Synthetic Cathinones and Related ‐ Toxicology

NIST DEA Summit April 25, 2013

Intoxication Penders TM, Gestring RE, Vilensky DA. Intoxication delirium following use of synthetic cathinone derivatives. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2012 Nov;38(6):616‐7.

Ross EA, Reisfield GM, Watson MC, Chronister CW, Goldberger BA. Psychoactive"bath salts" intoxication with methylenedioxypyrovalerone. Am J Med. 2012 Sep;125(9):854‐8.

Ross EA, Watson M, Goldberger B. "Bath salts" intoxication. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8;365(10):967‐8.

Zuba D, Adamowicz P, Byrska B. Detection of buphedrone in biological and non‐biological material ‐ Two case reports. Forensic Sci Int. 2013 Apr 10;227(1‐3):15‐20.

Sauer C, Hoffmann K, Schimmel U, Peters FT. Acute poisoning involving the pyrrolidinophenone‐type designer drug 4'‐methyl‐alpha‐pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MPHP). Forensic Sci Int. 2011 May 20;208(1‐3):e20‐5.

Rose SR, Poklis JL, Poklis A. A case of 25I‐NBOMe (25‐I) intoxication: a new potent 5‐HT2A agonist designer drug. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013 Mar;51(3):174‐7.

Zuba D, Sekuła K, Buczek A. 25C‐NBOMe ‐ New potent hallucinogenic substance identified on the drug market. Forensic Sci Int. 2013 Apr 10;227(1‐3):7‐14.

Gee P, Jackson S, Easton J. Another bitter pill: a case of toxicity from DMAA party pills. N Z Med J. 2010 Dec 17;123(1327):124‐7.

Gil D, Adamowicz P, Skulska A, Tokarczyk B, Stanaszek R. Analysis of 4‐MEC in biological and non‐biological material‐Three case reports. Forensic Sci Int. 2013 May 10;228(1‐3):e11‐5.

Cosbey SH, Peters KL, Quinn A, Bentley A. Mephedrone (methylmethcathinone) in toxicology casework: a Northern Ireland perspective. J Anal Toxicol. 2013 Mar;37(2):74‐82.

Van Vrancken MJ, Benavides R, Wians FH Jr. Identification of designer drug 2C‐E (4‐ethyl‐2, 5‐ dimethoxy phenethylamine) in urine following a drug overdose. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2013 Jan;26(1):58‐61.

Kriikku P, Wilhelm L, Rintatalo J, Hurme J, Kramer J, Ojanperä I. Prevalence and blood concentrations of desoxypipradrol (2‐DPMP) in drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs and in post‐mortem cases. Forensic Sci Int. 2013 Mar 10;226(1‐3):146‐51.

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Kriikku P, Wilhelm L, Rintatalo J, Hurme J, Kramer J, Ojanperä I. Phenazepam abuse in Finland: findings from apprehended drivers, post‐mortem cases and police confiscations. Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Jul 10;220(1‐3):111‐7.

Kriikku P, Wilhelm L, Schwarz O, Rintatalo J. New designer drug of abuse: 3,4‐ Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Findings from apprehended drivers in Finland. Forensic Sci Int. 2011 Jul 15;210(1‐3):195‐200.

Dargan PI, Albert S, Wood DM. Mephedrone use and associated adverse effects in school and college/university students before the UK legislation change. QJM. 2010 Nov;103(11):875‐9.

Marinetti LJ, Antonides HM. Analysis of synthetic cathinones commonly found in bath salts in human performance and postmortem toxicology: method development, drug distribution and interpretation of results. J Anal Toxicol. 2013 Apr;37(3):135‐46.

Corkery JM, Durkin E, Elliott S, Schifano F, Ghodse AH. The recreational tryptamine 5‐MeO‐DALT (N,N‐diallyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine): a brief review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Dec 3;39(2):259‐62.

Psychosis Thornton SL, Gerona RR, Tomaszewski CA. Psychosis from a bath salt product containing flephedrone and MDPV with serum, urine, and product quantification. J Med Toxicol. 2012 Sep;8(3):310‐3.

Kasick DP, McKnight CA, Klisovic E. "Bath salt" ingestion leading to severe intoxication delirium: two cases and a brief review of the emergence of mephedrone use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2012 Mar;38(2):176‐80.

Stoica MV, Felthous AR. Acute Psychosis Induced by Bath Salts: A Case Report with Clinical and Forensic Implications. J Forensic Sci. 2013 Jan 14.

Penders TM, Gestring RE, Vilensky DA. Excited delirium following use of synthetic cathinones (bath salts). Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012 Nov‐Dec;34(6):647‐50.

Joksovic P, Mellos N, van Wattum PJ, Chiles C. "Bath salts"‐induced psychosis and serotonin toxicity. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Aug;73(8):1125.

Organ Toxicity Regunath H, Ariyamuthu VK, Dalal P, Misra M. Bath salt intoxication causing acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis. Hemodial Int. 2012 Oct;16 Suppl 1:S47‐9.

Adebamiro A, Perazella MA. Recurrent acute kidney injury following bath salts intoxication. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012 Feb;59(2):273‐5.

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Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L. Toxicity of amphetamines: an update. Arch Toxicol. 2012 Aug;86(8):1167‐231.

Armstrong M. Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response following use of Dietary Supplement Containing 1,3 Dimethylamylamine and Caffeine. J Spec Oper Med. 2012 Winter;12(4):1‐4.

Gee P, Tallon C, Long N, Moore G, Boet R, Jackson S. Use of recreational drug 1,3 Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) [corrected] associated with cerebral hemorrhage. Ann Emerg Med. 2012 Oct;60(4):431‐4.

Young C, Oladipo O, Frasier S, Putko R, Chronister S, Marovich M. Hemorrhagic stroke in young healthy male following use of sports supplement Jack3d. Mil Med. 2012 Dec;177(12):1450‐4.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Severe methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia from aniline purchased as 2C‐E (4‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine), a recreational drug, on the Internet ‐ Oregon, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Feb 10;61(5):85‐8.

Sacks J, Ray MJ, Williams S, Opatowsky MJ. Fatal toxic leukoencephalopathy secondary to overdose of a new psychoactive designer drug 2C‐E ("Europa"). Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2012 Oct;25(4):374‐6.

ER Reports

Falgiani M, Desai B, Ryan M. "Bath salts" intoxication: a case report. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2012;2012:976314.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Emergency department visits after use of a drug sold as "bath salts"‐‐Michigan, November 13, 2010‐March 31, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 May 20;60(19):624‐7.

Warrick BJ, Hill M, Hekman K, Christensen R, Goetz R, Casavant MJ, Wahl M, Mowry JB, Spiller H, Anderson D, Aleguas A, Gummin D, Thomas R, Nezlek C, Smolinske S. A 9‐State Analysis of Designer Stimulant, "Bath Salt," Hospital Visits Reported to Poison Control Centers. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Mar 20.

Gershman JA, Fass AD. Synthetic cathinones ('bath salts'): legal and health care challenges. P T. 2012 Oct;37(10):571‐95.

Wiegand TJ, Wax PM, Schwartz T, Finkelstein Y, Gorodetsky R, Brent J; Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry Investigators. The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry‐ ‐the 2011 experience. J Med Toxicol. 2012 Dec;8(4):360‐77.

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Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, Green JL, Rumack BH, Dart RC. 2010 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 28th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011 Dec;49(10):910‐41.

Spiller HA, Ryan ML, Weston RG, Jansen J. Clinical experience with and analytical confirmation of "bath salts" and "legal highs" (synthetic cathinones) in the United States. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011 Jul;49(6):499‐505.

Forrester M. Exposures to 1,3‐dimethylamylamine‐containing products reported to Texas poison centers. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2013 Jan;32(1):18‐23.

Regan L, Mitchelson M, Macdonald C. Mephedrone toxicity in a Scottish emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2011 Dec;28(12):1055‐8.

Fatalities:

Wyman JF, Lavins ES, Engelhart D, Armstrong EJ, Snell KD, Boggs PD, Taylor SM, Norris RN, Miller FP. Postmortem tissue distribution of MDPV following lethal intoxication by "bath salts". J Anal Toxicol. 2013 Apr;37(3):182‐5.

Murray BL, Murphy CM, Beuhler MC. Death following recreational use of designer drug "bath salts" containing 3,4 Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). J Med Toxicol. 2012 Mar;8(1):69‐75.

Carbone PN, Carbone DL, Carstairs SD, Luzi SA. Sudden cardiac death associated with methylone use. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2013 Mar;34(1):26‐8.

Cawrse BM, Levine B, Jufer RA, Fowler DR, Vorce SP, Dickson AJ, Holler JM. Distribution of methylone in four postmortem cases. J Anal Toxicol. 2012 Jul;36(6):434‐9.

Pearson JM, Hargraves TL, Hair LS, Massucci CJ, Frazee CC 3rd, Garg U, Pietak BR. Three fatal intoxications due to methylone. J Anal Toxicol. 2012Jul;36(6):444‐51.

Warrick BJ, Wilson J, Hedge M, Freeman S, Leonard K, Aaron C. Lethal serotonin syndrome after methylone and butylone ingestion. J Med Toxicol. 2012 Mar;8(1):65‐8.

Eliason MJ, Eichner A, Cancio A, Bestervelt L, Adams BD, Deuster PA. Case reports: Death of active duty soldiers following ingestion of dietary supplements containing 1,3‐ dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Mil Med. 2012 Dec;177(12):1455‐9.

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Schifano F, Corkery J, Ghodse AH. Suspected and confirmed fatalities associated with mephedrone (4‐methylmethcathinone, "meow meow") in the United Kingdom. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Oct;32(5):710‐4.

Adamowicz P, Tokarczyk B, Stanaszek R, Slopianka M. Fatal mephedrone intoxication‐‐a case report. J Anal Toxicol. 2013 Jan‐Feb;37(1):37‐42.

Maskell PD, De Paoli G, Seneviratne C, Pounder DJ. Mephedrone (4‐methylmethcathinone)‐ related deaths. J Anal Toxicol. 2011 Apr;35(3):188‐91.

Torrance H, Cooper G. The detection of mephedrone (4‐methylmethcathinone) in 4 fatalities in Scotland. Forensic Sci Int. 2010 Oct 10;202(1‐3):e62‐3.

Tanaka E, Kamata T, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H, Honda K. A fatal poisoning with 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐ diisopropyltryptamine, Foxy. Forensic Sci Int. 2006 Nov 10;163(1‐2):152‐4.

Dickson AJ, Vorce SP, Levine B, Past MR. Multiple‐drug toxicity caused by the coadministration of 4‐methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and heroin. J Anal Toxicol. 2010 Apr;34(3):162‐8.

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