Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lecture 10 1. Loganiaceae Medicinal of 2.AsteridaeGentianaceae (I) 3. Apocynaceae Objective: to learn how to identify common4. Asclepiadaceae herbs and herbal products of Asteridae (I) 5. Solanaceae to understand that different parts6. Covolvulaceae of the same species can be used as different medicine. 7. Verbenaceae 1. Loganiaceae 8. Labiatae 2. Gentianaceae 9. 3. Apocynaceae 10.Oleaceae 4. Asclepiadaceae 11. 5. Solanaceae 12. 6. Convolvulaceae 13.Acanthaceae 7. Verbenaceae Gentianaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Gentiana macrophylla

English Name: Gentiana macrophylla root Chinese Name: 秦艽 Pin Yin: Qin Jiao Literal Name: Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing Botanical Name: Gentiana macryophylla Pall. Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae Properties: bitter, acrid,, cool Channel entered: Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder Phenotype/Identification: Perennials 30-60 cm tall. Roots to 30 × 2 cm. Stems ascending to erect. Basal leaves petiole 3-5 cm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic-ovate, 6-28 × 2.5-6 cm, veins 5-7. Stem leaves 3-5 pairs; petiole to 4 cm; leaf blade elliptic- lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 4.5-15 × 1.2-3.5 cm, veins 3-5. Inflorescences crowded into terminal clusters, many flowered. Flowers sessile. Calyx tube spathelike; lobes 4 or 5. Corolla blue- purple, with pale yellow base. Capsules ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.5-1.7 cm. Gentianaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Gentiana macrophylla

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Dispels wind and dampness, opens channels and collaterals, relaxes the sinews: Gentiana has a dispersing nature that dispels dampness and opens peripheral channels, and collaterals. It treats musculoskeletal and joint disorders, whether acute or chronic, hot or cold in nature. Since Gentiana is cool, it is most effective for Bi Zheng caused by heat, with redness, swelling and inflammation. Use gentiana with Radix Stephaniae (Fen Fang Ji) to treat hot bi zheng with redness, swelling and pain; use Gentiana with Du Huo (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), Cinnamon twigs, and Radix Aconiti lateralis to treat cold bi zheng with pain and difficulty moving. 2. Clears deficiency heat: Unlike other herbs that dispel wind-damp, Gentiana is not drying in nature. This makes it an excellent herb to clear deficiency heat without consuming yin or body fluids. Gentiana treats deficiency heat characterized by steaming hones sensations and tidal fevel. Example Formula: Qin Jiao Bie Jia San (Gentiana Macrophylla and soft-shelled turtle shell powder.) 3. Relieves jaundice: Gentiana dispels dampness to assist in the treatment of jaundice. Dosage: 5-10 g in decoction. Cautions: Use with caution in patients with cold of the spleen and stomach, or those with loose stools. Chemicals: Gentianine, gentianidine, gentianel. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium barbarum

English Name: Goji berry, Gou-qi berry (Gou-ji berry is sometimes used but wrong). Chinese Name:枸杞子 Pin Yin: Gou Qi Zi Literal Name: thorny stalk seed, aspen-willow fruit Original Source: Ming Yi Za Zhu. Botanical Name: Lycium barbarum L. Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Lycii Properties: sweet, neutral. Channel entered: Liver, Kidney, Lung Phenotype/Identification: Shrubs (small tree in cultivation) 0.8-2 m tall. Stems and branches glabrous, branches thorny. Leaves solitary or fasciculate, lanceolate. Inflorescences solitary or clustered flowers. Pedicel 1-2 cm. Calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm, usually 2- lobed, lobes 2- or 3- toothed at apex. Corolla purple, funnel form. Berry red or orange-yellow, oblong or ovoid, 0.4-2 cm × 5-10 mm. Seeds usually 4-20, brown-yellow, ca. 2 mm. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium barbarum Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium barbarum

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Tonifies Liver and Kidney Yin, brightens the eyes: Treats Liver and kidney yin deficiencies. The Liver opens to the eyes: insufficient yin of the Liver and Kidney may lead to dizziness, blurry vision, nocturnal emissions, infertility, soreness and weakness of the lower back and knees, prematurely gray hair. Example Formulas: Qi Ju Di Huang Wan (Lycium fruit, Chrysanthemum, and Pill), Zuo Gui Wan (Restore the left (Kidney) Pill), You Gui Wan (Restore the Right (Kidney) Pill), and Gui Lu Er Xian Jiao (Tortoise shell and deer antler syrup). 2. Moistens Lung Yin: Treats chronic respiratory disorders with Lung yin deficiency. Symptoms include dry cough, without sputum or with scanty sputum that is difficult to expectorate, possibly coughing with blood or blood streaks. Dosage: 5-15 g, in decoction. Gou-qi berry is also used in paste, medicinal tincture, pill or powder forms. Cautions: Though Gou-qi berry is not stagnating in nature, it should still be used with caution for patients who have diarrhea from Spleen and Stomach deficiencies. Chemical composition: Betaine, solavetivone, zeaxanthin, etc. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium barbarum

English Name: Lycium root bark, barbary wolfberry root bark, Chinese wolfberry root bark. Chinese Name:地骨皮 Pin Yin: Di Gu Pi Literal Name: Ground bone skin, earth bone skin. Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Botanical Name: Lycium barbarum L. Pharmaceutical Name: Cortex Lycii Properties: sweet, bland, cold. Channel entered: Lung, Kidney Phenotype/Identification: Shrubs (small tree in cultivation) 0.8-2 m tall. Stems and branches glabrous, branches thorny. Leaves solitary or fasciculate, lanceolate. Inflorescences solitary or clustered flowers. Pedicel 1-2 cm. Calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm, usually 2- lobed, lobes 2- or 3- toothed at apex. Corolla purple, funnelform. Berry red or orange-yellow, oblong or ovoid, 0.4-2 cm × 5-10 mm. Seeds usually 4-20, brown-yellow, ca. 2 mm. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium barbarum Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Cools blood and relieves steaming bones sensation: Treats yin deficiency with heat in the blood. Lycium root bark enters the bones, clears heat and relieves steaming bones sensations and night sweats. . Treats Xiao Ke (wasting and thirsting) syndrome, when heat damages body fluids over a long period of time, patients with xiao ke syndromes experience thirst, dry mouth, irritability and polyuria. Lycium root bark is especially good for the type of thirst that cannot be relieved by water intake. 2. Clears Lung heat. Treat cough due to Lung heat. Lycium root bark is effective in treating cough, wheezing and dyspnea due to lung heat. Heat travels down to the paired organ of lung, the large intestin, constipation or dry stools occur. Example Formula: Xie Bai San (Drain the white powder). 3. Clears Heat, cools blood, and stops bleeding: Treats bleeding, hematuria and cough. Dosage: 6-15 g, in decoction. Cautions: Cold in nature, Lycium root bark should be used with cautions for patients with deficiency and cold of the Spleen and Stomach as shown by loose stools. Chemical composition: Betaine, Lyciumins A, B; kukoamine A, lyciumamide, cinnamic acid. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium ruthenicum

English Name: Black Goji berry, Black Gou-qi berry. Chinese Name: 黑果枸杞 Pin Yin: Hei Gou Qi Literal Name: Black fruit wolf berry Original Source: Botanical Name: Lycium ruthenicum Murray (Comm. Gott. 2: 9, 1780) Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus nigrum Lycii Properties: sweet, neutral. Channel entered: ? Phenotype/Identification: Shrubs 20–50(–100) cm tall. Stems much branched; branches grayish or whitish, erect; branchlets apically thorny; thorns 3–15 mm, inserted on nodes. Leaves subsessile, solitary on young branches; leaf blade grayish, succulent, linear or subcylindric0.5– 3 cm×2–7 mm. Flowers 1 or 2 on short shoots. Corolla pale purple, funnel form, ca. 1.2 cm. Fruiting calyx slightly inflated. Berry purple-black, globose, sometimes emarginate, 6–9 mm in diam. Seeds brown. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium ruthenicum This is a newly discovered herbs Chinese therapeutic actions (not known yet): Black goji berry tea: 1. Calm shen and improves sleeping: black goji tea https://www.youtube.com/wat (magic). ch?v=8iLD_6nRvu8 2. Extremely rich in anthocyanin, which provides high levels of antioxidants and nutrients. Dosage: 6-15 g, tea, decoction. Cautions: Not yet known. Chemical composition: Not yet fully understood. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Other medicinal plants from Solanaceae

Datura

Solanum

Pepper Hort 4011-chen-W10 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta chinesis

English Name: Cuscuta seeds/dodder seeds Chinese Name: 莵丝子 Pin Yin: Tu Si Zi Literal Name: Rabbit string seeds, hare silk seeds Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Botanical Name: Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Pharmaceutical Name: Semen Cuscutae Properties: acrid, sweet, neutral Channel entered: Liver, Kidney Phenotype: Parasitic plants. Stems yellow, thin. Inflorescences lateral, compact cymose glomerules, few to many flowered. Seeds 2-4, pale brown, ovoid. 2n = 28, 56. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta chinesis

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Tonifies Kidney Yin and Yang: Treats Impotence, chronic uterine bleeding, leukorrhea. 2. Consolidates Kidney Jing (essence) and reserves the Urine: Kidney qi deficiency results in the inability of the urinary bladder to hold urine. Cuscuta treats urinary disorders such as incontinence, terminal dripping, frequent urinary urges. 3. Brightens the eyes: The Liver opens to the eyes, Lack of nourishment results in blurred vision, spots, in front of the eyes, dryness of the eyes and dizziness. Cuscuta treats the diminished vision. 4. Stops Diarrhea: 5. Treats wasting and thirsting syndrome: Dosage: 10-15 g, can be used as millets for food. Cautions: Should be with caution in cases of yin-deficient heat, especially those patients who are easily aroused sexually, and for patients with dryness, constipation or scanty, dark urine. Chemical composition: Cholesterol, campesterol, etc. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Labiatae

1. Herbs, sometimes subshrubs or shrubs, annual or perennial, usually aromatic. Stems and branches usually 4-angled. 2. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, simple to pinnately dissected or compound, without stipules. 3. Inflorescences generally compound, sometimes flowers solitary and axillary; verticillasters 2- to many flowered, subtended by leaves or bracts. 4. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic. Calyx persistent, 5-toothed, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed or entire (deciduous in Scutellaria); lower lip 2- or 4-toothed; tube sometimes hairy annulate inside. Corolla limb usually 2-lipped; upper lip 2- lobed and lower 3-lobed. Stamens epipetalous, 4 or 2, free, rarely filaments connate, sometimes one staminodial; anther 1- or 2-celled, usually dehiscing longitudinally; disc persistent. Ovary superior, 2-celled and each cell 2-ovuled and style subterminal, or ovary 4-parted and each lobe 1-ovuled and style gynobasic (from bases of ovary lobes) with 2-cleft apex.. 5. Fruits usually 4 dry nutlets. Hort 4011-chen-W10

Lamiaceae/ Labiatae

Salvia splendens Hort 4011-chen-W10 Agastache rugosa

English Name: Agastache Chinese Name: 藿香 Pin Yin: Huo Xiang Literal Name: Aromatic bean leaf Original Source: Mi Yi Za Zhu (Miscellaneous records of famous physicians), Tao Hong-jing in 500 A.D Botanical Name: Agastache rugosus O. Ktze. Pharmaceutical Name: Herba Agastache Properties: acrid, slightly warm, aromatic Channel entered: Spleen, Stomach, Lung Phenotype: An aromatic herb. Stems erect, 0.5-1.5 m tall, to 7-8 mm in diam., finely pubescent upward, branched, base glabrous. Leaves gradually reduced upward; petiole 1.5-3.5 cm; leaf blade cordate-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 4.5-11 × 3-6.5 cm. Spikes compact, cylindric, 2.5-12 × 1.8-2.5 cm. Calyx ± purplish or purple-red. Corolla purplish blue. Ovary apex tomentose. Nutlets brown. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Agastache rugosa

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Dispels damp, releases the exterior and relieves summer-damp: Accumulation of dampness. Aromatic and acrid, Agastache is very strong and quite drying in nature. It harmonizes the middle Jiao, the normal transformation and transportation functions of the Spleen and Stomach are affected, leading to symptoms such as abdominal and epigastric fullness and distention, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and greasy tongue coat. Formula: Bu huan Jin Zheng Qi San. Summer-heat. 2. Relieves nausea and vomiting:.. 3. Treats fungal infection: Topical use of Agastache demonstrated effectiveness in treatment of fungal infections of the hands and feet. Fungal infection: Soak Agastache with Rhubarb, Melanterite, and Polygonati in vinegar for one week and filter out the solution, apply daily for 30min.

Dosage: 5-10 g, double dosage if fresh herb is used.

Pharmacological effects: antibiotic, and gastrointestinal effects.

Chemicals: Essential oil 1.5%, patchoulialcohol, cinnamic aldehyde, benzaldehyde, eugenol. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Leonurus artemisia English Name: Chinese motherwort Chinese Name: 益母草 Pin Yin: Yi Mu Cao Literal Name: Mother’s herb, good for mother herb, benefit mother herb Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Botanical Name: Leonurus artemisia (Loureiro) S.Y.Hu (Syn: L. japonicus Houttuyn, L. Heterophyllus Sweet) Pharmaceutical Name: Herba Leonuri Properties: acrid, bitter, cool Channel entered: Heart, Liver, Urinary Bladder Phenotype/Identification: Herbs annual or biennial. Taproots with dense, fibrous rootlets. Stems erect, 30- 120 cm. Petiole of stem leaves 0.5-3 cm, narrowly winged at apex; lower stem leaf blades ovate, base broadly cuneate, 3-palmatipartite; lobes oblong- rhombic to ovate. Verticillasters 8-15-flowered, 2-2.5 cm in diam.; floral leaves subsessile, linear to linear- lanceolate, 3-12 × 2-8 mm. Flowers sessile. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 6-8 mm. Corolla white or reddish to purplish red, 1-1.2 cm, villous. Nutlets brownish. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Leonurus artemisia

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Activate blood circulation, dispels blood stasis: Treats irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, Leonuri is one of the best and most commonly used herbs for treatment of various gynecological disorders caused by blood stagnation. It is essential in regulating blood circulation in the chong (thoroughfare) channel without damaging qi or blood. It regenerates blood without causing stagnation. 2. Promotes Urination, reduces swelling and edema: Treats edema and dysuria., scanty urine, heavy sensations of the back and legs, abdominal distention and fullness after meals. 3. Clears heat and eliminates toxins. Treats dematological disorders through clears heat and eliminates toxins from oth the interior and the exterior. Dosage: 10-15 g with maximum of 30g in decoction.

Cautions: It is contraiindicated in cases of yin deficiency, blood deficiency, or yang deficiency with prolapse. Use with extremely caution during pregnancy (stimulating effects on the uterus).

Chemicals: Leonurine, stachydine, etc. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Mentha haplocalyx

English Name: Corn mint, field mint Chinese Name: 薄荷 Pin Yin: Bo He Literal Name: Thin lotus Original Source: Yao Xing Ben Cao Botanical Name: Mentha haplocalyx Briq. (Syn: M. canadensis L.) Pharmaceutical Name: Herba Menthae Properties: acrid, cool Channel entered: Lung, Liver Phenotype: Herbs, plants rhizomatous, perennial. Stems erect, 30-60 cm, puberulent, much branched. Petiole 2-10 mm; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 3-5(-7) × 0.8-3 cm, puberulent, base cuneate to rounded, margin remotely coarse dentate-serrate above base, apex acute. Verticillasters axillary, globose, ca. 1.8 cm in diam.; peduncle 0-3 mm. Pedicel slender, 2.5 mm. Calyx tubular- campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm. Corolla purplish or white, ca. 4 mm. Nutlets yellow-brown. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Mentha haplocalyx

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Releases the exterior and dispels wind-heat: Treats wind- heat that characterized by symptoms such as headache, fever, the absence of perspiration, dry mouth and /or sore throat, yellow tongue coat, and superficial, rapid pulse. Because its acrid taste can overcome its cold nature, Mint can be also be used to treat wind-cold syndrome, if combined with acrid, warm herbs. Example formula: Sang Ju Yin (Mulberry leaf and chrysanthemum decoction) 2. Clears the head, brightens the eyes and benefits the throat: Treat headache, sore throat, and red eyes. 3. Vent rashes: Treats dermatological disorders. Dispersing by nature, mint is commonly used to treat wind-heat attacking the skin with symptoms such as rashes, measles, and other dermatological diseases. It promotes a more rapid recover by shortening the duration of illness. 4. Soothes and relieves Liver Qi stagnation. Liver qi stagnation that characterized by feelings of discomfort, distention, and pain in the chest and hypochondria.

Dosage: 2-10g.(~20g).

Chemical composition: Essential oils (Menthal, menthone, neoenthol), lipophilic lavones, coumarins. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Mint-Rice Soup

1. Recipe Mint 60g Rice 240g Gou-qi berry 5g Rock sugar 20g 2. Preparation 2.1 Cook mint in boiling water for 10 min (about 500ml water), cool the decoction to room temperature. 2.2 Cook rice soup (2 liter water with rice) for 45 min. 2.3 Add the mint decoction into rice soup, add Gou-qi berry and rock sugar and cook for additional 10 min. 3. Cool to a comfortable temperature and serve for 6. 4. Health benefit/treatments: Dispels wind-heat, adding rice and sugar would be helpful for generating sweat and promoting stomach function. This soup is very good for patients who have fever that caused by wind-heat. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Ocimum basilicum English Name: basil Chinese Name: 罗勒/九层塔 Pin Yin: Luo Le/Jiu Ceng Ta Literal Name: Nine-level tower Botanical Name: Ocimum basilicum L. Pharmaceutical Name: Herba Ocimi basilici Properties: Acrid, pungent, warm Channel entered: Stomach, Liver, Kidney Phenotype:. Herbs annual. Stems erect, 20-80 cm tall, apex retrorse puberulent, much branched.. Thyrses 10-20 cm, puberulent; verticillasters puberulent or densely pilose, fruiting calyx persistent, conspicuously veined. Corolla purplish or with upper lip white, limb puberulent outside; tube ca. 3 mm, throat ± dilated; upper lip wide, ca. 3 × 4.5 mm, 4-lobed, ± flat; lower lip purple, ca. 6 mm. Stamens free, slightly exserted, posterior 2 dentate, base puberulent. Nutlets dark brown, ovoid, ca. 2.5 × 1 mm, glandular foveolate. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Ocimum basilicum (herb)

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Regulates the middle jiao, promotes digestion: Basil treats stomach cold with qi stagnation and treats Stomach cramps, poor appetite in children. 2. Invigorates blood circulation, dispels water: Treats irregular menstruation, postpartum blood stagnation. 3. Open Channels and collaterals:. Treats Soreness and pain in the tendons, and bones. 4. Eliminates toxins and disperses wind. external injuries are often accompanied by infection, suppuration and pus formation.

Dosage: 5-12g.. Cautions: Not good for pregnancy.. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Ocimum basilicum (herb)

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Clears heat and Alleviates constipation : Make tea/soup. . 2. Weight control:. 3. Harmonize the stomach: 4. Eliminates toxins. Dosage: 5-12g.... Hort 4011-chen-W10 Perilla frutescens

English Name: perilla, perilla leaf Chinese Name: 紫苏叶 Pin Yin: Zi Su Ye Literal name: Purple perilla leaf Botanical Name: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Original Source: Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu Pharmaceutical Name: Folium Perillae Properties: acrid, warm Channel entered: Lung, Spleen Phenotype: Herb. Stems densely villous. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, 7-13 × 4.5-10 cm, green or purple, adaxially pilose, abaxially appressed villous, margin coarsely serrate. Fruiting calyx to 1.1 cm, base villous, glandular. Nutlets gray-brown, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Perilla frutescens

Chinese therapeutic actions: Dosage: 5-10g. Chemical composition: 1. Releases the exterior and dispels cold: Treats exterior wind-cold syndrome with aversion to cold, fever, headache, nasal obstruction, Essential oils absence of perspiration, and cough. Example formula: Xing Su San (Perillaldehyde, (Apricot Kernel and Perilla leaf powder). elsholtziaketone, Perilla 2. Regulates Qi and expands the chest, harmonizes the middle jiao, ketone, etc.) alleviates nausea and vomiting: Treats nausea and vomiting, Perilla leaf is commonly used to treat chest fullness and congestion, nausea Cautions: Use with and vomiting secondary to qi stagnation of the spleen and stomach. cautions for patients with Treats stomach flu, acute enteritis due to qi stagnation of the Spleen and Stomach, manifesting as abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea— febrile disorders, yin use Perilla with Orange peel, Pinelliae and Agastache. Exemple and/or qi deficiency. formula: Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San (Agastache powder to rectify the Qi). 3. Calms the fetus: Treats morning sickness or restless fetus. In pregnant women, upward reversal of fetal qi may lead to nausea and morning sickness, and abnormal descending of fetal qi may lead restless fetus or threatened abortion. Perilla can be used during pregnancy to regulate qi circulation to relieve nausea and morning sickness, restless fetus or threatened abortion. Use Perilla leaf with Orange peel, Radix Aucklandiae and Fructus Amomi to regulate qi and stabilize pregnancy. 4. Alleviates seafood poisoning: Perilla leaf is commonly used to treat seafood poisoning characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. It is most effective for poisoning from ingesting fish and crabs. Use decoction of Perilla leaf or together with fresh ginger. To treat rash or itching because of allergy, combining it with Periostracum Cicadae and Radix Saphoshnikoviae). Hort 4011-chen-W10 Perilla frutescens

English Name: perilla seeds Chinese Name: 苏子 Pin Yin: Su Zi Botanical Name: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Perillae Properties: acrid, warm Channel entered: Lung, Large Intestine Phenotype: Herb. Stems densely villous. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, 7-13 × 4.5-10 cm, green or purple, adaxially pilose, abaxially appressed villous, margin coarsely serrate. Fruiting calyx to 1.1 cm, base villous, glandular. Nutlets gray-brown, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Perilla frutescens

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Stops cough, relieves wheezing: Treats cough, dyspnea and wheezing due to excess accumulation of phlegm. Example formula: San Zi Yang Qin Tang (Three-seed decoction to nourish one’s parents). 2. Lubricates the intestines to promote bowel movement: Treats castipation with dry stools.

Dosage: 5-10g. Chemical composition: Fatty oil 45.3%, linoleic acid 14.1%, flavonoids, Vitamin B.

Cautions: Use with cautions for patients with loose stools or Spleen qi deficiency. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Prunella vulgaris

English Name: selfheal, heal-all, pronella Chinese Name: 夏枯草 (P124) Pin Yin: Xia Ku Cao Literal Name: withered flower in summer, summer withering weed Botanical Name: Prunella vulgaris L. Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing Pharmaceutical Name: Spica Prunellae Properties: bitter, acrid, cold Channel entered: Liver, Gallbladder

Phenotype: Herbs. Stems 20-30 cm, ascending, base much branched, purple-red. Spikes 2-4 cm; bracts purplish. Flowers, purplish blue. Nutlets oblong-ovoid. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Prunella vulgaris

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Clears Liver fire: Prunella is used to treat liver fire with eye disorders, blood deficiency, liver qi stagnation and enlargement and inflammation of the liver. 2. Clears hot phlegm, disperses stagnation, and resolves nodules: Treat scrofula, lipoma, swollen glands, goiter, lumps or nodules. 3. Lowers blood pressure: Prunella is used to treat hypertension, redness, swelling and eye pain caused by hypertension.

4. Dosage: 10-15 g in decoction, maximum dosage is 100 g.

Cautions: Cold in thermal nature, prunella should be used with caution in patients with Spleen and Stomach deficiencies.

Chemicals: Prunellin, oleanolic acid, etc. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Salvia miltiorrhiza

English Name: salvia root, red salvia root, Dan-shen Chinese Name: 丹参 Pin Yin: Dan Shen Literal Name: Red ginseng Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Botanical Name: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Properties: bitter, cold Channel entered: Heart, Pericardium, Liver Phenotype: Herb, perennial. Taproot thickened, succulent, scarlet outside. Stems erect, 40-80 cm tall, villous, much branched. Inflorescences densely villous or glandular villous. Corolla purple-blue or white.Nutlets ellipsoid. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Salvia miltiorrhiza

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Activates blood circulation, dispels blood stasis: Salvia root regulates blood circulation and addresses various disorders caused by blood stagnation, including gynecological or cardiovascular disorders, and the formation of nodules of blood stagnation. 2. Cools the blood, reduces swelling of sores and abscesses: Heat in the yin (nutritive) and blood levels.. 3. Nourishes blood, calms the Shen (Spirit): Palpitations and insomnia related to heat in the blood or heart blood deficiency.

Dosage: 5-10 g in decoction, maximum 30g.

Cautions: Patients with hypermenorrhea, hemoptysis or hematuria should use Salvia roots with caution.

Chemicals: Tanshinone I, II, hydroxytanshionone, methyltanshinonate, etc. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Scutellaria baicalensis

English Name: Scute, scutellaria, Baikal skullcap root Chinese Name: 黄芩 Pin Yin: Huang Qin Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Botanical Name: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Scutellariae Properties: Bitter, cold Channel entered: Lung, Gallbladder, Stomach, Large Intestine. Phenotype: Herbs or subshrubs, not aromatic. Leaves entire to pinnatifid. Inflorescences terminal or axillary racemes or spikes; floral leaves usually bractlike apically. Flowers axillary, opposite or sometimes alternate apically. Calyx short tubular. Corolla 2-lipped; purplish blue. Nutlets oblate, globose, to ovoid. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Scutellaria baicalensis

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Clears heat and dries dampness: Treats damp-heat Dosage: 3-10 g. disorders. Scutellaria treats a wide range of heat-related Cautions: Use Angelica with disorders characterized by fever, abdominal fullness, poor cautions in cases of blood appetite, nausea, sensations of heaviness, thirst with no deficiency with abdominal desire to drink, a red tongue with greasy, yellow coating, and pain, edema due to Spleen rapid slippery pulse. Clinical applications for Scutellaria deficiency, loose stool include jaundice with bight yellow skin, abdominal fullness, thirst, dysuria. because of Kidney deficiency. 2. Clears heat and sedates fire: Treats lung heat, Scutallaria is Chemical composition: Baicalin, bitter and cold, has excellent properties to clear heat and baicalein, wogonin, sedate fire in the Lung. Clinical applications include cough wogonoside. with yellow sputum, yellow nasal discharge, fever, dyspnea, dry mouth, sore throat, etc. Example formula: Ma Xing Gan Shi Tang (Ephedra, Apricot kernel, Licorice, and Gypsum decoction) 3. Clears heat and eliminates toxins: Treats lesions, sores, ulcerations caused by toxic heat. Example formula:Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis decoction to relieve toxicity) 4. Cools blood and stops bleeding: hematemesis, cough with blood-streaked sputum, gastrointestinal bleeding. 5. Calms and stabilizes the fetus: Stabilizes pregnancy by calming the fetus to relieve restlessness and constant kicking, a condition commonly described as heat in the womb. To calm the fetus, combine it with Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae and Angelica. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Stachys sieboldii

English Name: Chinese artichoke Chinese Name: 草石蚕，甘露子 Pin Yin: Cao Shi Can Original Source: Ben Cao Tu Jing. Botanical Name: Stachys sieboldii.

Pharmaceutical Name: Rhizome Stachys S. sieboldii Properties: sweet, neutral Channel entered: Liver, Spleen. Phenotype: Herbs perennial. Rhizomes white. Stems erect or inclined, 30–120 cm. Petiole 1–3 cm; leaf blade ovate to elliptic-ovate. Wet or submerged area. S. floridana

A related species native to the US, Stachys floridana. Leaves and flower petals are narrower than that of S. sieboldii. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Stachys sieboldii

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Clears heat and nourishes lung: Treats damp- heat caused cough, jaundice, swallow, and snake bites. 2. Clears heat and tonifies spleen: Adulteration: To make fake Chinese caterpillars. Dry herb Development of S. floridana for Americans. The tubers are being used as vegetables, pickled, stir fried, or Soup making soup with angelica, etc. pickles

Fake caterpillars Plantaginaceae: Plantago asiatica Hort 4011-chen-W10 English Name: Plantago seed, asiatic plantain seed, plantain seed Chinese Name: 车前子 (p391) Pin Yin: Che Qian Zi Literal name: Seeds in front of cart, seed-before cart. Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Botanical Name: Plantago asiatica L. Pharmaceutical Name: Semen Plantaginis Properties: sweet, cool Channel entered: Kidney, Urinary Bladder, Liver Lung Phenotype: Herbs, perennial. Roots numerous, fibrous. Leaves basal; petiole 2-15(-27) cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to broadly elliptic. Spikes narrowly cylindric, 3-40 cm, loosely to densely flowered, bracts narrowly ovate-triangular to triangular-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. Corolla white, glabrous; lobes narrowly triangular. Stamens adnate only to near base of corolla tube, exserted; anthers white, ovoid-ellipsoid, 1-1.2 mm. Seeds blackish brown, ovoid-ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 1.2-2 mm, angled, ventral face prominent to slightly flat. Plantaginaceae: Plantago asiatica Hort 4011-chen-W10

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Clears damp-heat and resolves dampness: Treats Lin Zheng (Dysuria syndrome) and edema, sweet and cold, plantain seeds dispel damp-heat from the lower jiao. Example formula: Ba Zheng San (Eight-herb powder from rectification). 2. Resolves dampness and stops diarrhea: Treat dampness accumulation in the intestines causing diarrhea. Plantain seeds consolicate and harden the stool by promoting urination. It is usually used alone in powder from this purpose. 3. Clears Liver heat and benefits eyes: Treats eye disorders caused by liver fire, and headaches provoked by liver yang rising. Dizziness and blurred vision due to liver and kidney deficiencies. 4. Clears the Lung and dissolves phlegm. Treats cough due to Lung heat.

Dosage: 5-10 g. Chemical composition: Planterolic acid, plantagin, plantenolic acid, plantasan, etc. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Oleaceae: Forsythia suspensa

English Name: Forsythia, weeping forsythia Chinese Name: 连翘 Pin Yin: Lian Qiao Botanical Name: Forsythia suspensa Vahl. Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus forsythiae Properties: bitter, cool Channel entered: Lung, Heart, Gallbladder

Phenotype/Identification: Shrubs. Branches spreading or pendulous; branchlets yellow-brown or gray-brown; internodes hollow. Leaves simple, sometimes 3-parted to 3-foliolate. Flowers solitary or 2 to several in leaf axils. Corolla yellow. Capsule ovoid to long ellipsoid, 1.2-2.5 cm × 6-12 mm, with scattered lenticels. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Oleaceae: Forsythia suspensa

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Clears heat: exterior wind-heat or early febrile disorders. Example Formula: Sang Ju Yin (Mulberry leaf and chrysanthemum decoction). Interior heat affecting the heart and pericardium. Heat in the ying (nutritive) level. Het forces blood out of the vessels, leading to subcutaneous bleeding, macula and purpura. 2. Clears heat and eliminates toxins: Treat abscess. Example formula: Xiao Luo Wan (Reduce scrofula pill) 3. Promotes urination: Dysuria syndrome. Forsythia treats dysuria syndrome, in which heat ha invaded the urinary bladder and is causing burning dysuria or hematuria.

Dosage: 6-15 g in decoction.

Cautions: With caution for patients experiencing diarrhea, or sores that are neither red nor painful. Chemicals: Lignoids (phillyrin), oleanolic acid, etc. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Scrophulariaceae:

English Name: Glutinous rehmania.dried rehmania/cooked rehmania, prpared rehmania Chinese Name: 地黄 (生地黄/熟地黄) Pin Yin: Di Huang (Sheng Di Huang/Shou Di Huang) Literal Name: Fresh earth yellowness/Cooked earth yellowness Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing/Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang Botanical Name: Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Rehmanniae/Radix Rehmannia preparata Properties: Sweet, bitter, cold/Sweet, Slightly warm Channel entered: Heart, Liver, Kidney/Liver, Kidney Phenotype: Herbs, 10-30 cm tall, densely villous with glandular hairs. Rhizomes to 5.5 cm, fleshy. Stems purple-red. Basal leaves usually regulate. Corolla 3-4.5 cm, white villous. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-loculed when young, 1-loculed with age. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Scrophulariaceae: Rehmannia glutinosa (Fresh Rehmannia/Dried Rehmannia)

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Clears heat and cools the blood: Treats heat invading the ying (nutritive) and blood levels (bleeding/dermatological disorders), characterized by high fever, dry mouth and tongue, no thirst, restlessness and feverish sensations at night, delirium, and mania. The tongue is scarlet red. Formula: Si Sheng Wan (four fresh pill). 2. Nourishes Yin and promotes generation of body fluids: Febrile disorders injuring the yin, wasting and thirsting disorders. Dosage: 10-30 g in decoction, maximum dosage is 100 g.

Cautions: Sweet and stagnating in nature, rehmannia may create dampness in the middle jiao and is contraindicated in patients with Spleen and Stomach qi or yang deficiencies or those with abdominal fullness or diarrhea.

Chemicals: Catapol, aucubin, melittoside, rehmannioisides.. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Scrophulariaceae: Rehmannia glutinosa (Cooked Rehmannia/Prepared Rehmannia)

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Nourishes blood: Treats blood deficiency. Cooked Rehmannia treats blood deficiency and the consequent lack of nourishment to the Liver and Heart. Treats Anemia. Formula: Si Wu Tang (four- substance decoction). Anemia with fatigue and weakness, Formula: Ba Zhen Tang (Eight-treasure decoction). Cooked Rehmannia also treats menstrual disorders, gestational and postpartum disorders. Blood belongs to the yin element and is the foundation of women’s health. Irregular menstruation is often caused by blood stagnation or blood deficiency. Because the rich nature of cooked Rehmannia may cause stagnation, it should only be used for patients with irregular menstruation arising from blood deficiency and NOT for those with blood stagnation. 2. Tonifies liver and kidney yin: Clinical presentations include soreness and weakness of the lower back and knees, dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, diminished hearing, tidal fever, night sweats, nocturnal emissions, a thready rapid pulse, and a dry, cracked tongue with scanty or no coating. Formula:Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Six Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia). Treats Kidney Yin-deficient fire. Formula: Da Bu Yin Wan (Grat Tonify the Yin Pill). Hort 4011-chen-W10 Scrophulariaceae: Rehmannia glutinosa (Cooked Rehmannia/Prepared Rehmannia)

Chinese therapeutic actions: (continued) 3. Replenishes Jing (Essence) and fills the marrow: Treats the developmental delay and premature aging. Jing and blood are derived from the same source. Cooked Rehmannia tonifies blood and nourishes Jing. 4. Arrests cough and wheezing: Treat respiratory disorders. This type of deficient cough, wheezing, and asthma is associated with Kidney deficiency with inability to grasp the qi downwards. Dosage: 10-30 g in decoction,.

Cautions: Use cooked Rehmannia with caution for patients with Spleen and Stomach deficiencies. Because the stagnating and cloying nature of coodked Rehmannia may impair digestion, it is contraindicated in excess conditions with dampness, phlegm or qi stagnation.

Chemicals: Catapol, aucubin, melittoside, rehmannioisides.. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Scrophulariaceae: Scrophularia ningpoensis

English Name: Ningbo figwort root, Scrophularia Chinese Name: 玄参 Pin Yin: Xuan Shen Literal Name: Mysterious root, mysterious ginseng Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Botanical Name: Scrophularia ningboensis Hemsl. Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Scrophulariae Properties: bitter, sweet, salty, cold Channel entered: Lung, Stomach, Kidney Phenotype:.Herbs, to 1.5 m tall. Lateral roots few, fusiform to conical. Stems quadrangular. Leaves opposite, sometimes apically alternate; petiole to 4.5 cm; leaf blade below mostly ovate, upper ones ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, to 30 X 19 cm, base cuneate, rounded, or subcordate, margin serrulate and rarely irregularly double serrate. Thyrses to 50 cm, largely lax; cymes terminal and axillary, often 2-4-flowered. Corolla brown-purple, Capsule ovoid, 8-9 mm. Hort 4011-chen-W10

Scrophulariaceae: Scrophularia ningpoensis

Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Clears heat and nourishes yin: Treats the heat in the ying (nutritive) level. Sweet, cold and moist in nature, Scrophulariae clears heat and nourishes yin. Formula: Bai He Gu Jin Tang (Lily bulb decoction to preserve the metal). 2. Eliminates toxins and disperses nodules: treats toxic nodules toxic nodules and palpable masses. Formulas: Yang Yin Qing Fei Tang (Nourish the Yin and Clear the Lungs decoction), Xiao Luo Wan (Reduce Scrofula Pill). 3. Dosage: 10-15g (50 g) 4. Cautions: Cold in nature,use with cautions for patients who have dampness, deficiency and cold of the Spleen and Stomach. Hort 4011-chen-W10

Practice (Lab) 10

Practice Notes:

Objectives: 1. Distinguish herb samples that are distributed in the class.

Practices: 1. Smell, taste the herbal samples and complete the form that given in the following page. 2. Discuss that different parts of the same plant species with different medicinal value and applied for different health issues. 3. Make hot-dry noodles (Wed). 4. Make basil seed tea/soup. 5. Goji oat meal. Herb Examination Hort 4011-chen-W10

Name: Major: aDate: c

Part for Your way of Herb No. medicine Color Flavor Energy identifying it 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. Comments