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Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lecture 10 1. Loganiaceae Medicinal plants of 2.AsteridaeGentianaceae (I) 3. Apocynaceae Objective: to learn how to identify common4. Asclepiadaceae herbs and herbal products of Asteridae (I) 5. Solanaceae to understand that different parts6. Covolvulaceae of the same plant species can be used as different medicine. 7. Verbenaceae 1. Loganiaceae 8. Labiatae 2. Gentianaceae 9. Plantaginaceae 3. Apocynaceae 10.Oleaceae 4. Asclepiadaceae 11.Scrophulariaceae 5. Solanaceae 12.Orobanchaceae 6. Convolvulaceae 13.Acanthaceae 7. Verbenaceae Gentianaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Gentiana macrophylla English Name: Gentiana macrophylla root Chinese Name: 秦艽 Pin Yin: Qin Jiao Literal Name: Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing Botanical Name: Gentiana macryophylla Pall. Pharmaceutical Name: Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae Properties: bitter, acrid,, cool Channel entered: Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder Phenotype/Identification: Perennials 30-60 cm tall. Roots to 30 × 2 cm. Stems ascending to erect. Basal leaves petiole 3-5 cm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic-ovate, 6-28 × 2.5-6 cm, veins 5-7. Stem leaves 3-5 pairs; petiole to 4 cm; leaf blade elliptic- lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 4.5-15 × 1.2-3.5 cm, veins 3-5. Inflorescences crowded into terminal clusters, many flowered. Flowers sessile. Calyx tube spathelike; lobes 4 or 5. Corolla blue- purple, with pale yellow base. Capsules ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.5-1.7 cm. Gentianaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Gentiana macrophylla Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Dispels wind and dampness, opens channels and collaterals, relaxes the sinews: Gentiana has a dispersing nature that dispels dampness and opens peripheral channels, and collaterals. It treats musculoskeletal and joint disorders, whether acute or chronic, hot or cold in nature. Since Gentiana is cool, it is most effective for Bi Zheng caused by heat, with redness, swelling and inflammation. Use gentiana with Radix Stephaniae (Fen Fang Ji) to treat hot bi zheng with redness, swelling and pain; use Gentiana with Du Huo (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis), Cinnamon twigs, and Radix Aconiti lateralis to treat cold bi zheng with pain and difficulty moving. 2. Clears deficiency heat: Unlike other herbs that dispel wind-damp, Gentiana is not drying in nature. This makes it an excellent herb to clear deficiency heat without consuming yin or body fluids. Gentiana treats deficiency heat characterized by steaming hones sensations and tidal fevel. Example Formula: Qin Jiao Bie Jia San (Gentiana Macrophylla and soft-shelled turtle shell powder.) 3. Relieves jaundice: Gentiana dispels dampness to assist in the treatment of jaundice. Dosage: 5-10 g in decoction. Cautions: Use with caution in patients with cold of the spleen and stomach, or those with loose stools. Chemicals: Gentianine, gentianidine, gentianel. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium barbarum English Name: Goji berry, Gou-qi berry (Gou-ji berry is sometimes used but wrong). Chinese Name:枸杞子 Pin Yin: Gou Qi Zi Literal Name: thorny stalk seed, aspen-willow fruit Original Source: Ming Yi Za Zhu. Botanical Name: Lycium barbarum L. Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus Lycii Properties: sweet, neutral. Channel entered: Liver, Kidney, Lung Phenotype/Identification: Shrubs (small tree in cultivation) 0.8-2 m tall. Stems and branches glabrous, branches thorny. Leaves solitary or fasciculate, lanceolate. Inflorescences solitary or clustered flowers. Pedicel 1-2 cm. Calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm, usually 2- lobed, lobes 2- or 3- toothed at apex. Corolla purple, funnel form. Berry red or orange-yellow, oblong or ovoid, 0.4-2 cm × 5-10 mm. Seeds usually 4-20, brown-yellow, ca. 2 mm. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium barbarum Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium barbarum Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Tonifies Liver and Kidney Yin, brightens the eyes: Treats Liver and kidney yin deficiencies. The Liver opens to the eyes: insufficient yin of the Liver and Kidney may lead to dizziness, blurry vision, nocturnal emissions, infertility, soreness and weakness of the lower back and knees, prematurely gray hair. Example Formulas: Qi Ju Di Huang Wan (Lycium fruit, Chrysanthemum, and Rehmannia Pill), Zuo Gui Wan (Restore the left (Kidney) Pill), You Gui Wan (Restore the Right (Kidney) Pill), and Gui Lu Er Xian Jiao (Tortoise shell and deer antler syrup). 2. Moistens Lung Yin: Treats chronic respiratory disorders with Lung yin deficiency. Symptoms include dry cough, without sputum or with scanty sputum that is difficult to expectorate, possibly coughing with blood or blood streaks. Dosage: 5-15 g, in decoction. Gou-qi berry is also used in paste, medicinal tincture, pill or powder forms. Cautions: Though Gou-qi berry is not stagnating in nature, it should still be used with caution for patients who have diarrhea from Spleen and Stomach deficiencies. Chemical composition: Betaine, solavetivone, zeaxanthin, etc. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium barbarum English Name: Lycium root bark, barbary wolfberry root bark, Chinese wolfberry root bark. Chinese Name:地骨皮 Pin Yin: Di Gu Pi Literal Name: Ground bone skin, earth bone skin. Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Botanical Name: Lycium barbarum L. Pharmaceutical Name: Cortex Lycii Properties: sweet, bland, cold. Channel entered: Lung, Kidney Phenotype/Identification: Shrubs (small tree in cultivation) 0.8-2 m tall. Stems and branches glabrous, branches thorny. Leaves solitary or fasciculate, lanceolate. Inflorescences solitary or clustered flowers. Pedicel 1-2 cm. Calyx campanulate, 4-5 mm, usually 2- lobed, lobes 2- or 3- toothed at apex. Corolla purple, funnelform. Berry red or orange-yellow, oblong or ovoid, 0.4-2 cm × 5-10 mm. Seeds usually 4-20, brown-yellow, ca. 2 mm. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium barbarum Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Cools blood and relieves steaming bones sensation: Treats yin deficiency with heat in the blood. Lycium root bark enters the bones, clears heat and relieves steaming bones sensations and night sweats. Treats Xiao Ke (wasting and thirsting) syndrome, when heat damages body fluids over a long period of time, patients with xiao ke syndromes experience thirst, dry mouth, irritability and polyuria. Lycium root bark is especially good for the type of thirst that cannot be relieved by water intake. 2. Clears Lung heat. Treat cough due to Lung heat. Lycium root bark is effective in treating cough, wheezing and dyspnea due to lung heat. Heat travels down to the paired organ of lung, the large intestin, constipation or dry stools occur. Example Formula: Xie Bai San (Drain the white powder). 3. Clears Heat, cools blood, and stops bleeding: Treats bleeding, hematuria and cough. Dosage: 6-15 g, in decoction. Cautions: Cold in nature, Lycium root bark should be used with cautions for patients with deficiency and cold of the Spleen and Stomach as shown by loose stools. Chemical composition: Betaine, Lyciumins A, B; kukoamine A, lyciumamide, cinnamic acid. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium ruthenicum English Name: Black Goji berry, Black Gou-qi berry. Chinese Name: 黑果枸杞 Pin Yin: Hei Gou Qi Literal Name: Black fruit wolf berry Original Source: Botanical Name: Lycium ruthenicum Murray (Comm. Gott. 2: 9, 1780) Pharmaceutical Name: Fructus nigrum Lycii Properties: sweet, neutral. Channel entered: ? Phenotype/Identification: Shrubs 20–50(–100) cm tall. Stems much branched; branches grayish or whitish, erect; branchlets apically thorny; thorns 3–15 mm, inserted on nodes. Leaves subsessile, solitary on young branches; leaf blade grayish, succulent, linear or subcylindric0.5– 3 cm×2–7 mm. Flowers 1 or 2 on short shoots. Corolla pale purple, funnel form, ca. 1.2 cm. Fruiting calyx slightly inflated. Berry purple-black, globose, sometimes emarginate, 6–9 mm in diam. Seeds brown. Solanaceae Hort 4011-chen-W10 Lycium ruthenicum This is a newly discovered herbs Chinese therapeutic actions (not known yet): Black goji berry tea: 1. Calm shen and improves sleeping: black goji tea https://www.youtube.com/wat (magic). ch?v=8iLD_6nRvu8 2. Extremely rich in anthocyanin, which provides high levels of antioxidants and nutrients. Dosage: 6-15 g, tea, decoction. Cautions: Not yet known. Chemical composition: Not yet fully understood. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Other medicinal plants from Solanaceae Datura Solanum Pepper Hort 4011-chen-W10 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta chinesis English Name: Cuscuta seeds/dodder seeds Chinese Name: 莵丝子 Pin Yin: Tu Si Zi Literal Name: Rabbit string seeds, hare silk seeds Original Source: Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Botanical Name: Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Pharmaceutical Name: Semen Cuscutae Properties: acrid, sweet, neutral Channel entered: Liver, Kidney Phenotype: Parasitic plants. Stems yellow, thin. Inflorescences lateral, compact cymose glomerules, few to many flowered. Seeds 2-4, pale brown, ovoid. 2n = 28, 56. Hort 4011-chen-W10 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta chinesis Chinese therapeutic actions: 1. Tonifies Kidney Yin and Yang: Treats Impotence, chronic uterine bleeding, leukorrhea. 2. Consolidates Kidney Jing (essence) and reserves the Urine: Kidney qi deficiency results in the inability of the urinary bladder to hold urine. Cuscuta treats urinary disorders such as incontinence, terminal dripping, frequent urinary urges. 3. Brightens the eyes: The Liver opens to the eyes, Lack of nourishment results in blurred vision, spots, in front of the eyes, dryness of the eyes and dizziness. Cuscuta treats the diminished vision. 4. Stops Diarrhea: 5. Treats wasting and thirsting syndrome: Dosage: 10-15 g, can be used as millets for food. Cautions:
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  • Scrophulariaceae) and Hemiparasitic Orobanchaceae (Tribe Rhinantheae) with Emphasis on Reticulate Evolution

    Scrophulariaceae) and Hemiparasitic Orobanchaceae (Tribe Rhinantheae) with Emphasis on Reticulate Evolution

    Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) an der Fakultät für Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Evolutionary history and biogeography of the genus Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) and hemiparasitic Orobanchaceae (tribe Rhinantheae) with emphasis on reticulate evolution vorgelegt von Agnes Scheunert München, Dezember 2016 II Diese Dissertation wurde angefertigt unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Günther Heubl an der Fakultät für Biologie, Department I, Institut für Systematische Botanik und Mykologie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Günther Heubl Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Jochen Heinrichs Tag der Abgabe: 15.12.2016 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 22.03.2017 III IV Eidesstattliche Versicherung und Erklärung Eidesstattliche Versicherung Ich, Agnes Scheunert, versichere hiermit an Eides statt, daß die vorgelegte Dissertation von mir selbständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt ist. München, den 14.12.2016 ______________________________________ Agnes Scheunert Erklärung Diese Dissertation wurde im Sinne von § 12 der Promotionsordnung von Prof. Dr. Günther Heubl betreut. Hiermit erkläre ich, Agnes Scheunert, dass die Dissertation nicht ganz oder in wesentlichen Teilen einer anderen Prüfungskommission vorgelegt worden ist, und daß ich mich anderweitig einer Doktorprüfung ohne Erfolg nicht unterzogen habe. München, den 14.12.2016 ______________________________________ Agnes Scheunert V VI Declaration of author contribution In this cumulative thesis,