International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2021, pp. 320-328, Article ID: IJARET_12_01_028 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=12&Issue=1 ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499 DOI: 10.34218/IJARET.12.1.2021.028

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EXPLORATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OF DAYAK TRIBE IN PALANGKA RAYA

Herry Palangka Jaya Environmental Science Study Program, Post Graduate Study Program, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.

Salampak Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.

Sih Winarti Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.

Fengky F. Adji Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT This paper explores traditional Dayak medicinal in an effort to maximize the potential of Indonesia's forests which have high biodiversity. This can benefit both humans and the environment through the protection of plant species available in nature. The determination of traditional medicinal plants in this study was based on data on traditional medicinal plants in Central Kalimantan and based on direct interviews with indigenous Dayak people in Palangka Raya City, both users and sellers of these traditional medicinal plants. The exploration results of the Dayak tribe's traditional medicinal plants show that there are four important plants that are developed and their use is preserved. These plants are Dayak onions, Semar bags, Masicin, and Karamunting. Its use varies for various diseases that generally occur in the tropics. Key words: medicinal plants, Dayak onions, Semar bags, Masicin, Karamunting. Cite this Article: Herry Palangka Jaya, Salampak, Sih Winarti and Fengky F. Adji, Exploration of Traditional Medicine Plant of Dayak Tribe in Palangka Raya, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 12(1), 2021, pp. 320-328. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=12&Issue=1

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 320 [email protected] Exploration of Traditional Medicine Plant of Dayak Tribe in Palangka Raya

1. INTRODUCTION Indonesian society in everyday life cannot be separated from the inherent traditional elements even though the development of science and technology is currently very fast. One of the traditional elements that are inherent at this time is the use of medicinal plants as a solution in treating various diseases. This is supported by Indonesia's abundant natural resource wealth, especially the richness of medicinal plants (EISAI, 1995 in Krismawati and Sabran, 2004). Medicinal plants are all plant species known or believed to have medicinal properties and are grouped into 3 groups, namely 1) traditional medicinal plants 2) modern medicinal plants and 3) potential medicinal plants (Abdiyani, 2008). Traditional medicinal plants are types of plants that are known or believed by the community to have medicinal properties and have been used for traditional medicine in hereditary stages. Traditional medicine is all treatment by means other than medical science based on knowledge rooted in certain traditions (Garvita, 2015). Various types of medicinal plants have long been used by people living in and around forests to treat various types of diseases (Widhyani et al, 2017). Likewise, the Dayak people who live in Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan Province, with their traditional knowledge from generation to generation, utilize various types of medicinal plants to treat various types of diseases. The continued use of traditional medicinal plants has led to a lot of research on these various plants, especially in the pharmaceutical field. In line with that, this paper explores traditional Dayak medicinal plants in an effort to maximize the potential of Indonesia's forests which have high biodiversity. This can benefit both humans and the environment (Fernando et al., 2018; Ludang et al., 2018; Ludang & Mangkoedihardjo, 2009) through the protection of plant species available in nature, for harvesting and post harvest treatment (Mangkoedihardjo, 2005).

2. DETERMINATION 2.1. Overview Indonesia is one of the countries with a high level of plant species diversity in the world because it has a very large tropical forest of about 143 million ha and 80% is overgrown with medicinal plants and it is estimated that there are approximately 6000 species that grow around and in the forest (Elfahmi et al. , 2014; Jaya et al., 2018). The types of medicinal plants found in Indonesia are estimated to be approximately 1,100 species and approximately 1,040 species originating from plants found in the Indonesian region Hargono (1985) in Hidayat and Hardiansyah (2012), while Zuhud and Hikmat (2009), there are 2,039 plant species. drugs that have been identified in Indonesia and this is still continuing today. Research on the data collection of medicinal plants in Central Kalimantan has been carried out, such as by the Dayak Ot Danum in Tumbang Payang and Tumbang Kania, East Kotawaringin villages, which have approximately 64 species of medicinal plants, besides the Bakumpai Dayak tribe and the Dusun Tengah Dayak tribe in East Barito Regency have more less than 100 types of medicinal plants (Aryadi et al, 2014; Herianto et al, 2018). The determination of traditional medicinal plants in this study was based on data on traditional medicinal plants in Central Kalimantan and based on direct interviews with indigenous Dayak people in Palangka Raya City, both users and sellers of these traditional medicinal plants. Of the various types of traditional medicinal plants available, 4 samples of traditional medicinal plants were determined with the criteria 1) Dayak onions (Eleutherine palmifolia) (L.) Merr.), Which have anti-inflammatory benefits, stop bleeding, are easy to cultivate, are the prima donna of typical medicinal plants. Borneo; 2) Semar bags (Nepenthes mirabilis Druce.), Have benefits for eye medicine, coughs, to treat sunburns, as an ornamental

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 321 [email protected] Herry Palangka Jaya, Salampak, Sih Winarti and Fengky F. Adji plant because of their unique pouch, high adaptability, easy to cultivate; 3) Masicin / Kemunting ( tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.), Has benefits for diarrhea medicine, wound healing, high seed production, can grow quickly, recover immediately after forest fires; 4) Karamunting / Senggani (Melastoma malabathricum D. Don.), Has benefits for indigestion, dysentery, vaginal discharge, hemorrhoids, wounds, toothaches, mouth sores, high growth speed and can be used as a dye / ink that has been used during regional elections.

2.2. Benefits The use of natural ingredients as traditional medicine has been carried out since ancient times in Indonesia. This is evidenced by the presence of ancient manuscripts on palm such as palm husodo (Java), usada (Bali), pabbura (South Sulawesi), documents of primbon incense fiber and reliefs. Borobudur temple, which depicts people mixing medicine (herbal medicine) with plants as their raw material (Sari, 2006). Muktiningsih et al (2001), ethnographically, each ethnic group in Indonesia has local and traditional knowledge in utilizing medicinal plants, namely from the types of plants, parts used, methods of treatment to curable diseases. Each region or ethnic group has its own characteristics in terms of traditional medicine. This is due to natural conditions, especially the availability of medicinal plants in each region, the differences in cultural philosophies and customs that lie behind it (Jumiarni and Komalasari, 2017). In Kalimantan, the use of medicinal plants, especially forest plants, still uses simple processing methods such as boiling, soaking, chewing, kneading and pounding or mashing. Takandjandji and Sumanto (2010), the parts of plants that are most widely used as medicine are leaves, roots, bark and the least are and wood fibers, the same as kenaf (Mangkoedihardjo & Samudro, 2014). The Dayak Tunjung community in East Kalimantan utilizes tamarind (Tamarindus indica) mixed with boiled turmeric, garlic and sugarcane stalks, then drink the boiled water to clean dirty blood after giving birth (Garvita, 2015). The use of medicinal plants by the Dayak Jangkang Tanjung, Ribau Village in West Kalimantan is either single or mixed, generally the processing is done by boiling, pounding, kneading and brewing directly. The most widely used family, Euphorbiaceae, consists of 7 species which are generally used to treat fever, stomach aches and treat venomous animal bites (Sari et al, 2015). The Dayak Ngaju people in Central Kalimantan utilize various kinds of medicinal plants for the treatment of diarrhea, fever, malaria, wounds, eye drops, sore muscles, itching and postpartum care. Some of the plants that are often used to treat diarrhea by boiling and drinking water are Nisip root (Wikstroemia sp.), Belawan Laki bark (Tristaniopsis abovata), Kambasirak leaves (Ilexcymosa) and Paherak twigs (Garciniacelebica). Medications for malaria include Tekerek root (Eurycoma longifolia) and Penawar Gantung root (Tinospora crispa), to treat fever commonly used is Gusar Root (Acoruscalamus) and to treat heartburn by drinking bejakah dangu (Wilughbeiacoriaceae) stem water and many more (Setyowati et al, 2005; Herianto et al, 2018).

3. DESCRIPTION 3.1. Dayak onions (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.) Dayak onions are a typical Kalimantan medicinal plant which is currently being consumed by many people both inside and outside Kalimantan by systematically Kingdom: Plantae, Division: Spermatophyta, Sub Division: Angiosperms, Class: Liliopsida, Order: Liliales, Family: Iridaceae, Genus: Eleutherine, Species: Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.) (Puspadewi et al, 2013). This plant has been empirically used by the Dayak community as a medicinal plant and has various local names including Dayak onion, Sabrang onion, diamond onion, Lubak onion and ghost onion with characteristics as in Figure 1 where the color of the red bulb is cone-

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 322 [email protected] Exploration of Traditional Medicine Plant of Dayak Tribe in Palangka Raya shaped, the green is shaped a parallel band with smooth edges with a tapered tip, the length of the leaves is between 15-20 cm and 3-5 cm wide and the white flowers appear on the axillary of the upper leaves, the are egg-round or almost square, the tubers are similar to onions but not at all smelly (Sirhi et al, 2017; Elisa, 2013). The medical benefits of Dayak onions have traditionally been able to treat various diseases such as colitis, ulcers, constipation, hepatitis and spleen, this is because this plant has naphthokuinone compounds as antimicrobials and antioxidants (Gayatri et al., 2017). Even if it is mixed with Dutch Teak and Temu Giring, it is efficacious for losing weight or slimming (obesity) and reducing fat content, it can be used in fresh, simplicia, sweets and in powder form. Its potential as a multi-functional medicinal plant so that it needs to be increased its use as an ingredient in modern medicine (Galingging, 2009). Apart from being a medicinal plant, Dayak onions also have a function as an in Java by being planted in front of the house or in a container (Hoesen, 2010). The great benefits possessed by Dayak Onions make this plant widely cultivated by farmers as demand continues to increase, so now it is not difficult to find it. With the increase in the cultivation of this plant and the absence of research on CO2 absorption, information is needed about its ability to absorb CO2 in helping to absorb GHG in the atmosphere for further use.

3.2. Semar bags (Nepenthes mirabilis Druce.) The Semar bag is a carnivorous plant that preys on insects typical of the tropics (Yelli, 2013). As many as 64 of the 100 species that have been identified in the world are in Indonesia and Central Kalimantan, which have large peatlands, which are one of the centers for the distribution of Semar bags in Indonesia, systematically Kingdom: Plantae, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, Super Division: Spermatophyta, Division: Magnoliophyta, Class : Mognoliopsida, Sub Class: Dilleniidae Order: Nepenthales, Family: Nepenthaceae, Genus: Nepenthes, Species: Nepenthes mirabilis Druce. (Hariyadi, 2013). This plant is a type of wild plant that can grow naturally in forests, either in peat forests or lowland areas or hilly tropical forests. Usually it grows vines and lives in dense thickets of forest, mostly growing in low to high plains, the species found are slightly red in color and grows on with acidic pH or on peatlands that are overgrown with ferns (Mansur, 2006). In Kalimantan, the names of the Semar Bag plants vary, the Dayak Katingan tribe with ketupat napu, the Dayak Bakumpai tribe with the tip telep, while the Dayak Tunjung tribe with selo benongong which means insect nest. The Semar bag plant (Nepenthes mirabilis Druce.), It is also called ketupat napu because it is often used to cook or steam rice like ketupat for the Katingan Dayak tribe. It can grow to a height of 15-20 m by climbing other plants, although some species do not. At the tip of the leaf there are tendrils that can be modified to form pockets, which are traps used to eat prey, for example insects, paws and frogs that enter the semar bag. In general, plants have 3 types of bags, namely a) The upper bag is a bag of adult plants, usually in the form of a funnel or cylinder, having an attractive color. b) The bottom bag is a bag that has 2 wings which function as a tool for soil insects such as ants to climb the mouth of the bag and immerse in the enzymatic liquid in it and c) The rosette bag has the same shape as the bottom bag, but grows on the leaves in the shape of a rosette (Hariyadi, 2013; Yelli, 2013). The Semar bag is not only unique and beautiful as an ornamental plant, but this plant has several benefits such as water stored in the bag as a preventative for bedwetting for children under five, the people of Maluku believe that the water in the Semar bag can bring rain in the dry season. Sumatra uses the pouch of this plant as a tool for cooking lemang and the deepest water in the bag is also useful as a potion for curing certain diseases, such as eye pain medication, coughs and ulcers in Kalimantan (Selvi et al, 2015).

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Ecologically, Semar bags has the ability to absorb CO2 in the air through the photosynthesis process like other plants (Mansur, 2012a). There are three types of semar bags that are commonly found in peatlands around Palangka Raya City, namely Nepenthes mirabilis Druce., Nepenthes gracilis Korth. and Nepenthes reindwardtiana Miq. Nepenthes mirabilis Druce. Has better adaptability in various open or shaded areas and is more widely distributed and has higher absorption capacity than others (Hariyadi, 2013; Mansur, 2017). It should be noted that the Semar Bag plant is the mascot / icon of the city of Palangka Raya, which is often seen installed in strategic road locations, as well as in Kapuas Regency a replica of the Semar Pocket is used to beautify the corners of the city. This plant is included in Indonesia's rare plants with a threatened status, this status is useless in the field because the community does not know, the government has also not taken any real action to save its vast land in Central Kalimantan. For that we need a separate location so that plants that can be cultivated to avoid extinction. Therefore, comprehensive information is needed on the benefits of semar bags in Palangka Raya City, one of which is as a CO2 absorber and Nepenthes mirabilis Druce is chosen. on the basis of the high adaptability and absorption of CO2.

3.3. Masicin / Kemunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.) Kemunting or Masicin, the local name for Kalimantan and Rosemyrle for international names has a systematic consist of Kingdom: Plantae, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, Super Division: Spermatophyta, Division: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Sub Class: Rosidae, Order: , Family : , Genus: Rhodomyrtus, Species: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. (NRCS, 2018; Juniar et al, 2017). Masicin plants are originating from Southeast and are found growing wild in several countries such as , , the , , Vietnam and Indonesia (Lai et al, 2015). In the Kalimantan area, it grows on hills and lowlands, especially on clay mixed with sand and up to an altitude of 2400 m. It is quite drought tolerant, grows well in areas with rainfall ranging from 650 mm.-1 year. If it is the fruiting season, this plant will be very much found among the bushes, but if it is not bearing fruit, only 1 or 2 trees will bear fruit so it is a bit difficult to find it, even the fruit is often dry because no one picks it or eats it. Plant Masicin (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.), Based on literature is often called kemunting and some call it karamunting (Sinata and Arifin, 2016; Maskam et al, 2014), but from the past the Dayak people have called it a plant from generation to generation. masicin. Remembering when we were still in elementary school, every time we came home from school we did not forget to look for and pick masycin fruit with our school friends. The growth of Masicin plants reaches a height of 4-12 m, the location of the leaves is opposite, oval, the upper side of the leaves is shiny green and the undersides of the leaves are gray hairy, the leaves are 5-7 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. The flowers are single or in groups consisting of 2-3 flowers 2.5- 3 cm in diameter with various colors from pink to purple, have many stamens and are not fragrant. The fruit is oval-shaped, 1-1.5 cm long, close to ripe, the fruit that initially turns green turns brownish red to black. The skin of the fruit is like velvet, the ripe fruit is purple and soft, there are 40-45 seeds in it. The flesh of the fruit is like grapes, only it has more fiber, does not contain too much water and tastes sweet (Lai et al, 2015). The benefits of the Masicin plant apart from being a social economic plant, for health are: a. Anthocyanin extract from kemunting fruit has strong antioxidants. Antioxidants are needed to prevent or reduce diseases caused by free radicals (Maskam et al, 2014; Lai et al, 2015). b. Overcoming diseases caused by bacterial infection (Mordmuang et al, 2015). c. Can be used as painkiller, get rid of swelling, improve blood flow and stop bleeding. Some parts that can be used as medicine are roots, leaves, fruit and stems (Juniar et al, 2017).

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 324 [email protected] Exploration of Traditional Medicine Plant of Dayak Tribe in Palangka Raya d. Kemunting / masycin leaves can cure diabetes (Sinata and Arifin, 2016). In addition to its benefits as a medicinal plant, this plant was chosen because of its high growth and seed production capacity, it can grow quickly and immediately recover after forest fires so it is very suitable for Palangka Raya City, besides that there is no data on the ability of CO2 absorption by this plant (Kusuma et al, 2016).

3.4. Karamunting / Senggani (Melastoma malabathricum D. Don.) One of the many medicinal plants found around the city of Palangka Raya is Karamunting (Melastoma malabthricum D. Don.) This plant has been widely used in Asia by taking the roots and leaves to treat various diseases (Handayani et al. , 2017). The plant systematics of caramunting / senggani consists of Kingdom: Plantae, Sub Kingdom: Tracheobionta, Super Division: Spermatophyta Division: Spermatophyta, Class: Dicotyledoneae, Sub Class: Rosidae Order: Myrtales, Family: Melastomataceae, Genus: Melastoma, Species: Melastoma malabathricum D . Don. Karamunting plants are native to Kalimantan, Pekanbaru and North Sumatra which have different names haredong (Sundanese), senggani (Javanese) kamanden (Madura), senduduk (Sumatra) and karamunting (Kalimantan) (Niah and Baharsyah, 2018). Its distribution area in the Asian region grows in wild conditions, is found on mountain slopes, shrubs, less arid fields, in swamp forests, grows to an altitude of 1,650 m above sea level, can grow in various habitats and soil types (Sari et al. 2016). Karamunting plants in some places are used as ornamental plants because of their attractive color, but in some other places they are considered as weeds (nuisance plants) because of their very fast growth (Fatonah et al, 2013). Remembering when we were still in elementary school and junior high school, every time we came home from school we did not forget to look for and pick karamunting fruit with our school friends to eat. Karamunting fruit is a typical name for the Dayak tribe of Central Kalimantan, the fruit is delicious and when eaten will leave a bronze-colored tongue, especially when showing the color of the tongue to others, purple gives a sensation and a sense of satisfaction. Karamunting can grow to a height of up to 4 m, has many branches, the trunk is small, green to reddish brown in color. This plant is scaly and hairy on the stems and leaves, is a single- stemmed leaf and is located opposite, elongated in shape and at the sharp tip and rounder base. The flowers are purple, in the middle it has a white pattern, has a fairly distinctive fruit with a shape like a decorative glass and the top tends to open, if the fruit is ripe it will bloom or break into several parts and have a dark purple color (Omar et al, 2012). Apart from being a social economic plant, the benefits of the Karamunting plant are for the health of the leaves as a fever reliever (antieprik), pain reliever (analgesic), eliminates swelling, improves blood flow and stops bleeding (hemostasis). Diseases that can be treated include indigestion (dyspepsi), bacillary dysentery, diarrhea, hepatitis, mouth sores and poisoning (Handayani et al, 2017; Omar et al, 2012). Parts that can be used as medicine are the leaves, roots and fruit by boiling them and then drinking them. For external use, fresh or dried leaves are finely ground and then applied to burns or bleeding wounds then the wound is then wrapped or wrapped until dry (Joffry et al, 2011). Apart from being a medicinal plant, caramunting fruit can also be used as natural ink for fingerprint markers in general elections where the results produced are as required by the General Election Commission (Susanto, 2018). This plant was chosen because karamunting is one of the most common weeds, can grow fast and abundantly throughout the tropics but has benefits as a traditional medicinal plant that has been used for a long time, besides that there is no data on the CO2 absorption capacity of this plant.

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4. CONCLUSION The exploration results of the Dayak tribe's traditional medicinal plants show that there are four important plants that are developed and their use is preserved. Dayak onions has anti- inflammatory benefits, stop bleeding. Semar bags has benefits for eye medicine, coughs, to treat sunburns, as an ornamental plant because of their unique pouch, high adaptability, easy to cultivate. Masicin/Kemunting has benefits for diarrhea medicine, wound healing, high seed production, can grow quickly, recover immediately after forest fires. Karamunting/Senggani has benefits for indigestion, dysentery, vaginal discharge, hemorrhoids, wounds, toothaches, and can be used as a dye.

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