prid Id Mar xií Kal Apr iiií Kal Apr abbode{e Hu Tibbe Cea=tres Id Mar xi Kal Apr iií Kal Apr nunne Hu Osburh Non Mar Cofantreowes abbodesse H Eosterwine Wiramuþes Prid Kal Apr abbod Easter April was also known as Eastermonað by our forefathers. The name Easter was originally given to a pagan spring festival, but Passover and Pascha became known as Easter. Easter is, of course, a moveable feast and the determination of when it falls necessitates the reconciliation of two calendars – the lunar and the solar. St Bede the Venerable, arguably the greatest of the Englisc scholars, published work on this subject in De Temporum Ratione, which is still used today. In early times the universal church also stipulated that Easter must fall after the Jewish Passover; a tradition that has been abandoned in the western patriarchate after the Great Schism and the Gregorian calendar ‘reform’ – the Orthodox church still celebrates Easter on a date computed according to the original church traditions. Because this calendar is suitable for all years, Easter and the other movable feasts are not marked on it, and will have to be computed from other sources each year. The Englisc names of the days were: Palm Sunday = ‘Palmdæg’, and Easter Day = ‘Easterdæg’. The three days before Ascension and 25 April (unless the latter falls on a Saturday or a Sunday) were known as Gangdagas (Rogation Days), and were observed with fasting, a tradition ordained by the Synod of Clofesho in 742. April Eastermonað

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 S Agilbert, Bishop of Dorchester-on-Thames, c . AD 690 Kal Apr 2 15 iiij Non Apr 3 16 iij Non Apr 4 17 Prid Non Apr 5 18 Non Apr 6 19 St Ealhstan, Bishop of Ramsbury, AD 981 viij Id Apr 7 20 vij Id Apr 8 21 vi Id Apr 9 22 St Theodore, Abbot of Crowland martyred with companions, AD870 v Id Apr 10 23 St Beocca, Hethor and companions, martyred by the Danes, AD870 iiij Id Apr St Hedda, Abbot of Peterborough, martyred with 84 companions, AD870 11 24 St Guthlac the hermit of Crowland, AD673–714 iij Id Apr 12 25 St Wigbert, monk and missionary Prid Id Apr 13 26 Id Apr 14 27 xviiij Kal Mai 15 28 xvij Kal Mai 16 29 xvi Kal Mai 17 30 xv Kal Mai 18 1May St Dicul, Abbot of Bosham, late C7 xiiij Kal Mai 19 2May St Ælfheah (Alphege) the martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD954–1012 xiij Kal Mai 20 3May St Cædwalla, King of Wessex, AD658–689 xij Kal Mai 21 4May xi Kal Mai 22 5May St Arwald and St Arwald, Princes of the Isle of Wight, AD686 x Kal Mai 23 6May viiij Kal Mai 24 7May St Egbert of Lindisfarne, Bishop, later of Ireland, AD729 viij Kal Mai St Ivo of Huntingdon, Bishop, hermit, relics revealed AD1001 St Mellitus, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD 624 26 9May vi Kal Mai 27 10May St Cynidr, Abbot and missionary, C6 v Kal Mai St Winewald, Abbot of Beverley 28 11May iiij Kal Mai 29 12May St Swithbert the Younger, Bishop and missionary iij Kal Mai St Wilfrid II, Archbishop of York 30 13May St Earconwald (Erkenwald), Bishop of London AD 673 Prid Kal Mai Aprilis Ea=termonað

Kal Apr iiií Id Apr xiií Kal Mai vií Kal Mai H Agilbert He Beocca, Heþor & H Ælfheah martir, Dornwaracea=tres bi=cop gesiþas martyrod be Cantwarabyrig ercebi=cop vi Kal Mar iiií Non Apr Dene xií Kal Mai H Hedda Byrg & H H Cædwalla We=tseaxna v Kal Mar Petri abbod & feower & iií Non Apr cyning H Cynidr weala abbod hundeahtatig gesiþas xi Kal Mai H Winewald Beferlices iií Id Apr Prid Non Apr abbod H Guþlac ancor x Kal Mai iiií Kal Mai Cruglandes Non Apr He Arwald & Arwald Prid Id Apr Wihtes æþelingas iií Kal Mai H Wigberht munuc viií Id Apr viiií Kal Mar H Swiþberht se geongra, Id Apr H Ealhstan bi=cop Hræfnesbyrig bi=cop viií Kal Mai H Wilfrid se geongra xviií Kal Mai Eoforwices ercebi=cop vií Id Apr H Egbert Lindisfarnea bi=cop & æfter Iri=ces Prid Kal Mai xvií Kal Mai bi=cop Ste Earconwald vi Id Apr H Ivo Huntandunes Lundenes bi=cop xvi Kal Mai bi=cop & ancor v Id Apr H Mellitus H Þeodore Cruglandes Cantwarabyrig ercebi=cop abbod & seofontig gesiþas xv Kal Mai

xiiií Kal Mai H Dicul, Bosanhammes abbod The Onset of Summer According to St Bede, Þrimilcemonað was so named because during May the cows could be milked three times a day, owing to the abundance of vegetation. Maypoles date back to Englisc times, but they were not the short poles bedecked with ribbons beloved of the Victorians. The original maypoles were very tall, and a very strong and an agile young man would be selected each year to climb up and put a garland of flowers on the very top. In Austria, where the tradition is still continued, the church has sanctified it by allowing the Christmas Tree (introduced in Germany by St Boniface of Crediton) to be put on the top of the maypole. The dances that went on were probably more down-to-earth than the prim Victorian versions that we know today. This age-old tradition was stopped by Oliver Cromwell during the Protectorate.

May Þrimilcemonað

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 Kal Mai 2 15 St Ultan, brother of St Fursey, AD686 vi Non Mai 3 16 St Ealdwin, Bishop of Lindsey v Non Mai St Ealdwin, Abbot of Partney, C8 4 17 St Æthelræd (Ailred), Abbot of Bardney, King of Mercia, AD 716 iiij Non Mai 5 18 St Echa, hermit, AD767 iij Non Mai 6 19 St Eadbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne, AD698 Prid Non Mai 7 20 St John of Beverley, Archbishop of York, AD721 Non Mai St Liudheard, Bishop, chaplain to Queen Bertha of Kent, AD603 8 21 St Indract, Dominica and companions, c . AD700 viij Id Mai St Wiro, Bishop and missionary 9 22 vij Id Mai 10 23 vi Id Mai 11 24 St Fremund of Offchurch, martyred by Danes AD 866 v Id Mai 12 25 St Æthelheard, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD 805 iiij Id Mai 13 26 iij Id Mai 14 27 Prid Id Mai 15 28 St Berethun (Bertin), Abbot of Beverley, AD 721 Id Mai 16 29 xvij Kal Iun 17 30 St Mailduf, monk and founder of monastery at Malmesbury, AD673 xvi Kal Iun 18 31 St Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury, AD896 xv Kal Iun 19 1Jun St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD998 xiiij Kal Iun 20 2Jun St Æthelbert, King of East Anglia, martyr, xiij Kal Iun AD 794 St Alcuin of York 21 3Jun St Helen, mother of Constantine, the first Christian Emperor, born at Colchester xij Kal Iun 22 4Jun xi Kal Iun 23 5Jun x Kal Iun 24 6Jun viiij Kal Iun 25 7Jun St Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne, AD639–709 viij Kal Iun 26 8Jun St Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury, Apostle of England, AD604 vij Kal Iun 27 9Jun St Bede the Venerable, AD673–735 vi Kal Iun 28 10Jun v Kal Iun 29 11Jun iiij Kal Iun 30 12Jun St Walstan of Bawburgh, Norfolk, AD1016 iij Kal Iun 31 13Jun Prid Kal Iun Maius Þrimilcemonað

Kal Mai viií Id Mai xvi Kal Iun viií Kal Iun He Indract, Dominice & H Mailduf, munuc H Aldhelm Scireburne vi Non Mai gesiþas Maildufesbyrig myn=ter bi=cop H Ultan, Ste Fursiega H Wiro munuc & Frysi=ces fruma vií Kal Iun broþor bi=cop xv Kal Iun H Augu=tine v Non Mai vií Id Mai H Ælfgifu Cantwarabyrig H Ealdwin, Lindi{iega Sceaftesbyrig ercebi=cop, Englalandes bi=cop vi Id Mai xiiií Kal Iun apo=tol H Ealdwin, Peartaniege H Dunstan vi Kal Iun abbod v Id Mai Cantwarabyrig ercebi=cop H Bede se ealdlic iiií Non Mai H Fremund Offascyrices, xiií Kal Iun v Kal Iun Æþelræd Miercna martyriod be Dene H Æþelberht Ea=tengla cyning, Beardaniega iiií Id Mai cyning iiií Kal Iun abbod H Æþelheard H Alcuin Eoforwices iií Non Mai Cantwarabyrig ercebi=cop xií Kal Iun iií Kal Iun H Echa ancor iií Id Mai Hu Helene Con=tantines H Wal=tan Beawabyrig Caseres modor, boren in Prid Non Mai Prid Kal Iun Colnecea=tre H Eadbert Lindisfarnea Prid Id Mai bi=cop xi Kal Iun Non Mai Id Mai H Liudheard bi=cop H Bereþun Beferlices x Kal Iun Centrices abbod H Iohan Beferlices xvií Kal Iun viiií Kal Iun Eoforwices ercebi=cop Lithe Liþa was the name of the pagan Englisc midsummer festival. The name is all we have left, and there is little evidence as to what kind of celebrations were involved. There were other pagan festivals at other key points in the year – the spring and autumn equinox, and midwinter. The Christian missionaries tolerated the spontaneous worship of the Englisc at various groves, springs, wells and other natural places. They simply ‘baptized’ them, deflecting the pagan worship to Dryhten Hælend Crist (our Lord Jesus Christ), who made the earth and everything that is in it, and thus sanctified them to Christian uses.

June Ærra Liþa

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 St Hwite of Dorset, anchoress and martyr Kal Iun St Wistan, martyr, AD850 2 15 St Oda the Good, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD953 iiij Non Iun 3 16 iij Non Iun 4 17 St Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne, AD721 Prid Non Iun 5 18 St Boniface (Wynfrith) of Crediton, Archbishop of Mainz, Non Iun martyred with 52 companions, AD675–754 6 19 viij Id Iun 7 20 vij Id Iun 8 21 vi Id Iun 9 22 v Id Iun 10 23 St Ithamar, Bishop of Rochester, c . AD660 iiij Id Iun St Margaret of Scotland, c . AD 1045–1093 11 24 St Herebeald, hermit in Brittany iij Id Iun 12 25 Prid Id Iun 13 26 Id Iun 14 27 xviij Kal Iul 15 28 St Eadburh of Winchester, virgin, AD960 xvij Kal Iul 16 29 xvi Kal Iul 17 30 St Adulf, AD680 xv Kal Iul St Botolf (Botolph), AD680 St Nectan, Welsh hermit martyred by thieves, C6 18 1Jul xiiij Kal Iul 19 2Jul xiij Kal Iul 20 3Jul St Alban, protomartyr of Britain xii Kal Iul St Eadburh of Castor, nun, C7 21 4Jul St Angelmund, Abbot and missionary xi Kal Iul 22 5Jul x Kal Iul 23 6Jul St Ætheldreda (Audrey), Queen, foundress and Abbess of Ely viiij Kal Iul 24 7Jul Birth of St John the Baptist viij Kal Iul 25 8Jul St Adalbert, Deacon in Holland, c . AD740 vij Kal Iul St Cyneburh of Gloucester, martyr 26 9Jul vi Kal Iul 27 10Jul v Kal Iul 28 11Jul iiij Kal Iul 29 12Jul iij Kal Jul 30 13Jul Prid Kal Iul Iunius Ærra Liþa

Kal Iun v Id Iun xv Kal Iul vií Kal Iul Hu Hwite Dorn=ætan, H Nectan ancor Wylisc. H Adalberht, Friesa ancore{e & martir iiií Id Iun Þeofas hine martyriod diacon H Wi=tan, martir H Iþamar Hrofesceastres H Botwulf Hu Cyneburh mægden iiií Non Iun bi=cop H Aldwulf Gleawcea=tres H Oda se god, Hu Margaret cwen xiiií Kal Iul vi Kal Iul Cantwarabyrig ercebi=cop Scotta iií Non Iun iií Id Iun xiií Kal Iul v Kal Iul H Herebeald ancor in Prid Non Iun Weallande xií Kal Iul iiií Kal Iul H Eadfriþ Lindisfarnea Prid Id Iun H Alban bi=copes Hu Eadburh nunna iií Kal Iul Non Iun Id Iun Cea=tres H Boniface [Wynfriþ xi Kal Iul Prid Kal Iul Cridiantunes] martyriod xviií Kal Iul H Angelmund abbod mid twa & fiftig gesiþas x Kal Iul viií Id Iun xvií Kal Iul Hu Eadburh mægden viiií Kal Iul vií Id Iun Wintancea=tres Hu Æþeldred cwen, xvi Kal Iul abbode{e Elege vi Id Iun viií Kal Iul H Iohannes fulwihteres gebyrddæg Pictures (1) With no significant calendar lore this month, we will take the opportunity to look at the pictures at the head of the Englisc months. Ianuarius has a picture of ploughing with the heavy ox plough, and the broadcast method of sowing. Februarius shows woodmen cutting and pruning trees after the winter storms. The Christian would doubtless have seen a parallel with the cutting and burning of unfruitful branches. Martiusshows more digging and sowing: the wooden spade with its metal shoe is clearly shown. Aprilis shows men at their Easter feast after the long privations of the Lenten fast. Maiusshows shepherds looking after their flocks, the Biblical parallel is obvious. with Iunius we are back with the woodmen again, gathering their harvest. Iuliusalso portrays the harvest, this time it is the wheat that is being gathered in, ready to make the Lammas loaf.

July Æftera Liþa

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 St Cewydd, Welsh missionary in Lancant, Gloucestershire Kal Iul 2 15 vi Non Iul 3 16 v Non Iul 4 17 iiij Non Iul 5 18 St Modwenna of Burton, anchoress, C7 iij Non Iul 6 19 St Seaxburh, Abbess of Ely, Queen of Kent c . AD700 Prid Non Iul 7 20 St Æthelburh of Faremoutier, Abbess Non Iul St Basil, Abbot of Melrose, c . AD661 St Hedda, Bishop of Winchester, AD 705 St Willebald, missionary & Bishop of Eichstätt (Bavaria) 8 21 St Eadgar the Peaceful, King of England, AD943–975 viij Id Iul St Grimbald, monk AD825–901 St Urith of Chittlehampton, C6 9 22 St Eferild, Abbess of Bressingham, c . AD700 vij Id Iul 10 23 vi Id Iul 11 24 St Benedict of Norcia (Nursia) c . AD547 v id Iul St Thorcetyl, Abbot of Crowland, AD887–975 12 25 iiij Id Iul 13 26 St Mildred, Abbess of Minster-in-Thanet c . AD700 iij Id Iul 14 27 St Deusdedit, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD664 Prid Id Iul St Marchelm, missionary 15 28 St Edith, Abbess of Polesworth, c . AD925 Id Iul St Swithun, Bishop of Winchester, AD862 16 29 St Plechelm, Bishop and missionary in Holland, C9 xvij Kal Aug 17 30 St Cunielm (Kenelm), prince & martyr, c . AD821 xvi Kal Aug 18 31 St Eadburh and St Edith of Bicester, c . AD650 xv Kal Aug 19 1Aug xiiij Kal Aug 20 2Aug St Æthild of Thornby, virgin & martyr xiij Kal Aug St Ealhswith, wife of King Ælfred the Great, AD 903 21 3Aug xij Kal Aug 22 4Aug xi Kal Aug 23 5Aug x Kal Aug 24 6Aug SS Wulfhad & Rufin, martyrs of Stone, C7 viiij Kal Aug 25 7Aug St Lewina of Seaford, C5 viij Kal Aug 26 8Aug vij Kal Aug 27 9Aug vi Kal Aug 28 10Aug SS Ardwin, Gerald, Fulk & Barnard, confessors v Kal Aug 29 11Aug iiij Kal Aug 30 12Aug St Earmengyth of Thanet, AD 680 iij Kal Aug St Tatwine, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD734 31 13Aug St Neot, hermit, c . AD 874 Prid Kal Aug Iulius Æftera Liþa

Kal Iul viií Id Iul Id Iul viiií Kal Aug H Cewydd, Wylisc H Eadgar friþsum Hu Eadgyþ Pollesworþes He Wulfhad & Rufin godspellere on Lann Englalandes cyning abbode{e martiras Stanes Cewydd on H Grimbald H Swiþun Wintancea=tres viií Kal Aug Gleawcestrescir Hu Uriþ bi=cop Hu Lewin Sæfordes Citelhæmetunes vi Non Iul xvií Kal Aug vií Kal Aug vií Id Iul H Plechelm Friesa bi=cop Hu Eferild, nunne v Non Iul xvi Kal Aug vi Kal Aug vi Id Iul H Cunielm æþeling & martir iiií Non Iul v Kal Aug v Id Iul xv Kal Aug He Ardwin, Gerald, iií Non Iul H Benedict, munuca Hu Eadburh & Eadgyð Fulk & Barnard Hu Modwenna ancore{e fæder Byrgenceastres andettas H Þorcetyl Cruglandes Byrhtunes xiiií Kal Aug iiií Kal Aug abbod Prid Non Iul iiií Id Iul Hu Seaxburh, Centrices xiií Kal Aug iií Kal Aug cwen, Elige abbode{e Hu Æthild mægden Hu Earmengyþ Tæneta Non Iul iií Id Iul Þornbyrig, martir H Tatwine Hu Æþelburh abbode{e Hu Mildræd Myn=tres Hu Ealhswiþ Ælfredes Cantwarabyrig ercebi=cop cyninges wif H Boisil Prid Id Iul Prid Kal Aug H Hedda, Wintancea=tres H Deusdedit xií Kal Aug H Neot ancor bi=cop Cantwarabyrig ercebi=cop H Willibald Eichstattes H Marchelm xi Kal Aug bi=cop on Bægwære x Kal Aug Lammastide Lammas, which is on the Kalends of August, was the day on which a special loaf was brought into the church and blessed, as a mark of thanksgiving to God for providing our daily bread. This was the Orthodox precursor, discontinued at the Reformation, of the modern Harvest Festival, which began in 1843, when the Reverend Robert Hawker invited parishioners to a special thanksgiving service at his church at Morwenstow in Cornwall.

August Weodmonað

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 Hlafmæsse (Lammas) Kal Aug St Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester, AD912–984 2 15 St Ælfreda of Crowland, virgin, AD 835 iv Non Aug St Plegmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD 914 St Sidwell of Crowland, virgin & martyr AD835 3 16 iij Non Aug 4 17 Prid Non Aug 5 18 St Oswald, King of Northumbria, martyred at Oswestry AD642 Non Aug 6 19 Transfiguration of Our Lord Jesus Christ viij Id Aug St Heardwulf, hermit C7 7 20 vii Id Aug 8 21 St Ultan, Abbot of Crayke, C7 vi Id Aug 9 22 v Id Aug 10 23 St Bettelin of Stafford, hermit iiij Id Aug 11 24 iij Id Aug 12 25 St Jænberht, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD792 Prid Id Aug 13 26 St Wigbert, missionary & Abbot Id Aug 14 27 St Werenfrith, missionary xviiij Kal Sep 15 28 Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary xviij Kal Sep 16 29 xvij Kal Sep 17 30 St James the Deacon of York, late C7 xvi Kal Sep 18 31 xv Kal Sep 19 1Sep St Credan, Abbot of Evesham xiiij Kal Sep 20 2Sep St Oswin, King of Northumbria, martyred at Gilling by pagans xiij Kal Sep St Eadberht, King of Northumbria, later monk in York 21 3Sep xij Kal Sep 22 4Sep St Æthelgith of Northumbria, Abbess, c . AD720 xi Kal Sep St Arnulf of Eynesbury, hermit, C8 St Sigfrid, Abbot of Wearmouth, AD 688 23 5Sep St Ebbe the Younger, martyred with her community, AD 870 x Kal Sep 24 6Sep St Bregwine, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD764 viiij Kal Sep 25 7Sep St Ebbe the Elder, Abbess of Coldingham, AD683 viij Kal Sep 26 8Sep St Ninian, Bishop of Whithorn, C5 vij Kal Sep St Pandryna, virgin, martyr, AD904 27 9Sep St Decuman, hermit & martyr, C6 vi Kal Sep 28 10Sep v Kal Sep 29 11Sep Beheading of St John the Baptist iiij Kal Sep St Eadwold of Cerne, hermit, C9 St Sebbe, King of Essex, monk, AD 694 30 12Sep St Rumon, missionary & Bishop from Ireland, C6 iij Kal Sep 31 13Sep St Aidan, Bishop of Lindisfarne Prid Kal Sep SS Cuthburh & Cwenburh, Abbesses of Wimborne St Eanswythe, Abbess of Folkestone, c.AD640 Augu=tus Weodmonað Kal Aug v Id Aug xiií Kal Sep vií Kal Sep Hlafmæ{e H Oswin Norþanhymbra H Ninian Hwitahornes H Æþelwold iiií Id Aug cyning martyrod æt bi=scop Wintanceastres biscop H Bettelin ancor Gillinge be hæþenas Hu Pandryne mægden iv Non Aug Stæþfordes H Eadberht martir Norþanhymbra cyning, Hu Ælfred mægden iií Id Aug vi Kal Sep Cruglandes æfter Eoforwices munuc H Decuman ancor & H Plegmund xií Kal Sep martir Prid Id Aug Cantwarabyriges H Jænberht v Kal Sep ercebi=cop Cantwarabyrig ercebi=cop xi Kal Sep Hu Sidwell mægden Hu Æþelgiþa Id Aug iiií Kal Sep iií Non Aug Norþanhymbra H Wigberht abbod Heafodslæge Sanctes H Earnwulf ancor Iohannes fulwihteres xviiií Kal Sep Prid Non Aug Eanwulfesbyrig H Sebbe Eastseaxna H Werenfrid H Sigfrid Wiramuþes cyninge, munuc xviií Kal Sep abbod Non Aug H Eadwald ancor Cernes Forþfarung þære eadigan H Oswald Norþanhymbra x Kal Sep iií Kal Sep mægdene Maria cyning martyrod æt Hu Ebbe seo geongran & H Rumon Iri=c ercebi=cop xvií Kal Sep hira gesiþas Oswaldestreowe Prid Kal Sep viií Id Aug viiií Kal Sep H Aidan Lindisfarenea Hælendes Cristes xvi Kal Sep H Bregwin bi=cop oferhiwodne{e H Jacobus diacon Cantwarabyrig ercebi=cop He Cuþburh & Cwenburh H Heardwulf ancor Eoforwices viií Kal Sep Winburna mynsteres vií Id Aug xv Kal Sep Hu Ebbe abbode{a Coldingahammes Hu Eanswyþ, abbodesse Folcanstanes abbodesse vi Id Aug xiiií Kal Sep Ultan Creices abbod H Credan Eofeshammes abbod The Indiction Year The Roman republic and the early empire reckoned time from the supposed date of the founding of Rome. However a later reckoning, connected originally with the payment of taxes, was the Indiction. This was a cycle of 15 years, counted as indictio prima, secunda and so on to XV, reverting then to I. The cycles started in AD312. The rule for calculating the Indiction is to subtract 312 from the number of the year of grace and divide by 15; the quotient will be one less than the number of the Indiction (which is seldom mentioned in documents) and the remainder will correspond with the number of the year in the Indiction. The Greek or Constantinopolitan Indiction begins on Kalendæ Sep (1 September). The Bedan, Cæsarean, or Imperial Indiction begins on viij Kal Oct(24 September). The Roman, or Pontifical Indiction begins on viij Kal Ian (25 December) or sometimes on Kal Ian (1 Jan).

September Haligmonað

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 St Drihthelm, monk, c. AD700 Kal Sep 2 15 St Heiu, Abbess of Tadcaster, C7 iiij Non Sep 3 16 St Balin of Lindisfarne, C7 iij Non Sep St Hereswith of Chelles, nun, AD690 4 17 St Birinus of Dorchester Prid Non Sep 5 18 Non Sep 6 19 St Bega, Irish anchoress, C7 viij Id Sep 7 20 SS Alcmund & Tilbert, Bishops of Hexham, AD789 vii Id Sep 8 21 Birthday of the Blessed Virgin Mary vi Id Sep St Æthelburh, Abbess of Lyminge, AD647 SS Ine & Æthelburh, King and Queen of Wessex, AD727 9 22 St Bettelin of Crowland, hermit v Id Sep St Wulfhild, Abbess of Barking 10 23 St Frithestan, Bishop of Winchester iiij Id Sep St Otger, missionary 11 24 iij Id Sep 12 25 Prid Id Sep 13 26 St Wilfride, Abbess of Wilton, C10 Id Sep 14 27 Exaltation of the Holy Cross xviij Kal Oct 15 28 xvij Kal Oct 16 29 St Edith of Wilton, virgin, AD 984 xvi Kal Oct 17 30 xv Kal Oct 18 1Oct xiiij Kal Oct 19 2Oct St Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD690 xiij Kal Oct 20 3Oct xij Kal Oct 21 4Oct xi Kal Oct 22 5Oct x Kal Oct 23 6Oct St Cissa of Crowland, hermit, C8 viiij Kal Oct 24 7Oct viij Kal Oct 25 8Oct St Ægelræd of Crowland, monk, martyr AD 870 vij Kal Oct St Ceolfrith (Geoffrey), Abbot of Wearmouth, AD716 St Sigebert, King of East Anglia, martyr, C7 26 9Oct vi Kal Oct 27 10Oct v Kal Oct 28 11Oct St Liobe, Abbess & missionary, AD782 iiij Kal Oct St Tetta, Abbess of Wimborne, C8 29 12Oct Michaelmass iij Kal Oct 30 13Oct St Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD 653 Prid Kal Oct SS Tancred, Torhtred & Tofa of Thorney, martyred by the Danes, AD870 September Haligmonað

Kal Sep v Id Sep xiií Kal Oct iiií Kal Oct H Drihthelm, munuc H Bettelin, Cruglandes H Þeodore Tarsus Hu Tetta Winburnan iiií Non Sep ancor Cantwarabyrig ercebi=cop min=teres abbode{e Hu Heiu, Tatescea=tres Hu Wulfhild, Berecinga xií Kal Oct Hu Liobe abbode{e abbode{e abbode{e iií Kal Oct iií Non Sep iiií Id Sep xi Kal Oct H Michaeles mæ{e H Balin Lindisfarenea H Otger Prid Kal Oct H Friþe=tan Hu Hereswiþ Chelles x Kal Oct H Honorius nunna Wintancea=tres biscop Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop iií Id Sep He Tancred, Torhtred & Prid Non Sep viiií Kal Oct Tofa Þorniega martyrod H Birinus H Ci{a ancor be Dene Dornecea=tres Prid Id Sep Cruglandes Non Sep viií Kal Oct Id Sep Hu Wilfride Wilgetunes viií Id Sep vií Kal Oct abbode{e H Bega ancore{e H Ægelræd Cruglandes vií Id Sep xviií Kal Oct munuc & martir He Alcmund & Tilbert, Haligre roda onhefednes H Ceolfriþ Wiramuþa Hagu=tealdes hames xvií Kal Oct abbod biscopas H Sigeberht Eastengle vi Id Sep xvi Kal Oct cyning, martir Gebyrddæg þæs eadigan Hu Eadgyþ mægden vi Kal Oct mægden Maria Wilgtunes Hu Æþelburh Liminge xv Kal Oct v Kal Oct abbode{e H Ine Westseaxna cyning xiiií Kal Oct & Sta Æþelburh Westseaxna cwen Pictures (2) Augustus shows a third harvest: this time of hay. A man can be seen sharpening the blade of his scythe with a whetstone. Haymaking is notoriously thirsty work, and they have a large pot of beer to refresh them. September’s picture is of the pigs that have been gorging on acorns and mast in the woods all summer. It looks as though the huntsman is going to indulge in a little sport before taking his kill home to the larder. October is another month for hunting – this time with falcons taking the herons and ducks which teem on the lakes and rivers. We can almost feel the cold as a group of men warm their hands at November’s fire, while another carries a pile of staves to repair a fence. December is a time to work indoors, threshing and winnowing the stocks of grain.

October Winterfylleð

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 Kal Oct 2 15 vi Non Oct 3 16 St Hewald the Fair & St Hewald the Dark, missionaries & martyrs v Non Oct 4 17 iiij Non Oct 5 18 iij Non Oct 6 19 Prid Non Oct 7 20 St Osyth, princess, nun, martyr c . AD701 Non Oct 8 21 St Iwi of Lindisfarne, hermit, C7 viij Id Oct 9 22 viij Id Oct 10 23 St Paulinus, Archbishop of York, AD644 vi Id Oct 11 24 St Æthelburh, Abbess of Barking AD 675 v Id Oct St James the Deacon of York 12 25 St Edwin, King of Northumbria, martyr, AD584–633 iiij Id Oct St Wilfrid, Archbishop of York, c . AD633–709 13 26 iij Id Oct 14 27 St Burchard, missionary and Bishop Prid Id Oct 15 28 St Thecla of Wimborne, Abbess and missionary c. AD790 Id Oct 16 29 St Lull of Malmesbury, later Archbishop of Maine, c . AD710–786 xvij Kal Nov 17 30 SS Æthelberht & Æthelræd, princes of Kent, martyrs, c . AD670 xvi Kal Nov St Nothelm, Archbishop of Canterbury 18 31 xv Kal Nov 19 1Nov St Fritheswith (Frideswide) of Oxford xiiij Kal Nov St Eadnoth, Bishop of Dorchester-on-Thames 20 2Nov St Acca, Bishop of Hexham, AD740 xiij Kal Nov 21 3Nov St Tuda, Bishop of Northumbria, AD604 xij Kal Nov 22 4Nov xi Kal Nov 23 5Nov St Ælflæd of Glastonbury, anchoress, AD936 x Kal Nov St Æthelflæd, Abbess of Ramsbury, c . AD 970 24 6Nov viiij Kal Nov 25 7Nov viij Kal Nov 26 8Nov St Cedd, Apostle of Essex, AD644 vij Kal Nov St Cuthbert, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD761 St Eadfrith, Abbot of Leominster, confessor, AD675 St Eata, Bishop of Hexham, AD686 The Blessed King Ælfred of England 27 9Nov vi Kal Nov 28 10Nov St Eadsige, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD 1050 v Kal Nov 29 11Nov iiij Kal Nov 30 12Nov St Æthelnoth the Good, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD 1038 iij Kal Nov 31 13Nov St Begu, nun, AD660 Prid Kal Nov St Foillan, missionary in East Anglia, c . AD 655 October Winterfylleð Kal Oct v Id Oct xv Kal Nov vií Kal Nov Æþelburh Berecinga H Cedd Eastseaxna vi Non Oct abbode{e xiiií Kal Nov apostol Iacobus Eoforwices diacon Hu Frideswiþ Oxnafordes H Cuþberht Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop v Non Oct iiií Id Oct H Eadnoð, Dornceastres H Eadfriþ Leominsteres He Hewald hwitloc & H Eadwin biscop, martir abbod Hewald sweartloc Norþanhymnbra cyning, xiií Kal Oct H Eata Hagustealdes martiras martir H Acca Hagustealdes Wilfrid Eoforwices biscop iiií Non Oct biscop ercebiscop Eadig Ælfred xií Kal Oct Englalandes Cyning iií Id Oct H Tuda Norþanhymbres iií Non Oct vi Kal Nov biscop Prid Id Oct Prid Non Oct xi Kal Oct H Burhard biscop v Kal Nov H Eadsige Id Oct Non Oct x Kal Nov Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop Hu Þecla abbode{e Hu Osyþ, nunna & Hu Ælflæd Winburna iiií Kal Nov martir Glæstingabyrig ancore{e xvií Kal Nov Hu Æþelflæd viií Id Oct H Lull Maildufesbyrig Hramesiega abbode{e iií Kal Nov H Iwi ancor Lindisfaranea H Æþelnoþ se god xvi Kal Nov viiií Kal Nov vií Id Oct Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop H Æþelberht & Prid Kal Nov Æþelræd martiras viií Kal Nov vi Id Oct H Nothelm Hu Begu nunna H Paulinus Eoforwices Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop H Foillan ercebiscop Saints In Englisc times, Saints were not formally canonized. If a person had led a godly and holy life, their reputation would probably have already spread through the locality. After their death, if a miracle happened at their tomb, or by their intercession, or if some sign, like a light, appeared, they would be acclaimed as a saint in that locality. Their reputation and cultuswould then spread, and they would be acknowledged as a saint by the local Bishop, then the Archbishop, and maybe the cultus would even spread overseas. Some Saints quickly became very widely known, while others had a more local reputation. Some Saints became associated with particular things, like St Botwulf, who became the Patron Saint of markets and boundaries. St Eadmund (f.d. xij Kal Dec) was quickly acclaimed the Patron of England, owing to his heroic resistance to the Danes. His relics had immense power and reputation. He was to be ‘replaced’ with St George during the middle ages by Norman knights returning from the crusades, and his relics were stolen and taken to France. They have since been returned and are now in the private chapel of the Dukes of Norfolk at Arundel Castle.

November Blotmonað

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 All Saints (All Hallows) Kal Nov 2 15 iiij Non Nov 3 16 St Clydog, Royal Welsh hermit, C6 iij Non Nov St Rumwold, C7 St Wulgan of Canterbury, confessor, C8 4 17 St Beornstan, Bishop of Winchester, AD934 Prid Non Nov St Clair, Priest of Rochester, martyred in Normandy 5 18 St Cea, missionary, Bishop in Devon, C6 Non Nov 6 19 viij Id Nov 7 20 St Clement (Willibrord) of Northumbria, Archbishop of Utrecht vij Id Nov 8 21 St Willehad, Bishop of Bremen, AD789 vi Id Nov 9 22 v Id Nov 10 23 St Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury, AD 627 iiij Id Nov 11 24 St Berhtwin, bishop iij Id Nov St Martin of Tours 12 25 St Leofwine, missionary, c . AD775 Prid Id Nov St Ymar of Reculver, martyr, AD830 13 26 Id Nov 14 27 St Dubricius, Abbot, c . AD550 xviij Kal Dec 15 28 xvij Kal Dec 16 29 St Ælfric, Archbishop of Canterbury xvi Kal Dec 17 30 St Hild, Abbess of Whitby, AD680 xv Kal Dec 18 1Dec xiiij Kal Dec 19 2Dec St Earmenburh, Abbess of Minster-in-Thanet, c . AD700 xiij Kal Dec 20 3Dec St Eadmund, King of East Anglia, martyr, patron of England, AD869 xij Kal Dec 21 4Dec xi Kal Dec 22 5Dec x Kal Dec 23 6Dec viiij Kal Dec 24 7Dec St Eanflæd, Abbess of Whitby, c . AD 704 viij Kal Dec 25 8Dec vij Kal Dec 26 9Dec vi Kal Dec 27 10Dec St Congar, Abbot of Congresbury, C6 v Kal Dec 28 11Dec iiij Kal Dec 29 12Dec St Egelwine of Athelney, monk, C7 iij Kal Dec 30 13Dec Prid Kal Dec November Blotmonaþ Kal Nov v Id Nov xiií Kal Dec iiií Kal Dec Ealle Haligas mæsse H Earmenburh, Minstres iiií Non Nov iiií Id Nov abbode{e iií Kal Dec H Ju=tus Cantwarabyrig xií Kal Dec H Egelwine, iií Non Nov ercebiscop H Eadmund Ea=tengla Æþelingaiege munuc H Clydog cynelic ancor iií Id Nov cyning, martir, Prid Kal Dec Norþweala H Berhtwin biscop Englalandes hleowdryhten H Wulgan andetta H Martin Turones xi Kal Dec Cantwarabyrig Prid Id Nov H Rumwold H Leofwine x Kal Dec Prid Non Nov H Ymar Reculf H Beornstan mynsteres martir viiií Kal Dec Wintancea=tres biscop Id Nov H Clair Hrofescea=tres viií Kal Dec preost, martir xviií Kal Dec Hu Eanflæd Non Nov H Dubricius Streonesheales abbode{e H Cea Defnascires xvií Kal Dec vií Kal Dec biscop viií Id Nov xvi Kal Dec vi Kal Dec H Ælfric, vií Id Nov Cantwarabyrig ercebiscop v Kal Dec H Clement [Willibrord] xv Kal Dec H Congar, Norþanhymbra, Hu Hild Streoneshales Congresbyrig abbod Frislandes ercebiscop xiiií Kal Dec vi Id Nov H Willehad, Bremenes biscop Yule Yule was the pagan midwinter festival, but the word was quickly adapted to refer to Christmas. It was a time of holiday and festivity. Wassailing was done at this time, a custom in which cider is taken around the apple orchards and spilled on the trees to the accompaniment of loud banging of improvised gongs. This was thought to promote the fertility of the trees in the coming year and to guarantee a good crop of apples. The word ‘wassail’ derives from the Englisc greeting ‘Wes hal!’, which means ‘Your good health!’ and in this form is heard in inns and at dinner tables to this day. The great Yule log was also brought indoors and was large enough to burn on the fire throughout the twelve days of the holiday. The halls were decorated with green branches; but although the Christmas Tree was invented by an English missionary in Germany, StBoniface, it did not get back to us until Prince Albert introduced it in Queen Victoria’s reign. St Bede reckoned that the Year of Grace began on Christmas Day.

December Ærra Geola

Julian GregorianRubric Englisc 1 14 Kal Dec 2 15 iiij Non Dec 3 16 St Birinus, Apostle of Wessex, Bishop of Dorchester, AD650 iij Non Dec 4 17 Prid Non Dec 5 18 Non Dec 6 19 viij Id Dec 7 20 St Diuma, Bishop & missionary, AD658 vij Id Dec 8 21 St Buduc, Celtic missionary, C6 vi Id Dec St Gunthild, nun of Wimborne, educationalist in Germany, AD748 9 22 The Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary v Id Dec St Æthelgifu, Abbess of Shaftesbury, AD896 St Wulfeius, hermit, c . AD 1000 10 23 iiij Id Dec 11 24 iij Id Dec 12 25 St Agatha of Wimborne, virgin, AD790 Prid Id Dec 13 26 St Eadburh of Lyminge, virgin, C7 Id Dec St Eadburh, Abbess of Minster-in-Thanet, AD751 14 27 St Hibald, monk & probably Abbot of Bardney xviiij Kal Ian 15 28 St Offa, King of Essex, monk, AD709 xviij Kal Ian 16 29 xvij Kal Ian 17 30 xvi Kal Ian 18 31 St Winebald, missionary, Abbot of Heidenheim, AD 791 xv Kal Ian 19 1Jan xiiij Kal Ian 20 2Jan xiij Kal Ian 21 3Jan xij Kal Ian 22 4Jan xi Kal Ian 23 5Jan St Fritheberht, Abbot and Bishop of Hexham, AD766 x Kal Ian 24 6Jan Christmas eve viiij Kal Ian 25 7Jan Christmas day, New Year’s Day viij Kal Ian St Alburh, nun, c . AD810 26 8Jan vij Kal Ian 27 9Jan vi Kal Ian 28 10Jan Childermas day (Holy Innocents) v Kal Ian 39 11Jan iiij Kal Ian 30 12Jan St Ecgwin, Bishop of Winchester iij Kal Ian 31 13Jan Prid Kal Ian December Ærra Geola

Kal Dec iiií Id Dec xiiií Kal Ian iiií Kal Ian

iiií Non Dec iií Id Dec xiií Kal Ian iií Kal Ian H Ecgwin Wintancea=tres iií Non Dec Prid Id Dec xií Kal Ian biscop H Birinus We=tseaxena Hu Agaþe mægden Prid Kal Ian apo=tol, Dorneceastres Winburnes xi Kal Ian biscop Id Dec Prid Non Dec Hu Eadburh Lymeneaga x Kal Ian mægden H Friþeberht Non Dec Hu Eadburh Min=teres Hagu=tealdes hames abbode{e abbod & biscop viií Id Dec xviiií Kal Ian viiií Kal Ian H Hibald, munic, Cri=tes mæ{eæfen Bardeniega abbod vií Id Dec viií Kal Ian H Diuma biscop xviií Kal Ian Cri=tes mæ{edæg H Offa Ea=tseaxna vi Id Dec Hu Alburh nunna cyning, munuc H Buduc Se niw gear onginnaþ Hu Gunthild, Winburna xvií Kal Ian vii Kal Ian myn=teres nunna v Id Dec xvi Kal Ian vi Kal Ian Hu Æþelgifu Sceaftnesbyrig abbode{e xv Kal Ian v Kal Ian H Wulfeius ancor H Winebeald abbod Cildamæ{edæg Se geeacnung þære eadigan mægdene Marie This calendar has been produced in this form by Daysign The artwork and formatting may not be reproduced or stored by any means without permission. © Malcolm Eadmund Dunstall 2006