Chapter 3: the History and Future Prospects of Open Data and Open
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Open Source Software Vs Proprietary Software Sakshi Singh, Madhvik Verma, Naveen Kumar N
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2017 735 ISSN 2229-5518 Open Source Software Vs Proprietary Software Sakshi Singh, Madhvik Verma, Naveen Kumar N Abstract— Open Source software are the most revolutionizing concept that has been put forth in the Information Technology spectrum. This new release has raised quite a lot of brows, similar to when the Internet was launched. For a very long time, there has been a tiff going on between the Proprietary software and the open source software and how the open source software are taking over their ancestors. The technical experts often indulge in conversations as to which of the two software is better and why. People also get confused as to which type of software can be listed as Open source. In this paper we aim to emphasize that the open source development cycle has been there in the market for quite some time and has a huge user base now, thus giving it a strong hold in the software market. It has encouraged the use of new strategically placed actions which has in turn made a huge base for open source software systems. On the other hand, many experts also suggest that this is just momentary and it will pass over a period of time whereas the proprietary software are there to stay. This paper gives the understanding and recommendations for both the kind of software thus giving the user a proper understanding of which software is suitable for their use and thus they can make a better choice for their purpose. -
MIT/GNU Scheme Reference Manual
MIT/GNU Scheme Reference Manual Edition 1.99 for Scheme Release 7.7.90 18 September 2003 by Chris Hanson the MIT Scheme Team and a cast of thousands Copyright c 1991,1992,1993,1994,1995 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Copyright c 1996,1997,1999,2000,2001 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Copyright c 2002,2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". Acknowledgements 1 Acknowledgements While "a cast of thousands" may be an overstatement, it is certainly the case that this document represents the work of many people. First and foremost, thanks go to the authors of the Revised^4 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme, from which much of this document is derived. Thanks also to BBN Advanced Computers Inc. for the use of parts of their Butterfly Scheme Reference, and to Margaret O’Connell for translating it from BBN’s text-formatting language to ours. Special thanks to Richard Stallman, Bob Chassell, and Brian Fox, all of the Free Software Foundation, for creating and maintaining the Texinfo formatting language in which this document is written. This report describes research done at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Laboratory for Computer Science, both of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. -
Genera Workbook Using This Book Preface This Is the Document To
Genera Workbook Using This Book Preface This is the document to read when you’re ready to sit down at your Symbol- ics computer. It teaches you the initial skills you need to use the Genera system effectively. We present concepts you need to know, as well as providing exercises andactivitiesthatturnthoseconceptsintopracticalskills. The material covered in the first group of chapters in this workbook is a pre- requisite for all Symbolics Education Services Courses. However, you can com plete the second and third sections after taking your first course. Practicing the material helpsyou learn it faster. Bring this workbook to all courses you take with Symbolics. We expect that you have used a computer before; we do not expect that you have used a Symbolics computer before. You need to learn this material whether or not you are a programmer. This is not a programming textbook. We make no assumptions about your programming background or future; this work bookisforbothprogrammersandnonprogrammers. Every time we use a term for the first time, we put it in italics. If you see a term you don’t recognize, be sure to check the glossary at the end of the work book. This workbook uses Symbolics documentation conventions and a few of its own. If you see a word or phrase enclosed in brackets, like [Help], it is a menu item.We use two different conventions withrespect to Symbolics keyboard keys: in text,thekeylabelledHELPlookslikethis: HELP butinexamplesitlookslikethis: <HELP> todifferentiateitasasinglekeystrokefromthetextaroundit. It is very important to have a Symbolics computer available so that you can work through the hands-on activities, called walk-throughs. -
Omnipresent and Low-Overhead Application Debugging
Omnipresent and low-overhead application debugging Robert Strandh [email protected] LaBRI, University of Bordeaux Talence, France ABSTRACT application programmers as opposed to system programmers. The state of the art in application debugging in free Common The difference, in the context of this paper, is that the tech- Lisp implementations leaves much to be desired. In many niques that we suggest are not adapted to debugging the cases, only a backtrace inspector is provided, allowing the system itself, such as the compiler. Instead, throughout this application programmer to examine the control stack when paper, we assume that, as far as the application programmer an unhandled error is signaled. Most such implementations do is concerned, the semantics of the code generated by the not allow the programmer to set breakpoints (unconditional compiler corresponds to that of the source code. or conditional), nor to step the program after it has stopped. In this paper, we are mainly concerned with Common Furthermore, even debugging tools such as tracing or man- Lisp [1] implementations distributed as so-called FLOSS, i.e., ually calling break are typically very limited in that they do \Free, Libre, and Open Source Software". While some such not allow the programmer to trace or break in important sys- implementations are excellent in terms of the quality of the tem functions such as make-instance or shared-initialize, code that the compiler generates, most leave much to be simply because these tools impact all callers, including those desired when it comes to debugging tools available to the of the system itself, such as the compiler. -
Getting Started Computing at the Al Lab by Christopher C. Stacy Abstract
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ARTIFICIAL INTELLI..IGENCE LABORATORY WORKING PAPER 235 7 September 1982 Getting Started Computing at the Al Lab by Christopher C. Stacy Abstract This document describes the computing facilities at the M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and explains how to get started using them. It is intended as an orientation document for newcomers to the lab, and will be updated by the author from time to time. A.I. Laboratory Working Papers are produced for internal circulation. and may contain information that is, for example, too preliminary or too detailed for formal publication. It is not intended that they should be considered papers to which reference can be made in the literature. a MASACHUSETS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1982 Getting Started Table of Contents Page i Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Lisp Machines 2 1.2. Timesharing 3 1.3. Other Computers 3 1.3.1. Field Engineering 3 1.3.2. Vision and Robotics 3 1.3.3. Music 4 1,3.4. Altos 4 1.4. Output Peripherals 4 1.5. Other Machines 5 1.6. Terminals 5 2. Networks 7 2.1. The ARPAnet 7 2.2. The Chaosnet 7 2.3. Services 8 2.3.1. TELNET/SUPDUP 8 2.3.2. FTP 8 2.4. Mail 9 2.4.1. Processing Mail 9 2.4.2. Ettiquette 9 2.5. Mailing Lists 10 2.5.1. BBoards 11 2.6. Finger/Inquire 11 2.7. TIPs and TACs 12 2.7.1. ARPAnet TAC 12 2.7.2. Chaosnet TIP 13 3. -
Programming with GNU Emacs Lisp
Programming with GNU Emacs Lisp William H. Mitchell (whm) Mitchell Software Engineering (.com) GNU Emacs Lisp Programming Slide 1 Copyright © 2001-2008 by William H. Mitchell GNU Emacs Lisp Programming Slide 2 Copyright © 2001-2008 by William H. Mitchell Emacs Lisp Introduction A little history GNU Emacs Lisp Programming Slide 3 Copyright © 2001-2008 by William H. Mitchell Introduction GNU Emacs is a full-featured text editor that contains a complete Lisp system. Emacs Lisp is used for a variety of things: • Complete applications such as mail and news readers, IM clients, calendars, games, and browsers of various sorts. • Improved interfaces for applications such as make, diff, FTP, shells, and debuggers. • Language-specific editing support. • Management of interaction with version control systems such as CVS, Perforce, SourceSafe, and StarTeam. • Implementation of Emacs itself—a substantial amount of Emacs is written in Emacs Lisp. And more... GNU Emacs Lisp Programming Slide 4 Copyright © 2001-2008 by William H. Mitchell A little history1 Lisp: John McCarthy is the father of Lisp. The name Lisp comes from LISt Processing Language. Initial ideas for Lisp were formulated in 1956-1958; some were implemented in FLPL (FORTRAN-based List Processing Language). The first Lisp implementation, for application to AI problems, took place 1958-1962 at MIT. There are many dialects of Lisp. Perhaps the most commonly used dialect is Common Lisp, which includes CLOS, the Common Lisp Object System. See http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/lisp/lisp.html for some interesting details on the early history of Lisp. 1 Don't quote me! GNU Emacs Lisp Programming Slide 5 Copyright © 2001-2008 by William H. -
Arxiv:1812.09167V1 [Quant-Ph] 21 Dec 2018 It with the Tex Typesetting System Being a Prime Example
Open source software in quantum computing Mark Fingerhutha,1, 2 Tomáš Babej,1 and Peter Wittek3, 4, 5, 6 1ProteinQure Inc., Toronto, Canada 2University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 3Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 4Creative Destruction Lab, Toronto, Canada 5Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Canada 6Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Canada Open source software is becoming crucial in the design and testing of quantum algorithms. Many of the tools are backed by major commercial vendors with the goal to make it easier to develop quantum software: this mirrors how well-funded open machine learning frameworks enabled the development of complex models and their execution on equally complex hardware. We review a wide range of open source software for quantum computing, covering all stages of the quantum toolchain from quantum hardware interfaces through quantum compilers to implementations of quantum algorithms, as well as all quantum computing paradigms, including quantum annealing, and discrete and continuous-variable gate-model quantum computing. The evaluation of each project covers characteristics such as documentation, licence, the choice of programming language, compliance with norms of software engineering, and the culture of the project. We find that while the diversity of projects is mesmerizing, only a few attract external developers and even many commercially backed frameworks have shortcomings in software engineering. Based on these observations, we highlight the best practices that could foster a more active community around quantum computing software that welcomes newcomers to the field, but also ensures high-quality, well-documented code. INTRODUCTION Source code has been developed and shared among enthusiasts since the early 1950s. -
The Evolution of Lisp
1 The Evolution of Lisp Guy L. Steele Jr. Richard P. Gabriel Thinking Machines Corporation Lucid, Inc. 245 First Street 707 Laurel Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 Menlo Park, California 94025 Phone: (617) 234-2860 Phone: (415) 329-8400 FAX: (617) 243-4444 FAX: (415) 329-8480 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Lisp is the world’s greatest programming language—or so its proponents think. The structure of Lisp makes it easy to extend the language or even to implement entirely new dialects without starting from scratch. Overall, the evolution of Lisp has been guided more by institutional rivalry, one-upsmanship, and the glee born of technical cleverness that is characteristic of the “hacker culture” than by sober assessments of technical requirements. Nevertheless this process has eventually produced both an industrial- strength programming language, messy but powerful, and a technically pure dialect, small but powerful, that is suitable for use by programming-language theoreticians. We pick up where McCarthy’s paper in the first HOPL conference left off. We trace the development chronologically from the era of the PDP-6, through the heyday of Interlisp and MacLisp, past the ascension and decline of special purpose Lisp machines, to the present era of standardization activities. We then examine the technical evolution of a few representative language features, including both some notable successes and some notable failures, that illuminate design issues that distinguish Lisp from other programming languages. We also discuss the use of Lisp as a laboratory for designing other programming languages. We conclude with some reflections on the forces that have driven the evolution of Lisp. -
Open Source Licensing Information for Cisco IOS Release 15.4(1)T
Open Source Used In Cisco IOS Release 15.4(1)T Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Cisco has more than 200 offices worldwide. Addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers are listed on the Cisco website at www.cisco.com/go/offices. Text Part Number: 78EE117C99-15140077 Open Source Used In Cisco IOS Release 15.4(1)T 1 This document contains licenses and notices for open source software used in this product. With respect to the free/open source software listed in this document, if you have any questions or wish to receive a copy of any source code to which you may be entitled under the applicable free/open source license(s) (such as the GNU Lesser/General Public License), please contact us at [email protected]. In your requests please include the following reference number 78EE117C99-15140077 Contents 1.1 bzip2 1.0.0 1.1.1 Available under license 1.2 C/C++ BEEP Core 0.2.00 1.2.1 Available under license 1.3 cd9660 8.18 1.3.1 Available under license 1.4 cthrift-without-GPL-code 0.3.14 1.4.1 Available under license 1.5 CUDD: CU Decision Diagram Package v2.4.1 1.5.1 Available under license 1.6 Cyrus SASL 2.1.0 1.6.1 Notifications 1.6.2 Available under license 1.7 DTOA unknown 1.7.1 Available under license 1.8 editline 1.11 1.8.1 Available under license 1.9 Expat XML Parser - Series 1 v1.2 1.9.1 Available under license 1.10 freebsd-tty-headers n/a 1.10.1 Available under license 1.11 ftp.h 4.4BSD? 1.11.1 Available under license 1.12 inflate.c c10p1 1.12.1 Available under license 1.13 iniparser 2.8 Open Source Used In Cisco IOS -
Long-Term Sustainability of Open Source Software Communities Beyond a Fork: a Case Study of Libreoffice Jonas Gamalielsson, Björn Lundell
Long-Term Sustainability of Open Source Software Communities beyond a Fork: A Case Study of LibreOffice Jonas Gamalielsson, Björn Lundell To cite this version: Jonas Gamalielsson, Björn Lundell. Long-Term Sustainability of Open Source Software Communities beyond a Fork: A Case Study of LibreOffice. 8th International Conference on Open Source Systems (OSS), Sep 2012, Hammamet, Tunisia. pp.29-47, 10.1007/978-3-642-33442-9_3. hal-01519071 HAL Id: hal-01519071 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01519071 Submitted on 5 May 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Long-term Sustainability of Open Source Software Communities beyond a Fork: a Case Study of LibreOffice Jonas Gamalielsson and Björn Lundell University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden, {jonas.gamalielsson,bjorn.lundell}@his.se Abstract. Many organisations have requirements for long-term sustainable software systems and associated communities. In this paper we consider long- term sustainability of Open Source software communities in Open Source projects involving a fork. There is currently a lack of studies in the literature that address how specific Open Source software communities are affected by a fork. -
Performance Comparison of the Window Systems of Two LISP Machines
A Performance Comparison of the Window Systems of Two LISP Machines Ramin Zabih Raj Jain Massachusetts Institute o fTechnology Digital Equipment Corp. Department ofEE & CS 77 Reed Road (HLO2-3/N03) Cambridge, MA 02139 Hudson, MA 01749 We chose total elapsed time as our performance metric. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Elapsed time is also referred to as response time. We ran 1000 We have constructed a workload for comparing window trials ofour workload on a 3600 running Release 5 software with 1 system performance of different computers. It consists of key Megabyte of physical memory and on a CADR running release 4.5 operations that window systems should universally provide. We software with 386 Kbytes of memory. The results of our tests are have used this workload to measure the performance of a the reported in Table 1. Using the p2 algorithm [2],we also calculated Symbolics ZetaLisp window system on two Lisp Machines, the the fifth and ninety-fifth percentiles for the results. In addition, 3600 [3,4] and the CADR [ 1 ]. we have listed the median and the mean. The workload consists of repeating a sequence of operations Table 1: Time in milliseconds is shown as tl/t2,where t I is time (which we call a run) many times. Each run starts by creating a for 3600, t2 is the time for CADR. test window, and proceeds to perform various operations on the window in the order below. Finally, the test window is deleted. Operation 95_.....% 5% Median Mean The details of the operations performed in an individual run of the CREATE 60/70 10/40 20/50 21.8/48.5 workload follow. -
Symbolics Architecture
Symbolics Architecture David A. Moon Symbolics, Inc. W hat is an architecture? In com- languages, user interface, and operating This architecture puter systems, an architecture system. System architecture defines the rapid is a specification of an inter- product that people actually use; the other enables face. To be dignified by the name architec- levels of architecture define the mecha- development and ture, an interface should be designed for a nism underneath that implements it. Sys- long lifespan and should connect system tem architecture is implemented by soft- efficient execution of components maintained by different orga- ware; hardware only sets bounds on what large, ambitious nizations. Often an architecture is part ofa is possible. System architecture defines the product definition and defines character- motivation for most of the design choices applications. An istics on which purchasers of that product at the other levels ofarchitecture. This sec- rely, but this is not true of everything that tion is an overview of Symbolics system unconventional design is called an architecture. An architecture is architecture. avoids trading off more formal than an internal interface be- The Symbolics system presents itself to tween closely-related system components, the user through a high-resolution bitmap safety for speed. and has farther-reaching effects on system display. In addition to text and graphics, characteristics and performance. the display contains presentations of ob- A computer system typically contains jects. The user operates on the objects by many levels and types ofarchitecture. This manipulating the presentations with a article discusses three architectures de- mouse. The display includes a continuous- fined in Symbolics computers: ly updated reminder of the mouse com- (1) System architecture-defines how mands applicable to the current context.