• 5 . 73(

'* * No TRANSACTIONS A0 'Hy of the & NATURALISTS' SOCIETY

X»«sts' 9* Volume 44 Part 1 2011

the natural history museum 12

TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORFOLK & NORWICH NATURALISTS' SOCIETY

Volume 44 Part 1 201

Published January 201

Editor: S Harrap. Assistant Editor: AR Leech

Published by the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society www.nnns.ork.uk ISSN 0375 7226

The Society gratefully acknowledges the support of the Sarnia Trust in the

production of the this publication .

© Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society 201 2 Charity No. 291604 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electrical, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Design and Patents Act 1988. Applications for permission should be addressed to the Secretary (see address see website: www.nnns.org.uk).

Figure 2. Deer-park and village 1 588. See Presidential Address p. 3. THE NATURAL MUSEUM Presidential Address delivered to the Society on 1 1 Jan JiEHWT

.0 5 MAR 2012 A thousand years of birding in Castle Rigfrjcj 'ANGED

Fred Cooke I GENERAL LIBRARY

This presentation is a journey back through longer managed for timber as they were time and stems from my two main passions: in the past and are no longer the haunts of

1) a long-term professional interest in bird Nightingales, although this species could populations and their changes over time; be found nesting in the area as little as six

2) my recently acquired interest in local years ago. In the neighbouring parish of history. By examining evidence from docu- North Wootton, an extensive but degraded mentary sources and landscape history, saltmarsh stretches to and is the it may be possible to know what changes breeding ground of Marsh Harriers, Shel- have occurred in bird populations, not just ducks, Avocets, Redshanks, Reed Buntings in the recent past but over the last thousand and Meadow Pipits. In the winter it is vis- years or more, and I do this through a de- ited by large flocks of Brent Geese, Wigeon, tailed examination of the history of a well- Teal, Pintail, Lapwings, Curlew and Golden documented small village in West Norfolk, Plover. A recent regular visitor is the Little the ancient Borough of Castle Rising. Egret. The River flows through the northern part of the parish and is home At present, Castle Rising is a village with to Kingfishers, Grey Wagtails and, until a population of around 200 people. It has recently. Mandarin Ducks. In the village it- a variety of habitats, with some arable self, typical village birds such as Jackdaws, farming and much land set aside, predomi- Swifts, Martins nantly for pheasant and partridge. In ad- Swallows and House make their nests, dition to the game-birds introduced there, and there are declining popula- some other traditional farmland birds such tions of House Sparrows and Starlings. as Barn Owl, Yellowhammer, Linnet and If we want to examine the bird life of the Skylark can be found. It has two ancient past in the area, we can: 1) talk to elderly woodlands. Mill Wood and Alder Carr. residents, 2) look at written records from Because much of the underlying geology the past, or 3) examine local landscapes to of the area consists of Sandringham Sands, infer what birds might have been here in heaths were common - the nature reserves earlier times. I use all these approaches and of Bog and Roydon Com- below I present some of my conclusions. mon are examples of ancient West Norfolk They may in some cases be speculative but heaths. These locations are the breeding are based on a reasonable knowledge of grounds of Stonechats, Woodlarks, Tree present and past distributions and known Pipits and occasionally Short-eared Owls. habitat preferences. Heaths were once more common in the area and were used by local residents for Because there are many early Cretaceous grazing their livestock, but after common- Sandringham Sand deposits in the area, ers were excluded by the local Lords of the sand-pits are common and have been Manor, many of the heaths have reverted worked from the thirteenth century until to mixed woodland, mostly within the past the middle of the twentieth century. Older 150 years. Goldcrests, Great Spotted Wood- residents remember the nesting Sand Mar- peckers, Blackcaps and Tawny Owls can be tins in the sand-pit opposite the golf-course, found there. The ancient woodlands are no but they no longer nest there.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 1 Other local records can be found in the A film taken in the late 1960s and donated various books written about Norfolk's to the Castle Rising History Group shows birds - books such as the mid-nineteenth a very different village from that of today. century three volume series Birds of Norfolk Farm were common in the fields by Henry Stevenson; B.B. Riviere's book A surrounding the village and the farm in History of the Birds of Norfolk (1930) and the the village was probably still active. Now more recent The Birds of Norfolk by Moss the barn is used to sell bric-a-brac. Pasture Taylor, Michael Seago, Peter Allard and land surrounded the parish and in the early Don Dorling (1999). Other useful references years of the twentieth century Corncrakes are The Historical Atlas of the Breeding Birds would still have been common. of Britain and Ireland 1875-1900 produced by In 1861 an important event occurred in Simon Holloway (1996) and The History of West Norfolk. Sandringham was acquired British Birds by Yalden and Albarella (2009). by the Royal family and for both Edward Also invaluable were the Accounts Books VII (Bertie) and George V, it was widely of the L' Estrange Estate which record the used for its potential for shooting game. Its birds and other objects brought into the use by both these kings is documented in estate kitchens from 1520 onwards; these two books - King Edward VII as a Sportsman are currently stored in the Norfolk Records by A.R.T. Watson (1911) and King George V Office. as a Sportsman by J. Wentworth Day (1935).

For the rest of this presentation, I intend to In one of these books, a historian of 1781 go back in time and infer what changes in said 'The woods of Babingley and Wolfer- the bird populations of Castle Rising have ton adjoining to it [Babingley Church] are occurred and give you the evidence for my very valuable and abound in game.' [my conclusions. emphasis]. The area already had a reputa-

tion for its game and the eighteenth century One of the major changes, which has oc- Fords of the Manor of Castle Rising used to curred within the life-time of many Norfolk visit the area from their estates in Surrey to naturalists, is that brought on by the mas- participate in the sport. sive changes in agricultural practice since the second world war. This is documented Several interesting bird species were intro- in the graph (Figure 1) which illustrates the duced into the area by the royal family in an decline in farmland birds since 1975. attempt to diversify their shooting oppor-

Figure 1. Changes in farmland and other birds 1970 -2010. Nineteen species are included of which twelve are farmland specialists. Data 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 from the British Trust for Ornithology. Year

2 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) e

tunities. Red Grouse were introduced and front cover), produced in 1588, shows the successfully bred on at least one occasion at area at that time (a copy is preserved in . Quail, Black Grouse and the Norfolk Record Office). It was a Royal Wild Turkeys were also introduced with Chase and had been widely used for fal- a notable lack of success. Perhaps Golden conry and for hunting deer by the Black

Pheasant which, although declining, still Prince and Edward III in the fourteenth survive in the area, was introduced at this century during their visits to Castle Rising time. Pheasant pens, where young birds to see Queen Isabella (see below). were reared and released, increased the The outline of the deer-park can still be pheasant population and Red-legged Par- detected on the present-day OS map of the tridges were increasingly replacing Grey village. The landscape must, however, have Partridges in many of the shoots, though been very different in those days and we not those of the Sandringham estate. The know that large oak trees were cut down whole area was widely keepered and rap- there during the Civil War, for the protec- tors and other predators had declined to ex- tion of King's Lynn. It is likely that the area tinction by the latter part of the nineteenth would have been a little like the deer-park century. Kites and Marsh Harriers were al- at and would also have contained ready extinct, and Hen Harriers, Buzzards Fallow Deer. It would probably be the and Ravens had disappeared by the end of home of birds such as Wryneck and Lesser- the century. Happily, we are now seeing a spotted Woodpecker, both absent from the return of most of these species and Ravens area today. are likely to be a regular Norfolk sight be- fore too long. The park was abandoned in the mid-seven- teenth century and because of the sandy soil Another gamebird which was recorded in became a rabbit warren, with two warreners the area but had disappeared before San- being responsible for managing the rabbits dringham was acquired by the royal family there. However the rabbits bred profusely was the Great Bustard. Around 1800 Lord and it was reported that 'the warrener has Coke of Holkham sent a letter to Hammond killed the last year 17,000 their breed- of , thanking him for the bustard ing in the castle ditches and banks, and the which Hammond had sent him and say- walls are in danger of overthrowing' ing it was The best I ever eat'. Mrs Herbert (Bradfer-Lawrence 1932). Perhaps at that Jones, author in 1883 of Sandringham Past time the area resembled and Present, refers to Rev. A. Jessop who and together with the nearby heathland describes in 1803 'seeing a flock of 11 rise was probably an ideal place to find such up together from the heath almost under birds as Stone-curlews, Wheatears, Whin- your horse's feet'. chats and Red-backed Shrikes. Another unusual bird which appeared We have little documentary evidence of in our area in the late nineteenth century life in Castle Rising itself in the sixteenth was the Pallas's Sandgrouse. Day (1935) century, but the L' Estrange family 'House- reports a large influx into Norfolk in 1888. hold Book' from nearby gives 'Many were seen round about Sandring- a good record of local birds: ham, the sandy dunes and shingle beaches being exactly the sort of country to appeal pd at Lynne whan ye went on hawkying to to them.' Woolferton wood for fyer and drynke ...mind a fesant kyllyd wt ye goshawke If we go further back in time, we can exam- ine the Castle Rising area in Tudor times. xii larks kyllyd with the hobby

The magnificent map (Figure 2; see inside vi rabetts and ii ptriches kylled wt ye sper-

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) hawke on the basis that it is close to the Icelandic name for that species. However, this is al- i viii mallards , a bustard and hernsewe* certainly incorrect for reasons: [killed with a crossbow] most two firstly, most Spowes were shot during the a waiter hen kxjlled wt the gonne November - January period; secondly, a cranne kylled wt the gonne they were sold at a much lower price than Itm a wjdgyn kylled wt the gonne. Curlews (averaging 2d rather than 6d for the larger bird). other * A hernsewe is a Heron. Most common wad- ers are mentioned in the Household Book. There are also several records of wading There is an occasional reference to a Fedoa, birds killed, mainly in the winter months, probably a godwit, and most other likely during the early part of the seventeenth species, including Sparrows are recorded century: in the book. My suggestion is that the wild- Reynolds his man for bringing a dosen and a fowlers were aware of two types of godwit. half of Fewefts 2s. Perhaps Fedoa was the Black-tailed and

Oct 21. Given to one that brought Stints Spowe was the Bar-tailed? from Holly. Another place where there is information

Nov 4 To Bastard for a Curlew 8d and 2 of the birds of Castle Rising is the middens Spowe and 2 dotterel 6d. of the castle itself. An account of an exca-

Dec 11 Given to Holly his boy for bringing vation of Castle Rising is given by Morley stints. & Gurney (1997). We can also gain some knowledge of life in the fourteenth century Jan 2 Given to one for bringing of Knottes from the records of the Royal Accounts from Bloy 4d. from King's Lynn. Queen Isabella resided Dec 31 To Armigers man for bringing of in the castle at that time and was often Knottes Is. visited by her son, King Edward III, who May 20 To one that brought Dotterels from was very keen on falconry. Figure 3 shows Bloy.

Sept 29 For a dozen Stintes 4d.

May ? Sent by Noris 4 dotterell given by rewards.

May ? Sent by Mr Peapes 6 dotterell given as rewards

Oct 17 4 Partridges and 5 Woodcocks

Nov 4 Given by S. Giles a plover and 5 other small fowle.

Nov 4 sent from Segon f a Curlew, a teal and

other little birds given as reward.

....2 partridges , 3 Rabbits , 4 Plover, a Cur-

lew, a teal , a Spowe and 2 Redshanks Stints were presumably any small wader. Dunlin, Sanderling or Stint. But what were Spowes? The Hunstanton Household books are the only known written source of this word and Gurney (1921) and most early ornithologists have come to the con- clusion that it refers to Whimbrel, largely Figure 3. King Edward III with Gyr-falcon.

4 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) an early drawing of Edward III with a Gyr the present valley of the Babingley River Falcon, this type of falcon being restricted and even as late as the twentieth century to the King's use. the sea occasionally broke though the sea- defences. Before the building of sea walls in Below are two entries from the Chamber- the tenth and seventeenth centuries, boats lains' Accounts from King's Lynn for 1338 would regularly sail up the river to the which suggest that Gyr Falcons may have village, bringing much of the stone for the entered the port of King's Lynn for the building of the castle and Norman church. king's use, perhaps from Scandinavia. Earlier the river had been used by the Ro-

ixli. vis. Viiid (£9. 6s 8d). given for two ger- mans for shipping Silver Carr for the build- falks bought for the use of the Lord King. ing of Branodunum and Reedham. 1338 This proximity of the sea and the salt xxxviiis given to Andrew de Biri for keeping marshes would have meant that Castle Ris- of same gerfalke. 1338 ing would resemble some of the ports on The commonest bird in the middens was the coast in earlier times. the domestic chicken, but of the wild birds Perhaps terns, Ruffs and Black-tailed there was evidence of falconry with bones Godwits would have nested in the graz- of Peregrine, Goshawk, Buzzard and Spar- ing marshes. There would also have been rowhawk, while bones of Red Kite suggest greater expanses of freshwater marshes that this species may have been a common and greater areas of reedbeds. Perhaps Bit- scavenger at that time. There were also the terns and Bearded Tits would have nested bones of many quarry species: Grey Heron, there. Spoonbill, Teal, Wigeon, Mallard, Crane, I want to end with two more exotic species Golden Plover, Curlew, Woodcock and that were certainly in the area in earlier Oystercatcher. The Spoonbill is interesting centuries. One is the White-tailed or Sea and there is evidence that young birds of Eagle. Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682), one this species were also harvested at Hun- of Norfolk's earliest and most eminent nat- stanton from a local nest site. Clearly the uralists speaks of the not unusual appear- Spoonbills which have recently bred on the ance of the 'Halideetus or Fen Eagles' in Nor- North coast of Norfolk are returning after a folk but adds 'the great and noble kind of eagle very long absence from the region. called Aquila gesneri [Golden Eagle] 1 have

There is strong evidence of major habitat not seen in this country.' The similarity of the changes at Castle Rising since the borough ecological requirements of the Sea Eagle to was first established some time in the Saxon the closely related North American Bald period. There is an old piece of doggerel Eagle, a lowland bird that likes wetlands which is quoted in every account of the his- and woodlands, suggests that it would tory of the village. It states that: have been widespread in the Castle Rising

area in earlier centuries. It is almost certain Rising was a seaport town when Lynn was that this bird was a spectacular member of but a marsh. Norfolk's avifauna in the past and played Now Lynn it is a seaport town and Rising , an important role in the ecosystem. It was fares the worse. probably wiped out from Norfolk by hu- Evidence from the landscape shows that man persecution soon after Browne had

Rising was indeed a 'seaport town' and written of its presence in the . I was that there was an inlet of the Wash which surprised that some prominent Norfolk stretched to within 500 metres of the vil- naturalists opposed the recent attempt to lage on the north side. Aerial photos show reintroduce this magnificent species back that an extensive saltmarsh was situated in into the county. It may arrive under its own

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 5 steam in future years but I feel that a great opportunity to assist its reintroduction was missed.

The other species is the Dalmatian Pelican. This is a species which now nests no closer to the UK than the Danube Delta but in Roman times nested in the Rhine Delta.

It needs extensive areas of reedbeds such as occurred in the Fens, parts of Somerset and the Humber estuary in earlier times. A bone of this species was found at King's Lynn and several more were found in other former fen areas such as Glastonbury. These included bones of juvenile birds. The heraldic Pelican can still be seen in some of the medieval doorways of Lynn and is represented on the Lynn coat of arms.

Much of what I have written, particularly of the earlier periods must of necessity be speculative, but in general I have used what evidence I have found. The combining of local history with an interest in chang- ing bird populations has uncovered some interesting findings. I hope they stimulate others to investigate the rich local history of Norfolk.

References

Bradfer-Lawrence, H.L. 1932. Castle Rising -a Short

History of the Castle, Honour, Church and Borough of Castle Rising, Norfolk.

Day, J.W. 1935. King George V as a Sportsman.

Gurney, J.H. 1921. Early Annals of Ornithology.

Morley, B. & Gurney D. 1997. Castle Rising Castle, Norfolk East Anglian Archaeology, Report No. 81.

Professor F. Cooke 6 Lynn Road, Castle Rising, Norfolk PE31 6AB [email protected]

6 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Wood NNR, Norfolk, and its Coleoptera: Supplement No.4

Bryan Sage

Introduction at one point, it is possible that the rainfall totals are too low. The rainfall in the Great This is the fourth supplement to the paper Wood for the period September 2009 to Au- by Sage (2006) and follows on from Sup- gust 2010 was 647 mm (an average of 53.9 plements 1, 2, and 3 (Sage 2007, Sage 2008a mm per month), compared with 639.5 mm and Sage 2010), and covers the year 2010. (an average of 53.3 mm per month) for the Also included are any data of interest for same period in 2009-2009. The recent trend 2011 that are to hand at the time of writing. of dry springs was continued. February The ride and compartment numbers re- 2010, with 165 mm, was exceptionally wet, ferred to in the text can be found in Figure and August 2010, with 121 mm, was the 1 in Sage (2006). Some of the data referred wettest of the summer months. to in this paper have been taken from Baker (2010). This may be the last supplement for Woodland management some time since it has been decided to scale Management during the winters of research on the Coleoptera for rea- down 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 continued much sons discussed below. along the lines of 2008/2009. On 19 June Dr R. Colin Welch (RCW) visited Coppicing the Great Wood by invitation of the author. Compartment 8 is unusual in that it com- Dr Welch's speciality are the more 'diffi- prises oak standards over oak coppice (see cult' groups of the Coleoptera, especially photograph). Opinions vary as to the Latridiidae, Ptilidae and Staphylinidae. when this compartment last coppiced: 1947 During the course of the day he recorded was (i.e. years ago) has been suggested, but 85 species of which 30 are additions to the 64 others think that it was about years ago. reserve list (see below). 80 In October 2010 work began on part of this Publication of this supplement at this point compartment and continued until Decem- was prompted by several factors. With ber. Instead of re-coppicing, the trees were the total number of recorded now pollarded, and several standard trees were standing at 667 species, finding additional cut down in the process. species becomes ever more difficult. There In and February 2011 Compart- have also been changes to the list of species January that qualify as saproxylic that have result- ment 17a was re-coppiced and completely ed in changes to the SQI Index. Finally, the cleared of undergrowth and marginal management regime implemented by Nat- scrub, with the brash being burnt. At its ural in recent years has resulted in western end this compartment is within a of the site the rare scolyt- a decrease in habitat diversity, and this has few metres where had a negative impact in terms of finding id Ernoporicus caucasicus RDB1 (En- first in the beetles. Further discussion on these points dangered) was discovered wood will be found below. in May 1997. The burning of the dead and dying twigs may have reduced the scope Precipitation for its dispersal. This species is known from Since the rain gauge was choked with snow only one other site in Norfolk.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 7 Ride Management 2011 the British Lichen Society did likewise. As a result of these visits the vascular plant In Sage (2010) mention was made of the ride or track running along the north side list was increased to 349 species (excluding of Compartment 20 that had been surfaced 16 microspecies of bramble), the number of mosses liverworts increased to with carstone, a material alien to this site and was 93 species, lichens to species. (see photograph in Sage 2010). This has and from 35 62 developed into a linear bed dominated by Birds ruderal species such as Creeping Thistle There was one addition to the bird list for Cirsium arvense, Common Knapweed Cen- Great and Little Woods, and that was a taurea nigra, bramble Rubus fruticosus agg.. Raven perched in a tree in Compartment 17 Ragwort Senecio jacobaea, Broad-leaved on 26 May. Other records of interest were Dock Rumex obtusifolius, Common Sorrel the presence of a pair of Goshawks from R.acetosa, Ribwort Plantain Plantago lanceo- late April until August. They were seen car- lata, Greater Plantain P. major, Silverweed rying sticks into the Larch trees in Compart- Potentilla anserina, Creeping Cinquefoil ment 9, but there was no evidence of breed- P. reptans, dandelion Taraxacum agg.. Yar- ing. There was no evidence that the Hobby row Achillea millefolium, Rosebay Willow- bred in the Swanton Novers area this year, herb Chamerion angustifolium, Scentless and the Turtle Dove now appears to have Mayweed Tripleurospermum inodorum and been lost as a breeding species. Two pairs Creeping Soft-grass Holcus mollis. of Common Redstarts bred in the Great Ponds Wood, but a Nightingale singing in Little Wood on 28 April only stayed for a day. All During a total of six visits to the ponds by records are from Baker (2010). the author from February to May the Com- partment 4, and the north and south ponds Moths were all full, with just one exception. On 18 A total of 4306 macro-moths of 226 species February the south pond was only half-full, were recorded (Baker 2010). but all three ponds were frozen. No further checks were made until 10 July at which Beetles (Coleoptera) time the Compartment 4 pond was half- Appendix 5 in Sage (2010) listed the 616 full, the north pond three-quarters full, and species that had been recorded in Great the south pond was very low. Throughout and Little Woods up to the end of Decem- the rest of the summer and early autumn all ber 2009. However, one species, Philonthus three ponds were dry (RB). The next check mannerheimi (Staphylinidae) should now be by the author was not until 24 October; the deleted from the list, thus reducing the to-

Compartment 4 and south ponds were very tal to 615. low, but the north pond was three-quarters During 2010 a further 42 species (all collect- full. By 10 November the Compartment 4 ed in the Great Wood) were added to the and north ponds were half-full, whilst the list and these are detailed in Appendix 1. south pond was only 20 per cent full. A fi- These additions bring the total recorded up nal check on 12 December found all three to the end of December 2010 to 657 species. ponds at maximum water level. There were two species new to Norfolk - Acrotrichis s.str rugulosa (Ptilidae) and Biodiversity ( .) Microdota boreella (Staphylinidae). Two fur- Flora ther species in the latter family - Datomicra In May 2010 the Norfolk Flora Group and dadopora and Dimetrota cinnamoptera - are the Norfolk Bryophyte Group both visited only the second records for Norfolk. The Great and Little Woods, and on 12 February first record for Datomicra dadopora was from

8 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) the STANTA military training area on 24 It was listed by Hyman & Parsons (1992) March 1991 by Martin Collier. The second under the family Cucujidae as a Notable species, Dimetrota cinnamoptera, was found A species found in ancient broad-leaved

at Thompson Common on 12 May 1985 by woodland. It had earlier been listed by the late Derek Lott and/or Tony Drane. Dr. Harding & Rose (1986) in the list of saprox- Colin Welch has pointed out that Microdota ylic beetles of pasture-woodlands, and later

boreella is a boreo-alpine species which he by Fowles et.al. (1999) who gave it a Rarity

had not taken previously. It has no Nation- Score of 16, so it was accepted as a species ally Notable status, probably due to poor useful in calculating both the Index of Eco- distribution records. logical Continuity (IEC) and the Saproxylic Quality Index (SQI). However, Alexander Twelve additional species were added in (2009) mapped all records known to him 2011. On 6 May an example of Zeugophora and concluded that it is an established subspinosa (Megalopodidae) was swept importation via the timber trade which is from vegetation in Ride 38. On 1 Septem- spreading rapidly, but does not warrant ber two Staphylinid beetles sieved from IEC or SQI status, or indeed any conserva- a wood chip pile in Ride 72 proved to be tion status at all in Britain. The habitats in Pseudomedon obscurellus, a Notable species, which the species has been found since it and Coproporus immigrans both of which was first recorded in the 19 th century have are also new to Norfolk. The latter species been pretty general but have included only is of particular interest since details of its very few classic old-growth sites, such as occurrence in the British Isles have not yet Windsor Great Park where it was not re- been published, so at the time of writing ported until 1962. Swanton Novers Great it is not on the official British list. The first is undoubtedly a classic old-growth record would appear to be specimens taken Wood site and Uleiota planata is certainly breed- by Peter Hammond from a woodchip pile ing there. This raises the question as to the in West in January 2009. A visit by Andrew Duff, Martin Collier and the au- source of this population since timber is not thor on 16 October produced a further 10 imported into the wood, in fact the reverse new species. Small puffball fungi provided is the case. We shall probably never know the Cryptophagus lycoperdi (Cryptophagidae). answer. Searching under bark, mostly of Scots Pine, There were a few records of the Green Ti- yielded Rhizophagus ferrugineus (Monoto- ger Beetle Cicindela campestris, with three midae), and two Scolytids (Curculionidae): in May and five in June, and Baker (2010) Hylastes ater and Tomicus piniperda. Three states that there has been a run of poor years species of Staphylinidae Nudobius lentus, ( with the 2010 index being 80% below the Omalium caesum and Phloeonomus pusillus) long-term average. The larvae of this beetle were found in the same habitat. Another excavate cylindrical burrows in the earth to staphylinid, Sepedophilus testaceus (a Nota- depths of up to 30 centimetres or more. The ble B species), was taken by sieving soft, most favoured habitat for this beetle in the rotten wood with small bracket fungi. Fi- Great Wood is the southern stretch of Ride nally, Aphodius prodromus (Scarabaeidae) 34 adjacent to Compartment 8 where it joins was found on vegetation. These 12 addi- Ride 61 and the heather area. In May 2003 tions increase the total site list to 667 spe- over 40 were seen there. It may be relevant cies. to the decline of this species that in the win-

Another species of interest, although it is ters of 2008/2009. 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 not new to Norfolk, is Uleiota planata (Sil- this section of the ride was deeply churned vanidae) found by RCW on 26 June 2010 and rutted by the movement of heavy vehi- and by BS at the same site on 29 April 2011. cles which may have destroyed many lar-

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 9 vae, and has left the ground surface heavily dry sapwood of dead broad-leaved trees. compacted. Recently extensive sweep-net- Pseudomedon obscurellus - a wide range of ting in Rides 61, 64 and 65 produced, other habitats. than ladybirds, only two beetles. This was on 26 June 2011 when there was very little Tillus elongatus - a predator of other beetles wind and the temperature was 27° C, con- on old broad-leaved trees, and usually in ditions that were ideal for beetles. Again, dead heartwood of beech. it be relevant that during the winter may Index of Ecological Continuity of 2009/2010 all these rides were close-cut A minor correction needs to be made to Ap- across their entire width, and subsequently pendix 4 in Sage (2010) in that the heading most of the marginal scrub was removed for column 2 should read 'Group' and not leaving no interface between the edge of 'Score', Both Ischnomera cyanea and Tillus the rides and the woodland proper.

elongatus , both Group 3 species, should be The number of rare or scarce species, us- added to the list bringing the total number ing Hyman & Parsons (1992 & 1994) as the of qualifying species to 27, the IEC to 34, reference point, was 52 at the end of 2009, and the RIEC to 32. as shown in Table 1 in Sage (2010). In 2010 there were two additions to the list - Tillus Summary elongatus () and Ischnomera cyanea Various aspects of the woodland manage- - (Oedemeridae) both Nationally Nota- ment and their effect on habitat diversity ble (Scarce) Category B. This increases the are discussed. Visits to the Great Wood by number of species in that category to 39, specialist groups in 2010 and 2011 resulted and the overall total to 54. The addition of in the list of vascular plants being increased Pseudomedon obscurellus and Sepedophilus to 349 species, bryophytes to 93 species and testaceus in 2011 brings the number of Na- lichens to 62 species. A Raven seen on 26 to tionally Notable B species 41, and the May was an addition to the bird list. The overall total to 56. list of beetles (Coleoptera) now stands at 667 species. The total of Nationally Notable Saproxylic beetles B species is now 41, and the overall total of In Sage (2010) the total number of saproxy- rare or scarce species is 56. The number of lix species listed in Appendix 3 was 93 with sapropxylic species known from the site is a total score of 393, giving a Saproxylic now 97. The Saproxylic Quality Index (SQI) Quality Index (SQI) of 422.6. Four further increases from 422.6 to 422.7. Insofar as the species were added in 2010 - Atrecus affinis Index of Ecological Continuity (IEC) is con- (Staphylinidae), Ischnomera cyanea, Mordel- cerned the number of qualifying species is lochroa abdominalis (Mordellidae) and Tdlus now 27, the IEC is 34 and the RIEC is 32. elongatus - with scores of 1, 4, 4 and 8 re- spectively. These increase the total number Acknowledgements of species to 97 with a total score of 410, I owe particular thanks to Dr R. Colin giving an SQI of 422.7. The ecological de- Welch for finding time to visit the wood tails for these five species are as follows: thereby boosting the species list, and also

Atrecus affinis - under bark and in rotten for identifying several difficult species of wood of various trees, including conifers. Staphylinidae for me, especially Coproporus immigrans. Martin Collier kindly provid- Ischnomera cyanea - larva develop in rela- ed details of past records for several spe- tively soft white-rotting heartwood of a va- cies. Thanks are also due to Bob Ellis and riety of broad-leaved trees. Frances Schumann for providing the list Mordellochroa abdominalis - larva develop in of vascular plants recorded by the Norfolk

10 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Flora Goup on their May 2010 visit. Peter Scarce and Threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain Part

1 . The UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Lambley likewise provided the list pro- Peterborough. duced by the British Lichen Society follow- P.S. PARSONS, M.S. 1994. Ibid Part 2. ing their visit in February 2011, and Robin HYMAN, & The UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Stevenson provided the list of mosses and Peterborough. liverworts resulting from the visit by the SAGE, B. 2006. Swanton Novers Wood NNR, Nor- Norfolk Bryophyte Group in May 2010. folk, and its Coleoptera. Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Last but not least I must thank the Natural Soc. 39: 10-56. England staff, Robert Baker (Summer War- SAGE, B. 2007. Swanton Novers Wood NNR, Nor- den) and Ash Murray (Site Manager) for folk, and its Coleoptera: Supplement No.l. Trans. their cooperation. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 40: 100-115.

SAGE, B. 2008. Swanton Novers Wood NNR, Nor- References folk, and its Coleoptera: Supplement No.2. Trans. ALEXANDER, K.A. 2009. The status of Uleiota Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 41: 68-80. planata (Linnaeus) (Silvanidae) in Britain - long- SAGE, B. 2010. Swanton Novers Wood NNR, Nor- established native or importation? The Coleopterist folk, and its Coleoptera: Supplement No. 3. Trans. 18(1): 49-52. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 43: 126-147. BAKER ,R. 2010. Szvanton Novers NNR 2010: Warden's WARREN, M.S. & FULLER, R.J. 1990. Woodland Rides Report. Natural England. and Glades;their Management for Wildlife. Nature HARDING, P.T. & ROSE, F. 1986. Pasture-woodlands Conservancy Council, Peterborough. in Lowland Britain. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon. B Sage Waveney House, Waveney Close, HYMAN,P.S. & PARSONS, M.S. 1992. A Review of the Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk NR23 1HU

APPENDIX 1: Additional Species of Coleoptera Recorded at Swanton Novers NNR 2010

Species Date Capture

Anobiidae

Anobium fulvicorne (Sturm)* 19.6.10 swept from under oak

Anthicidae

Omonadus floralis (L.)* 19.6.10 by sieving wood chips in Ride 72

Stricticomus tobias (Marseul)* 19.6.10 by sieving wood chips in Ride 72

Carabidae

Acupalpus parvulus (Sturm) 6.9.10 in litter heap in Ride 60

Badister bullatus (Schrank) 11.10.10 sieved from moss in Ride 68

Badister sodalis (Duft.) 2.3.10 sieved from litter heap in Ride 68

Bradycellus sharpi Joy 6.9.10 in litter heap in Ride 60

Perigona nigriceps (Dejean) 6.9.10 by sieving wood chips in Ride 62

Chrysomelidae

Derocrepis rufipes (L.) 10.7.10 at base of Bush Vetch in Ride 69

Cleridae

Tillus elongatus (L.) 15.7.10 under bark of oak in Ride 48

Cryptophagidae

Atomaria (Anchicera) fuscata (Schon.)* 19.6.10 by sieving cut grass in Ride 60

Atomaria (Anchicera) nitidula (Marsh)* 19.6.10 by sieving cut grass in Ride 60

continued

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 11 Species Date Capture

Geotrupidae

Geotrupes stercorarius (L.) 21.7.10 crawling on grass

Kateretidae

Kateretes rufilabris (Lat.) 19.6.10 by sweeping marshy area in ride 57

Latridiidae

Enicmus transversus (Ol.)* 19.6.10 by sieving cut grass in Ride 60

Mordellidae

Mordellochroa abdominalis (F.)* 19.6.10 swept from figwort by N pond Oedemeridae

Ischnomera cyanea (Fab.) 19.6.10 by sweeping in Ride 71

Ptiliidae

Acrotrichis (s.str.) atomaria (DeG.)* 19.6.10 by sieving litter heap in Ride 60

Acrotrichis (s.str.) cognata (Matth.)* 19.6.10 in Badger dung by Ride 70

Acrotrichis (s.str.) rugulosa Rossk.* 19.6.10 by sieving litter heap in Ride 60

Acrotrichis (s.str.) sitkaensis (Mots.)* 19.6.10 by sieving litter heap in Ride 60

Acrotrichis (Ctenopteryx) grandicollis 19.6.10 by sieving litter heap in Ride 60

Silvanidae

Uleiota planata (L.)* 19.6.10 under bark of Tilia logs in Ride 71

Staphylinidae

Acrotona muscorum (Bris.)* 19.6.10 by sieving wood chips in Ride 72

Atheta aeneicollis (Shp.)* 19.6.10 in Badger dung by Ride 70

Atheta crassicornis (Fab.)* 19.6.10 in Badger dung by Ride 70

Atrecus affinis (Payk.) 19.6.10 larva under bark of burnt larch log. Ride 61

Autalia rivularis (Grav.)* 19.6.10 in Badger dung by Ride 70

Bisnius fimetarius (Grav.)* 19.6.10 by sieving wood chips in Ride 72, and

Brachygluta fossulata (Reich.)* 19.6.10 by sieving cut grass in Ride 60

Datomicra dadopora (Thunb.)* 19.6.10 in Badger dung by Ride 70

Dimetrota cinnamoptera (Thunb.)* 19.6.10 in Badger dung by Ride 70

Gabrius trossulus (Nordmann) 6.9.10 wood chips in Ride 72

Gauropterus fulgidus (Fab.)* 19.6.10 wood chips in Ride 72

Microdota boreella (Brundin)* 19.6.10 wood chips in Ride 72

Phacophallus parumpunctatus (Gyll.)* 19.6.10 by sieving wood chips in Ride 72

Philhygra palustris (Kies.)* 19.6.10 by sieving cut grass in Ride 60

Philonthus debilis (Grav.)* 19.6.10 by sieving wood chips in Ride 72

Phloeonomus punctipennis Th.* 19.6.10 under bark of Tilia log

Quedius (Distichalius) cinctus (Payk.)* 19.6.10 by sieving litter heap in Ride 60

Quedius (Raphirus) picipes (Man.)* 19.6.10 by sieving litter heap in Ride 60

Rugilus orbiculatus (Payk.)* 19.6.10 in Badger dung by Ride 70

Total 42 species

* Identified by Dr Colin Welch

12 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) A biographical memoir of Richard Hamond - a unique Norfolk naturalist

R. B. Williams

Introduction - about 5’ 10" and 17 stone - was usually attired in a stained and tattered fisherman's Until the Second World War, it was cus- smock or, on more formal occasions, in a tomary for the Norfolk and Norwich Natu- shabby mackintosh. Even when he lived ralists' Society to publish in its Transactions in Australia, he invariably dressed in his memoirs of deceased members who had Norfolk smock and a battered straw hat, been notable scientists or were otherwise repeatedly mended with masking tape. distinguished. Although more recently this has become less common, it has been However, this somewhat down-at-heel ap- thought appropriate to remember in this pearance belied a distinguished ancestry, way the marine zoologist Dr Richard Ha- of which Dick was enormously proud. The mond (1930-2010), a remarkable character key to fully understanding his personality in many respects. Dick, as he was always and the pivotal events in his life is to be known to friends and scientific colleagues, aware of his carelessness of convention, died suddenly of heart failure on 22 July 2010 his single-mindedness in pursuing only at his home, Scaldbeck House, . the things that really interested him and His family has long been associated with his eccentric mischievousness. As his sister the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' So- Mary has observed (Athill 2010), he held ciety, and he was a well known and greatly steadfastly to some amazingly provoca- valued member, having joined in 1949, and tive beliefs, much too controversial for the serving as President for 2001-2002. sensitivities of many. However, Dick was perfectly well aware of the effect, whether Nobody who met Dick Hamond ('It's amusing or irritating, that he had on peo- Hamond with one 'm'!') could ever forget ple, and would often play on this. He was him. Friends could be assured of an effu- essentially a loner, lived much of his life sive greeting delivered in his distinctively in genteel poverty, and never married. Al- loud, fruity voice with his echoing laugh, though he always had an eye for a pretty head thrown back to reveal a couple of woman, marriage, as he explained to a gold tooth-fillings. It might be said of Dick friend, would have been incompatible with that he lived two centuries too late - he his unconventional lifestyle. Typically, certainly had many of the characteristics he once wrote, T simply play it very cool, and attitudes of an archetypal eighteenth- which has the added advantage of being century squire. A somewhat overwhelmed inexpensive!' young lady, having just met him for the first time, was afterwards heard to remark This memoir provides insights, by those

'I didn't think anybody spoke like that any who knew him well, into the eccentric life, more!' A broad, open face with pale skin, work and legacy of this immensely likeable penetrating blue eyes and blond, almost and intelligent, if sometimes exasperating white, hair made him so sensitive to the and outrageously irreverent, man. sun that even on relatively overcast days, he almost always wore one of his wide se- Family background lection of protective sou'westers and other The Hamonds have lived in Norfolk for headgear. The rest of his imposing frame more than 500 years, producing a number

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 13 of eminent churchmen, soldiers and naval bought outright from the captain for £60. officers. Hamond's Grammar School at Scaldbeck House was to become hugely Swaffham was founded in 1736, endowed influential in Dick Hamond's life, being his by the 1724 bequest of Nicholas Hamond, first and last home. Lord of the Manor of Swaffham. The fam- ily is related to the Viscounts Templewood Early years and Buxton and the Barons Walpole, and Dick was born in Norwich on 26 January other Norfolk connections including has 1930 to Emily Diana (1899-1982), Philip's the of Prestwold, and Packe-Drury-Lowes second wife; his younger siblings from that families such as the many other prominent marriage are Mary and Edmund (Ned). He Barclays, Birkbecks, Frys, Gurneys, Hoares also had four older half-brothers and sisters and Nelsons (yes, that Nelson!). to the Up from Philip's first marriage, to Rita Gladys. seventeenth century, the family was mainly Although he did not use the name among concentrated in , but during friends and colleagues, he was known by the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries had family and Morston locals as Dickon (an migrated to West Acre, and many Hamond form of Richard). His early memorials are to be seen in the respective childhood, roaming around Scaldbeck and churches. the Morston marshes and beyond, was

Dick's father (1883-1953) was a highly idyllic. Something of a child prodigy, in decorated soldier. Major Philip Hamond due course he attended St George's Pre- paratory School (the choir school for St DSO and bar, MC. His first DSO (in 1902, the youngest ever recipient up to that time) George's Chapel at Windsor Castle), where was gained as a lieutenant of the Mounted he was sent in anticipation of great devel- opments in his musical abilities. Here, his Infantry, when he was wounded at Rooiwal notable talent as pianist organist in the Second Boer War (1899-1902). He a and was nurtured, and his love of classical music was then commissioned in the Norfolk began to develop. From an early age, he Regiment, retiring in 1909. He was the became fluent in German, learnt from his first Hamond to settle in Morston, renting governess whose family had been helped Morston Hall in 1914, when on the outbreak by Philip to flee 1930s Germany. Later, he of the First World War he re-enlisted with became equally fluent in French. When the Royal Norfolk Regiment. In 1916, he was aged years, Dick left St George's to enter awarded the MC while a temporary major 13 Radley College, Abingdon, where he took of the Motor Machine Gun Service; his an active part in the intellectual activities of second DSO was gained in the Tank Corps the school, joining the Natural History, Sci- in 1918. By July 1918 he had been seconded entific, Musical and Art Societies. Although to Camp Colt, Pennsylvania, where, he did some rowing, he generally managed alongside a certain Major Eisenhower (later to avoid any other kind of games. to become President of the USA), he helped to train the American military in tank In common with many small boys growing warfare. Having returned to Morston, in up during the Second World War, young 1921 he bought the parcel of land known as Dick found this a rather exciting experi- Scaldbeck from a Colonel Groom of ; ence and he was fanatical about warplanes. here he installed a First World War barrack Demonstrating early taxonomic skills, he hut, where he first lived, building a cottage could recognize any allied or enemy air- and a barn in 1922 and Scaldbeck House craft not only on sight, but also by engine during 1924-1928. Much of the timber for sound. His sketch books contain drawings, the house came from a grounded ship, the almost of a technical standard, of different Guenowle which, complete with cargo, he aircraft, as well as depictions of dogfights in

14 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) which a Hurricane or Spitfire was naturally marine zoologist immediately wrote to the always victorious. He also drew impressive secretary, F.S. (later Sir Frederick) Russell: seascapes with flotillas of warships. Need- I am greatly looking forward to seeing Plymouth

less to say, these depictions of British air- Laboratory at the end of term. I do hope that it is and sea-power were regarded with little all right for me to bring a couple or so of drawing books, painting outfit generally, which I propose enthusiasm by his soldier father! Dick was & to fill with coloured sketches (!) of the animals in the doted on by his mother, but this apparently Laboratory tanks. I have been to Millport twice: but burdened him with perhaps unreasonably I understand that Plymouth is on a far larger scale. high expectations that, later in life, did not [RH to FSR, 16 July 1946.] coincide with his objectives. always own Clearly Dick created a very favourable The long-continued isolation from parental impression at Millport, since it was the influence during his formative years, first Director, Richard Elmhirst, who recom- as a boarder at his preparatory and public mended his election to life membership of schools, continuing into his National Serv- the Marine Biological Association. In June ice, and then at Cambridge University, may 1948, Dick delivered his last lecture to the well given rise to his rather egocentric have Natural History Society at Radley, this time personality stubborn independence. and on 'Crabs and their relatives' ('bountifully supplied with photographs and bottled In 1945, Dick became the proud owner of specimens'), describing the British species, his first monocular microscope, a gift from their adaptations, life histories, parasites his parents for having passed his School and commensals; all in all, an impressive Certificate one year early. By June 1946, performance for one so young. It seems cer- his incipient skills as a naturalist and artist, tain that this knowledge was acquired en- with a talent for public speaking were al- tirely by his own efforts, facilitated by the ready evident, when he delivered a lecture opportunities presented by the proximity on newts to the Radley College Natural of his home to the sea. His frequent visits History Society; a beautiful pencil drawing to famous British marine biological stations of great crested and smooth newts, made provided many opportunities to become even earlier when he was just 14 years old, acquainted with influential scientists who still survives (Figure 1). Although his sketch were to assist him greatly in later life. books contain many more newt drawings, it is nevertheless clear that his life-long love Even during his schooldays, Dick's noto- of marine zoology was by then already well rious eccentricity was emerging; Words- established. During the war he would jour- worth's famous epigram, 'The child is fa- ney by train with his mother to the marine ther of the man' seems particularly apt. In biological station at Millport on the Isle of 1947 the mother of one of his school friends Cumbrae, and in the immediate post-war took her three children for a summer holi- years, he travelled even more widely with day to Blakeney. Since the family knew the his younger sister Mary. During 1946 and Hamonds, Dick was invited to dinner one 1947, they travelled on their own to France, evening at the Blakeney Hotel (even then ostensibly to improve their French, when a rather exclusive establishment). Dick ar- Dick took the opportunity to visit the Ro- rived straight off the marshes where he had scoff marine station, returning home by been conducting some muddy investiga- way of Jersey and the Plymouth Labora- tion or other. His clothes fully reflected this tory of the Marine Biological Association of activity, causing the maitre d'hotel to com- the . For Dick's sixteenth ment sniffily 'Before the war, gentlemen birthday, his parents' present was the always dressed for dinner'. Dick's hostess composition fee of 15 guineas for life mem- promptly rose from her seat to retort 'Be- bership of the association. The budding fore the war, hotel staff would not have

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 15 Figure 1 . Great Crested and Smooth Newts: unpublished drawing by RH, April 1 944 dared to be so impertinent to any guest of [anti-aircraft] equipment, predictors and search- mine in this establishment!' Dick, of course, lights. [RH, 15 October 1948.]

not at all out, clearly revelled was put and He was doubtless pleased that his skills in in the attention this had attracted. aircraft recognition could now be put to practical use, and he was duly transferred, Army and university life owing to his father's influence, to Wey- Immediately after leaving Radley, in July bourne. It was during this period, so the 1948 Dick's life was rudely interrupted by story goes, that Dick was once lowered by two years' conscription into the Royal Elec- his ankles into the pit below an anti-aircraft trical and Mechanical Engineers. Neverthe- gun emplacement to make some electri- less, 22052571 Pte Elamond was to write cal adjustments. Perhaps confused by the with surprising enthusiasm to Radley Col- reversal of left and right due to his inver- lege from Lydd Camp, Kent: sion, his reconnections resulted in the guns consistently pointing 180° away from the I am enjoying the Army very much as a whole and am now doing an elementary course at this camp intended target! The enforced hiatus in his

which is to train me as a skilled (!) operator of A/A life did, however, enable him in 1950 to buy

16 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) his first stereobinocular microscope with Newcastle University's Dove Marine Labo- his army pay accumulated at the end of his ratory at Cullercoats. But away from his National Service. mother's steadying influence, things again

went awry. It seems that the Director, Pro- In the early 1950s, Dick discovered motor fessor A.D. Hobson, and the Assistant Di- cycles, owning several in succession, one rector, Dr H.O. Bull soon took against Dick, of which was a Norton International, the apparently because of his undisciplined model favoured by the famous TT racer approach to his work and cavalier use of Geoff Duke. However, an obsession with aquarium facilities. Dick kept (and slept speed was Dick's undoing on more than at) very odd hours, which greatly irritated one occasion, leading to crashes from Bull. On one occasion he was leaving the which he nevertheless always miraculously laboratory in the early afternoon when Bull escaped without serious injury. One can met him on the steps and asked him where very easily envisage him in a leather flying he was going to. At Dick's reply that he was helmet, a two-wheeled version of Kenneth off to a piano lesson, the Assistant Director Grahame's 'Mr Toad of Toad Hall'! Indeed, was less than pleased! Before too long, Dick Dick and Mr Toad seem to have shared a was sent down from the university, having number of personality traits, as will be completed only the 1959-1960 academic seen. year there. Although Dr J.E. (later Sir Eric) In 1950, his National Service completed, Smith of the Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Dick took up his place, deferred from 1948, and also then on the Strategy Commit- at Peterhouse, University of Cambridge. He tee overseeing the running of the Dove read botany, geology and zoology for Part Laboratory, wanted to challenge Dick's

I of the Natural Sciences Tripos, but gained dismissal, this ultimately came to nothing. only a third class in the Preliminary Exami- Dick always blamed Bull in particular for

nation in 1951. In the Part I examinations his downfall, and never forgave him.

of 1952 he failed to obtain honours at all; But what to do now? Needing an income, he sat no further examinations and did not Dick tried school-teaching, becoming As- graduate. This unexpectedly poor perform- sistant Biology Teacher, January to August ance most certainly did not do justice to 1961, at King's Lynn High School. This was Dick's recognized intellect and talent. But followed by a longer spell as Senior Science whatever the reasons for this setback, it did Master at Hill School, , from not discourage him from commencing his 1961 to 1964. During all that time Dick was private marine research project at Morston. carrying out a study of the planktonic poly- After a further three years, during which chaete worms in Blakeney Harbour, and by his father died in 1953, Dick determined to 1961 he had become the Recorder of Mar- try university life again, this time in Lon- ine Biology for the Norfolk and Norwich don. He entered Queen Mary College as a Naturalists' Society (see Appendix, item 2). mature student in 1955, joining the Quekett But his heart was not in school-teaching, Microscopical Club in the same year, serv- and in 1963 he registered as an external ing as secretary of the student Biological PhD student with London University to Society 1957-1958, and finally graduating continue his research on polychaetes. This in 1959 with an upper second class hon- he pursued from home in the old barrack ours BSc in zoology. In London, Dick owed hut on Scaldbeck, already fitted out as a much to his mother's financial support, as laboratory, that his father had first lived previously at Cambridge. in. Curiously, his thesis does not record

Now at last with a respectable degree, that he had a supervisor. Whilst it would Dick embarked on a PhD programme at have been quite typical of Dick to decide

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 17 that he did not need one, how he avoided to run his life how he wished. There, where this normally mandatory requirement for his egoistic behaviour was not reined in by an external student is something of a mys- university teachers, he might again have tery. Since his research was carried out at gone astray, but the presence of his mother

Morston, supervision from London would was crucial. There seems little doubt that certainly have been difficult. Nevertheless, he would not have finally obtained his PhD he obtained grants from the Royal Society were it not for his mother's controlling in- of London and the Norfolk Research Com- fluence keeping him focused on his work. mittee, enabling him to supplement his Unfortunately, her well-intentioned cajol- work in Norfolk with visits to renowned ing became what Dick ultimately regarded marine laboratories at Roscoff, Naples and as constant and unwelcome harassment. Kristineberg, as well as Plymouth, Millport, This issue became a major deciding factor Cullercoats, Menai Bridge and Lowestoft. in his emigrating to Australia. To Dick's alarm, the future of his research was threatened almost immediately after Australia registration when he discovered that Len- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re- nart Gidholm of Uppsala University was search Organization working along very similar lines, but all was amicably resolved after an 11 -day visit Two unrelated factors influenced Dick's to Kristineberg with Gidholm in Septem- next move. Firstly, on the brink of becom- ber 1963. Finally, after four years' work in ing a fully qualified marine zoologist, it was relative isolation Dick submitted his thesis, time to seek employment with a respected entitled Aspects of the Biology of Autolytoids, institution; and secondly, by now Dick had which was examined by R.P. Dales of Bed- seriously fallen out with his mother, a sad ford College, University of London, and situation in view of her natural maternal Professor R.B. Clark of the University of support and encouragement. His oppor- Newcastle. The PhD was conferred on 23 tunity to escape (as he saw it) the family October 1967. home was presented by an opening for a Research Scientist in Australia with the Dick's wildly fluctuating results at Cam- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial bridge, Queen Mary College and New- Research Organization (CSIRO) at Cronul- castle might have been inexplicable unless la. New South Wales. Dick was interviewed one understands that whilst he was always in London by the Chief of Division early in extremely successful at things that inter- February 1967, and was appointed in April, ested him, he could be an abysmal failure conditionally on approval of his PhD the- if pushed in directions that he did not like. sis. Thus, Cambridge perhaps did not suit him because he was required to study a range of Three eminent referees provided frank and natural sciences that he was probably not revealing assessments of Dick's personal- particularly interested in; whilst at New- ity and scientific skills - and all mentioned castle he was expected to conform to behav- his musical talent. Incredibly widely read iour that did not fit with his own priorities. and with an enviable memory, he was

Between those episodes, it is quite likely described as having 'a mind like blotting that he did so well at Queen Mary College paper'. The italics in the following extracts because the bachelor's degree course con- from referees' letters are mine, emphasiz- centrated on his beloved marine zoology. ing passages reflecting Dick's character And finally, he was able to choose his own and talents, some aspects of which have project for his PhD, undertaken at home already been observed. His referees clearly where he no doubt delighted in the freedom had his measure, and Professor G.E. New-

18 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) ell of Queen Mary College wrote: with good material to observe.

Hamond got a good upper 2nd class degree with us Hamond is a most unusual character. He has the capacity in 1959 ...He came to us as a somewhat older man hav- to talk himself out of any job which is a very great pity ing had a rather chequered career at Cambridge. The real for he is basically a very sound scientist, but however key of Hamond' s character is that he is a dedicated still finds it rather difficult to reserve his judgement of naturalist and even as an under-graduate I reckon that people. I personally find this rather refreshing, but I he had a wider and more detailed knowledge of marine would want to have it in small doses. Of one thing I can invertebrates than practically anyone else in the coun- be sure, Hamond's peculiarities of personality are

try. Since leaving us he has been able, by virtue of more likely to make an impact during the first few having a small private income, to carry on with his weeks of his taking up a new job than when people studies on the Norfolk coast. As a result, he is about get to know him. to submit a thesis for his Ph.D. degree on the life To be brief, he is a very good scientist, a man of histories of the local polychaetes, and contributes a considerable culture, he is for instance a remarkably lot towards our knowledge of Autolytus. good pianist, but one must exercise a little patience with at the acquaintance. 21 Hamond does not fit easily into any category. He is su- him beginning of an [J.E. Smith,

premely good at the things which interest him ... but he February 1967.]

is not a good experimental zoologist. He is essentially a If anything. Smith rather understated one-track minded man but I think that he might be a very good person for this job. Dick's 'judgement of people'. For instance, on learning of some perceived mismanage- He is also an extremely good and gifted pianist, and is well read in a variety of subjects. As regards his ment of Lagoon in 1971, he railed

character he is a rather breezy extrovert and would I against 'the halfbaked Philistines, who think get on well with everybody ... he would work squat on Councils and other bodies'. Fie immensely hard and I think be very productive. [Profes- was even more scathing about the error- sor G.E. Newell, 21 February 1967.] infested proofs of one of his papers con- Dick's long-term acquaintances with emi- taining 'various blemishes sedulously left nent Plymouth Laboratory scientists now unaccounted for by the printers (that race paid off. For instance, F.S. Russell wrote: of somnolent morons)'.

I have seen Richard Hamond at intervals ever since as Of these eminent referees, it was perhaps a boy he used to come into the laboratory to study marine Newell exercised the influence, biology in which he has always been keenly interested. who most He should be very suited for research on ecology of as Dick recognized in an old curriculum larval plankton. vitae : 'Through the good offices of the late

I cannot speak much on his ability to work in a Professor G. E. Newell, [I was] recruited group of scientists. I have only met him from time as a Research Scientist by the CSIRO even to time, and always found him a very likeable person, before my PhD had been submitted'. G.F. but I think he has been much on his own. He is a very Humphrey, chief of the CSIRO Division talented pianist. [F.S. Russell, 28 February 1967.] of Fisheries and Oceanography, having Russell was clearly very perceptive regard- considered the referees' reports and recom- ing Dick's long isolation, which eventually mending Dick's appointment, summarized left him a rather lonely man. But it was J.E. well his key characteristics: Smith who seemed to understand him the I think Hamond's personality will fit in well with best: those with whom he will come in contact. Hamond must have worked very hard to accomplish what he has. Hamond is a very gifted taxonomist. He is interested in the systematics of marine animals both from the He is a person without guile and lives only for his work plankton and the benthos for a number of years and and his music. He is an Englishman to the core but seems well able to look after himself in the life we he has shown great initiative in carrying on his work of lead at Cronulla. [G.F. Humphrey, 13 April 1967.] identification in surveys of the North Sea plankton while holding a teaching post in a school. Having landed the job, Dick's journey to I regard him as fully capable of carrying out inde- Australia very nearly ended in his demise. pendent research for he is no mere lister of species^ His Although originally allocated a first-class papers always contain good discussions of the implica- sea passage to Australia, at the instigation tions of his taxonomic findings. I think he is fully ca- pable of opening up problems when he is provided of his chief this was changed to an economy

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 19 air-fare to facilitate visits to India and Japan en route. The ill-fated BOAC flight BA 712 (call-sign Whisky-Echo) from Heathrow on 8 April 1968 lasted only three and a half minutes, during which a disastrous fire caused an engine to fall off. This and the subsequent emergency landing (Figure 2; see p. 34) were all coolly photographed by Dick from seat 19A, over the wing with the burning engine. Evacuation was achieved in a mere 90 seconds, during which Dick and a young sailor had the presence of mind to rush two dazed women away from the burning plane to safety. Sadly, five lives were lost, including a stewardess, Barbara Harrison, who was posthumously awarded the George Cross.

Once Dick had composed himself, he char- acteristically volunteered to be interviewed by an ITV news team. Later, resting in a hotel at Heathrow, he saw the interview on television, which to his satisfaction saved him the trouble of contacting family and Figure 3. Dr Richard Hamond, 2 June 1968: friends to let them know he was safe. Re- photographer unknown. turning to Morston the day afterwards his fishermen friends at the local hostelry told book (Ottaway 2008); Dick had previously him that they had not been worried at all, written two personal accounts (Appendix, as they knew it would take more than an air items 28, 52). crash to get rid of him! Dick subsequently sold his story and photographs (cannily Although the CSIRO Division of Fisheries retaining the copyright) to a number of and Oceanography was involved much national and international newspapers and more in ecological than in taxonomic work, magazines, including Paris-Match, Reader's Dick had managed to persuade his new Digest, Quick, Illustrated London News and chief to allow him to work initially on iden- Australasian Post, the rich proceeds of which tifying collections of planktonic polychaete formed a useful financial buffer during his worms, following on nicely from his PhD extended residence in Australia. On 23 research. He settled comfortably into that April, Dick was on his way again to Syd- role, and completed his year's probation on ney by air, this time in first-class, via the 14 May 1969. Indian Ocean Biological Centre at Cochin, In 1970, Dick was assigned to CSIRO's India; the Marine Biological Stations at Mi- major Northern Prawn Project. All con- saki and Seto, and the Tokyo Museum, in tinued satisfactorily until mid- 1971, when Japan; and finally the Agriculture and Fish- problems began to arise after his chief was eries Department in last Hong Kong. At transferred: arriving in Sydney, he described again the At the moment life here is a bit tiresome; follow- fate of BA 712, this time in an interview on ing a 'palace revolution' (actually, administrative Australian television (Figure 3). Forty years changes from higher up, including the transfer of

on, the tragedy was commemorated by a my boss to another part of CSIRO), it appears that

20 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) the work he gave me to do, rearing larval prawns kindly lent him a phase-contrast micro- from known mothers in order to afford a taxonomic scope to facilitate his further private work. basis for work on planktonic larvae, was not want- ed; consequently, all this has been shelved, and Ultimately, it was Dick's ejection from the my disappointment is acute; but apparently that is CSIRO post that tested his mother's pa- always the way - no sooner does anyone threaten to

do some real marine biology then it gets squashed, tience to the limit and resulted in the final whereas so long as one docilely does b- all but is breakdown of their relationship. After a connected in some way with a commercial-sound- subsequent visit to the UK in 1975, he never ing project, then one is all right. All that I have left saw his mother again. is to sort endless plankton samples from the Gulf of

Carpentaria . . . On the other hand, the pay here is University of Melbourne much better than at home, and I am very fond of my colleagues; but I don't mind saying that, for the first Finding a new post was not easy. As Dick time since I got here, I am looking about for another complained. job. Goodness knows what I will get, or where, or

even when; but this does not matter, so long as I am You may find it incredible, but I am sorry to say that

free to do the sort of research I really want. [RH to it is true, that I find myself one of 300 for every job I

RBW, 7 July 1971.] go in for, and am getting so sick of it that I am con- sidering earning my living at something else and Again Dick's determination to do only what keeping marine zoology as a hobby. [RH to P.G. really interested him clearly emerges. Dur- Moore, 25 March 1973.] ing August to October 1971, he took leave Indeed, he was always optimistic about to visit the UK, and it seems very likely that amassing great riches as a result of some the objective was to attend an interview for masterly financial coup or selling the rights some job opportunity. If that were so, it to his innovative microscope designs. From must have been unsuccessful; and to Dick's the 1970s right up to his death, he would dismay, immediately after his return to drop tantalizing hints in letters or tel- Cronulla in November, he was dispatched ephone conversations about the existence to Karumba on the Gulf of Carpentaria. of a 'Master Plan' or a 'Grand Design' or There, it seems that he saw a chance to turn a 'Masterplan for Success', with the stern events to his advantage, for after only two warning that this must remain absolutely days, he returned on his own initiative to top-secret, although that was what he told Cronulla, complaining of an inability to everyone! Nevertheless, it would have tolerate the If tropical conditions. Dick had been impossible for these plans to have that his hoped precipitate action would been anything other than top-secret, since, force a transfer to some taxonomically loquacious as he usually was, this was the based project elsewhere in the CSIRO, he one project that Dick never revealed to any- was to be disappointed because no such body! A typically obscure example was: post was available and he was subsequent- The Grand Design is now starting to look hopeful, ly retrenched (the Australian euphemism so copepod and all other natural history-type work for 'made redundant'). He was, in fact, is having to take a back seat. [RH to RBW, 15 No- lucky not to have been dismissed instead. vember 1973.] Nevertheless, the CSIRO, accepting the Two years later, in 1975, there was a fact that they had employed him with full guarded reference to some business part- knowledge of his predilection for taxonom- ner, which may have had some connection ic work and lack of experience as an ecolo- with his UK visit that year, but it was never gist, treated him as generously as the terms mentioned again. Sadly, whatever plans and conditions of the post would allow. He Dick may have been working on at various was accordingly granted six months to find times, none ever came to fruition. alternative employment, enabling him to benefit from certain pension and holiday Fortunately, after a frustrating struggle, rights. Even after his departure, the CSIRO Dick eventually found a safe haven in late

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 21 1973 with the University of Melbourne, and his persistence began to pay increasing where he became a Demonstrator and an dividends: Associate Research Fellow. From 1974 to My immense revision of the Harpacticidae is drag-

1979, he taught microscopy to final-year ging slowly to a close and I have put in for a grant honours students in the Department of to work up all the non-marine harpacticoids of Aus- tralia, being one of a gang of workers on freshwater Zoology, and by this time was increas- entomostracans that we have here at the moment microscopical tech- ingly concentrating on my share of this work will probably take three years niques to improve the speed and accuracy from next July ... I long to get home, but goodness of drawing copepods. An active member knows when this will be! [RH to RBW, 4 October 1979.] of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria, he also lectured to members on the same Needless to say, Melbourne University collapses with the giggles whenever it even thinks about me, subject. Since he was largely dependent on so they have never got around to chucking me out, short-term grants supplemented by some and in fact the money is still coming in (my next

teaching, there were several times when grant has just been announced.) . . . All this in a rath- the money almost dried up, but Dick man- er cramped flat ... [RH to RBW, 14 February 1980.] aged to survive despite the setbacks, and After turning up here 8 years ago as a waif on the continued with his beloved harpacticoid doorstep, I have now got them fighting to keep me!! copepod research. [RH to RBW, 12 March 1980.]

His confidence reasserting itself, Immediately after leaving the CSIRO in now Dick's academic ambitions began to grow: 1972, he began the enormous task of revis- ing the of marine and freshwater At the moment I have just over the minimum for members of this difficult group on a world- a D.Sc. ... whereas the present attempt is upon the Melbourne D.Sc., the later stuff will be launched at wide basis, beginning with New Zealand one from my alma mater London; i.e. I am after a and Australia. He travelled widely, includ- to double ! [RH RBW, 12 March 1980.] ing the coasts and interiors of Victoria But a higher doctorate submission, being and Tasmania; the Great Barrier Reef; and far more demanding than a PhD thesis, New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. requires a great deal of preparation, and Colleagues also sent specimens from the it was not until 1985 that Dick was able to UK, the USA, and various tropical islands complete his documentation for the Mel- around Australia and New Zealand. But bourne DSc assessment, by which time his Dick was becoming increasingly homesick, permanent return to the UK was imminent. although he knew that the UK could not of- He submitted eleven published papers on fer opportunities for research that matched harpacticoids (Appendix, items 18, 23, 29, those that he had in Australia: 32, 39-44, 48), plus two massive unpub- I still feel rather lonely sometimes, and of course lished typescripts. The first of those type- long to get back, but goodness knows how I will scripts, on the non-marine harpacticoids of make a living if I do! And at the moment I am on

such a good thing here that it would be criminally Australia and New Caledonia, comprised silly to do anything to hinder it in the slightest. [RH 152 pages of text and 934 drawings and to RBW, 11 August 1977.] was eventually published in 1988; it is still

Nevertheless, his employment at Mel- a benchmark paper (Appendix, item 55). bourne was at times rather precarious: The other, on the Harpacticidae, amounted to 149 pages of text and 672 drawings. Everything here is being dedicated to the final great Although submitted in 1983 to the journal write-up of all my harpacticoid work for the last

five years - a mighty task! And after that I don't Marine Invertebrates of Scandinavia, it was in know what I will do, because Melbourne University fact a complete revision of all the European cannot pay me anything after New Year's Day 1979 species based on the experience of 20 years. ... [RH to RBW, 20 October 1978.] Regrettably, Dick withdrew that typescript

However, Dick was apparently reprieved. after on learning from the editor that it did

22 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) not conform to the format of the journal. A friends or family. Dick finally returned to later idea to publish it as one of the Linnean Norfolk after seventeen years in Australia,

Society synopses also came to naught. It is moving into Scaldbeck House, his child- unfortunate that the included descriptions hood home, in October 1985 (his mother of two new genera and three new species having died in 1982). will never be seen in print. Perhaps discour- aged, he never resubmitted this monograph Reminiscences anywhere but some parts relevant to north- Friends of Dick who have visited Scaldbeck western Europe were later incorporated in House never fail to recall the Spartan con- the Linnean Society synopsis of Marine and ditions there. Typically, on arrival guests Brackish-water Harpacticoid Copepods (Ap- were directed to a sparsely furnished room pendix, item 59). The vast number of de- containing old-fashioned iron bedsteads, tailed drawings contained in these papers and presented with a huge pile of sheets vividly and typescripts demonstrates why and blankets (it was bitterly cold in win- Dick worked so hard on the development ter) to make up their own beds. That ritual of microscopical and drawing techniques completed, they were usually ushered into for copepod taxonomy. the untidy, overcrowded kitchen, where

Despite the huge volume of work submit- a choice of innumerable varieties of tea ted, Dick was not awarded the DSc he cov- would have been offered. Victualling was a haphazard affair. eted. He was still awaiting the examiners' always Guests would decision when he had to return to the UK to sometimes have to go into Blakeney to attend to his recently deceased mother's es- buy provisions and cook for themselves, tate, and therefore mischievously decided because Dick would be too busy elsewhere to hold a jokey 'mock ceremony' in hopeful in the house. Nevertheless, if they chose anticipation of his obtaining the degree, be- to eat elsewhere (which they usually did), cause he knew that he would not be return- Dick was never known to refuse an offer ing to Australia. The surviving photographs of a free dinner. He was extremely enthu- show Dick, wearing the full academical siastic about Asian cuisine, and he knew robes of a Melbourne DSc, cavorting in an every Chinese, Thai and Indian restaurant extremely bizarre manner on the steps of for miles around. The guests' car would the Department of Zoology in front of an always be commandeered, and Dick would astounded throng of onlookers. This cer- shout directions from the passenger's seat, tainly did not go down well with the senior often just too late to take a crucial turning, members of the department, who felt that it when a hazardous reverse might then be was entirely inappropriate and declined to needed! Often, unexpected detours were attend the photo session. The whole affair sprung on the driver in order to view vari- was, as a mutual friend later commented, ous local sights and monuments to eminent 'both hilarious and tragic. So typical of Norfolk personages, about whom Dick Dick!' would always have some historical fact or anecdote to relate. Despite the vicissitudes, Dick described his residence in Melbourne as the best years of Usually, if a guest was unfortunate enough his life, and in 1979 he surprisingly became to be without a car, meals at Scaldbeck an Australian citizen. Although his motive House could consist of little more than seems unclear, it may be more than coinci- multiple cups of herbal tea accompanied by dence that at the time he was looking for a a few elderly biscuits. Once, a fellow cope- new post; perhaps he only saw citizenship pod enthusiast from Belgium had spent as a potential advantage when seeking em- an exhausting day without a lunch-break ployment, since he never mentioned it to examining specimens, and at nine o'clock

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 23 that evening, desperately hungry, he dip- returned from Australia Dick shipped large lomatically enquired when they might be quantities of similar salvaged paper and having dinner. Dick had clearly not con- empty Vegemite jars (to hold specimens) sidered this possibility, but casually asking to the UK. The huge piles of empty cereal his guest if he liked Brussels sprouts and boxes in his kitchen, which many visitors receiving a positive reply, he simply took must have puzzled over, were intended an unwashed stalk of sprouts, dropped it for cutting up to use in his card index sys- into a pan of water, and 'dinner' was ready tem or for making folders and dividers for in six minutes! Inevitably, it was rounded specimen containers. off with Dick's home-made nettle tea. On A well-known aspect of Dick's single- one rare occasion, however, my wife and minded impatience was his tendency to I were treated to one of his own Thai cur- arrive without warning at one's home or ries, which took some hours to prepare and workplace for a chat; when he had an idea, cook. Our abiding memory is that of Dick, it had to be addressed immediately! It is in his heavy smock, constantly stirring common knowledge both in the UK and pans on his ancient Aga cooker, using the Australia that Dick could clear whole mu- ragged grey cloth hanging on its front rail seum departments of staff as news of his variously to move hot items around, wipe arrival spread like an advancing tsunami. up spills and mop his heavily perspiring It was not that he was particularly difficult, brow! only that he could be so time-consuming

Dick's general domestic practices could be with his often impractical ideas and per- sonal focus copepods. also could quite puzzling or even alarming to visitors, on He never resist proffering his advice on almost especially when they stumbled on one of topic, irritated some people. his collections of bottles of marine speci- any which Few of Dick's zoological associates can not mens in the bath, or a bucket of live whelks have been treated to his detailed descrip- under the scullery sink. One inquisitive tion (he eventually published it - Appen- guest, quietly peeking into a dingy ground- dix, item of how to sit correctly at the floor room with closed curtains, was aston- 58) microscope. ished to see a large dining table neatly laid out with several place-settings, apparently As one Australian museum curator re- untouched for years, somewhat redolent of called, he was usually keen to report on his Dickens's description of Miss Havisham's progress with the two enormous typescripts fictional abode. On the first floor were on harpacticoids for his DSc submission, Dick's office, library and specimen store, carried in an ancient brown leather brief- to which few were granted access. On his case that he would open with a flourish to desk sat an ancient manual typewriter, reveal bundles of the usual recycled paper: which had travelled with him to Australia 'I remember his visits as being entertaining and back. Anything that Dick produced, for a while, but after a time I wondered if whether a letter or scientific paper, is im- he would ever leave!' It must be admitted mediately recognizable since his habit was that Dick's loud, loquacious nature was to continue typing each line as far towards not to everybody's liking, and that was no the right-hand edge of the page as possible doubt what Sir Eric Smith alluded to when before hitting the carriage return, occasion- he commented that Dick could talk him- ally inserting a hyphen in a broken word if self out of any job! Another example of his he noticed in time. Letters and typescripts of single-mindedness was recounted by one scientific papers were usually on the back of of his weekend guests at Scaldbeck House. previously used sheets, old bills or opened- Answering a knock at his bedroom door up envelopes. Ever economical, when he one evening, he found Dick standing there

24 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) dripping wet, with only a towel clutched played the piano again after his return around his ample pink abdomen, wanting from Australia, the family Steinway having to discuss an interesting thought that had been sold some years before. In Australia, occurred to him during his ablutions. he had developed a taste for Asian food and at one time intended to write a book A notable element of Dick's eccentricity was on oriental cooking (another potential his child-like delight in scurrilous jokes and money-making plan that never material- scandalous stories. There can be few who ized). Complementing his interest in her- knew him well and had not been regaled aldry, he had an amazing memory for the with his colourful anecdotes and limericks, ancestries of the gentry and titled families many being decidedly towards the blue of Norfolk. As might have been expected, end of the spectrum! This predilection for Dick's approach to some hobbies was de- shocking his listeners took some getting cidedly unconventional. He used to keep a used to, since it was a characteristic quite at 12-bore shotgun at the ready, so that when variance with his more cultured attributes. any unsuspecting pheasant or woodpigeon He had a marked tendency to the theatrical, appeared in the wood behind his house, he and one could not help but be impressed by would blast it from an upstairs window. A an astounding memory that enabled him personally memorable occasion was the ar- to recite for minutes on end his favourite rival in the post of a shoe-box containing a Shakespearian speeches, or poems by Hi- brace of half-decomposed pheasants, with laire Belloc, replete with appropriate male the hurried note 'Eat immediately - hung or female voices and regional accents when for 15 days'. called for. In fact, Dick was a great mimic, and his anecdotes of life in Morston or his Scientific work time in Australia were invariably delivered Dick Hamond's work on his beloved in the Norfolk dialect (which his father Norfolk is distinguished not only for its could also imitate well) or a colonial accent. scholarship, but also its remarkable thor- However, his lack of respect for authority oughness and historical context. From the and iconoclastic tendencies did not endear extensive saltmarshes and their creeks, over him to some of his acquaintances. This may the sandy and rocky shores, to the offshore well have been a contributory factor in his depths, he employed every available means failures to stay the courses at Cambridge to discover their many zoological treasures. and Newcastle Universities. Nevertheless, He was fortunate in 1950 to take part in a some older zoologists seemed to be willing two-week cruise over the Dogger Bank on to overlook these personality traits, and as Captain C.A.W. Chappie's Grimsby trawl- already mentioned Dick enjoyed consider- er Romilly; he wrote an account of this that able support in his early research from cer- was never published. Offshore waters were tain influential personages. In due course, subsequently sampled from his father's he came to know many of the eminent clinker-built crab-boat, named Chunk Har- marine zoologists of his time, both at home vey after a notorious eighteenth-century pi- and abroad. rate, which was built to order by Johnson's Dick listed his hobbies as marine biology, of . Further help was obtained classical music, exotic cooking, micros- from fishermen of Wells-next-the Sea, Stiff- copy, heraldry, astronomy and shooting. key, Blakeney and Cley-next-the-Sea, who He owned hundreds of tape recordings of would bring him the 'rubbish' from their classical music (his 'catalogue' consisting of trawl nets and crab-pots. After his return hand-written lists of titles on recycled pa- from Australia, Dick acquired a larger more per) and had a particular love of Chopin's seaworthy crab-boat, the Orion which ena- work. It was a great pity that Dick never bled him to work up to 32 km offshore, as

25 Trans. Norfolk Nonvich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) described in his Presidential Address to the Society in 2001 (see Appendix, item 61; and for another photograph of Orion, see Wil- liams 2011a). No doubt his boat was named after a favourite constellation, a sketch of which, as seen from Melbourne, was found in Dick's papers.

Dick's life's work began by defining, de- scribing and surveying the Norfolk marine area (Appendix, items 2, 4, 12, 20), pro- viding accounts of his collecting methods (Appendix, items 7-9, 13) and laboratory techniques (Appendix, items 16, 22), in which he was greatly assisted by loans of instruments from the National Institute of Oceanography. As this labour of love de- veloped, wide though his coverage was, he became especially expert on several particular groups. His first publication was in 1957 on the Norfolk Hydrozoa, with a supplement in 1963 (Appendix, items 1,

5). As always, he not only listed the spe- cies, but also unravelled their various Figure 4. The syllid polychaete Proceraea taxonomic complications and geographi- cornuta : drawing by RH from Zooplankton cal distributions. after Thirty-two years Sheet 1 1 3, Fig. 2a (1967), reproduced with his last work on British Hydrozoa, his permission of the International Council for expertise in the group had not waned, as the Exploration of the Sea. Dr Paul Cornelius's 733-page long Linnean

Society synopsis of the North-west European Between 20 and 30 species are new to the Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae of 1995 British Isles and at least 700 are new to Nor- records: 'Dr. Richard Hamond bravely read folk' (Pollitt 2010). By 2001, he could claim the entire typescript at least four times. He to know of 1,358 Norfolk species of marine his added numerous comments from long invertebrate (Appendix, item 61). Along and detailed experience, and lent dozens the way, Dick's work on the faunistics and of important specimens.' This typi- was biology of polychaete worms led to a series cally generous of Dick, who would never of papers (Appendix, items 3, 10, 15, 24-26, fail to expend considerable time and effort 38, 49) between 1963 and 1974, mostly in reviewing draft papers sent to him for culled from his 1967 PhD thesis. From criticism. His detailed letters would often 1968 a preponderance of papers on cope- include long sections beginning SRW (= pods, particularly harpacticoids, began to suggested re-wording)! emerge (Appendix, items 17, 18, 21, 23, 29, Gradually, the phyla of Norfolk marine 32, 36, 39-44, 47, 48, 54), culminating in his invertebrates were treated one by one from 225-page monograph on the non-marine the 1950s right up to 1997 (Appendix). By canthocamptid copepods of Australia (Ap- September 1966 Dick had already recorded pendix, item 55) and his contribution of the about 1,050 species in Norfolk. 'Of the text and illustrations for the family Har- species I have listed, three or four - pos- pacticidae to the Linnean Society synopsis sibly more are completely new to science. of Marine and Brackish Water Harpacticoid

26 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Copepods (Appendix, item 59). Incidentally, 1986, he attempted to secure a taxonomic during the planning of that volume in 1987, post in the UK, narrowly missing out at

Dick was apparently still carrying about Edinburgh University, but after that he his two still-unpublished magna opera in his seemed to give up. However, in response to ancient briefcase. His considerable artistic a survey of members of the Marine Biologi- skills were employed in illustrating his cal Association just three months before he own papers with fine drawings of proto- died, he registered an interest in marine zoans, hydroids, medusae, brittle-stars, pheromones, no doubt derived from his polychaetes, mysids, amphipods and cope- PhD research, over 43 years earlier. He had pods (e.g.. Figures 4 and 5). He was also published one paper touching on polycha- an accomplished macrophotographer and ete sex-attractants (Appendix, item 49), and photomicrographer. at the time of his death had three more in draft. Although after Dick permanently returned to Norfolk in 1985 he still made offshore From 1985, however, he still hosted occa- plankton-netting and dredging trips, he sional visits of Norfolk & Norwich Natural- did very little work on his catches unless ists' Society members to the rocky shore at they happened to be copepods. Perhaps it West Runton and took up his place again as was because of his disappointment at fail- the Society's Marine Life Recorder, which ing to secure a DSc, or perhaps because he he occupied until only a few months before was always trying to solve his more press- his death. He could always be called upon ing domestic problems, that Dick seemed to identify and record marine invertebrates to lose enthusiasm for zoological research and fish for naturalists in and after his return to the UK. He published way beyond. In 1987, Dick joined the Royal only seven items (Appendix, items 55-61) Microscopical Society, and in 1998, the in the 25 years following his return from Porcupine Marine Natural History Society Australia, and most of that material had (named after a research vessel, not the mam- been accumulated before 1985. During mal). He would attend Porcupine meetings

Figure 5. The harpac- ticoid copepod Can- thocamptus longipes: drawing by RH from Invertebrate Taxonomy,

vol. 1, no. 8, Fig. 66A & B (1988), reproduced with permission of CSIRO Publishing (http:// www.publish.csiro.au/ nid/1 21 /issue/1 759. htm).

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 27 if conveniently close enough in East Anglia, box that excluded light, facilitating the but would often fall asleep in his car while drawing of large projected images on the others were collecting specimens - he had wall. Of course, another major reason for probably seen them all before. Neverthe- Dick's continuing his microscope work so less, during the evening's socializing in enthusiastically was that he always hoped some local public house he would always that his innovative methods would be fi- come alive when entertainment was called nancially rewarding. Sadly they were not, for - dull, he never was! The last such meet- and so, when he realized this in the early ing he attended was in 2005. 1990s, he decided he would lose nothing by publishing some of his results (Appendix, Continuing the work begun in Australia, items 57, 58). By then, Dick's magic touch Dick's attention turned more and more in attracting grant-money must have been towards the development of low-cost tech- failing, for he rather ironically observed, 'In niques for improving the performance of view of the reluctance of the official grant- microscopes and methods for the rapid giving bodies to fund a project of this kind, production of accurate drawings of his it is a great pleasure to record that the costs favourite animals, the amazingly complex of the present investigation were met from copepods. His great skills and experience private resources' (Acknowledgements in in this field were essential to his papers tern According to personal notes on harpacticoid taxonomy, but also con- 57). some that he left, he have had data tributed enormously to the success of the must enough for several papers on the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society's more Norfolk marine biota, including the Tunicata, Platy- Microscopy Group. He would attend all their meetings, despite the long drive from helminthes, Nematoda, Protochordata, Morston to Norwich and back, invariably Nemertea and Ostracoda, as well as two on taking his favourite Olympus microscope Diatomaceae. fitted contrast in- with phase and Nomarski Dick was one of the last of the old-school terference contrast. Dick owned an impres- morphological taxonomists, and had never sive collection of stereomicroscopes and been exposed to the methodologies, which microscopes. optical compound Using an he did not really understand, of molecular bridge, he built a comparison microscope, biology. However, he was certainly aware which facilitates examination of specimens of the potential benefits of DNA analysis in pairs. Two microscopes connected by for morphological taxonomy, and several the optical bridge facilitate a split-view times exhorted me to set up a home labo- window enabling separate individuals or ratory for that purpose, little realizing that dissected appendages to be viewed simul- the equipment would cost tens of thou- taneously. As usual, Dick had a relevant sands of pounds and would need to be anecdote, and would relate how the inven- housed in a sterile room. In such matters, tion of the comparison microscope was a Dick could be surprisingly naive. He never significant advance in forensic ballistics in abandoned the bizarre idea that one could the late 1920s, enabling the identification of construct any item of laboratory equip- bullets fired from the same gun. ment with some glass and metal scraps and This was just one of several methods adapt- imagination. However, this was something ed by Dick for identification and drawing that, up to a point, Dick was fairly adept of his favourite harpacticoid copepods. at, despite Professor Newell's comment When living in Melbourne, he had set up that he was not a very good experimental in his cramped flat a typically Heath Rob- zoologist - his PhD involved, after all, inson (but perfectly efficient) apparatus much experimental work rather than pure whereby he sat within a huge cardboard taxonomy. Furthermore, he had mastered

28 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) the complexities of running a motor boat mals, also mostly copepods (see Appendix) and the necessary navigational skills for his from the UK, the USA and Australia. It sea-going expeditions. seems not to be generally appreciated just how much Dick Hamond contributed to Dick's crowning achievement was to serve world copepodology, particularly while as President of the Norfolk & Norwich he was in Australia, and moreover, how he Naturalists' Society for 2001-2002, an hon- managed to achieve all that under the most our previously afforded to his grandfather, difficult conditions. From the late 1960s, Charles Annesley Hamond in 1906-1907. he laboured under the difficulties of pre- Dick's presidential address was a masterly carious employment conditions, or some- historical synthesis of the marine habitats, times no employment at all, while having oceanographic conditions and fauna of to design and develop, or adapt, his own Norfolk (Appendix, item 61), delivered in optical equipment in order to produce his his grandest theatrical style. This address exquisitely detailed drawings. As he wrote was also notable for being the only occa- to Professor Geoff Moore (11 June 1980), sion on which I ever saw him wear a suit 'Otherwise I just sit here drawing - some- and polished leather shoes! His last field times I feel like Michelangelo lying on his trip was in 2007, when I persuaded him to back for umpteen years painting the roof join me in a survey of Half-Moon Pond at of the Sistine Chapel!' The copepod expert, Cley-next-the-Sea (see photograph on front Professor Rony Huys, appraised Dick's cover, 10 August 2007. work thus: 'Richard Hamond has made a A lasting legacy significant impact on harpacticoid system- atics in general, and on our knowledge of During the Australia years, Dick had dis- the Australian fauna in particular', (pers. covered many previously unknown marine comm. 11 October 2011). invertebrates, including a new genus and a new family of copepods that he generously Dick's friendship, talents and generosity donated to another taxonomist for descrip- have been valued highly and his eccentric-

tion and naming. Also, it is thanks to him ity remembered with affection by many that the Natural History Museum in Lon- colleagues, who have written: don now holds a fine collection of speci- I remember him as large, enthusiastic and kindly. mens representative of the Norfolk harpac- [Eve Southward, pers. comm. 17 August 2010] ticoid fauna. The high regard in which Dick Dick was a fine marine biologist. He was always will always be held by fellow zoologists is supposedly short of cash and his mannerisms were borne out by the taxa named in his honour, slightly odd but I had a great affection for him. [Frank Evans, pers. comm., 30 August 2010] including nine species ( Entobins hamondi Gotto, 1966; Impexus hamondi Kabata, 1972; He was very talented and generous. His comments were kindly made and mostly well aimed. [Paul Heterolaophonte hamondi Hicks, 1975; Brian- Cornelius, pers. comm. 20 January 2011] ola hamondi Wells & Rao, 1987; Ceradocopsis He was a genuine enthusiast. I have always re- hamondi Moore, 1988; Entomolepis hamondi garded him as the last remaining eccentric natural- McKinnon, Archesola 1988; hamondi Huys ist in Britain. [Romy Huys, pers. comm., 11 October & Lee, 2000; Australocamptus hamondi Kara- 2011]

novic, 2004; and Inermiphonte hamondi Huys He was the kindest and most thoughtful and sup- Lee, portive of friends. & 2009), one genus ( Hamondia Huys, 1990), and one family (Hamondiidae Huys, He will be especially remembered, not 1990). All are copepods except Ceradocopsis only in Norfolk but all over the world, for hamondi, an amphipod. his unstinting willingness to share his wide

Dick himself discovered and named four knowledge of marine life and microscope new genera and forty new species of ani- technology, and for his great sense of fun

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 29 that made him the focus of attention at any Victoria, Melbourne); Richard Rutter (Peer- gathering of scientists or friends. age News); Eve Southward and Alexander Street (Marine Biological Association UK); But most importantly from the scientific Lewis Woolnough (Quekett Microscopical point of view, Dick Hamond could write Club). with authority on almost any marine inver- tebrate phylum, and probably had a wider I am especially pleased to acknowledge the knowledge of the systematics and identi- support of Dick's sister Mary Athill and fication of UK species than any other zo- brother Ned Hamond and their permission ologist that I have known, an achievement to publish this memoir. recognized by his professor even during Published sources his undergraduate days. Moreover, he was ATHILL, M. (2010). Dr Richard always assiduous in ferreting out all the Hamond - a brief record. Funeral order service, previous publications pertaining to Nor- of 4 August. folk for each phylum that he tackled. It is to be hoped that future writers on the Norfolk LEECH, A.R. (2010). Dr Richard Hamond marine fauna will do likewise; and that 1930-2010. Norfolk Natterjack, no. 110, they will thus not overlook the rich legacy p. 12, August. of Dick's seminal publications, listed in the OTTAWAY, S. (2008). Fire over Heathrow: Appendix herein. the tragedy offlight 712. Barnsley: Pen & Acknowledgements Sword Aviation.

Much of this account has been gleaned POLLITT, M. (2010). Obituary. Dr Rich- from the archives of All Saints' church of ard Hamond. Scientist caught drama of West Acre, Cambridge University Library, aeroplane fire on camera. Eastern Daily the CSIRO, the Marine Biological Asso- Press, 5 August. ciation of the United Kingdom, the Quekett WILLIAMS, R.B. (2011a). Obituary. Rich- Microscopical Club, Radley College, and ard Hamond 1930-2010. Transactions of the Royal Microscopical Society, as well the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, as from the published sources listed. For vol. 43^ part 1 for 2010: 173-174. further information, copies of letters or per- WILLIAMS, R.B. (2011b). Obituary. Rich- sonal reminiscences, I am grateful to Mary ard Hamond: 1930-2010. Quekett Journal Athill (Morston); Rob Birtles, Carla Flores of Microscopy, vol. 41: 460. and Joel MacKeen (CSIRO); Geoff Boxshall, Rony Huys and Paul Cornelius (Natural History Museum, London); John Cooper Professor R.B. Williams Norfolk House, (Radleian Society); Frances Dipper and Western Road, Tring HP23 4BN Seamus Whyte (Porcupine Marine Natu- ral History Society); Frank Evans (North [email protected] Shields); Ned, Roberta and Nick Hamond (Morston); Eric Hollowday (Aylesbury); Tony Irwin (Castle Museum, Norwich); Tony Leech (Holt); Stephen Livermore (Norwich); David Macmillan (Melbourne University); Geoff Moore and John Allen (Millport); Kathy Moss (Royal Microscopi- cal Society); Jock Mullard (Radley College);

Bill Noblett and Jacqueline Cox (Cambridge See page 34 for Figure 2, the ill-fated University Library); Gary Poore (Museum Whisky-Echo ablaze.

30 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) ,

APPENDIX: Publication list of Dr Richard Hamond

Publications listed without authorship are by R. Hamond alone. Those with joint author- ship are shown with all co-authors in the correct order. The day or month within a given year are noted if ascertainable, with any peculiarities of dating (for instance, if different from that given in the article). Names of new taxa, together with the institutions in which type specimens (usually holotypes or allotypes) are deposited, are noted in bold type immediately after the relevant articles; most of the specimens originally retained in RH's personal collection are paratypes and will ultimately be deposited with the Natural His- tory Museum in London.

1 1957 . Notes on the Hydrozoa of the Norfolk Coast. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 43: 294-324. [March]

2 1961 . Marine fauna. Pp. 75-77 in Norwich and its Region. Norwich: Jarrold and Sons. [September]

3 1963 . On some Polychaeta from the coast of Norfolk. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 13), 5: 567-576. [Dated September 1962, but published 18 April 1963]

4 1963 . A preliminary report on the marine fauna of the north Norfolk coast. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 20: 2-31. [June]

5 1963 . Further notes on the Hydrozoa of the Norfolk Coast. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series

13), 6: 659-670. [November]

6 1965 . On some amphipods from the coast of Norfolk. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 45: 153-160. [March] [New species (Crustacea, Amphipoda): Melita reidi. RH's personal collection.]

7 1965 . Hunting for marine animals. Part one: plankton and nekton. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 30: 83-94. [November]

8 1966 . Hunting for marine animals. Part two: benthos. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 30: 137-142. [May]

9 1966 . Hunting for marine animals. Part two: benthos (concluded). Microscopy: Journal of the Quekett Micro- scopical Club 30: 160-168. [August]

10 1966 . The Polychaeta of the coast of Norfolk. Colliers de Biologie Marine, 7: 383-436.

11 1967 . Harold Munro Fox [obituary]. Microscopy: Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 30: 255-256. [May]

12 1967 . Variations in sea-temperature in and around Blakeney Harbour, Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 21: 7-15. [May]

13 1967 . Hunting for marine animals. Part three: shore collecting. Microscopy: Journal of the Quekett Microscopi- cal Club, 30: 296-306. [November]

14 1967 . The Amphipoda of Norfolk. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 8: 113-152.

15 1967 . Polychaeta. Family: Syllidae. Sub-family: Autolytinae. Conseil Permanent International pour L'explor-

ation de la Mer. Zooplankton sheet 113: 1-4.

16 1968 . A home-made multi-purpose section oven. Microscopy: Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 31: 23-26. [February]

17 1968 . Some marine copepods (Misophrioida, Cyclopoida, and Notodelphyoida) from Norfolk, Great Brit-

ain. Crustaceana, 1968, Supplement 1: 37-60. [New species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Asterocheres ellisi and Agnathaner freemani. Natural History Museum, London.]

18 1968 . Pseudonychocamptus carthyi nov. sp. (Harpacticoida) from Hunstanton, Norfolk. Crustaceana, 1968,

Supplement 1: 172-176. [New species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Pseudonychocamptus carthyi. Natural History Museum, London.]

19 1968 . Blick, R.A.P., Hamond, R., Heron, A.C., Ritz, D.A. & Tranter, D.J. Zooplankton. Annual Report of the Division of Fisheries and Oceanography of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organiza- tion, 1967-1968: 37-39.

20 1969 . On the Norfolk marine area, and the offshore stations worked within it. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 21: 209-228. [January]

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 31 21 1969. The copepods parasitic on Norfolk marine fishes. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 21: 229-234. [January]

22 1969. Methods of studying the copepods. Microscopy: Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 31: 137-149. [May]

23 1969. The Laophontidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) of the shore at West Runton, Norfolk, England. Crus- taceana, 16 (part 2): 1-14. [New species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Laophonte danversae. Natural History Museum, London and RH's personal collection.]

24 1969. Aspects of the biology of Autolytus alexandri Malmgren 1867 (Polychaeta, Syllidae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 10: 85-94.

25 1969. Intergradation in Norfolk waters between some species of Autolytus (Polychaeta, Syllidae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 10: 289-300.

26 1969. On the preferred foods of some autolytoids (Polychaeta, Syllidae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 10: 439-445.

27 1969. Blick, R.A.P., Hamond, R., Heron, A.C., Moulton, T.P., Ritz, D.A., Tranter, D.J. & Ahsanullah, M. Zooplankton. Annual Report of the Division of Fisheries and Oceanography of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1968-1969: 34-36.

28 1970. Ordeal in Whisky-Echo. Reader's Digest, 49th year, April: 35-41. [April]

29 1970. On a harpacticid copepod of the genus Orthopsyllus Brady & Robertson from West Runton, Norfolk, England. Crustaceana, 18: 209-217.

30 1970. Blick, R.A.P., Griffiths, F.B., Hamond, R., Heron, A.C., Ritz, D.A. & Tranter, D.J. Zooplankton. Annual Report of the Division of Fisheries and Oceanography of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1969-1970: 46-48.

31 1971. Some medusae from near Brisbane. Search, 2: 27. [January]

32 1971. The Australian species of Mesochra (Crustacea: Harpacticoida), with a comprehensive key to the genus. Australian Journal of Zoology (supplementary series), 7: 2-32. [29 October] [New species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Mesochra baylyi. RH's personal collection and National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC.]

33 1971. The marine Protozoa, Mesozoa, and Porifera of Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Natural- ists' Society, 22: 83-89.

34 1971. The leptostracan, euphausiid, stomatopod, and decapod Crustacea of Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 22: 90-112.

35 1971. Bulleid, N.C., Faragher, R.A., Hamon, B.V., Hamond, R., Hynd, J.S., Jones, E.H., Newell, B.S., Tuma, D.J., Vance, D.J., Walker, R.H. & Webb, D.J. Northern prawn project. Annual Report of the Divi- sion of Fisheries and Oceanography of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1970-1971: 16-26.

36 1972. Some marine and brackish-water copepods from Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk, England. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 22: 237-243.

37 1972. The marine Mollusca of Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 22: 271-306.

38 1972. The non-polychaetous annelids of Norfolk, England, with additional notes on polychaetes. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 13: 341-350.

39 1973. Four new copepods (Crustacea: Harpacticoida, Canuellidae) simultaneously occurring with Diogenes senex (Crustacea: Paguridea) near Sydney. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 97: 165-201. [8 January] [New species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Brianola elegans, B. pori, B. sydneyensis and Sunaristes tranteri. Australian Museum, Sydney and RH's personal collection.]

40 1973. A review of Cletodes (Crustacea: Harpacticoida), with the description of a new species from Queens- land. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 16: 471-483. [30 June] [New species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Cletodes millerorum. Queensland Museum, Brisbane and RH's personal collection.]

41 1973. The harpacticoid copepods (Crustacea) of the saline lakes in Southeast Australia, with special refer- ence to the Laophontidae. Records of the Australian Museum, 28: 393-420. [20 July] [New species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Heterolaophonte ivellsi. Australian Museum, Sydney and RH's personal collection.]

42 1973. The Australian species of Robertsonia (Crustacea, Harpacticoida), with a revised key to the genus.

32 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Records of the Australian Museum, 28: 421-435. [3 August] [New species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Robertsonia bamesi. Australian Museum, Sydney.]

43 1973. Rohertgurneya smithi nov. sp. (Crustacea; Harpacticoida), with notes on other species of the genus. Journal of Natural History, 7: 65-76. [New species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Robertgumeya smithi. Australian Museum, Sydney.]

44 1973. Some Laophontidae (Crustacea: Harpacticoida) from off North Carolina. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 92: 44-59. [New genera (Crustacea, Copepoda): Coullia and Hoplolaophonte with new species, respectively, C. heteropus and H. aculeata. Also new species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Paralaophonte sculpta. National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC.]

45 1973. The marine and brackish-water Bryozoa of Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 22: 406-423.

46 1973. The chelicerate marine (Acarina and Pycnogonidea) of Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 22: 424-429.

47 1973. The marine and brackish-water copepods of Norfolk: Calanoida, Misophrioida, Cyclopoida, Mon- strilloida, Notodelphyoida and incertae sedis. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 14: 335-360.

48 1974. Australonannopus aestuarinus gen. nov., sp. nov. (Crustacea, Harpacticoida), an aberrant cletotid from Australian brackish waters. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 107: 239-245. [15 February] [New genus (Crustacea, Copepoda): Australonannopus with new species A. aestuarinus. Tasma- nian Museum, Hobart.]

49 1974. The culture, experimental taxonomy, and comparative morphology of the planktonic stages of Norfolk autolytoids (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Autolytinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 54: 299-320. [June]

50 1974. The marine and brackish-water non-amphipodan peracaridan Crustacea of Norfolk. Cahiers de Biolo- gie Marine, 15: 197-213.

51 1974. Some medusae and other hydrozoa from the Indian Ocean and the Bass Strait. Journal of Natural His- tory, 8: 549-561. [New species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): Euphysora russelli. CSIRO Division of Fisheries and Oceano- graphy, Cronulla.]

52 1975. Flight to terror. Reader's Digest, 107 (no. 640): 58-62. [August] 53 1977. Hamond, R. & Williams, R.B. The Ctenophora, Scyphozoa and Anthozoa of Norfolk, with addition- al notes on the Hydrozoa. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 24: 58-74. [April]

54 1981. Burton, H. & Hamond, R. Harpacticoid copepods from a saline lake in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 32: 465-467.

55 1988. Non-marine harpacticoid copepods of Australia. 1. Canthocamptidae of the genus Canthocamptus

Westwood s. lat. and Fibulacamptus, gen. nov., and including the description of a related new species

of Canthocamptus from New Caledonia. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 1: 1023-1247. [Dated 1987, but pub- lished 10 August 1988 - see note in article 58] [New genus (Crustacea, Copepoda): Fibulacamptus with new species F. bisetosus, F. gracilior, F.

tasmanicus , F. victorianus. Other new species (Crustacea, Copepoda): Canthocamptus ablatifur- catus, C. billwilliamsi, C. caecosetosus, C. clavifurcatus, C. dedeckkeri, C. dumonti, C. echinopyge,

C. globulisetosus, C. hennyae, C. howardorum, C. lacinulatus, C. longifurca , C. longipes, C. mammil- lifurca, C. mortoni, C. sublaevis and C. timmsi. Museum Victoria, Melbourne and RH's personal collection.]

56 1991. The echinoderms of Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 29: 33-51.

57 1993. The angular apertometer. Quekett Journal of Microscopy, 37: 13-21.

58 1995. Old and new applications of the camera-lucida. Quekett Journal of Microscopy, 37: 409-423.

59 1996. Huys, R., Gee, J.M., Moore, C.G. & Hamond, R. Marine and brackish water harpacticoid copepods. Part 1. Keys and notes for identification of species. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series), no. 51, viii + 352pp.

60 1997. The Cirripedia, Branchiura and marine Cladocera of Norfolk. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 31: 52-62. [July]

61 2002. The Norfolk marine fauna, past and present. Presidential Address delivered to the Society in October 2001. Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, 35: 1-23. [July]

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 33 Figure 2. See p. 20. Whisky-Echo ablaze minutes after its emergency landing, 8 April 1 968: photo by R. Hamond.

The Bees of Norfolk (see p.36)

Left: Colletes halophilus (male and females,

NWO); below left: cineraria (female, NWO); below: Hylaeus hyalinatus (male, TS); below right Andrena fulva (female, NWO).

Photographers: NWO, Nick Owens;TS, Tim Strudwick, here and throughout.

34 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Andrena clarkella (male, TS) Andrena clarkella (female, TS)

Andrena bicolor (female, NWO)

Andrena praecox (female, TS)

Andrena hattorfiana (female, NWO) Andrena varians (female, NWO)

Halictus tumulorum (female, TS) Lasioglossum parvulum (female, TS)

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) ~ 35 The bees of Norfolk: a provisional county list

Tim Strudwick

Introduction of writing do not yet include the last five years' records, an almost complete Bees are currently enjoying a surge of show absence of solitary bees in Norfolk. public and scientific interest amid concerns over the declines of both the domestic The inevitable focus of the most active honeybee and wild bee species and the recorders on areas close to their homes and potential impacts of the loss of pollinators of professional entomological surveys on on our food crop production. Bumblebees protected sites has resulted in the Brecks, are well served by recent publications the Norwich area, the Broads and the north (Edwards & Jenner 2009; Benton 2006; and east coasts receiving most of the recent Prys-Jones & Corbet 2011) and even have recording effort. This geographical bias their own conservation charity. In contrast, has to be considered in interpreting the solitary bees, which represent more than distribution of records. Many species are 90% of the UK bee fauna, remain obscure, probably more widespread than we know with identification literature very hard and there are likely to be more species to find. Very little recording of solitary waiting to be discovered (or rediscovered). bees has taken place in Norfolk for most Despite the limited information available, of the last century and the last full list of we know that at least 166 bee species, or Norfolk's bees was published more than 69% of the UK bee fauna, have occurred in 100 years ago (Barrett 1905), and this drew Norfolk since 1969 (Table 1). Comparing largely on a series of papers published this with published totals for other in Transactions by John Bridgman in the (Baldock 2008), Norfolk sits in the top six or late 1800s (Bridgman 1879, 1881, 1889). seven counties in the UK for recorded bee This paper aims to provide an up-to-date diversity. The species that are absent from summary of our current knowledge of Norfolk are largely those associated with the status of all bee species in Norfolk. upland habitats or calcareous grassland, The word 'provisional' in the title reflects and those restricted to north and west the expectation that the picture presented Britain or the very south of England. here is far from complete. It is hoped the publication of this baseline encourage may Bee identification new recorders to develop an interest in this This paper does not attempt to tackle bee group and stimulate further recording. identification, but some context, and some The Norfolk bee fauna cautionary words on the subject, might be The status of bumblebees in Norfolk has helpful for prospective recorders. Good been well documented in recent years by identification keys for bumblebees are David Richmond (2001, 2009). At least 18 readily available, and many species can of the 24 species of bumblebee currently be recognised in the field or from photos. found in the UK are known to be in the Elowever, there are many pitfalls, with some county. There is far less known or published very similar species, sexual dimorphism, about solitary bees. The distribution maps interspecific variation and the effects of on the National Biodiversity Network wear and tear to take into account. Caution website (www.nbn.org), which at the time should be exercised, and an expert opinion

36 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Table 1 The sub- Family Subfamily Genus No. of No. of families and genera species species of British bees, based in UK in on Archer (2005), Norfolk with the number of species recorded in Colletinae Colletes 9 6 the UK (excluding the Hylaeus 11 8 Channel Islands) and Andrena 62 38 Norfolk from 1970 onwards. Panurgus 2 2 Duforea 1 0 Halictus 4 3 Lasioglossum 32 22 16 13 Melittinae Melitta 4 3

Macropis 1 1

Dasypoda 1 1

Megachilinae Anthidium 1 1

Stelis 4 3

Heriades 1 0 Chelostoma 2 2 Osmia 12 6

Hoplitis 1 1 Megachile 7 7 Coelioxys 6 4 Anthophorinae 28 19 Epeolus 2 2 Encera 2 0 Anthophora 5 4

Melecta 1 1

Ceratina 1 0

Xylocopa 1 0

Apinae Apis 1 1 Bombus 24 18

Total spp. 240 166 sought, before submitting records of the available, though this situation should be less common species. improved in the near future when a new handbook of British bees is published Solitary bees are more difficult. While a (Else, in prep.). Despite the limitations of of solitary number species can be recognised photography, it is a good way to get started in the field, collection of specimens and with solitary and bumblebees. The author microscopic examination is required to is very happy to identify, where possible, confirm the identity of many. Up-to-date species from emailed photos, or from keys for many genera are not readily specimens (addresses below).

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 37 Lasioglossum leucozonium (male, NWO) Lasioglossum morio (female, NWO)

Lassioglossum calceatum (female, TS) Sphecodes ephippius (female, NWO)

Lassioglossum calceatum (male, TS)

Dasypoda hirtipes (female, TS)

Macropis europea (female, TS)

Anthidium manicatum (male, Sally Rix)

Chelostoma campanularum (female, TS) Coelioxys elongata (male, TS)

38 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Megachile dorsalis (female, NWO)

Megachile centuncularis (female, NWO)

Osmia rufa (male, NWO)

Osmia rufa (female, NWO)

Anthophora plumipes (female, NWO)

Osmia leaiarta (female, TS)

Osmia caerulescens (female, TS) Anthophora plumipes (male, NWO)

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) - 39 Sociality and solitary lifestyles voucher specimen was found to have been misnamed. It is acknowledged that some of It is well known that honey bees and bum- these may yet prove to be good records. blebees nest co-operatively, whereby fer- tile females (queens) rear infertile females County boundaries (workers) that then help the queen to rear Biological recording tradition favours more workers, new queens and males. the use of Watsonian vice-counties, but These are termed social or eusocial. It is less with the importance of biodiversity data well known that some predominantly soli- in the planning process and the role of tary bee genera include a few species that local government in biodiversity, modern are also social. In the UK these are all in county boundaries are arguably now more the sub-family Halictinae. In truly solitary useful for a county list. For the purposes bees every female is fertile and provisions of this work, Norfolk is defined as the post her nest alone. However, some species 1976 administrative area. Where species may share a nest entrance, and hundreds have occurred only in VC27 (East Norfolk) or even thousands of nests may occur close or VC28 (West Norfolk) this is noted. together, so their solitary nature may not be obvious. Nomenclature

Scientific nomenclature follows Archer Notes on the systematic list (2005), although in a few cases, where a Sources of records revised or alternative name is also in current

The species accounts below draw upon use, this is given in brackets. English names records from the databases of the Norfolk are given only where these are in general Biodiversity Information Service (NBIS), use. National Biodiversity Network (NBN) and the Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Status

Society (BWARS), the collections held at the UK conservation status follows Falk (1991). Castle Museum, various published sources, Norfolk status is based on available records an unpublished list by G.M. Spooner (c. and the author's own experience. Details 1980) and records supplied by individual of records are given for the rarer species, recorders. The bumblebee accounts draw including recorders where known. heavily on Richmond (2009). Inevitably records will exist that were overlooked, Recorders mentioned in the species and hopefully this publication will help to accounts: draw these out. AGI Tony Irwin

Verification of records EAA EA Atmore

All species reliably recorded in Norfolk are GN Geoff Nobes included in the list, but names of species JBB John Bridgman only recorded before 1970 are in square JF Jeremy Field brackets. In the preparation of this list, a KD Ken Durrant few records were judged to be doubtful or MEA Michael Archer erroneous and have been disregarded . These were either records of species which have NWO Nick Owens since been subject to taxonomic revision, RSB R. Stuart Browne in unlikely locations, very difficult species SP Stuart Paston where it seems unlikely that the recorder TS Tim Strudwick had access to up-to-date identification keys or reference specimens, or where a

40 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) ,

A systematic list of the bees of Colletes marginatus Nationally Scarce. The Norfolk smallest UK Colletes species, largely confined to the coast of England and

COLLETINAE - believed to represent Wales, but occasionally found inland. the most primitive group of bees; two very Active from early July to late August. different genera. Norfolk status: recorded on sandy grassland at several Breckland sites, Colletes - a rather distinctive genus of and also on coastal dunes at Holme and ground-nesting bees having a blackish , Winterton. abdomen with clearly defined white or Colletes similis species is similar yellowish bands on the hind margins of each This very segment. The species require microscopic to C. fodiens, with which it shares similar habits and phenology, but is examination to separate them , although rather scarcer than that species. Norfolk habitat is often a good pointer. status: very local, with records from Colletes daviesanus Probably the most about 12 sites, most in the Brecks and widely distributed and least specialised the Norwich area. UK Colletes species. It nests in vertical Colletes succinctus A very widely banks and the soft mortar of walls, distributed species, flying late July to and is active late June to mid-August. mid-September when Heather Calluna Norfolk status: recorded from widely vulgaris, its pollen source, is in flower. scattered sites including gardens, and Norfolk status: found everywhere is most likely to be seen on Tansy where Heather grows in quantity, even Tanacetum vulgare, ragwort Senecio spp. on isolated fragments of heathland or and other Asteraceae flowers. dune heath. Colletes fodiens Nationally this is one of the Hylaeus - the white-faced bees are a genus commoner species, active from mid- small, black, almost hairless bees (pollen June to late August, and associated with of being carried in the crop). Males usually have yellow Asteraceae, especially ragwort. a white or yellowish face, and females have Norfolk status: frequent in the Brecks two pale spots between the eyes. Most nest in and the Norwich area with scattered dead stems or holes in dead wood, but records elsewhere, on dunes, heaths plant some also nest in the ground. They are often and sandy grassland. encountered on umbellifer flowers, and the Colletes halophilus Nationally Scarce; species are very similar. BAP Priority. This species is endemic Hylaeus annularis Confined to south- to western Europe, and in the UK is eastern Britain and usually found at found from Dorset to Humberside. disturbed, grassy sites. The females can It is almost identical to C. succinctus , be distinguished by the small, round but usually distinguished by its very white spots on the face, and the males different habitat. C. halophilus flies from by the swollen white basal antennal early August to early October, when its segments. Active mid-June to early forage plant. Sea Aster Aster tripolium September. Norfolk status: local, with is in flower. It nests in exposed sand or records mainly from the Brecks and the clay close to saltmarsh, often in large Norwich area. aggregations. Norfolk status: found locally around The Wash, more widely Hylaeus brevicornis A very small species, along the North coast from Holme to with a strong association with brambles Weybourne and also at . Rubus fruticosus agg., often nesting Photo p.34. in the stems. Active late June to early

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 41 September. Norfolk status: recorded lutea and Wild Mignionette Reseda fairly sparsely in Norfolk but probably luteola and both sexes can be found overlooked. around these plants. Norfolk status: widespread, and fairly common on Hylaeus communis Probably the most sandy soils, especially around Norwich common and widespread species of the and the Brecks. genus, found in a range of habitats, and flying from mid-June to early October. ANDRENINAE - pollen carried on hairs on The male can be identified by the shape the hind legs and, sometimes, the rear thorax; of the pale face markings. Norfolk all species are ground-nesting. status: common and widespread with Andrena - a large genus with about 60 a preference for damp and wooded species known in the UK, some with a habitats. spring and a summer brood. Some species Hylaeus confusus A widespread species are recognisable in the field (at least the of wooded habitats. Norfolk status: fresh females) but most cannot reliably be apparently local, with most records separated without microscopic examination. from the Broads and Brecks. Andrena alfkenella RDB3. A small Hylaeus cornutus Nationally Scarce. The species, associated with umbellifers only species in the genus with no white on calcareous grassland. Flies April to

on the face in either sex, it is associated August in two broods. Norfolk status: with warm, dry, disturbed habitats. rare, with four Breckland records: Norfolk status: local, recorded from Middle Harling Heath in 2009 (TS), and a handful of sites in the Brecks and South Acre, Cranwich and Weeting in around Norwich. 2011(GN).

Hylaeus hyalinatus Found in a wide range [Andrena angustior] A small species. of habitats, including gardens, and Norfolk status: presumed extinct. possibly the most frequent Hylaeus Recorded at in 1873

species in urban areas. Norfolk status: (JBB), but not since. It is widespread recorded frequently throughout across England except the very north so Norfolk. Photo p.34. may be expected in Norfolk.

Hylaeus pectoralis A rather localised [Andrena argentata ] A small species species, flying from June to August and associated with heathland and dunes in nesting in old galls of the chloropid fly SE England, often foraging on Heather. Lipara lucens in the stems of Common Norfolk status: presumed extinct. Reed Phragmites australis. Norfolk Atmore (1909) reported Targe colonies' status: common in , but near Kings Eynn around 1900 but there apparently rare elsewhere with records have been no subsequent records. only from 1979, This species nests in Dersingham Bog 1982 (both AGI) and bare sandy soils and flies from late in 2010 (GN). April to late June. Norfolk Status: [Hylaeus pictipes] Nationally Scarce. Now widespread, recorded from heathland, restricted to Kent and adjacent counties. dunes, quarries, etc. throughout the Norfolk status: presumed extinct. county. Recorded at Eaton in the late 1800s This small, double- (JBB). brooded bee is active from early March

Hylaeus signatus Nationally Scarce. This to late August, and is one of very few species collects pollen from Weld Reseda Andrena species in which the female

42 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) has entirely black facial hair. It is found including gardens, and flying from in most habitats and is particularly late March to late August. Males often common in gardens. Norfolk status: gather on tree foliage. The second brood

widespread and common. Photo p.35. is partial to bramble flowers. Norfolk

Andrena bimaculata Nationally Scarce. A status: very common throughout, and double-brooded species of heath, scrub often the most common Andrena species in the and grassland. Norfolk status: local, summer.

found mainly on sandy soils. Andrena falsifica Nationally Scarce.

Andrena chrysosceles This small dark Another small, black species, extremely similar to species. There species with red legs is frequently found more common are just records: in churchyards. Pollen is collected from two Foulden Common a range of plants including Germander (1979) and Holt (1986).

Speedwell Veronica chamaedrys and Andrena flavipes The female of this double- Hogweed Heracleum sphondylium. brooded species can be recognised by Norfolk status: very few records, but the well-defined whitish terminal hair

frequent in the Norwich area and bands on the abdominal segments. It probably overlooked and common flies from late March to early June and throughout the county. late June to late August, and appears Andrena cineraria A beautiful and to have greatly increased in recent unmistakable bee, active from early years. Norfolk status: common in sandy April to early July. Pollen is collected habitats, including urban areas from a range of species but gorse seems Andrena fucata A woodland species, active popular at Norfolk sites. Norfolk status: from mid-May to late June. Norfolk almost unknown until the last ten years, status: rare, with just three post-1900 but now widespread in VC27 and the records: in 1974, Sheringham Brecks. Photo p.34. in 1982 (both KD) and most recently at

Andrena clarkella One of the largest and Thompson Common in 1985 (AGI).

earliest Andrena species, active from Andrena fulva The female Tawny Mining late to collecting February mid-May, Bee is easily recognised by the long pollen from the catkins of sallows orange hairs covering her upper other often nesting and willows and abdomen and thorax. This is a common in conspicuous aggregations. Norfolk spring species, often nesting on lawns, status: widespread. Photo p.35. making a conical spoil heap around Andrena coitana A small, shiny, black bee, the nest entrance. Norfolk status: possibly associated with bramble, and widespread and locally common. Photo active in July and August. Norfolk p.34. status: apparently very local in the Andrena fuscipes This dull, greyish bee flies county, with just 12 records from the from late July to September, collecting Brecks and the Flolt-Cromer ridge and pollen from Heather. Norfolk status: not seen since 1986. widespread, at most heathland sites Andrena denticulata A late summer species, including the dune heath at Winterton. active early to early September, and July Andrena haemorrhoa A common woodland associated with yellow Asteraceae and and garden species, with one brood, sandy soils. Norfolk status: local and flying from March to June. Pollen never numerous. is often collected from hawthorn Andrena dorsata A very common double- Crataegus spp. and other of the brooded species, found in most habitats Rosaceae. The female has a unique

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 43 ] ]

combination of rufous thorax and grassy commons, woodland rides and glossy black abdomen with red hairs churchyards. at the tip. Norfolk status: common and Andrena marginata Notable A. A summer widespread. species, active from early July to late Andrena hattorfiana RDB3. A large and August. Both sexes show varying distinctive species, with a glossy black amounts of red on the abdomen, or red and black abdomen. Flies late and pollen is collected from scabious June to mid-August, collecting pollen species, most often Small Scabious from Field Scabious Knautia arvensis but also Devil's-bit Scabious Succisa and sometimes Small Scabious Scabiosa pratensis. Norfolk status: scarce, with columbaria. Norfolk status: local, recent records from a few chalky sites in recorded widely in the Brecks, with the Brecks, at Narborough and, in 2010, outlying records at Norwich Earlham Weybourne (NWO). Cemetery since 2004 (SP), Weybourne in Andrena minutula The sub-genus

2010/11 (NWO) and in 2011 Microandrena is a group of very similar (TS). The coastal records represent the small, blackish bees. This is by far the northern limit of this species in the UK. commonest species, found in most Photo p.35. habitats and active from early March to early September in two or possibly Andrena helvola A species of woodlands and hedgerows, possibly with a three broods. Norfolk status: very throughout. preference for clay soils. Norfolk common status: local, with recent records [Andrena minutuloides Nationally Scarce. widely scattered, including, in 2011, Almost identical to A. minutula. Norfolk Caudlesprings, Rosary Cemetery status: two females were collected at (Norwich), Strumpshaw and Norwich in the 1870s (JBB). Though

Morningthorpe. possibly now extinct, it is present in the

Suffolk Brecks and is likely to be also Andrena humilis Nationally Scarce. A present on the Norfolk side. dark brownish bee, active from May to July, collecting pollen from yellow [Andrena nanula] Norfolk status: extinct. composites. Norfolk status: scarce, with The sole British record relates to a recent records from three Breckland female specimen attributed to JBB in sites, four sites around Norwich and the late 1800s and assumed to be from . Norwich.

[Andrena labialis This species collects Andrena nigroaenea A large and very pollen from various legumes. Its range common species, active from late March contracted in the twentieth century but to June, and occasionally July to August,

it still occurs in the Midlands and is and often seen in gardens. Norfolk locally common in south Essex. Norfolk status: common throughout. Photo p.35. status: extinct. Regarded by JBB as Andrena nitida (A. pubescens) Another 'uncommon' in the late 1800s, referring common, large spring species in to records from Norwich, Yarmouth and gardens. Norfolk status: common King's Lynn. throughout.

Andrena labiata Nationally Scarce. A Andrena nigriceps Nationally Scarce. A distinctive red and black species, the late summer species, often found on male with a white face, associated with ragwort. Norfolk status: very local, with Germander Speedwell. Norfolk status: records only from the Sheringham/ widespread but local, mostly found on Cromer area and the Brecks.

44 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) ] ]

Andrena nigrospina RDB3. A very rare, Andrena semilaevis One of the three large, black species, only recently commoner Microandrena species in separated from A. pilipes. Norfolk the subgenus, this one usually found status: rare. JBB recorded A. pilipes in on umbellifers (Apiaceae) in May and Norwich in the 1870s, and the dates June. Norfolk status: fairly common of these suggest they were in fact this throughout. species. The only record since was of [Andrena simillima RDB3. Norfolk status: two females at Bowthorpe in June 2011 extinct. One old record from West (TS). Runton in 1900. [Andrena niveata RDB2. A rare species Andrena subopaca The third common associated with Cruciferae. Norfolk Microandrena species, active from status: extinct. Recorded at King's Lynn April to August and probably double- by EAA c. 1900, but not since. brooded. Commoner on clay soils and Andrena ovatula This double-brooded bee often in woodlands. Norfolk status:

is very similar to A. wilkella, though widespread and common. habitat and phenology differ. This Andrena synadelpha This species was first species flies April to and to May July described in 1900, previously being August, status: local, heaths Norfolk on confused with A. helvola. Flies from late grassland throughout the and rough April to June in gardens, hedgerows county. and coastal cliffs, possibly showing a preference for soils. Norfolk Andrena pilipes s.s RDB3. A rare sandy species with a southern and mainly status: locally common.

coastal distribution. Norfolk status: Andrena tarsata BAP Priority. A small dark presumed extinct. A female collected at species, the male with a white face, Wymondham in April 1942 (RSB) was associated with Tormentil Potentilla almost certainly this species, and there erecta on heaths and moors, and active is a record for TL78 in July 2003 (NBN) June to August. Norfolk status: rare, which may have been A. nigrospina. with just two recent records: Buxton

Andrena praecox An early spring bee, Heath in 1979 (KD) and Upgate in active from mid-March to mid-May, Common 2010 (GN). collecting pollen from willows. Norfolk Andrena thoracica A distinctive large, dark status: common in the Norwich area species with a very shiny abdomen, and the Brecks, with few records active late March to mid-May and late elsewhere but probably overlooked. June to mid-August. Norfolk status: Photo p.35. local, with records from the coast between Weybourne and Mundesley, [Andrena proxima] RDB3. Norfolk and from heaths, sand quarries and status: presumed extinct; Saunders brownfield sites at Cranwich, Hockham, (1896) refers to a Norwich record by Bridgman. and the Norwich area.

Andrena tibialis Nationally Scarce. A large Andrena scotica (A. carantonica) A large, spring species, active early April to late rather nondescript species in which May. Norfolk status: rather local, with females share a common nest entrance records only from the Brecks, Norwich though each tends its own nest within. area and East Dereham. Flies April to June. Norfolk status: widely distributed across the county [Andrena tridentata] RDB1. Always very and common in gardens, scrub, etc. rare in the UK, and now probably

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 45 extinct. Norfolk status: presumed abdominal segments; some are metallic green extinct; the only confirmed county or bronze; all Norfolk species are social. collected F. Smith at record is one by Halictus confusus RDB3. Very hard to Cromer in 1850, with several others separate from H. tumulorum, especially (Falk now considered errors 1991). females. Active April to September. Andrena varians Nationally Scarce. Norfolk status: rare, only known from Norfolk status: rare, with just one recent three Breckland sites and Roydon record, Sheringham Park in April 2011 Common (MEA). Historically, Bridgman found (NWO). Halictus rubicundus A fairly large and this species uncommonly around distinctive species with pale hind in the 1870s, otherwise there is Norwich tibia and narrow white abdominal an unverified record from Wheatfen in bands, though superficially resembling 1938. Photo p.35. some Andrena species. Active April to Andrena wilkella A single-brooded species October. Norfolk status: widespread of neutral or calcareous grasslands. and fairly common in open habitats, Females are very similar to some usually on sandy soils. A.ovatida mainly found to but mid-May Halictus tumulorum A metallic green- June when that species is rarely active. bronze bee with broad pale bands Norfolk status: recorded widely but on the abdominal segments. Active infrequently in the county. March to October. Norfolk status: Panurgus - rather shiny black medium-sized very common and widespread in most , , ground-nesting bees habitats, including gardens. Photo p.35.

Panurgus banksianus Active from mid- Lasioglossum - a large genus of small to June to mid-August, and visiting medium-sized ground-nesting bees; mainly yellow-flowered Asteraceae, the males small, dark and plain; some have white bands often conspicuously resting on such or patches on the Pont of the abdominal flowers in cool weather. Norfolk status: segments (rear in Halictus); a few species are widespread but local in sandy habitats social; identification of most species requires

including heathland, coastal grassland m i croscop i c exa min at ion. and brownfield sites. Photo p.35. Lasioglossum albipes Very similar to L. Panurgus calcaratus A smaller species than calceatum, but much less frequently

P. banksianus , with a more southerly encountered. Active late April to late distribution, but with similar habitat September. Seems to avoid urban areas choice and phenology. Norfolk status: and arable farmland. Norfolk status: rare, the only record near Grimes widespread but not common. Graves in 2009 (GN). Lasioglossum brevicorne RDB3. A small

HALICTINAE - pollen is carried on the black species with very pale wing hind legs and, sometimes , the underside of venation, restricted to sandy habitats in the abdomen; mated females overwinter and SE England. Active May to September. emerge to nest in the spring; males and new Norfolk status: rare, with records only females appear from June onwards and are from Santon Downham, Thetford often active well into October; some species are Warren and , all in social , the spring females rearing a number of VC28. sterile workers which then help her rear the Lasioglossum calceatum One of the larger new queens and males. Lasioglossum species, active from March Halictus - small to medium-sized ground- to October, and commonly found in nesting bees with pale terminal bands on the most habitats including gardens and

46 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) arable farmland. Norfolk status: very Norfolk status: widespread but local, common throughout. Photo p.38. often on clay soils.

Lasioglossum cupromicans A species with Lasioglossum minutissimum A very small a mainly northern distribution in the species, easily overlooked. Active April UK. Norfolk status: by far the rarest to October. Norfolk status: widespread of the four small metallic greenish in a range of habitats but usually on Lasioglossum species in Norfolk, with sandy soils. records from seven widely scattered Lasioglossum morio By far the commonst of locations, all dry soils. on sandy the four small metallic greenish species,

Lasioglossum fratell um Nationally, largely and probably the most common and a species of heathland and moorland, widespread species of the genus. Active though most Norfolk records are from March to October. Norfolk status: very

calcareous grassland. It is very similar common throughout in most habitats, to L. fulvicorne, so there may have including gardens. Photo p.38. been some confusion. Active to May Lasioglossum nitidiusculum A species that September. Norfolk status: rare, with has become much less common during just five records, at Santon Warren, the last 100 years. Active from April and Foulden Commons, to September. Norfolk status: rare, Narborough and (all with records only from West Runton, VC28). Cromer, Strumpshaw and TG33, all in Lasioglossum fulvicorne A species of VC27. calcareous grassland, active April to Lasioglossum parvulum A small, black bee, September. Norfolk status: very local, almost identical to the previous species recorded at a number of Breckland sites but much more numerous. Active and at Narborough, Ringstead Downs from March to October. Norfolk status: and . widespread on sandy soils. Photo p.35. Lasioglossum lativentre Very similar in Lasioglossum pauperatum RDB3. A very appearance to L. quadrinotatum. Active small species of sandy habitats. Active April to October, mainly in woodland May to September. Norfolk status: rare, edge and heathland. status: Norfolk only known from Caister Chalk Quarry very local, recorded at three Breckland in 2008 and 2010 (TS). sites, and four widely scattered sites in Lasioglossum pauxillum Nationally Scarce. East Norfolk. This small bee is found in a range of Lasioglossum leucopus The smallest of the habitats on sandy and clay soils and has four small metallic greenish species. become much more common in recent Norfolk status: widespread, though less years. Active April to October. Norfolk common than L. morio, and always in status: apparently a recent colonist, first sandy habitats. recorded in 1998. Now widespread in Lasioglossum leucozonium A common VC27, and though only recorded from species with complete white bands on two sites in VC28, probably equally the abdominal segments. Active early widespread there. April to mid-October. Norfolk status: Lasioglossum prasinum Nationally Scarce. common on sandy soils. Photo p.38. A species very much tied to heathland Lasioglossum malachurum Nationally in SE England. Norfolk status: rare,

Scarce. Once a rarity, it has become with just three records, Santon Downam much more widespread in the past in 1985 (JF) and Grimes Graves in 2009 100 years. Active April to September. and 2011 (GN).

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 47 Lasioglossum punctatissimum Active May to examination , and even then only with some October on heathland and other sandy difficulty habitats. Norfolk status: widespread. Sphecodes crassus Notable B. A probable Lasioglossum quadrinotatum Notable cleptoparasite of L. parvulum and A. Very difficult to separate from L. possibly other Lasioglossum species. lativentre, and with similar habits and Active March to September. Norfolk phenology, but possibly more restricted status: local, most records being from to dry, sandy habitats. Norfolk status: VC27. local, records about nine very with from Sphecodes ephippius A cleptoparasite of sites, all since 1983. widely scattered Halictus tumulorum and probably some Lasioglossum sexnotatum RDB1. A very Lasioglossum species. Active March to rare species with only a handful of October. Norfolk status: common. Photo UK records, mainly from Norfolk and p.38. . Norfolk status: very rare, with [ Sphecodes ferruginatus] N ationally just a single recent record at Buckenham Scarce. A probable cleptoparasite of Tofts Foster in 1985. (VC28), by Andy L. fulvicorne and L. fratellum. Norfolk Lasioglossum smeathmanellum One of the status: presumed extinct, the sole record four small metallic greenish species, from Brundall in the 1880s (JBB).

with similar habitas and phenology to Sphecodes geoffrellus A cleptoparasite of L. morio though much less common. several Lasioglossum species. Active Norfolk status: widespread, nesting in April to October. Norfolk status: sandy soil or, more frequently, in the common. soft mortar of old walls, so frequently A cleptoparasite of found in churchyards and gardens. Halictus rubicundus. Active April to Lasioglossum villosulum Another small, October. Norfolk status: local, with dark species, active May to October. most records from the Brecks; the Norfolk status: common on sandy soils, only VC27 sites are at Weybourne and but possibly avoiding urban areas. Beeston.

[Lasioglossum xanthopus] Nationally Sphecodes hyalinatus A cleptoparasite of Scarce. A large and distinctive species Lasioglossum fulvicorne and L. fratellum. of calcareous grassland. Active April Active May to September. Norfolk to October. Norfolk status: presumed status: rare, recorded from Foulden extinct, with just a single record from Common 2003, Narborough 2002 (KD), Caister in 1902 (OHL). It occurs on the TG32 1996 and 2011 chalk in the Newmarket area and has (GN). been found in the Suffolk Brecks, so Sphecodes longulus Notable A. A may yet be rediscovered in Norfolk. cleptoparasite of small Lasioglossum [Lasioglossum zonulum] A fairly large species. Active May to September. species similar to L. leucozonium. Norfolk status: scarce, recorded from Norfolk status: extinct, the first and only six Breckland sites, Caister Chalk record being at West Runton in 1900. Quarry in 2008 (TS) and Weybourne in 2011 (NWO). Sphecodes - a genus of red and black

cleptoparasitic bees , similar in appearance Sphecodes miniatus Notable B. A to some solitary wasps; the hosts are mainly cleptoparasite of small Lasioglossum Lasioglossum and Halictus; the species species. Active April to September. can only be separated by microscopic Norfolk status: scarce, with records

48 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) from Santon Warren in 1987 (JF), status: very local, all recent records Sheringham in 1984 (KD) and a few coming from the Brecks. sites in the Norwich area 2008-10 (TS). Melitta leporina A rather scarce species of Sphecodes monilicornis A cleptoparasite flower-rich grassland, collecting pollen of Lasioglossum calceatum and related from White Clover Trifolium repens and species. Active March to October. other Fabaceae. Norfolk status: scarce, Norfolk status: common. recorded from several Breckland sites, Bowthorpe, , Wheatfen and Sphecodes niger RDB3. A cleptoparasite of Sutton Fen. Lasioglossum morio, the male of which is entirely black. Active April to October. Melitta tricincta Notable B. Very similar to Norfolk status: local, but increasing. the previous species, but collects pollen only from Red Bartsia Odontites vernus. Sphecodes pellucidus A cleptoparasite of Norfolk status: rare, with just three Andrena barbilabris. Active April to records: Thetford Warren in 2009 (TS), October. Norfolk status: widespread Weeting in 2011 (GN) and Thompson in sandy habitats where the host is Common. present. Macropis - a medium-sized black and white Sphecodes puncticeps A cleptoparasite of ground nesting bee Lasioglossum villosulum and related Macropis europea A. species. Active May to September. Notable The Yellow Loosestrife flies Norfolk status: widespread in sandy Bee June to August habitats. and is a fenland species. Both sexes are black and white, the male with a white Sphecodes reticulatus Notable A. The hosts face, and can be recognised in the field. of this species have not been confirmed, They are usually seen around flowers of though various Lasioglossum and Yellow Loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris or Andrena species have been suggested. taking nectar on thistles (Cirsium spp.). Active May to October. Norfolk status: Norfolk status: local, found at most common in the Brecks, and occurs Broadland fens, with records elsewhere locally at heathland and coastal sites from Caudlesprings, Boughton Fen and throughout the county. . Photo p.38.

Sphecodes rubicundus Notable A. A Dasypoda - a large and distinctive ground- cleptoparasite of Andrena labialis. nesting bee, the female with very long Norfolk status: probably vagrant. JBB pollen-collecting hairs on the hind legs. found it common in the Norwich area in Dasypoda hirtipes Notable B. This species the 1870s. It was then unrecorded until flies from June to August, foraging one was found at Hickling in 1988. This on Common Ragwort Senecio jacobaea was probably a vagrant since the host and other yellow-flowered Asteraceae appears to be extinct in the county. on heathland, dunes and other sandy MELITTINAE - medium-large sized ground- habitats. Norfolk status: local, found nesting bees; pollen is carried on the hind legs. in the Brecks and at most coastal dune sites. Me lifta - ground nesting bees rather similar Photo p.38. , in general appearance to Andrena or MEGACHILINAE - females carry pollen on a Colletes. brush of hairs under the abdomen.

Melitta haemorrhoidalis Collects pollen Anthidium - a large dark bee with yellow from Campanulaceae, especially spots on the abdomen; nests in dead wood,

Harebell Campanula rotundifolia. Norfolk walls , etc.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 49 Anthidium manicatum The Wool Carder Osmia - medium-sized bees, nesting in holes Bee flies from May to August, and is in deadwood, walls, snails shells or vertical fairly common in southern England, banks. particularly in gardens. It nests in aerial Osmia aurulenta A snail-shell nester, cavities (walls, dead wood, etc), lining typically found on coastal and chalk its nest with hairs scraped from plants grasslands. Active March to August. like Foxglove Digitalis purpurea and Norfolk status: rare, with just three Lambs'-ears Stachys byzantina. Norfolk records, at Gun Hill, Holkham in July widely distributed but not status: 2001 and Caudlesprings (GN) in March numerous. Photo p.38. 2010 and 2011. Stelis - medium-large cleptoparasitic bees; all Osmia bicolor Notable A. The distinctive species are scarce or rare. females are black with an orange Stelis ornatula RDB3. A rare cleptoparasite abdomen, like a small bumblebee. of Hoplitis claviventris. Norfolk status: Another snail-shell nester, active from very local, with recent records from late March to early August. Norfolk Grimes Graves, Santon Downham and status: locally abundant on calcareous

Cranwich Camp in 2011( GN). grassland in the Brecks. Elsewhere it recorded at and Stelis phaeoptera RDB2. A cleptoparasite has been Narborough of Osmia spp. Norfolk status: rare, only . recorded from a garden in Carbrooke in Osmia caerulescens The Blue Mason Bee

2008 and 2011 (GN). is active late April to mid-July, nesting

Stelis punctulatissima Notable B. A in holes in deadwood, and will use bee cleptoparasite of Anthidium manicatum. boxes, plugging the holes with chewed- Norfolk status: apparently rare, with up leaves. The females are dark with a recent records from Brundall in 2006 bluish tinge, with a white pollen brush, and 2007 (TS) and TG04 in 1997. and the males are gingery. Norfolk status: widespread, often in gardens, Chelostoma - small bees with elongate bodies, but never numerous. Photo p.39. nesting in dead wood and hollow stems. Osmia leaiana Similar in habits to O.c Chelostoma campanularum The Harebell aerulescens, the females being larger, Carpenter Bee is very small and slender, browner and with an orange pollen nesting in beetle holes in dead wood. It brush. Active May to August, collecting collects pollen from wild and cultivated pollen mainly from Asteraceae. Norfolk Campanula spp., and flies from late status: widespread throughout. Photo June to mid-August. Norfolk status: p.39. fairly common in the Norwich area and Brecks and probably elsewhere. Easily [Osmia pilicornis] Notable A. Norfolk overlooked. Photo p.38. status: extinct. There is an old record from King's Lynn in 1899 (EAA). Chelostoma florisomne The Sleepy Carpenter Bee is much larger than the Osmia rufa The Red Mason Bee flies from previous species and generally less April to July, nesting in aerial cavities, common. It is active from early June to and readily uses bee boxes, often in late August. Males sleep inside flowers. numbers. The female has a pair of Norfolk status: scarce, with just six 'horns' on the face with which she recent records, all since 2007: Alderford packs in mud to seal the nest, leaving Common, Strumpshaw, Blakeney, a characteristic rough finish. Norfolk Bacton Wood, Caudlesprings, Cranwich status: common throughout, often in Camp. gardens. Photo p.39.

50 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Osmia spinulosa A small dark species, habitats, nesting in deadwood, nesting in snail-shells. Active mid-May sometimes excavating its own hole. to early September, and often found on Active late May to early September, ragwort and other yellow Asteraceae. often visiting thistles, knapweed and Norfolk status: locally common, burdock for pollen. Norfolk status: recorded widely in the Brecks, several fairly common throughout. coastal sites and the Norwich area. Megachile maritima A large ground-nesting

Hoplitis - a medium-sized, black bee, nesting species of heath, dunes and coastal in holes above ground. grassland. Active early June to late August. Norfolk status: local, found all Hoplitis claviventris A species of heath or round the coast and in the Brecks. meadow close to woodland, nesting in deadwood. Forages on yellow Megachile versicolor A medium-sized Asteraceae and peas (Fabaceae). Active species associated with wooded late May to mid-August. Norfolk status: habitats. Active late May to mid-August.

scarce, restricted to Breckland, where it Norfolk status: widespread but scarce.

is frequent along forest rides. Megachile willughbiella A large and

Megachile -the leaf-cutter bees are medium- common species, found in most habitats, often collecting pollen from large; nest in holes in dead wood, hollow

stems or in soil. Else (1999) provides a good flowers of the pea family (Fabaceae). identification key. Norfolk status: common throughout.

Megachile centuncularis The Rose Leaf- Coelioxys - cleptoparasites of Megachile and cutter Bee, active from mid-May to early Anthophora; very distinctive appearance

September, is the most common species, with a long abdomen lacking long hairs and tapering to a point in but the species often using bee boxes. Norfolk status: females , widespread and common throughout, are difficult to separate. especially in gardens. Photo p.39. Coelioxys conoidea Nationally Scarce. A

Megachile circumcincta Nationally Scarce. parasite of Megachile maritima, and, like A declining species of heath and sand its host, restricted to coastal dunes and dunes, active mid-June to late August. the Brecks. Active mid-June to late Norfolk status: rare, with just three August. Norfolk status: local, but at recent records: Caister and Great most Breckland and coastal sites where Yarmouth in 2007 (TS) and the Brecks the host occurs. Also a recent record TL78 in 1998. from Norwich. Coelioxys elongata parasite of Megachile Megachile dorsalis (M. leachella) Nationally A willughbiella. Active early to Scarce. The smallest of the genus, and June mid- August. Norfolk status: the easiest to recognise, the female widespread but not having a white pollen brush and the common. Photo p.38. male green eyes. Active late May to Coelioxys inermis A parasite of Megachile early September, nesting colonially in centuncularis, M. versicolor and M. the ground and largely a coastal species ligniseca. Almost identical to the last in the UK. Norfolk status: locally species. Active late June to late August. common in the Brecks, and at most Norfolk status: widespread but not coastal dune and soft cliff sites. Photo common. p.39. [Coelioxys qnadridentata] RDB3. A parasite Megachile ligniseca The largest species of Anthophora furcata, A. quadrimaculata of the genus, found in well-wooded and possibly other species. Norfolk

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 51 status: presumed extinct. JBB mentions status: widespread and common records from Eaton, Postwick, throughout.

Yarmouth and King's Lynn. Nomada flavoguttata A cleptoparasite of Coelioxys rufescens A parasite of Andrena minutula and other related Anthophora bimaculata and possibly species. Active late March to late other species. Norfolk status: rare, with July, in two broods. Norfolk status: only four recent records: Winterton in widespread and common throughout. 1993, TF71 in 1999, TL79 in 2003 and Nomada flavopicta Nationally Scarce. A Cranwich Heath in 2008 (GN). cleptoparasite of Melitta spp., flying

ANTHOPHORINAE - a very varied from mid-July to mid-August. Norfolk status: scarce, with about ten Breckland sub-family; pollen is carried on the hind legs records Sutton Fen. (except cleptoparasitic species). and two from Nomada fucata Nationally Scarce. A Nomada - the wasp bees are cleptoparasites, cleptoparasite of Andrena flavipes, active mainly targeting Andrena species; most from late March to early September have a striking black/yellow or black/red in two broods. Norfolk status: first pattern; some can be recognised in the field. recorded in 2003 in the Brecks and now argentata cleptoparasite Nomada RDB3. A fairly common and locally abundant on of marginata, active late Andrena July sandy soils throughout the county. to late August. Norfolk status: rare, Nomada fulvicornis Nationally Scarce. A the only recent records from Foulden cleptoparasite, mainly of Andrena tibialis Common in 1983 (AGI), TL88 in 1986 and A. bimaculata, active from early and Weeting in 2009 (GN). April to early August. Norfolk status: [Nomada armata] RDB1. A cleptoparasite of widespread on sandy soils where either

Andrena hattorfiana, now restricted in the host is numerous. Appears to have UK to Salisbury Plain. Norfolk status: increased in the past five years. extinct. Bridgman collected this species Nomada goodeniana A cleptoparasite of at Eaton in 1876 and 1878. Andrena nitida and A. thoracica, and Nomada fabriciana A cleptoparasite of probably other Andrena species, active

Andrena bicolor, active from late March early April to late June. Norfolk status: to early September, in two broods. widespread and common throughout. Norfolk status: widespread and Photo p.52. throughout. common Nomada Integra A cleptoparasite of Nomada ferruginata RDB1. A cleptoparasite Andrena humilis. Active late May to late of Andrena praecox, active from early June. Norfolk status: very rare, with April to early May. Norfolk status: just one record, from Santon Downham widespread. In the 100 years up to 2009 (VC28) in July 1987. there had been just one county record. Nomada lathburiana RDB3. A In the last two years there have been cleptoparasite of Andrena cineraria, and records from at least 12 sites in the one of the more easily recognisable Norwich area, Brecks and Downham Nomada species. Active late April to Market. It may have been overlooked late June. Norfolk status: unknown in but it has certainly increased in 2009, but in the last two years found at abundance very recently. ten sites in E. Norfolk, and at Cranwich Caudlesprings in Nomada flava A cleptoparasite of Andrena Heath and VC28. carantonica and probably other species. Nomada leucophthalma A cleptoparasite of Active early April to mid-June. Norfolk Andrena clarkella, active late March to

52 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) ]

early May. Norfolk status: widespread, Nomada signata RDB2. A cleptoparasite of probably occurring at most nesting Andrena fulva, strangely much rarer than aggregations of the host. Photo p.52. the host. Norfolk status: scarce, with just nine recent records, from Cranwich Nomada marshamella A cleptoparasite of Heath, Weeting, Grimes Graves and Andrena scotica. Active late March to Caudlesprings. early June. Norfolk status: widespread and common throughout. Nomada striata A cleptoparasite of Andrena zvilkella and A. ovatula, active late May [Nomada obtusifrons Nationally scarce. to mid-July. Norfolk status: scarce, with A cleptoparasite of Andrena coitana. records from Santon Warren in 1986 Norfolk status: presumed extinct. (JF), in 2007 (TS), Sutton Fen Recorded at West Runton and Brundall and Marsham Heath in 2010 (TS), and in the late 1800s. Cranwich and Weeting in 2011 (GN). Nomada panzeri A cleptoparasite of Photo p.52. Andrena synadelpha and related species, - Epeolus cleptoparasites ofColletes , of very late April to early Norfolk active June. distinctive appearance. status: widespread and common Epeolus cruciger A cleptoparasite mainly throughout. Photo p.52. of Colletes succinctus, active early July [Nomada roberjeotiana] RDB3. A to early September. Norfolk status: cleptoparasite of Andrena tarsata. widespread on heathland where the Norfolk status: extinct. Recorded from host occurs. Photo p.52. the King's Lynn area in 1902 (EAA). Epeolus variegatus A cleptoparasite Nomada ruficornis A cleptoparasite of of Colletes similis C. , C fodiens and

Andrena haemorrhoa, active mid-April to halophilus , active late June to early early June. Norfolk status: widespread September. Norfolk status: widespread, and common, usually near woodland or mainly on sandy grasslands and along scrub. the coast, where the hosts occur. - Nomada rufipes A cleptoparasite of Eucera the long-horned bees , the males of Andrena fuscipes and A. denticulata, which possess extremely long antennae active late late June to September. [Eucera longicornis] The Long-horned Bee Norfolk status: widespread on sandy has declined alarmingly in the past soils, especially Calluna heath. 50 years and is now found sparingly

[Nomada sexfasciata] RDB1.A only in the south and west of England. cleptoparasite of Eucera longicornis and Norfolk status: presumed extinct; a UK rarity, now only known from described as 'not uncommon' around Dorset. Norfolk status: extinct; collected Norwich by Bridgman in 1879, there by JBB from a colony of Eucera on a have been no verified records since. roadside bank near Postwick in the Anthophora - rather rotund medium-large 1870s. bees with a very long tongue, easily mistaken

bumblebee workers but flight is fast and Nomada sheppardana A very small for , darting; males have a white species, a cleptoparasite of several face. Easioglossum spp., active late June to Anthophora bimaculata A small, ground- mid-August. Norfolk status: scarce, nesting species, found in sandy recorded from four Breckland sites and habitats. Active June-August, both Caistor St. Edmunds, though probably sexes are recognisable by white face overlooked. and pale green eyes. Norfolk status:

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 53 frequent in the Brecks (where it favours APININAE - social bees and social parasites;

Viper's Bugloss Echium vulgare), but pollen carried on hind legs. otherwise only recorded at Holt in 1981, Apis - honey bees. Roydon Common in 1996 (MEA) and Apis mellifera domestic Honeybee is Sheringham 2001 (KD). The active mainly February to November, Anthophora furcata A rather dull, brown but may appear in any month. Norfolk bee, active late May to mid-August, status: frequently encountered, often visiting flowers of woundworts Stachys in large numbers despite recent spp., dead-nettles Lamium spp. and declines. Temporary feral colonies are other Lamiaceae. Usually found in occasionally established in buildings or well-wooded habitats where it nests in hollow trees. Photo p.52. deadwood. Norfolk status: widespread, - but sparsely recorded; probably Bombus the social bumblebees and their overlooked and common throughout. social parasites (cuckoos); the latter were formerly treated as a separate genus, Anthophora plumipes The Hairy-footed Psithyrus. English names are given but not Flower Bee is one of the earliest spring all are in popular use, and many are not very bees, being seen from late February to apt; a number of colour phases occur in some mid-May. It is found in open woodland, species, including melanic forms. scrub and gardens, nesting in dry bare soil or soft mortar in walls, and Bombus barbutellus Barbut's Cuckoo forages on a range of spring flowers, Bumblebee is a parasite of B. hortorum. especially lungwort Pulmonaria spp., Norfolk status: scarce, with most Cowslip Primula veris and currants Ribes records from north Norfolk, but spp. Norfolk status: widespread and possibly overlooked. common throughout. Photo p.39. Bombus bohemicus The Gipsy Cuckoo Anthophora qnadrimaculata Nationally Bumblebee is a parasite of B. lucorum, scarce. A species associated with and has a largely northern UK lavenders Lavendula spp., Nepeta and distribution. Norfolk status: scarce, other labiates commonly found in with records widely scattered about the gardens, active July to August. Norfolk county.

status: rare, with just one record from a Bombus campestris The Field Cuckoo Norwich garden in (AGI). 1982 Bumblebee is a parasite of B .pascuorum. [Anthophora retusa] Another species that Norfolk status: apparently scarce, but has declined dramatically in the UK, probably overlooked. now only known from a few sites on the Bombus hortorum The Garden Bumblebee. south coast. Norfolk status: presumed Norfolk status: widespread and fairly extinct; JBB found it 'plentiful' at common. Mousehold Heath in the 1870s, but the [Bombus humilis] Notable A. BAP Priority. last record was in SE Norfolk in 1930. The Brown-banded Carder Bumblebee, Melecta - rather distinctive greyish bees , one of three species (with B. muscorum cleptoparasitic on Anthophora spp. and B. pascuorum ) with mainly ginger Melecta albifrons A cleptoparasite of the hairs all over, and a predominantly common Anthophora plumipes, active southern species. Norfolk status: late March to late May and most likely probably extinct. Though fairly

to be seen around the nests of its host. widespread in the 1960s, it seems to Norfolk status: widespread, but rarely have disappeared. There have been a recorded. Photo p.52. number of unconfirmed reports since.

54 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) ]

Bombus hypnorum The Tree Bumblebee is due to its similarity to B. lapidarius. a recent UK colonist, fond of gardens Norfolk status: now very scarce with and well-wooded habitats. Norfolk recent records only from Norwich, status: widespread and locally common, and Hunstanton. Historically

having expanded rapidly since the first it was widespread over much of the record at Earlham Cemetery in 2008 county. (SP). Photo p.52. Bombus ruderatus The Large Garden

Bombus jonellus The Heath Bumblebee Bumblebee is another species that has is usually regarded a species of heath suffered a significant contraction in and moorland. Norfolk status: very range. Norfolk status: rare, with recent local, with recent records only from five records only from Holkham, and near N Norfolk sites, and Santon Downham Market in 2007 (NWO). Downham. Photo p.52. Bombus rupestris The Hill Cuckoo

Bombus lapidarius The Red-tailed Bumblebee is a parasite of B. lapidarius. Bumblebee. Norfolk status: very Norfolk status: scarce in the east but common and widespread throughout locally common in the north and west. the county. After no records for 40 years, this Bombus lucorum The White-tailed species appears to have re-colonised the Bumblebee. Norfolk status: widespread county since 2000. and common. Recent molecular studies [Bombus subterraneus The Short-haired

have shown that there are three very Bumblebee is now considered extinct similar species in the UK currently in the UK, though a reintroduction 'lumped' under this species. Two of attempt in Kent is currently underway. these, B. lucorum sensu stricto and B. Norfolk status: extinct. There are three cryptarum, seem likely to occur in records from the N coast, the last in Norfolk. 1961.

Bombus monticola The Bilberry Bumblebee [Bombus sylvarum] Notable A. BAP is an upland species associated with Priority. The Shrill Carder Bumblebee bilberry Vaccinium spp. Norfolk status: was once widespread in the southern rare, possibly a vagrant, with records half of England and Wales but declined from Scolt Head and in 2007. dramatically in the second half of the Bombus muscorum The Moss Carder twentieth century. Norfolk status: Bumblebee has declined dramatically in extinct. Recorded at a number of central the south of the UK in recent decades. and sites in the 1960s, but Norfolk Status: very scarce, with recent not since. records confined to the coast between Bombus sylvestris The Four-coloured Scolt Head and Weybourne. Photo p.52. Cuckoo Bumblebee is a parasite of Bombus pascuorum The Common Carder Bombus pratorum. Norfolk status: Bumblebee. Norfolk status: widespread widespread, and fairly common. and common throughout. Bombus terrestris The Buff-tailed Bombus pratorum The Early Bumblebee Bumblebee. Norfolk status: very is sometimes double-brooded. Norfolk common everywhere. status: widespread and common Bombus vestalis The Vestal Cuckoo throughout. Bumblebee is a parasite of Bombus Bombus ruderarius The Red-shanked terrestris. Norfolk status: widespread Carder Bumblebee is easily overlooked and common.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 55 Acknowledgements bees, wasps and ants of Great Britain. Research and Survey in Nature Conservation 35. Nature The author is indebted to the recorders Conservancy Council.

rd who have devoted time to recording of PRYS-JONES, O. & CORBET, S. 2011 (3 ed.).

Bumblebees. Naturalists' Handbooks 6 . Pelagic bees in Norfolk over the past 150 years. The Publishing. late Ken Durrant deserves special mention RICHMOND, D. 2001. Bumblebees of Norfolk, Trans. for his records spanning a remarkable 72 Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 34(1): 3-18. years. David Richmond has done sterling RICHMOND, D. 2009. Bumblebees of Norfolk. work documenting and recording bumble- http://nnns.org.uk/sites/nnns.org.uk/hles/imce/ userll/speciesguides/Bumblebees.ppt bees for two decades, and the information SAUNDERS, E. 1896. Aculeata the on bumblebees herein was mostly drawn of British Isles. Reeve and Co. Ltd. from his works. Tony Irwin provided ac- SPOONER, G.M. (MS). Hymenoptera Aculeata Norfolk cess to collections at the Castle Museum as Records (unpublished) well as contributing more than 100 records (over 36 years). Pat Lorber and Martin Hor- lock (NBIS) and Mike Edwards (BWARS) T. Strudwick 16, Beech Way, Brundall, provided access to records. Steven Falk Norwich, NR13 5ND provided a copy of Spooner's handwritten [email protected] list. Geoff Nobes and, more recently, Nick Owens have both courageously tackled sol- itary bees, and are filling in some important gaps. They have also both provided helpful comments on drafts and the majority of the photographs.

References ARCHER, M.E. 2005. Bees Wasps and Ants Recording , Society Members' Handbook. CEH. ATMORE, E.A. 1909. Fauna and Flora of Norfolk. Part IX, Hymenoptera - additions. Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 8: 821-825.

BALDOCK, D.W. 2008. Bees of Surrey. Surrey Wildlife Trust.

BARRETT, C. 1905. Hymenoptera. in, Victorian County History of Norfolk, Vol.l.

BENTON, T. 2006. Bumblebees. Collins New Naturalists Series 98.

BRIDGMAN, J.B. 1879. Fauna and Flora of Norfolk. Part IX, Hymenoptera. Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2: 617-638.

BRIDGMAN, J.B. 1881. Fauna and Flora of Norfolk. Part IX, Hymenoptera - additions. Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 3: 367-368.

BRIDGMAN, J.B. 1889. Fauna and Flora of Norfolk. Part IX, Hymenoptera - additions. Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 4: 690-691.

nd EDWARDS, M. & JENNER, M. 2009 (2 ed.). Field Guide to the Bumblebees of Great Britain and Ireland. Country & Garden Conservation

EFSE, G. 1999. Identification: leaf-cutter bees. British Wildlife 1999: 388-392.

EFSE, G. In prep. Handbook of the Bees of the British Isles. Ray Society.

FALK, S. 1991. A review of the scarce and threatened

56 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Epeolus cruciger (female, NWO)

Melecta albifrons (female, NWO)

Nomada goodeniana (female, NWO)

Nomada panzeri (female, NWO)

Nomada leucopthalma (female, TS)

Nomada striata (female, TS)

Apis mellifera (worker, NWO)

Bombus hypnorum (male); Bombus muscorum (male); Bombus jonellus (queen, all NWO)

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 57 Poronia erici, a small nail fungus, recently recorded in Norfolk and Suffolk, and notes on the distribution of Nail Fungus Poronia punctata

Tony Leech, Sheila Francis, Neil Mahler & Ray Purser

On 3 October 2010, Ray Purser was photo- Spore dimensions: Average and range of graphing fungi on the dunes at Holme, ten spores from a single specimen: 32.7 West Norfolk, when he noticed a rabbit (30-34) x 18 (17-20) pm, all pigmented, pellet bearing buff-coloured discs that although many spores from the same he recognised as a nail fungus Poronia perithecium were not (immature). These sp. Initially suspecting that they were dimensions are at the top end of the Poronia punctata, a species of considerable published range (Lohmeyer 1994). conservation interest that usually occurs Although small Poronia fruit bodies had on horse dung, he sent specimens to Kew. been observed on rabbit dung on occasions, There, Brian Spooner identified them as it was not until 1988 that P. erici was Poronia erici, a species not seen in Britain described as a distinct species (Lohmeyer since the one and only previous record & Benkert 1988). Lohmeyer described P. in 1933 (see below). Ray's remarkable erici from specimens found on rabbit dung photograph (p.60) shows eleven of the on an island in the Baltic Sea off the coast disc-shaped fruiting bodies (stromata) on a of Germany (formerly GDR), noting other single pellet (two are fused). This is all the records from coastal sites in West Germany, more remarkable when it is realised that Netherlands, Belgium and, possibly, Britain. the visible 'head' is only part of a conical Subsequent study of herbarium material fungus, most of which is buried within the revealed that P. erici had been collected pellet. Brian Spooner (2011) has recently from five states in Australia (where it is given an account of this species, which is a known as Dung Buttons), almost always 'pyrenomycete' and thus bears its spores in on kangaroo dung at (mostly) non-coastal small chambers (perithecia) embedded in sites, and on one occasion from central the buff-coloured stroma. The perithecia, Spain. The main differences between the seen as black dots, open to the surface via two species are summarised in Table 1. small pores or ostioles. The single British record (before the On a visit made on 7 November 2010, colledtions in 2010) is referred to by members of the Dersingham Mushroom Lohmeyer (1994) as 'apparently collected Club were directed by warden Gary (in 1933) on the British Island of Scolt Hibberd to the site of the original find, a Head off the Norfolk coast.' This record north-facing mossy bank on fixed dunes does not appear on the Norfolk Fungus to the east of the visitor centre at Holme. Database (held by the Norfolk Biodiversity About ten pellets with Poronia stromata Information Service, NBIS) nor on the were gathered from both sides of the track, national database (Fungus Record Database none bearing more than four stromata. The of Britain and Ireland, FRDBI). Despite this, following details were determined from the latter notes that the species is designated these specimens: 'Extinct since 1933 in the Red Data Book 2nd Diameter of stromata: 1.0-2. 2 mm with edn. Brian Spooner has shed light on this 1-10 ostioles each. (pers. comm.). At the request of Lohmeyer

58 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Table 1 Distinguishing Poronia erici and P. punctata

Poronia erici Poronia punctata

Spore size (22)25-32(33.5) x (12)14- 18-26 x 7-12 pm (Dennis 18(19.5) pm (Lohmeyer 1978). 1994). 17-26 x 8.5-13 pm (Hansen & Knudsen 2000). Substrate Rabbit, hare, sheep, goat, Horse, cow (Europe). horse (Europe). Kangaroo, wallaby,

wombat, sheep , cow, horse (Australia).

Shape and size of stromata Up to 6 mm diameter; 5-15 mm diameter; flat head cylindrical head, tapered with long stalk in dung. downwards into a short stalk buried in dung.

he had located the Scolt Head material in fungi from New Zealand described by Bell the Kew Herbarium as the only British (1983) must have been introduced as that

Poronia specimen on rabbit dung. It was country has no indigenous herbivorous immature and had spores slightly smaller mammals. than the type material, so was referred only tentatively to P. erici but, in view of Nail Fungus Poronia punctata in subsequent records, it is now considered to Britain be that species. All sources indicate that the Nail Fungus

Only after the above exchanges did it come P. punctata was formerly widespread in to light that, in August 2010, Sheila Francis Britain but is now very uncommon. It is had collected what she also presumed was listed as 'Endangered' in Red Data Book P. punctata from the dung of Exmoor Ponies edn.2, and is a Biodiversity Action Plan at Snape Warren in Suffolk. She passed species. There are few pre-1970 records on this information to Neil Mahler (Suffolk the FRDBI but since then almost all have County Fungus Recorder) who collected been from the New Forest area. Exceptions further specimens and determined that are: Dorset (1984, 2006); Surrey (1985, 2006); the spores were very large for P. punctata Oxfordshire (manure in garden 1995, 1996); -(29)30-32 x 17-18 pm. Neil was aware of North Hampshire(1998); Anglesey (2001); the existence of P. erici, but only knew of West Kent (2001); Berkshire (2005) and it growing on rabbit dung and naturally Herefordshire (2006). At least some of these assumed that it would therefore be smaller, records could be from the dung of ponies with smaller spores to match. In the spring which came from the New Forest. of 2011, further examination by Liz Holden The only records for P. punctata on the established, however, that the Suffolk Norfolk Fungus Database are: fungus was in fact P. erici.

1873 near Hunstanton , seashore. Lohmeyer (1994) speculates that P. erici has TF6740. CB Plowright, 1 December. been introduced to Europe from Australia 1874 Great TG5207. but it would seem equally likely that Yarmouth movement was in the opposite direction. 1941 Wacton Common TM1890. EA In support of this, the many coprophilous Ellis, 4 May.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 59 1944 Horsford Heath (Woods) TG1818. from Suffolk) it is probable that the 1982 EA Ellis, 30 July. record is actually of this species. 1982 Holme, Broad Water TF714504 References [should be TF7144]. PC (Peter) BELL, A. 1983. Dung Fungi: An Illustrated Guide Holland, 5 June. to Coprophilous Fungi in New Zealand. Victoria University Press. This last record is intriguing for a number DENNIS, R.W.G. 1978. British Ascomycetes. Cramer. of reasons. First, it is likely to be within one HANSEN, L. & KNUDSEN, H. 2000. Nordic km (and possibly much less) of Ray Purser's Macromycetes Vol.l. Nordsvamp, Copenhagen. 2010 discovery. Although a 6-figure grid LOHMEYER, T.R. 1994. Mycologist 8(1): 16-20 reference is given for the 1982 record, this LOHMEYER, T.R. & BENKERT, D. 1988. Poronia erici- must be incorrect as it specifies a point five ein neue art der Xylariales (Ascomycetes). Z. My col. beach. Broad km north of Holme The name 54(1): 93-102. Water, however, and the easting suggest its SPOONER, B. 2011. Fungal Portraits No.48: Poronia proximity to the 2010 collection. The record erici. Field Mycology 12(4): 111-112. is annotated 'on horse droppings; reliable record.' It was, however, made before P. Dr A.R. Leech 3 Eccles Road, Holt, Nor- erici had been described. In view of the fact folk NR25 6HJ that in Australia P. erici has been recorded from horse dung (and now on that substrate [email protected]

Poronia erici on rabbit pellets at Holme. Photo: Ray Purser.

60 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Galeruca laticollis (Sahlberg): some notes on the life cycle

Tim Kemp

Galeruca laticollis (Salhberg) is a very rare skeletonising previously known in the 19 th century at Wicken Fen and Whittlesea Mere (Cambridge- shire), Westward Ho! (Devon), Sherborne

(Dorset), and Wheatley (Oxfordshire). It was considered to be possibly extinct in the UK by Shirt (1987) as there had been no UK records since 1919. It was re-discovered by Martin Collier in 1996 at Wheatfen Broad in East Norfolk, a site formerly owned by the nat-uralist Ted Ellis (Collier 1997).

It has been recorded at Wheatfen every year since 1996, but very little has been Figure 2. Female Galeruca laticollis. found out about it in the intervening years. the very end of July/beginning of August. Wheatfen is still the only current site in the Adult beetles feed on the leaves of Creep- UK (Figure 1). ing Thistle Cirsium arvensc. At this time any females recorded have already been ferti- lised and have a swollen abdomen and egg case.

Beetles of the genus Galeruca are generally assumed to be unable to fly as not all have fully developed wings and those that do

Figure 1 . Pair of Galeruca laticollis mating.

At Wheatfen the female (Figure 2) lays her eggs on the food plant, Common Meadow- rue Thalictrum flavum, and the larvae hatch around the last week in May/first week in

June. The emerging larvae (Figure 3) feed in the growing point of the plant and then dis- appear towards the end of June to pupate. The adults are not normally recorded until Figure 3. Larvae of Galeruca laticollis.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 61 often have little or no flight muscles. The on plants under 22 cm in height; no larvae European Galeruca tanaceti is an example of were found on taller, weaker plants where a Galeruca with fully developed wings but they were overshadowed by other path- there are no published observations of it side vegetation, and finally, at least two of flying. (Intriguingly, Galeruca tanaceti was the sites that held particularly high num- recorded by Ted Ellis at Wheatfen in 1939, bers of larvae were less than 2 m distant from the stomach of a Corncrake Crcx crex.) from reed spoil-heaps. In fact, only one observation of any Galeru- Quadrat (4 m x 4 m) surveying of Common ca species flying exists, from Sherborne Meadow-rue for larvae showed no con- (Dorset) in 1919 by Pearce, (as Galeruca E.J. sistency regarding distance to the nearest laticollis, Beenen 2005). To date no evidence Creeping Thistles, ranging from less than of the beetle flying has been observed at 1 m to more than 20 m. One site did have Wheatfen. Creeping Thistle actually within the same U.K. & European status quadrat as Common Meadow-rue but this did not appear to have much influence, as Shirt (1987) described Galeruca laticollis the mean number of larvae per plant was (misidentifed as Galeruca intcrrupta Illiger) 3.95, whilst the overall mean for all quad- as being possibly extinct in the UK. Galeruca rats with larvae was 3.67. The maximum laticollis is distributed in the northern part number of larvae on an individual plant of Palaearctic Region from eastern France was twenty. In some instances the distance to the Amur region of the Russian Far East. to Creeping Thistles was greater than 20 It has been recorded in Sweden, Finland, a m. few sites in northwest Germany, Lithuania and Russia, and it is listed in Denmark's When the larval stages were well devel- Red Data Book as of 'Least concern' (Cox oped a small number were removed, along 2007). with fen soil and Common Meadow-rue growing points, from the plants the larvae Survey Data were feeding on. The purpose of this was to A survey of the Wheatfen Broad Reserve to see if they would develop into adults away establish the location of Common Meadow- from the site and to gain an understanding rue showed food plants in varying numbers of the length of the pupal stage. On 16 June along the side of all paths beside dykes and 2009 a total of eight large larvae were taken open fen that are brush cut on an annual from plants with strong growing points. rotation. Some grow weakly, others much Additional growth points were taken as more strongly with a thick, almost bulbous extra food and the plants and larvae were growth point. The latter are the ones fav- kept in three large glass containers, half- oured by Galeruca laticollis. filled with soil from the sites where the larvae were taken from and sealed with Individual larval food plants were exam- cling-film which was liberally pierced to al- ined to see if there were any similarities be- low air-flow. These containers were placed tween ones that were used by adult females on a north facing window sill. By 20 June for egg-laying, and whether there has to be only two (smaller) larvae had not disap- a minimum number of plants growing in peared into the soil to pupate and by the the immediate vicinity in order for eggs to following day all the larvae had gone into be laid. At the same time, the proximity of the pupal stage. The first beetle to emerge the adult food plant, Creeping Thistle, was did so on the morning of 3 July and by the noted. end of the day a total of four had emerged. No larvae were recorded on plants already Over the next few days a total of six beetles coming into flower; no larvae were seen emerged.

62 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) These observations show an approximate muscles sufficiently developed? Less in- pupation stage length of only 14 days when vasive might be to radio-tag adult beetles removed from the wild. in order to discover what happens to them when they cannot be found (although this, Emergence on site of course, awaits an appropriately small From 22 July, weekly visits to the larval technology!). Do they feed on other plants? sites were made in order to monitor the Do some adults overwinter on Grey Willow beetles. number of adult There was abun- Salix cinerca, on Aspen Populus tremula, or all over the reserve of the dant evidence are they non-specific? Is the length of pupa- presence of adults on thistles, with char- tion the same in the field as it is in labora- acteristic holes in the leaves. All the plants tory conditions? of Creeping Thistle in the area of stands of Common Meadow-rue that had held larvae Acknowledgements were closely searched on both the upper- I would like to thank The Wheatfen Part- and the underside of each leaf for either nership for suggesting the initial project male or female adult beetles. The reason for and for funding support. I am very grateful this was to make sure none were missed, for the help and guidance given by David however a consequence of this was that it Nobbs, Warden of the Ted Ellis Trust at was difficult to cover more than two sites Wheatfen Broad Nature Reserve. at any one visit. Few adult beetles were re- corded References

BEENEN, R. 2005. Flight muscles of Galeruca tanaceti. Galeruca laticollis has one generation each Chrysomela Newsletter, December 45: 16. year and there is no evidence that adults COLLIER, M., 1997. Galeruca interrupta sensu aut Brit. overwinter. Eggs are laid within a brown- (Chrysomelidae) redicovered in Britain. The Coleop- ish oothecae attached to low vegetation. terist 5: 93.

COX, M.L. 2007. Atlas of the seed and leaf beetles of Brit- Conclusion ain and Ireland. Pisces Publications. SPURT, D.B. 1987. Red Data Books 2 . Nature It appears that the Galeruca lallicolis popu- Conservancy Council. lation is thriving at Wheatfen, with very many larvae and much evidence of adult foraging on Creeping Thistles. This sug- T. Kemp 6 Wingfield Court, Old Chapel, gests that the current management regime Norwich Road, Mulbarton, Norwich NR14 is at least maintaining the numbers on site. 8JP

Galeruca lallicolis like, or need, sturdy, [email protected] strong growing Common Meadow-rue plants that are preferably going to grow to at least one metre in height before flower- ing. They also need many Creeping This- tles in the vicinity of the meadow-rue. The management strategy of maintaining open pathways encourages growth of Common Meadow-rue and Creeping Thistle by re- stricting reed encroachment.

Further research suggestions

Unfortunately, much future research is likely to have to be invasive. For example, do the adult beetles fly? Are their flight

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 63 White-tailed Bumblebee Bombus lucorum: queen taking nectar on female sallow catkin, March. Note White-tailed Bumblebee Bombus lucorum: queen pollen on head and thorax. taking nectar on male sallow catkin, March.

Solitary bee Andrena clarkella: female taking nectar from female catkin, April. Note stigma touching

pollen on bee's hair. Solitary bee Andrena clarkella: female taking nectar from male catkin, April.

Buff-tailed Bumblebee Bombus terrestris: queen

Hoverfly Eristalis intricorius : taking nectar from taking nectar from male sallow catkin, April. female sallow catkin.

Honeybee Apils mellifero: on male catkin. Tachinid fly: taking nectar from male catkin, March.

64 - Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Some observations on sallow catkin visitors

Nick Owens

The yellow crowns of sallows herald B. jonellus, seen in Weybourne. In the first the start of spring in Norfolk's young three weeks of March, bumblebees were woodlands and hedgerows. Goat Willow observed to feed largely on nectar from Salix caprea, Grey Willow Salix cinerea and both male and female sallows (see photos similar species provide an abundance of p.64). By the end of March they began nectar and pollen to insects emerging filling their pollen baskets, marking the from hib-ernation. Male and female sal- stage when nests had been established and low catkins occur on separate trees (i.e. pollen was being stored for egg laying. they are dioecious) and both contain nec- Honeybees Apis mellifera also took mostly taries. This article describes and nectar in the early weeks. other visitors to sallow catkins in Norfolk The close clustering of male catkins on the in March and April 2011. Particular at- sallow stems caused bumblebees and hon- tention was paid to bees. It was hoped eybees to become covered in pollen on their to provide some evidence about how backs as well as their undersides, and this sallows are adapted for pollin-ation and presumably enhanced the effectiveness of their benefit to insects. pollen transfer (see photo p.64).

Observations Seven species of solitary bee in the genus Observations were made in habitats such Andrena were identified: A. clarkella was as pond edges, hedgerows, heathland and seen taking pollen from male catkins and woodland. Bumblebees and butterflies then flying to an adjacent female tree to were identified by sight using binoculars. take nectar on (see photos Photographs or specimens of smaller in- p.64). A. praecox and A. haemorrhoa males sects were taken for identification. Sites were observed gathering around the trunk visited included Beeston Common, Foxley of a sallow in March, probably seeking Wood, Holkham Meals, Kelling Heath, unmated females. The scarce A. tibialis was Sandringham woods, the Stanford Train- recorded on sallow catkins in the Brecks, ing Area and Weybourne. Table 1 lists as were males of its scarce brood parasite, fauna recorded visiting two sallow species. Nomada fulvicornis, both in the Brecks and Goat Willow and Grey Willow (note that at Beeston Common. These male nomad Goat Willow flowers slightly earlier than bees also appeared to be patrolling and Grey Willow). Some other willow species searching for females as well as feeding on or hybrids may have been included in the the sallows. observations as identification of willows is The large solitary bee Anthophora plumipes very complex (Hall 2011). was a common visitor to sallows, as were Aculeates Honeybees.

Ten species of bumblebee queens were Weather conditions played an important recorded on sallow catkins, including the role in pollen transfer, with little pollen newly-arrived Tree Bumblebee Bombus available when the catkins were soggy and hypnorum, seen at Sandringham and wet. Bumblebees did visit under these con- Holkham, and the local Heath Bumblebee ditions but probably took only nectar.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 65 Table 1 . Animals observed feeding from sallow catkins

Goat willow Grey willow Salix caprea Salix cinerea Sex/caste Male Female Male Female

Aculeata

Andrena bicolor solitary bee female X Andrena bimaculata solitary bee male X

Andrena clarkella solitary bee female X X

Andrena dorsata solitary bee male X

Andrena haemorrhoa solitary bee male X

Andrena haemorrhoa solitary bee female X

Andrena praecox solitary bee male X

Andrena praecox solitary bee female X

Andrena tibialis solitary bee female X Anthophora plumipes Hairy-Footed Flower Bee male X Anthophora plumipes Hairy-footed Flower Bee female X

Apis mellifera Honeybee worker X X X X Bombus pascuorum Common Carder queen X X Bumblebee

Bombus hortorum Garden Bumblebee queen X Bombus hypnorum Tree Bumblebee queen X X

Bombus jonellus Heath Bumblebee queen X

Bombus lapidarius Red-tailed Bumblebee queen X X X

Bombus lucorum White-tailed Bumblebee queen X X X X Bombus pratorum Early Bumblebee queen X X X X

Bombus terrestris Buff-tailed Bumblebee queen X X X X

Bombus sylvestris Four-coloured Cuckoo female X Bumblebee

Bombus vestalis Vestal Cuckoo Bumblebee female X Lasioglossum calceatum solitary bee female X

Nomada fulvicornis nomad cuckoo bee male X Vespula vulgaris common wasp queen X Diptera

Egle sp. anthomyiid fly X

Eristalis tenax drone fly X X X X

Eristalis intricarius drone fly

Melangyna sp. hoverfly

Scathophagid sp. dung fly X

Tachina ursina tachinid fly X

Syrphus ribesii hoverfly X Lepidoptera

Polygonia c-album Comma X X Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral X

Inachis io Peacock X

Aglais urticae Tortoiseshell X Aves

Parus caerulus Blue Tit X

Parus major Great Tit X Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch X

66 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Diptera regularly moved between adjacent male

Nectar attracted many diptera species to and female trees, giving the potential for transfer sallows, but not all were identified. One of pollen from male anthers to female the earliest spring visitors were flies of the stigmas. Goat Willows were also a signifi- genus Egle, which used unopened parts of cant food source for butterflies that winter sallow catkins as a platform for courtship. as adults, such as Peacocks (Inachis io) and Polygonia c-album), and these but- Four species of hoverfly were observed. Commas ( Hoverflies of the genera Merodon and terflies probably also transfer some pollen. Eristalis and seemed largely were abundant Grey Willows flowered slightly later than nectar (see photo There to take p.64). were Goat Willows, and their catkins were large of Eristalis spp. very numbers on smaller. They attracted a similar range of the sallow flowers at Beeston in Common bumblebees and also two species of cuckoo April. bumblebees, which emerge slightly later Birds than their hosts. Cuckoo bumblebees do not collect pollen from the sallows. Blue Tits Pants caerulus, Great Tits P. major and Chaffinches Fringilla coelebs were seen Hoverflies, especially drone flies Eristalis plucking (and probably eating) nectaries spp., were common visitors to sallow catkins from male 1 .5kins at Sandringham woods. and probably played a role in pollination. Whether they subsequently repeated the They eat but do not collect pollen (Stubbs behaviour on female catkins, allowing and Falk 2002) and so are unlikely to be pollination, was not seen. Willow Warblers as effective in pollen transfer as similarly- Phylloscopus trochlus Chiffchaffs P. collybita , sized solitary bees such as Andrena clarkella. and Blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla were A. clarkella and A. praecox collect pollen observed seeking insects amongst sallow almost entirely from sallows (oligolectic) catkins. (Edwards and Roy 2001, 2002). Records of Mammals A. tibialis collecting pollen have so far also been confined to sallows (Baldock 2008). Grey Squirrels Sciurus carolinensis were This specificity may be one factor restrict- seen in Cambridge eating Crack Willow ing these three species to one brood per Salix fragilis catkins. This behaviour was year (i.e they are univoltine). A. haemorrhoa not seen on sallows, but may occur. feeds largely from sallows in early spring Pollen size but then moves to other species (Baldock Microscopic observation of sallow pollen 2008), but is also univoltine. showed it to have a diameter of about one Andrew Cannon (2011) reports up to fifty tenth of that of primrose, a spring insect- bumblebee queens on one small Goat Wil- pollinated flower. This indicates a pollen low at Bayfield, Norfolk in March 2011. In mass about one thousandth that of prim- the same month he trapped 240 moths of rose. three sallow-associated species (Hebrew Discussion Character Orthosia gothica, Twin-spotted Quaker Orthosia munda and Common Goat Willows appear to be closely adapted Quaker Orthosia cerasi beside the flowering to bumblebee pollination, having large, ) sallow in one night. These moth species are closely spaced catkins which apply pollen reported to feed on sallow catkins (Waring liberally to emerging queens between late and Townsend 2003). It seems likely that February and early April. In the early weeks moths play a part in sallow pollination. it was the provision of nectar that attracted queen bumblebees and worker honeybees Tim Strudwick (pers.comm.) photographed to male and female catkins. Bumblebees a Clouded Drab Orthosia incera taking nec-

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 67 :

tar from a sallow during the day. He reports Britain. British Birds 56. 111-112.

finding a similar range of bees on sallows CANNON, A. 2011. http://www.kelling.plus.com/ to those listed here, with the additional ob- NS/marflowers.htm servations of Andrena minutula feeding on EDWARDS, R. & ROY, H. (eds.) 2001, 2002. Provi- Goat Willow catkins at Mousehold Heath sional Atlas of the Aculeate Hymenoptera of Britain and and Nomada leucophthalma, N. flava and N. Ireland, Parts 3 & 4. Centre for Ecology and Hydrol- ogy, Natural Environment Research Council. fulvicornis as frequent visitors to willows, including females taking nectar. HALL, L. 2011. The wind in the willow. Natterjack 113, Summer 2011. Three species of bird were seen plucking KAY, Q.O.N. 1985. Nectar from willow catkins as a nectaries from male Grey Willow catkins food source for Blue Tits. Bird Study. 32(1). and warblers were seen taking insects from PROCTOR, M. & YEO, P. 1973. The Pollination of among sallow blossoms. Blue Tits have Flowers. New Naturalist No 54, Collins, Glasgow. previously been reported taking nectar SACCHI, C.F. & PRICE, P.W. 1988. Pollination of the from sallows and it has been suggested that arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis role of insects and tits and warblers could act as pollinating wind. Amer.J.Bot. 75(9): 1387-1393. agents (Kay 1985; Campbell,1963). WARING, P. & TOWNSEND, M. 2003. Fieldguide Sallow catkins have many features of wind- to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland. British Wildlife Publishing, Hampshire. pollinated flowers: the anthers are exposed to the wind rather than being surrounded by petals and there is an abundance of very small pollen grains. As with the wind- Dr N.W. Owens 22 Springfield Close, pollinated Hazel Corylus avellana, catkins Weybourne, Holt, Norfolk NR25 7TB appear before the leaves, allowing access [email protected] to the wind, and large quantities of sallow pollen are found in air samples (Proctor and Yeo 1973). Other members of the Salicaceae, such as poplars, are wind-pollinated and it has been suggested that willows are secondarily insect-pollinated i.e. willow ancestors were wind-pollinated but they are now insect-pollinated, retaining some features of wind-pollinated flowers (Sacchi and Price 1988). Despite the wide range of potential vectors of sallow pollen, it is possible that wind transfer still plays a part, and this needs further study.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Tony Irwin and Stuart Paston for help with identification of diptera, to Tim Strudwick for assistance with the identifica- tion of solitary bees and to Martin Preston for access to his sallows in Weybourne.

References

BALDOCK, D.W. 2008. Bees of Surrey. Surrey Wildlife Trust.

CAMPBELL, W.D. 1963. Warblers as pollinators in

68 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) The mosses and liverworts of Country Park

G Robin Stevenson

Bawsey Country Park, which lies just to the the Sandringham Sands Formation (Gallois east of King's Lynn in West Norfolk (Figure 1994). This material is overlain in places

1), is an area of old sand workings belong- by tills belonging to the Anglian Lowestoft ing to Sibelco UK. It is an area of open pub- Formation (till is the term now used to de- lic access, although a few areas within the scribe what some readers may remember

Park remain fenced off for safety reasons. as 'Boulder Clay'). Where the tills were thicker they constrained Mosses and liverworts usually form part exploitation of the of the pioneer vegetation communities underlying sands, presumably because of that establish themselves on bare surfaces, the expense of removing the overburden. growing attached to rock or similar hard The Sands themselves are variable, surfaces, on soils of various types, or at- with iron pyrite (FeS^) and glauconitic tached to trees, as epiphytes. Some species clay-rich horizons having no commercial grow in very dry places, tolerating consid- value (glauconite is an iron-rich silicate erable drought, whilst others are moisture mineral). Where these were encountered demanding. Similarly, some can tolerate, they were moved, when feasible, in order acidic conditions with a very low pH whilst to get at the underlying good quality sands. others are more nutrient demanding. The resulting spoil heaps add much to the topographic variety of the site. The overall Because of its history as a mineral extraction result is that the substrates available to site the range of habitats present within the plants, including the bryophytes, are some- Country Park is particularly wide. what more complex than the geological The Park is varied both topographically map of the area indicates. In undisturbed and geologically. The underlying bedrock places heavily leached podsols, resting on consists of Lower Cretaceous sands, be- Leziate Sands and coversands, provide longing to the Leziate Sands Member of acid substrates. Elsewhere soils are forming

Figure 1. The area of the Bawsey Country Park. The majority of the names allocated to various features on the map were invented for convenience.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 69 Figure 2. The main vegetation units and their distribution within the Country Park. Bounda- ries have been traced from aerial photographs and are therefore only approximate. 1/2: Lake and lake margins, 3/4: Bare sand (and bryophyte dominated communities), 5: Short herba- ceous vegetation, including Sand Sedge, 6: Colluno heath, 7: Open calcareous grassland 8:

Mixed woodland - planted and regenerated, 9: Conifer plantation. directly on pure sands, whilst soils forming baceous vegetation, including Sand on overburden and spoil may - if founded Sedge Carex arenaria. on glauconite rich sands - be rather clayey. 6. Areas of heath, dominated by Heather However, the overburden is rich where Calluna vulgaris. in iron pyrite (FeS,) this breaks down to 7. Open calcareous grassland. provide rather toxic substrates. The An- 8. of glian tills, of course, tend to be calcium Areas mixed woodland.

rich, incorporating, as they do, substantial 9. Conifer plantations. amounts of glacially eroded chalk. The Country Park is mainly contained

Within the Country Park there is a variety of within National Grid square TF6719, with habitats present (Figure 2). These are partly parts in TF6619 and TF6819 and, as can be controlled by topography, and partly by seen (Figure. 1), a considerable part of the the type of substrate: area within the Park boundary either con- sists of open water or is out of bounds. 1. Lakes (flooded pits) Appendix 1 lists the species recorded from 2. Damp ground associated with lake the Country Park: 88 species is a very re- margins; these are, in part, wooded. spectable total for such a comparatively 3. Areas of open un-colonised sand. small land area. Nomenclature for bryo- 4. Bryophyte dominated communities. phytes follows Hill, Blackstock, Long & 5. Areas of sand colonised by short her- Rothero (2008), and Stace (2010) for vascu-

70 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) lar plants. English names have been given margin of Main Lake. for vascular plants; those of the bryophytes have not been used in the text although 2 Damp ground associated with lake they are provided in the appendix. margins

The bryophytes of the Bawsey Country The bryophytes associated with the lake Park are of interest from several different margins in the Country Park depend on fac- points of view: tors such as whether erosion or deposition dominates. This seems to be controlled by • The more obviously pioneer commu- the orientation of the lake shores relative to nities are of educational interest since the prevailing local winds. Where onshore they offer opportunities for simple winds are frequent, erosion is a constant ecological fieldwork. factor, resulting in bare, un-colonised • The Park hosts significant populations sand. of some nationally and regionally rare Main Lake species of conservation interest. In more sheltered positions, such as the • Significant populations of pollution head of Sandy Bay, bryophytes have es- sensitive species may be useful in tablished themselves. The most important monitoring air quality, should the species to do so is the Red List (Vulnerable) proposed waste incinerator be built in liverwort Lophozia capitata. This is a pioneer King's Lynn. species found most frequently in old pits. It • The presence, in abundance, of two has, in the past, been found at several sites invasive alien species is clearly pro- in west Norfolk (Stevenson 1993) but is very ducing new, recombinant, bryophyte vulnerable to serai changes, so the colonies communities. These communities are at Bawsey are the only ones known to oc- potentially capable of having an ad- cur regionally at present. On the shores of verse effect on other organisms. The Main Lake, L. capitata occurs in fairly small

Park offers excellent opportunities for quantities, and is associated with another

long term studies of these interactions. liverwort, Gymnocolea inflata. Lophozia capi-

tata is also found alongside the sandy track 1 Lakes that runs along the north-west portion of Only two of the lakes within the Country Main Lake. This colony is severely at risk Park are accessible to the public: Main from encroaching trees; from a conserva-

Lake, and Little Lake (Figure 1). The three tion viewpoint it would be highly desirable OB (Out of Bounds) lakes are fenced off, for if the trees were to be removed. (In nearby reasons of public safety. lakes outside the Country Park, which are also very sheltered, the lake shores (which Access to the Main and Little lakes is only have very gentle gradients) host extensive possible at a few places. A few vascular moss carpets, the dominant species being plants are to be found growing in the wa-

Warnstorfia fluitans , Dicranella cerviculata ter, notably Bulbous Rush Juncus bulbosus and the liverwort Gymnocolea inflata. Rarer in Main Lake and Spiked Water-milfoil species associated with lake shores else- Myriophyllum spicatum and Rigid Hornwort where include members of the liverwort Ceratophyllum demersum in Little Lake. How- genera Fossombronia and Riccardia.) ever, at Mintlyn Lake (which is outside the boundaries of the Country Park), the moss Much of the southern shore of Main Lake Warnstorfia fluitans has been found growing appears to be relatively protected. A variety under water; within the Park it has been of trees, some of which have been planted found growing in damp hollows near the - including Birch Betula spp., Alder Alnus

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 71 glutinosa and Willow Salix spp. - grow by both vascular plants and bryophytes, can down to water level. Associated with these be observed on the edges of these areas. is a dark, humus-rich, peaty material on which bryophytes can grow. The dominant 4 Bryophyte dominated sand com- species is the liverwort Lophocolea semiteres, munities which can be associated with mats of two Such communities exist in several places. other liverworts, Cephalozia bicuspidata and An area of open ground at the western C. connivens. Moss species found include end of Main Lake is, in places, dominated Dicranella cerviculata and Pohlia nutans. L. totally by the moss Campylopus introflexus , semiteres however, occupies the greatest , with only minor contributions by two other areas. moss species, Polytrichum juniperinum and

Bog-moss (Sphagnum) is a genus that typi- P. piliferum. In one corner a slightly richer cally grows in damp acid conditions. There community exists in which C. introflexus ,

are, however, only a few places where P. piliferum , Racomitrium canescens and Sphagna occur at Bawsey: Sphagnum fim- Polytrichum juniperinum are all present. The briatum and S. scjuarrosum occur in damp first three of these all have hyaline (glassy) woodland on the western side of Main hair points. This is an adaptation which, it Lake, as well as amongst the rushy vegeta- has been demonstrated, allows the plants tion fringing Sandy Bay. Back in the early to retain moisture. When they dry out the 1980s, before Main Lake took its present silvery hair points reflect sunlight, thus form, there were several very low-lying helping to maintain lower temperatures, damp areas on which Sphagna grew; these whilst the hair points also help to trap a had the potential to be developed into new layer of stagnant air between the leaves and mires but unfortunately they were either the airstream, thus reducing rates of water flooded or allowed to dry out. loss (Proctor 2009). These are clearly adap- tations of value to plants colonising open Little Lake dry habitats. In areas that appear to have Little Lake is somewhat different in charac- been heavily contaminated by pyrite the ter from the Main Lake. Most of the north- only moss present is Poly trichum piliferum , ern shore is open, sandy, and bryophyte and much of the sand surface is covered in free whilst the southern shore is precipitous an algal mat. and inaccessible. The south-western shore is wooded, mainly with willows, and the Racomitrium canescens is by far the most combination of a moist microclimate and a significant species found in this habitat. basic bark has facilitated colonisation by an All the members of this genus are now interesting range of 'clean air' epiphytes. rare in Norfolk, although R. canescens was Most of the non-epiphytic bryophyte inter- obviously widespread in the past (Petch & est is centred on the north-eastern part of Swann 1968; Swann 1975), but it went into the lake, near a small re-entrant bay, and a major decline in the early 1980s, disap- the area to the east of that, which is low ly- pearing from many of its known sites. Its ing and damp. Lophozia capitata occurs, at rediscovery here in 2010 was very welcome. very low density, in this area too. Part of Where it occurs it is mainly associated with this area has been invaded by Alders and, the mosses C. introflexus , P. juniperinum , again, removal of those would substantial- Ceratodon purpureus, Brachythecium albicans ly increase the amount of suitable habitat and the Peltigera and Cladonia lichens. An- available. other rare species, which probably occurs

in this habitat, is the moss Bryum knozvltonii 3 Areas of open un-colonised sand a Red Data (Vulnerable) species (Hodgetts The progress of invasion and stabilisation. 2011) recorded in 1985 by the late Richard

72 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) ,

Libbey. Unfortunately, the precise location slopes leading down to Main Lake, and 2) where it was found is unknown, and it has on the more northerly areas of flat ground 5 not been seen since. Published accounts of between the lake and the B1145. There is a its habitat, however, suggest that this is the subtle change in the mosses present from sort of habitat that would be most suitable. those predominating in the Heather com- munities described below. Hypnum cupres-

Areas of sand colonised by short siforme var lacunosum is most abundant, fol- herbaceous vegetation lowed by Pseudoscleropodium purum ; species such as Dicranum scoparium Hypnum jutlan- There are extensive areas at this stage of , dicum Polytrichum are less development, which clearly follows on and juniperinum from the communities dominated by moss. common. Where C. arenaria is less abundant there are areas present within Bryophytes tend to be dominant until Sand more open the Polytrichum Sedge Carex arenaria manages to establish which mosses juniperinum Ceratodon purpureas Hypnum cupressiforme itself. Such vascular plants as are present , Polytrichum tend to be small, and exhibit growth forms piliferum, Campylopus introflexus semiteres vie for resistant to trampling and grazing. Parsley- and even Eophocolea impor- tance. piert Aphanes arvensis, Common Stork' s-bill Erodium cicutarium, Buck's-horn Plantain 6 Areas of heath, dominated by Plantago coronopus , Mossy Stonecrop Crassula tillaea, Common Whitlowgrass Heather Calluna vulgaris Erophila verna and several grasses are gen- There are two main heather-dominated ar- erally obvious. eas on the site. One is on the steep northern Although some species exhibit clear domi- slopes of Main Lake. The other lies at the nance in places there does not appear to be western end of the site, between Main Lake any fixed sequence in which events occur. and the track defining the edge of the Park. In areas the moss Hypnum cupressiforme var. The first of these is dominated by mature lacunosum is dominant, whilst elsewhere leggy heather which is accompanied by

Dicranum scoparium, Ceratodon purpureas , typical mosses such as Hypnum jutlan- or Polytrichum juniperinum can dominate, dicum , Pseudoscleropodium purum , Dicranum as can a variety of species of the lichen scoparium , Polytrichum juniperinum and a Cladonia. The nearest equivalents to these variety of lichens. This community sporadi- communities are described in volume 5 of cally passes laterally into one dominated the National Vegetation Classification sys- by Sand Sedge. The more westerly area, tem (Rodwell however, there are no 2000); by contrast, is much younger, with shorter, exact matches. Campylopus introflexus, Rhy- fiercely rabbit-grazed, heather. Here almost tidiadelphus squarrosus, Eophocolea semiteres the only bryophyte species present is the and a number of Cladonia spp. can occupy alien moss Campylopus introflexus , accom- (and dominate) in patches, but are gener- panied, in places, by subordinate quantities ally of lesser account. Both E. semiteres and of Polytrichum juniperinum and P. piliferum. C. introflexus, however, seem able to exist The only one of the pleurocarps normally as very small forms which are not at all associated with Heather to appear is Pseu- obvious unless the vegetation is examined doscleropodium purum, and that is only closely. Their contribution can therefore be found associated with a few of the taller easily underestimated. patches of Heather. Areas dominated by Sand Sedge Carex arenaria 7 Open calcareous grassland

C. arenaria dominated areas occur in two Small patches of open calcareous grassland

places: 1) on some of the steeper northern are associated with the Anglian till. A var-

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 73 ied field layer is present. Hard Rush Juncus casionally. Rarities include Rhytidiadelphus inflexus being very prominent. A few scat- triquetrus and Hylocomium splendens. tered willows also occur. In places moss Epiphyte communities dominated communities exist; the com- monest species is generally Colliergonella Epiphytic bryophytes fall into two groups.

cuspidata, but Brachythecium mildeanum and There are a number of non-specialist epi- Cratoneuron filicinum can also be promi- phytes that can grow on a variety of sub- nent; all three of these are damp loving strates, and there are specialist epiphytes species - a reflection of the poor drainage that are (more-or-less) confined to growing provided by the underlying clays. A mo- attached to trees. saic exists between bryophyte- and vascu- Non-specialist epiphytes, over most of the lar plant-dominated patches. Again, single site, generally consist of a few common species of bryophytes tend to dominate in species. Brachythecium rutabulum, Kindber- some areas. In general there are few small gia praelonga, Hypnum cupressiforme, and its acrocarps associated with this type of veg- var. resupinatum are very common, Rhyn- etation. Bryum rubens , Bryum capillare and chostegium confertum less so. The richest epi- Barbula unguiculata and B. convoluta have floras are found on willows, and are largely all been found on anthills, whilst Aloina confined to younger, smooth-barked trees. aloides, Didymodon fallax and Dicranella varia The commoner specialist epiphyte species have been found on steeper slopes. include the liverworts Metzgeria furcata (sometimes in abundance) and Frullania 8 Areas of mixed woodland dilatata, and mosses such as Orthotrichum This is a vegetation type that is widespread affine and Ulota bruchii. across large areas of the site. The dominant trees are naturally regenerated Birches The specialist epiphytes are of the and Pedunculate Oak Quercus robur, along greatest interest since many of them are very pollution sensitive. They are highly with Rowan Sorbus aucuparia , Holly Ilex aquifolium, willows, and Rhododendron concentrated on the willows on the western Rhododendron ponticum. Occasional planted side of Little Lake. This area is particularly conifers are present, as are areas of deliber- rich, presumably because the proximity ate planting, such as on the south-eastern to the lake helps to ensure high humidity shore of Main Lake. Regeneration, judging levels, which facilitate bryophyte growth. by the size of the trees (which is very vari- The specialists are species, which, 20 years able), has taken place sporadically. It is also ago, were simply not found in Norfolk (or affected by the nature of the underlying were extremely rare) because of the legacy soils, as is the ground flora. Where the soil of air pollution. Over the last few years some is acid, Bracken Pteridium aquilinum is often of them have been re-appearing, indicating dominant. This, plus leaf litter, means that substantial improvements in air quality very few bryophytes are present, except (Adams & Preston 1992). Orthotrichum along the sides of paths, and also on steep- lyellii, Orthotrichum pulchellum, Orthotrichum er slopes associated with earlier phases of stramineum and Orthotrichum striatum are sand extraction, where leaf litter cannot lie. important examples, as are Ulota crispa,

Kindbergia praelonga , Pseudoscleropodium pu- Ulota bruchii and Ulota phyllantha. Epiphytic rum and Brachythecium rutabulum tend to be hepatics include Cololejeunea minutissima the commonest mosses but - particularly (which was first recorded for Norfolk from on areas of clay soils - other species such this site (Stevenson & Ghullam 2009)),

as Oxyrhynchium Ilians , Eurhynchium stria- Metzgeria furcata, M. violacea and Frullania

tum, Fissidens taxifolius and Plagiomnium dilatata. Zygodon conoideus is a specialist affine can appear, though usually only oc- epiphyte found on some of the willows

74 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) adjacent to the main car park, though not Orthodontium lineare and the liverwort elsewhere. Lophocolea semiteres. All three of these are

from the southern hemisphere, and all are Elsewhere in west Norfolk young oaks very effective colonisers which compete have, of recent years, proved to be good with native species. (Curiously, none of hosts for epiphytic bryophytes but this these three features on any British legisla- is not the case in the Country Park where tion regarding undesirable alien plants, epiphytes are almost all, apart from the very commonest non-preferential species, although they are mentioned in Hill et al. associated with willows. (2009).)

Orthodontium lineare is restricted Whilst it is tempting to ascribe dramatic most by changes in abundance of species to climate habitat, being confined to tree bases and change, Bates & Preston (2011) have been at vertical, acid, earthy banks. It is therefore pains to point out that there are a number the least common of the three in the Park, of possible causes which need to be care- despite producing abundant capsules. fully distinguished: these include more Campylopus introflexus is registered on intensive recording effort and, as noted, both the Daisie (Delivering Alien Invasive improvements in air quality. The general Species Inventories for Europe 2006, 2009) consensus favours the latter explanation. consortium and Nobanis partnership

Clearly micro-climate, and the nature of (Klink 2010) websites of invasive aliens. It the substrate, plays an important role in can spread over open sand and seems to controlling colonization by epiphytes, as be able to cope with fairly extreme condi-

well as the wider importance of improved tions, even being found where there is clear air quality, which is why these plants could evidence of contamination by decompos- play an important role in monitoring air ing pyrite. C. introflexus fruits abundantly, quality in the area, should the proposed but also produces deciduous tips to the waste incinerator be built in King's Lynn. shoots; these detach and can be spread on

feet, or simply blown about, meaning it 9 Conifer plantations produces substantial numbers of potential

Mature conifer plantations are confined to propagules. It can be a major invader of an area in the south-western corner. Here heathland habitat, the presence of adjacent the ground flora is dominated by Bracken woodlands apparently promoting invasion and very few bryophytes at all are present, (Piessens, Stieperaere, Honnay & Hermy apart from a few mosses such as Pseudoscle- 2008). ropodium purum and Kindbergia praelonga by Lophocolea semiteres is not only a colonist of the sides of paths. open sandy ground, but can also thrive in Alien species, recombinant commu- rather damper conditions than either of the other two; it is, for instance, the dominant nities, and conservation coloniser of damp peaty soils round suit- Unlike alien vascular plants, which tend ably sheltered parts of Main Lake, where to be most important in urban areas, alien it can be accompanied by species such as bryophytes seem to occur more frequently Cephalozia bicuspidata, Gymnocolea inflata, in the countryside at large. As yet the Dicranella cerviculata and Pohlia nutans. In number of species involved in fairly small fact L. semiteres seems to be absent from the (Soderstrom 1992), but this is no ground for very driest sites, which are only colonised complacency. by C. introflexus and P. piliferum. Interest- Three alien species occur within the Coun- ingly, in the woodland that extends up the try Park: the mosses Campylopus introflexus, south-eastern side of Main Lake, although

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 75 L. semiteres does occur on the ground, it situations. However, it does not appear to is also relatively frequent as an epiphyte reproduce sexually (all the local material around the base of the trunk of young birch is female) so it is dependent on fragments trees. Presumably in this position it benefits being transported about, probably mainly from the extra moisture associated with by humans and dogs. On a well-used site stem flow. L. semiteres appears to be toler- such as the Country Park it would be virtu- ant of pollution too as it is quite frequent ally impossible to stop this happening. It on the slopes around Pyrite Point, along would seem highly likely that L. semiteres with other toxi-tolerant species such as will have the same sort of influences on the

Gymnocolea inflata and Pohlia nutans. When establishment of vascular plant seedlings, it forms large patches L. semiteres is very and on lichens and insects, as C. introflexus. obvious, it can also, however, occur as very Monitoring the competitive interactions small, thin, more-or-less upright strands between L. semiteres and C. introflexus which are far from obvious unless the com- could form an interesting long-term study, munity is being examined very closely; this indeed this site could be ideal for the sort growth form can mask just how pervasive of monitoring and surveillance suggested it can be as a species. In Belgium Lophocolea by Genovesi, Scalera, Brunei, Roy & Solarz semiteres is regarded as a 'plague' species ( 2010 ). (Stieperaere 1994) which, under certain conditions (Stieperaere, Heylen & Podoor Acknowledgements 1997) has a negative influence on native Fellow members of the Norfolk Bryology liverwort floras. Group helped with recording the site in November 2009, adding a considerable Clearly the competitive ability of aliens number of species to the site list. Bob Ellis such as Lophocolea semiteres and Campylopus and Mary Ghullam read and commented introflexus has implications for the conser- on a draft of this note; their comments have vation of more desirable species such as improved it immeasurably.

Bryum knowltonii, Racomitrium canescens and Lophozia capitata. Of the two, C. in- References troflexus would appear to pose the greater ADAMS, K.J. & PRESTON, C.D., 1992. Evidence for threat since it fruits freely, as well as being the effects of atmospheric pollution on bryophytes spread by leaf fragments. It presumably from national and local recording. In: Harding poses the greatest risks to Bryum knowltonii PT (ed) Biological Recording of Changes in British Wildlife: 31-43. (Institute for Terrestrial Ecology and Racomitrium canescens both of which , Symposium 26). HMSO, London. are plants of dry habitats. There is also evi- BATES, J.W. & PRESTON, C.D., 2011. Can the dence that it has a negative impact on insect effects of climate change on British bryophytes faunas (Schirmel, Timler & Buchholz 2010; be distinguished from those resulting from other environmental changes? In: Tuba Z, Slack Vogels et al 2005) and lichen communities NG & Stark LR (eds) Bryophyte Ecology and Climate (Biermann & Daniels 1997; Ketner-Oostra & Change. Cambridge: 371-408. Cambridge University Sykora 2004, 2008) and the re-establishment Press, of vascular plants (Equihua & Usher 1993). BIERMANN, R. & DANIELS, F.J.A. 1997. Changes However, within the Country Park, neither in a lichen-rich dry sandgrassland vegetation with lichens nor vascular communities appear special reference to lichen synusia and Campylopus introflexus. Phytocoenologia. 27: 257-273. to have been much affected; they have pre- DAISIE (European Invasive Alien Species Gateway). sumably evolved from scratch, in tandem 2006. Campylopus introflexus. www.europe-aliens. with those of the bryophytes. L. semiteres, org. on the other hand, is likely to pose a much DAISIE. 2009. Handbook ofAlien Species in Europe. greater threat to Lophozia capitata, given Springer, Dordrecht. that it is a very effective coloniser of moist EQUIHUA, M. & USHER, M.B. 1993. Impact of

76 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) carpets of the invasive moss Campylopus introflexus SODERSTROM, L. 1992. Invasions and range expan- on Calluna vulgaris regeneration, journal of Ecology. sions and contractions of bryophytes. In: Bates, 81: 359-365. JW & Farmer AM (eds.) Bryophytes and Eichens in a Changing Environment, 131-158. Clarendon GALLOIS, R.W. 1994. Geology of the country pp. Press, Oxford. around King's Lynn and The Wash. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, sheet 145 and part of 129 STACE, C. 2010. New Flora of the British Isles. (England & Wales). HMSO: London. Cambridge University Press.

GENOVESI, P„ SCALERA, R., BRUNEL, S., ROY, D. STEVENSON, C.R. 1993. Eophozia capitata (Hook.) & SOLARZ, W. 2010. Towards an early warning Macoun and Riccardia incurvata Lindb: two and information system for invasive alien species liverworts new to Norfolk. Trans. Norfolk Norzvich (IAS) threatening biodiversity in Europe. European Nat. Soc. 29(5): 366 (EEA) Technical Report No. 5: Environment Agency STEVENSON, C.R. & GHULLAM, M. 2009. Bryo- 1-52. Copenhagen. phyte Report 2008. Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. HILL, M.O., BLACKSTOCK, T.H., LONG, D.G. & 42(1): 66-69. G.P. 2008. Checklist and Census ROTHERO, A STIEPERAERE, H. 1994. Lophocolea semiteres (Lehm.) Catalogue British and Irish Bryophytes. British of Mitt. In Belgium and the Netherlands, another Society: Middlewich. Bryological antipodal bryophyte spreading on the European HILL, M.O., BECKMANN, B.C., BISHOP, J.D.D., continent. Lindbergia. 19: 29-36. FLETCHER, M.R., LEAR, D.B., MARCHANT, J.H., STIEPERAERE, H„ HEYLEN, O. & PODOOR, MASKELL, L.C., NOBLE, D.G., REHFISCH, M.M., N., 1997. Differences in species composition in ROY, H.E., ROY, S. & SEWELL, 2009. Developing J. the bryophyte layer of some Belgian and Dutch an Indicator the Abundance, Extent and Impact of of pinewoods with and without the invading hepatic Invasive Non-Native Species. Final report. Defra Eophocolea semiteres (Lehm.) Mitt. Journal of Bryology (WC0718). 19: 425-434 HODGETTS, N. 2011. A revised Red List of bryo- SWANN, E.L. 1975. Supplement to the Flora of Norfolk. phytes in Britain. Field Bryology. 103: 40-49. pp. 131-158. F Crowe & Sons Norwich. KETNER-OOSTRA, R, & SYKORA, K.V. 2004. VOGELS, J., NIJSSEN, M., VERBERK, W. & ES- Decline of lichen-diversity in calcium-poor coastal SELINK, H. 2005. Effects of moss-encroachment dune vegetation since the 1970s, related to grass by Campylopus introflexus on soil entomofauna of andmoss encroachment. Phytocoenologia. 34: dry-dune grasslands (Violo-corynephoretum). 521-549. Proc. Neth. Entomol. Soc. Meet. 16: 71-80. KETNER-OOSTRA, R, & SYKORA, K.V. 2008. Vegetation change in a lichen-rich inland drift sand area in the Netherlands. Phytocoenologia. 38: C.R. Stevenson 111 Wootton Road, King's 267-286. Lynn, Norfolk PE30 4DJ - KLINCK, J. 2010. NOBANIS Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet - Campylopus introflexus. From: Online crsl 1 [email protected] Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species - NOBANIS www.nobanis.org

PETCH, C.P. & SWANN, E. 1968. Flora of Norfolk. Norwich: Jarrold & Sons.

PIESSENS, K., STIEPERAERE, H., HONNAY, O. & HERMY, M. 2008. Effects of management and adjacent forest on the heathland bryophyte layer.

Basic & Applied Ecology, 9(3): 253-262.

PROCTOR, M.C.F. 2009. Physiological ecology. In: Goffinet B & Shaw AJ (eds.) Bryophyte Biology. pp. 237-268. Cambridge University Press.

RODWELL, J.S. (ed.) 2000. British Plant Communities Volume 5. Maritime Communities and Vegetation of Open Habitats. Cambridge University Press.

SCHIRMEL, J., TIMLER, L. & BUCHHOLZ, S. 2010. Impact of the invasive moss Campylopus introflexus on carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae) in acidic coastal dunes at the southern Baltic Sea. Biological Invasions, 13(3): 605-620.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 77 i mm

Appendix. The mosses and liverworts recorded on the site. RDB species are indicated in bold;

regionally or locally rare species are underlined . Not all of the species listed are referred to di- rectly in the text since many are, although not necessarily common in the Country Park, com- mon in the wider world.

Scientific name English name

Mosses

Aloina aloides Common Aloe-moss Amblystegium serpens Creeping Feather-moss Atrichum undulatum Common Smoothcap Au lacomniu m androgyn u Bud-headed Groove-moss Barbula convoluta Lesser Bird's-claw Beard-moss

Brachythecium albicans Whitish Feather-moss

Brachytheci urn mMean u Sand Feather-moss Brachythecium rutabulum Rough-stalked Feather-moss

Brachythecium velu ti num Velvet Feather-moss

Bryum bicolor Bicoloured Bryum Bryum caespiticium Tufted Thread-moss

Bryum capillare Capillary Thread-moss Bryum gemmiferum Small-bud Bryum Bryum knowltonii Knowlton's Thread-moss Bryum rubens Crimson-tuber Thread-moss

Calliergonella cuspidata Pointed Spear-moss

Campylopus introflexus Heath Star Moss Ceratodon purpureus Redshank Cratoneuron filicinum Fern-leaved Hook-moss Dicranella cerviculata Red-neck Forklet-moss Dicranella heteromalla Silky Forklet-moss

Dicranella varia Variable Forklet-moss

Dicranoweisia cirrata Common Pincushion Dicranum scoparium Broom Fork-moss

Didymodon fallax False Beard-moss Didymodon insulanus Cylindric Fork-moss Isothecium myosuroides Slender Mouse-tail Moss Kindbergia praelonga Common Feather-moss Eurhynchium striatum Lesser Striated Feather-moss

Fissidens taxifolius Common Pocket-moss Funaria hygrometrica Common Cord-moss Grimmia pulvinata Grey-cushioned Grimmia Hypnum cupressiforme Cypress-leaved Plait-moss Hypnum cupressiforme var. lacunosum Great Plait-moss Hypnum cupressiforme var. resupinatum Supine Plait-moss Hypnum jutlandicum Heath Plait-moss Hylocomium splendens Glittering Wood-moss Mnium hornum Swan's-neck Thyme-moss Orthodontium lineare Cape Thread-moss

Orthotrichum affine Wood Bristle-moss Orthotrichum diaphanum White-tipped Bristle-moss

Orth otrich u m lyel l i Lyell's Bristle-moss Orthotrichum pulchellum Elegant Bristle-moss

78 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) m

Orthotrichu m s tramineu Straw Bristle-moss Orthotrichum striatum Smooth Bristle-moss Oxyrhynchium hians Swartz's Feather-moss

Plagiomnium affine Many-fruited Thyme-moss

Plagiomnium rostra turn Long-beaked Thyme-moss

Plagiothecium curvifoliu Curved Silk-moss Plagiothecium undulatum Waved Silk-moss

Pleurozium schreberi Red-stemmed Feather-moss

Pohlia melanodon Pink-fruited Thread-moss

Pohlia nutans Nodding Thread-moss Polytrichum commune Common Haircap Polytrichastrum formosum Bank Haircap Poly trichum juniperinum Juniper Haircap

Polytrichum piliferum Bristly Haircap Pseudocrossidium hornschuchianum Hornschuch's Beard-moss Racomitrium canescens Hoary Fringe-moss

Rhynchostegium conferturn Clustered Feather-moss

Rhytidiadelphus scjuarrosus Springy Turf-moss

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus Big Shaggy-moss. Pseudoscleropodium purum * Neat Feather-moss. Sphagnum fimbriatum Fringed Bog-moss Sphagnum squarrosum Spiky Bog-moss

Syntrichia ruralis var. ruraliformis Sandhill Screw-moss

Syntrichia ruralis Great Hairy Screw-moss

Tortula muralis Wall Screw-moss

Ulota crispa Crisped Pincushion

Ulota bruchii Bruch's Pincushion

Ulota phyllantha Frizzled Pincushion

Warnstorfia fluitans Floating Hook-moss Zygodon conoideus Lesser Yoke-moss

Liverworts

Aneura pinguis Greasewort

Cephalozia bicuspidata Two-horned Pincerwort

Cephalozia connivens Forcipated Pincherwort

Cephaloziella divaricata Common Threadwort Cololeieunea minutissima Minute Pouncewort

Frullania dilatata Dilated Scalewort

Gymnocolea inflata Inflated Notchwort

Lophocolea bidentata Bifid Crestwort

Lophocolea heterophylla Variable-leaved Crestwort

Lophocolea semiteres Southern Crestwort Lophozia capitata Large-celled Flapwort

Metzger ia furcata Forked Veilwort

Metzgeria violacea Blueish Veilwort

R icca rd ia chained ryfolia Jagged Germanderwort Riccardia multifida Delicate Germanderwort

* Found in fruit at two separate locations within the park, in 2009. This plant is very rarely found in fruit.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 79 Discovery of the Stripe-winged Grasshopper Stenohothrus lineatus in east Norfolk

Tim Gardiner

The Stripe-winged Grasshopper Stenoboth- during a range expansion? Addressing this

rus lineatus is a widespread but distinctly question, there are interesting parallels localised insect in Norfolk. Its twentieth cen- from survey work in Essex. The Grey Bush- tury stronghold in the county was the chalk cricket Platycleis albopunctata was presumed grassland of Breckland (Richmond 2001) extinct in Essex, with an absence of records but in the early years of the twenty-first for several decades (all sightings were pre-

century it was discovered over a wide area 1961). Orthopterists (including the author) of north-west Norfolk (Richmond 2006). In had searched suitable habitat at Colne Point

2008 it was reported from Mousehold Heath for many years without success; however,

in Norwich and two years later it was dis- in 2004 two individuals were located in covered on recently restored heathland at pitfall traps (Harvey & Gardiner 2006) in Cawston, along with the Bog Bush-cricket habitat that had been searched visually for Metrioptera brachyptera (Richmond 2010; several years by countless surveyors. How 2011). There have, hitherto, been no con- they missed this large bush-cricket for so

firmed reports from the extreme east of the long is unclear, but is probably a combina-

county, so it was something of a surprise tion of the cryptic colouration of adults, when a stridulating male was heard on giving them good camouflage in sand dune 30 July 2011 in Waveney Forest, in a small vegetation, the low population density, and area of acid grassland and heathland (TG the lack of a suitable survey technique. Lat- 460005). The author had searched the For- terly a bat detector has been used to record est many times before (each summer since Grey Bush-cricket with some success;

2008) and thought there were no new spe- without it, it is difficult to detect the species

cies to be discovered. The addition of the by eye or with a sweep net (Gardiner et al.

Stripe-winged Grasshopper brings the total 2010). Therefore it is possible that Stripe- number of Orthoptera species recorded in winged Grasshopper had been overlooked the Forest to 13, which includes the local- for many years in Waveney Forest, even the

ised Mottled Grasshopper Myrmeleotettix author may have missed it despite visiting maculatus (Gardiner 2008; 2010). Upon the site at least five times in each of the last hearing the distinctive metallic sounding four years. stridulation, the author searched the area The issue of whether Stripe-winged Grass- for grasshoppers, but could only find four hopper has colonised rather than been females and two males; the open heathy overlooked in Waveney Forest is an inter- vegetation underneath the pylons was esting one. Assuming that there must be a heavily scrubbed over due to a lack of cut- driver for a range expansion then it will in ting or grazing. This scrub encroachment all likelihood be climate change (warmer could be a serious threat to the survival of springs and summers in recent years). the grasshopper in the Forest. However, the nearest known populations An interesting question arises from the of Stripe-winged Grasshopper are 40-50 discovery of Stripe-winged Grasshopper km distant in the Brecks, and 20-30 km in Waveney Forest: was the grasshopper away in Norwich (Mousehold Heath) and

overlooked or has it colonised the Forest Walberswick in East Suffolk. This appears

80 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) quite a distance for the grasshopper to linia caerulea tussocks, commonly with the travel, to do so it would have to traverse Common Green Grasshopper Omocestus many unfavourable habitats such as arable viridulus. Stripe-winged Grasshopper has fields and improved pastures. It may be us- also been recorded within a clear felled area ing roadside verges to disperse although no along with Common Green Grasshopper evidence of this has yet been collected. On and Mottled Grasshopper. Several females verges there is an abundance of exposed were also observed in the Forest on dry soil (which the species seems to require) heathland dominated by Heather and Bell due to vehicles parking on them, general Heather. Perhaps they only favour areas ground disturbance during mowing, and with ant hills because in some situations perhaps even from de-icing salt applied they provide the broken ground which the in winter (Thompson et al. 1979). Verges of grasshopper seems to require. Afforested trunk roads such as the A12 (one potential heathland also provides plenty of exposed path of colonisation from the Walberswick soil, particularly when subjected to inten- populations) may also have grass with high sive tree felling, due to the damage to the nitrogen content due to exhaust emissions, ground caused by the heavy machinery. suitable for the growth and development of Open ground established during felling herbivorous insects such as grasshoppers of conifers in forestry plantations situated

(Port & Thompson 1980). It is possible that on heathland could be close to the ideal grasshoppers may hitch a lift on cars; spe- habitat. cies such as the Lesser Marsh Grasshopper Chorthippus albomarginatus have been found References to do so. The author once unwittingly car- GARDINER, T. 2008. Gravel extraction plan for ried Lesser Marsh Grasshopper in his car Waveney Forest is the pits for insects. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society 67: 245-248. for a distance of 50 km. GARDINER, T. 2010. Insects of Waveney Forest (Fritton Warren) in East Norfolk. Entomologist's In some cases. Stripe-winged Grasshopper Record & Journal of Variation 122: 155-162. appears to be specific to a certain type of GARDINER, T. 2011. Essex Orthoptera update for habitat which usually has patches of ex- 2010 including new records of the Stripe-winged Grasshopper from Epping Forest and the great posed soil, presumably for basking nymphs Mole Cricket escape. Essex Naturalist (New Series) and adults. It seems that acid grassland 28: 37-42. with ant-hills is the preferred habitat for GARDINER, T„ SEAGO, B„ BENTON, T. & DOBSON, 2010. The use of bat detectors reveals the colonising Stripe-winged Grasshop- J. a widespread population of Grey Bush-cricket pers in Epping Forest in Essex (Wilde 2009; Platycleis albopunctata at Colne Point and St Osyth Gardiner 2011). Searching around the oc- naturists' beach. Essex Naturalist (New Series) 27: 209-213. cupied habitat at Waveney Forest on the HARVEY, P. & GARDINER, T. 2006. Pitfall trapping day of discovery, two well developed ant of scarce Orthoptera at a coastal nature reserve in hills were found with plenty of Sheep's Essex, UK. Journal of Insect Conservation 10: 371-373.

Sorrel Rumex acetosella and small patches of MARSHALL, J.A. & HAES, E.C.M. 1988. Grasshoppers Heather Calluna vulgaris/Bell Heather Erica and Allied Insects of Great Britain and Ireland. Harley Books, Colchester. cinerea. Therefore, to some extent the habi- PORT, G.R. & THOMPSON, J.R. 1980. Outbreaks of tat at Waveney Forest bears a resemblance insect herbivores on plants along motorways in to that of the Epping Forest populations. the United Kingdom. Journal ofApplied Ecology 17: Could the presence of ant-hills be cru- 649-656. RICHMOND, D. 2001. Grasshoppers and Allied Insects cial to its survival and if so, why? Within of Norfolk. Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists' Society, Waveney Forest, Stripe-winged Grasshop- Norwich. per has been found to be widespread since RICHMOND, D.I. 2006. Orthoptera Report 2005. the initial sighting, inhabiting Sphagnum Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat.Soc. 39(1): 84-87. bogs with fringing Purple Moor-grass Mo- RICHMOND, D.I. 2010. Wildlife Report 2009,

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 81 Orthoptera. Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat.Soc. 43(1): 162-163.

RICHMOND, D.I. 2011. Wildlife Report 2010, Orthoptera. Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat.Soc. 44(1): in press

THOMPSON, J.R., RUTTER, A.J., RIDOUT, P.S. & GLOVER, M. 1979. The implications of the use of de-icing salt for motorway plantings in the U.K., in The Impact of Road Traffic on Plants. Transport & Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne.

WILDE, I. 2009. The Stripe-winged Grasshopper Stenobothrus lineatus (Panzer, 1796) (Orthoptera: Gomphocerinae) new to Essex. Essex Naturalist

(New Series) 26: 61-62.

T. Gardiner Environment Agency, Iceni House, Cobham Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP3 9JD

[email protected]

82 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 0

Weather Report 201 Norman Brooks

Observations made with approved Mete- never to any great depth. Unusually for a orological Office instrumentation, and in cold winter month it was significantly wet- accordance with standard Metereological ter than normal with only two dry days. On Office practice, at Old Costessey, Norfolk. 27 February the temperature just reached Monthly figures are presented in Table 1. 10°C for the first time since 10 December. A period of seventy-nine days devoid of even Monthly accounts a brief mild period is very unusual in our January 2010 With a mean temperature maritime climate. of 1.4°C it was the coldest January local- Feb. wind N NE E SE S SW Calm ly since the much colder January of 1989. w NW

Days 1 5 4 2 2 0 3 3 8 Snow was much in evidence, being ob- served to fall on 14 days, with a snow cover March 2010 Spring arrived mid-month, 17 persisting for 17 days. The mildest day, with the soil temperature exceeding 6°C January, had a maximum of a mere 7.6°C, (the temperature needed for plant growth and the lowest minimum was -6.4°C on 6 to resume) on 17 March after a period of January. ninety-seven days continuously below this

Jan. wind N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm figure. From 1 March to 13 March maxima

Days 1 5 2 4 0 1 0 7 11 were below 10°C but from March 14 to March 31 every day exceeded the March February 2010 Another cold month with, average. locally, the coldest Decmber-February pe- riod since the severe winter of 1978/79. Mar. wind N NE E SE s SW w NW Calm

Snow fell on 14 days and lay on five, but Days 0 7 1 0 3 3 7 6 4

Table 1 Monthly summaries for 2010

Month Total rainfall Percentage Days Days Monthly Deviation (mm) of mean air frost ground mean tem- from mean rainfall frost perature (°C) (°C)

January 61.7 106% 16 22 1.4 -2.6

February 88.6 206% 19 21 2.5 -1.3

March 40.3 84% 9 14 6.9 +1.0

April 18.0 37% 3 19 9.0 +1.4

May 33.5 63% 3 12 10.8 -0.5

June 37.5 70% 0 0 15.4 +1.1

July 51.3 91% 0 0 19.1 +2.6

August 105.8 207% 0 0 16.4 0

September 94.0 173% 0 0 14.1 -0.2

October 80.6 139% 0 0 10.9 0

November 102.8 147% 10 13 5.7 -1.0

December 27.1 44% 24 27 0.0 -4.8

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 83 April 2010 A sunny and very dry month exceptional; the minimum of 19.5°C was with warm days and cold nights. Dry very close to the record of 20.6°C on 9 Au- ground and clear nights allowed ground gust 2004. frosts to form with exceptional frequency, Aug. wind N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm growth. This exempli- retarding spring was Days 3 12 0 3 6 8 8 0 fied by Bluebells only coming into bloom during the closing days of the month. Over September 2010 The wettest September lo- the United Kingdom as a whole spring, as cally since 2001, with near-normal temper- indicated by plant growth, was twenty-five atures. Variable cloud during the coldest days later than in 2009. nights saved most of the county from the first frost of autumn. April wind N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm Days 2 5 10 2 6 8 4 2 Sept, wind N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm Days 62124834 0 May 2010 The coldest May since 1996 and the driest since 2001. As in April, the fre- October 2010 With rain recorded on nine- quency of clear nights allowed ground teen days it was the wettest October local- frosts to be unusually frequent. The com- ly since 2004. Otherwise it was a benign bination of frosts and the deficiency of rain- month, devoid of fog, air frost or a single gale, with a of glorious col- fall inhibited spring growth with signs of bonus autumn wilting on even established plants by the ours. end of the month. Oct. wind N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm

Days 1 3 2 3 2 7 2 7 4 May wind N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm Days 0 68013283 November 2010 Initially mild but with June 2010 A dry and sunny month with the sudden onset of wintry conditions on alternating periods of cool conditions with 24 November. Generally wet, the cold- est locally since 1993. first an occasional warm day, culminating in a November The week was so mild that lawns were still be- true heatwave from 22 June to 30 June. The ing and the of maximum of 30.0°C on 27 June was nota- mowed maximum 17.3°C on 4 appropriate for early ble. November was June. Snow fell daily from 24 November to June wind N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm 30 November and covered the ground from Days 3 3 0 1 3 6 4 9 1 25 November with a maximum depth of 7 July 2010 Warm and dry with less sunshine cm. than usual and a preponderance of south- Nov. wind N NE E SE S SW w NW Calm westerly winds. The maximum of 31.7°C Days 4 3 2 2 0 4 2 5 8 on 10 July was the hottest day locally since 26 July 2006. The countryside showed signs December 2010 Locally it was the coldest of distress due to deficient rainfall. December since 1981 with the temperature remaining below freezing for 130 hours be- July wind N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm twen 16 and 22 December. Snow, mainly Days 0 10 0 2 16 6 4 2 slight, fell on twelve days and covered the August 2010 As so often, nature restores ground for eighteen. With the ground fro- the balance; the monthly rainfall total was zen to a depth of 10 cm it was obviously a in excess of double the average. There was a difficult period for many species of birds. total absence of any settled weather and the As is usually the case in cold winter months highest temperature for the month in the it was dry and there was an absence of United Kingdom was 26.7°C at Weybourne wind. The lowest screen minimum, on 18 on 21 August. The night of 20 August was December, was -17.0°C at Buxton

84 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Days with thunder 8 Dec. wind N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm Days 3 5 1111 2 5 12 Days with gales 1 11 November Annual summary 2010 Longest period with no measurable rain

Total rainfall 741.2 mm 14 days (12-25 May inclusive) 114% of mean Days with fog (09.00 hrs) 16

at 09.00 hrs Wettest day 25 Au g, 20.9 mm Mean cloud cover 69% Wind direction at 09.00 hrs (days): Days with rain recorded 200 North 30 Days with sleet or snow 48 North-east 48 Days with snow lying 46 East 16 South-east 16 Highest maximum temperature 31.7°C South 25 10 July South-west 60 Lowest maximum temperature -3.2°C West 53 20 December North-west 65 Highest minimum temperature 19.5°C Calm 52 21 August Annual mean maximum temp. 13.3°C Lowest minimum temperature -11.6°C Annual mean minimum temp. 5.4°C 18 December Annual mean temperature 9.3°C Lowest grass min. temperaure - 12.4°C coldest since 1987 18 December 84 Air frosts N. Brooks Fellow Royal Meteorological Soci Ground frosts 131 ety 1 The Croft, Old Costessey, Norwich

Days with hail 8 NR8 5DT.

Wildlife Report 2010

Butterflies

Andy Brazil

If the headline event of 2010 was the sud- rarely visited. Like many others, I had the den arrival of Silver-washed Fritillaries dispiriting experience of trudging through in some numbers, the most significant a 2 km x 2 km square only to report a non-event was the virtual absence of Pea- Meadow Brown and perhaps a white. It is cocks from many sites. In fact many of the sobering to report how few butterflies exist nymphalids suffered declines this year. By in the agricultural heart of the county. Of- contrast, many of the lycaenids (blues and ten it was only in and around gardens that hairstreaks) did well, particularly Green other species appeared, although horse Hairstreak and Holly Blue. paddocks and organic farmland proved Atlas surveys diverted some recorders into that butterflies could survive in the wider new and previously unrecorded areas; for countryside, once removed from pesticides

most it was soon obvious why they were and intensive farming.

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 85 This diversion of recorder effort away the 17 July and a Purple Emperor from just from the coasts and into the centre of the north of California were not accepted into

county is perhaps behind some declines in the database. In the first case the possibil- the number of tetrads reported for some ity of confusion with White-letter was felt species such as Wall Brown and Grayling. to be too great for what would be only the However, our solid background of regulars second ever Norfolk record (the first being who report from their garden and Tocal at Shropham on 16 July 1974), and in the patches' ensured the broad comparability second even the observer was only inclined of reports year on year. Over half of tet- to assess the sighting as 'probable'. In both rads were visited in both years and many cases, however, the possibility of dispersal squares newly visited were close to others from existing sites is not too improbable - visited last year and should not affect com- but it would probably require a photo or a parisons. The Brecks were, however, not long-staying individual to confirm such a covered as intensively this year as last, with claim. concomitant effect on reported figures for No major migration was reported in 2010, some of their speciality species. As always, although there was a slow drift of Large where I give a figure or date in the species Whites in across the east coast through accounts, the corresponding 2009 data July and early August. These probably is given in brackets. I have been able this represented quite large numbers in total, year to use the provisional figures from the but on any particular day no more than a national transect population study, which few thousand came in - some 2-3 an hour show the population increase or decrease across each kilometre of coastline. Clouded from 2009. These show that 2010 was a good Yellow was very rare, with reports from year for many rarer species, but poorer for only 8 tetrads (39). These were on 30 July (2 more common ones - just as seen in the reports), 31 July (2), 23 August (3) and 7 Oc- Norfolk data. tober (1). Nationally, transect reports were Painted Finally, 1 should mention some of the more down by 90% (and Lady was down unusual reports. A single Marbled White by 99% - unsurprising given the large mi- from Dersingham Bog reported by a visitor gration in the previous year). Camberwell Beauty also rare: to the warden on 19 July is not that unu- were only four reports sual - the species exists in Cambridgeshire (3) 17 April Strumpshaw village, 28 June Titchwell RSPB reserve - viewed by many and 1 suspect many wind-blown visitors go unnoticed and unreported. The report of folk in the car park - it stayed until at least the at a Monarch, however, from on 1 2 July. On 11 July one was West Acre July came as something of a surprise, as did and one on the Pedders Way near Holme. the second received a few days later (com- Species Accounts plete with photograph!), an insect seen on 26 June in Mannington Hall. This later re- Dingy Skipper port included, however, the identity of the Recorded from 12 (17) tetrads. The apparent breeder who had released them. Another fall is illusionary, it merely reflects tetrads release kindly reported to us was of Marsh along the cut-off channel surveyed in 2009 Fritillary - a total of 27 adults were released and not visited in 2010. In fact one new tet- on a site in north-east Norfolk between the rad was added this year, suggesting colony 24 May and the 2 June. One at least survived spread. The largest number seen was 40 there until the 6 June, when it produced a (SH) (20); earliest 10 May (SH) (29 April), dramatic sighting for one recorder, una- latest 3 June (i) (29 May). These dates reflect ware of its provenance. A Black Hairstreak a late spring this year, with many species reported from Kings Lynn Golf Course on playing catch-up through the season.

86 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Grizzled Skipper first, that a book featuring British and Eu- ropean butterflies is not a good choice for Recorded from 11 (14) tetrads. A report the beginner; secondly, the importance of from Kelling Heath (PG1) is extremely odd. not organising guide books alphabetically. It seems inconceivable that a colony could First seen 20 April), last 24 have been overlooked for so long on such March (MC) (5 June (SR) June), with an exceptional a well visited site, and this suggests a pos- (25 records on 31 August (TN), indicating a sible release - particularly since we know rare second brood. The largest count was of a breeder in the area. It has therefore not plus been included in the tetrad total above. The 20 (75). (PG1) ear- largest number seen was 30 (20) ; Green Hairstreak liest 23 April (TC) (29 April), latest 3 June Reported from 39 tetrads (43). In Norwich (i) (29 May). it took advantage of habitat restoration Small/Essex/Large Skippers work done by the Mousehold Defenders to colonise the slope in front of the prison, Nationally these did extremely badly, re- and several reports were received from cording some of their worst numbers since Marriot's Way near Costessey and from the 1976. It was the second worst year for Essex bottom of Sloughbottom Park in Norwich. Skipper (-33% on 2009) and third worst The largest count was 14 (14). The main year for Small Skipper. Casual records flight period was 20 April (NL) (19 April) do not permit such detail, but the largest to 15 June (PG1) (12 June), with just two numbers reported fell for all three species. records after that, on 28 June (JW) and 9 Perhaps one positive outcome of the cur- July (TN). rent economic situation might be a decline in local council's manic desperation to cut Purple Hairstreak grass verges to billiard table height, as these Reported from 41 (57) tetrads. A slight are all species that need long grass. decline after last year's bumper crop might

Swallowtail have been expected, yet 32 of those tetrads were new to the Atlas period. I was fortu- Reported from 21 tetrads (22). It is almost nate enough to discover one feeding at knee impossible to distinguish broods in the height in a garden centre on a potted plant data. From the first record on the 14 May - it is not often you get to look down on a (TN) (15 May), insects were seen almost Purple Hairstreak. The largest count was 40 every day until 31 August (EG) (16 August). (30+); earliest 25 June (MC) (24 June), latest The longest gap was between 15 July and 29 12 August (AW) (22 August). July, when only four individuals were seen. A single caterpillar sitting on a single Milk White-Letter Hairstreak

Parsley plant in the middle of Winterton Reported from 29 tetrads (43). Again, 20 Dunes in August was much photographed were new squares, reflecting continued - it must have been the driest spot with a work by the White-letter Hairstreak survey caterpillar in Norfolk. The largest count team. The earliest on the 30 June (MGr) was 15 (RS). (26 June) was an outlier, the main season started on 10 July (PG1, DB), with the latest Orange-tip

7 August (ABa) (25 July) ; highest count 17 An exceptional year. Nationally it produced (AT). its third best count ever, while in Norfolk Small it was so common that even the general Copper public noticed the females; resulting in my An astonishingly early report of 2 seen 25 receiving calls to report 'Bath White' and March (CJ) (21 April) from Waveney For- 'Dappled White'. This indicates two things: est was an outlier, the main season was 18

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 87 April (MC) to 2 October (30 October) (ABr, able on such a small site and I would expect AM). A single of the form caeruleopunctata a dramatically smaller count next year, as was reported from Horsey Mill. Seen in competition for food among the large 167 tetrads (186), the decline possibly due number of larvae produced will be intense. to recorder effort being redirected. Largest Dark-green Fritillary count 13 (MG1) (33). Nationally recorded a 38% increase, but Brown Argus not in Norfolk, where it again had a poor

Nationally it recorded its third best year year at its main site at Horsey. First seen ever - with an 85% increase on the previous 25 June (MR) (21 June) then daily until 8 year, and continued to spread from its his- August (PT) (9 August). Then two separate toric distribution. Recent research suggests sightings on 4 September (MR, DW) (1 this is due to climatic conditions allowing September). Highest count 200 (225), again it to switch from using predominantly from the north coast, with Horsey only Rock Rose Helianthemum nummularium to managing a high of 42. Something is clearly geraniums such as Dove's-foot Cranesbill amiss here, just a few years ago counts of Geranium molle. The first on 28 April (MC) 300-400 were common. was an outlier; the main flight period was Silver-washed Fritillary 9 May (10 May) to 22 September (MGr) (14 There were 33 reports, covering 16 tetrads, September); highest count 13 (MGw) (12). 9 August. than Only one marked individual was reported between 16 July and More one individual was seen at Beccles, Cley, (other than by the researchers) from the Sheringham, Foxley, Holkham, study mentioned in last year's report, and Wood, Swangey Fen, West Runton and Holt that was in Suffolk. Country Park, but any wood in the east or Common Blue near the Suffolk border with abundant vio- A very good year, with two counts of over lets could be the site of a new colony. a hundred (JD, JL). Nationally it showed an White Admiral increase of 146% over 2009 to produce the Nationally second best year recorded. Reported from up 90%. Recorded from 57 (67) squares this year, but many were new 263 tetrads (258). First 9 May, (i) (29 April), squares. It continues its march westward last 4 September (MR) (8 October). on the North Norfolk coast and also ap- Holly Blue peared for the first time in two new 10km Recorded from 216 squares (140). The most squares (TF70 and TL79). This is now a but- likely butterfly to be reported from tetrad terfly that should be present in any wood

surveying after browns and whites, it is with Honeysuckle north of a line from recorded from a third of all tetrads. Nation- Hunstanton to Beccles, and at present rates ally showed a 156% increase on 2009. First will cover all suitable habitat by 2020. First seen 18 March (MC) (20 March), that brood seen 28 June (PG1) (24 June), last 6 August ended by 2 July (JL). The second brood (FF, AMo) (8 August), with two outliers: 20 started around 13 July and was last seen 15 August (BA) and 30 August (FF). Again, no September (MGr) (7 September). extra brood from Holkham this year. High- est count 20 (PT). Chalkhill Blue Nationally up 74%, our colony outstripped Red Admiral

that with a highest count of 240 (MG1) (25). This had a poor year, a combination of poor First seen on 24 July (MGo) (28 July), last immigration and low survival over winter.

seen on 22 August (BC survey) (25 August). Nationally it fell by 5%, but it seemed

Such an increase is probably not sustain- scarcer in Norfolk. First seen 14 March (i)

88 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) (5 February), last 15 November (PG1) (1 De- (a) so few peacocks survived the winter cember), illustrating how the cold cut short that they did not meet and breed and thus the season at both ends of the year. few eggs were laid; (b) something affected

the larval food plant (nettles); (c) parasites Small Tortoiseshell attacked the eggs or young larvae, meaning Reported from 40% of tetrads surveyed they never spun webs. (60% in 2009). Such a fall is not just redirec- tion of recorders, as most species showed The first possibility seems unlikely, as most comparable rates for both years, but indi- counts were normal for emerging insects in cates a genuine decline. First seen 16 March the first few weeks of the season. It is true (many recorders) (17 January), last 30 Octo- that nearly all the nettle-feeding species of ber (Dio) (10 December). The highest count butterfly declined, but I observed sites that of 30 from Yarmouth Cemetery (ABr) was historically have supported high numbers the only indication of immigration (211). of Peacock larvae and the nettles were there, in usual numbers and not obviously Peacock diseased. However, all the nettle feeders A major decline in the east coast counties had a bad year, so there may have been a from Essex to Northumberland was report- problem we were not seeing. ed, but completely normal results from the west of the UK. Since the cold weather was When coupled with the fact that the crash actually worse in the west this is puzzling. was only observed in the east coast coun- There were 680 reported sightings (1573) ties, however, there is the possibility that representing 33% of tetrads surveyed we may have a new parasite/predator (58%). Transect data shows a virtual dis- coming over from the continent. I would appearance after the second week in May ask recorders, therefore, to pay particular

(Figure 1). attention to any Peacock larvae found in May/June and to collect any which appear 25 diseased or parasitized. Please either post them to me (place each caterpillar in a twist

of tissue paper and wedge it in a circular section of an empty toilet roll before plac- ing in an envelope marked fragile), or rear them yourself and capture any parasites that emerge, then forward those to me (af- ter putting them in the freezer for a day). Comma

Nationally declined by 31%, but appears to Weeks from 1 April have held up better than the other nympha- Figure 1. Peacock numbers. Marston Marsh lids in Norfolk. First seen 13 January (MH) transect; 2009 and 2010. but the main season was 16 March (i) (11 March) to 19 October (EG) (25 October), There was also a near-complete absence of just one sighting after that, on 3 November caterpillars: no larval webs at all were re- (i). Reported from 39% of tetrads surveyed ported after the first flight period. Clearly (41%). some caterpillars must have survived, or there would have been no second brood Speckled Wood Peacocks, and these were seen, but the Appears to have been badly hit by the cold webs were certainly not observed. winter, certainly not as commonly seen as There are three possibilities for this crash: in previous years. Nationally declined by

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) - 89 34%. The first sighting on 24 March (MC) (MC), P Cawley, D Cheyne, P Childs, P Clarke, J Clifton B Cobbold (BCo), F Cooke, T Court (TC), S Crafer was exceptional, the next was 6 April (MC) (JC), (SC), N Davies, C & A Dawson, B & V Dawsons, A (5 April), the last 16 October (PT) (28 Octo- Dixon, A Dodgson, L Dorward, J Dossetor, R Driscoll

ber); highest count 20 (77). (RD), J & G Dunmore (JD), R Edmunds, A Edwards,

J Emerson, Mrs Emery, D Fairhead, E Fairweather, F Wall Brown Farrow (FF), P Feakes, G Fletcher, K Flowerday, L Free- lfree, Gasson, Geeson, E George (EG), M Ghul- Nationally its third worse year, declining M J & J lam, M Glyn, M Gluth (MG1), P Gluth (PG1), M Golley 21% from 2009. An early sighting on 22 (MGo), M Green, M Greenland (MGr), H Greenland, March (}C) was exceptional, the main flight E Goodyear, P Goodyear, M Gwilliam (MGw), R Had-

period was 11 May (PG1) (6 May) to 18 June man (RH), J Halls, M Harcup, J Harling, S Harrap, D Hatton, S Hearle, P Heath, Hemmings, D Hip- (RD) (16 June), then 30 June (MW) (19 July) J J person, R Hoe, Holman, G Hooton, M How (MH), P to 12 September (RH) (31 August), and then Howling, J Hulbert, K Husband, P Ingham, T Irwin, C

21 September (MR) and 30 September (MR, Jacobs (CJ), J Jarvis, F Jolliffe, D Jones, E Kallioniemi, RH) suggesting a third brood. A paper in D Kennett, A Kerr, P Kitchener, D Knight, M Lane, Lawson, N Lawton (NL), V Lea, R Lee, D Leech, preparation suggests that this species has J J Levien (JL), D Longden,, D Longe (DLo), P Lorber, R now adopted a double brooded strategy Lucking, A Maguire, J Manners, A Mason, R Mason, A

inland, and maintains a three-brooded life- Maxwell, D Mee, J Metcalf, P Millard, G and S Miller, style only on the coast. It argues that this A Monteath (AMo), D & K Moss, S Moss, T Moverley, A Musgrove (AM), T Needham (TN), D Newland, D shift explains the decline in non-coastal Nice, D Nobbs, N Owens, B Palmer, P Parker, R Park- areas seen in the data. er, J & C Parr, S Paston, S Pennell, S Perry, E Phipps, S Plant, T Prichard, S Prowse, B & B Pummell, M Riches Grayling (MR), D & R Richmond, A Riley, S Rix (SR), R Rog-

Far fewer records this year: 53 (190), and ers, T Rollins, M Rooney, C Ross, J Rowe, M Rowe, M Rowe, A Russell, D Ruthven, K Saul, T Shingler, T & fewer high counts, suggest a poor year. The T Stevens, C R Stevenson, R Stewart (RS), W Stewart, first sighting on June (MR) was exception- 4 M Stolworthy, E Stubbings, M Sweeney, Dr P Taylor, al, it was not seen again till 7 July (AMo) P Taylor (PT), S Thane, B Thompsett, A Thompson (AT), Tickle, Tinker, Tyler-Smith, Wagstaff, (14 June), then till 4 September (many) (1 E J C J C Ward, Warham, C Watkinson, BR Watts, West (JW), September). Just one sighting after this, on J J D Whitehouse, C Whiting, R Williamson, J Wilson, D 30 September (MR). Highest count 100 plus Withrington (DW), A Woodrow (AW), P Woolnough, (BCo) (147). M Wright (MW), S Wright, E Yeomans, K Zealand,

Small Heath Records were also received via Rare Bird Alert, NWT and NBIS. Others were taken from postings on vari- Main flight period 9 May (PG1) (9 May) until ous internet forums and photo-sites. These are shown

22 September (MGr, PT) (24 September). as 'i' in the accounts above. Surveying unvisited tetrads has shown that this species occurs more widely than the data had previously shown, with 23 A. Brazil 68 Albany Road, Great Yar- new tetrads found. There remain, however, mouth, NR31 0EE

12 10km squares where it was not recorded [email protected] during the Atlas period, whereas it was absent from only two such squares in the 82-89 Atlas.

Records were received from the following

individuals - my thanks to them all:

Agent76, A Abercrombie, J Alloway, B & Y Anderson (BA), D Appleton, L Bacon, D Balmer (DB), A Banwell (ABa), P Barkham, P Bedford, P Benson, P Benson, H

Beynon, J Bingham, I Boston, P & C Boyes, A Brazil (ABr), K Brett, M Brewster, R Briscombe, C Brooker, A Brown, M Burge, A Burkin, A & B Carpenter, M Casey

90 Trans. Norfolk Norivich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Wildlife Report 2010

Dragonflies

Pam Taylor

2010 was a relatively uneventful year for in Norfolk, but for the third year running, most of our resident dragonflies. As in many individuals were recorded at Sutton Fen previous years, the flying season started RSPB reserve. A few were also recorded at towards the end of April and numbers of where it was first found in most species were as expected throughout 2006. the summer. Migrants were few and far be- Migrants tween, but there were a few arrivals from Winterton provided of the mi- the continent, plus some wandering indi- Dunes many viduals within the county. grant records for this year, with August be- ing a particularly good month at the site. Banded Demoiselle Calopteryx splendens Southern Emerald Damselfly Lestes bar- Recorded in good numbers from a wide barus A single male was seen at Winterton range of sites, this species appears to be Dunes on 7/8 August and a female on 22 spreading within the county. Most recently August. it appears to have moved into many areas of north-west Norfolk, as well sites in the Willow Emerald Lestes viridis Recorded Attleborough to Diss region. from Strumpshaw Fen in August and early September. Up to three pairs were noted Scarce Emerald Damselfly Lestes dryas and ovipositing into overhanging willows Away from its usual strongholds in Breck- was observed. land, this species was also recorded from two sites north-east of Holt and from Swan- Southern Migrant Hawker Aeshna affinis ton Novers. Male recorded at Winterton Dunes on 22 August. Small Red-eyed Damselfly Erytliromma viridulum This recent colonist is now es- Yellow-winged Darter Sympetrum flaveo- tablished throughout the county with many lum One male reported from Winterton of its main sites being in east Norfolk. It Dunes on 6 August. seems to be equally happy inhabiting small Red-veined Darter Sympetrum fonscolom- ponds or larger waterbodies. bii A single male was observed at Walsey

Norfolk Hawker Aeshna isosceles Despite Hills near Cley on 3 June and one seen at in reasonable weather in June, its main fly- Lake mid-July. ing month, numbers reported from many Recording continues for both a new nation- sites in 2010 were lower than usual. Only al atlas, due for publication in 2013, and for at Strumpshaw Fen, Hill, Upton Fen How a revised Norfolk atlas, so if you have any Catfield and Fen were numbers as expect- dragonfly records please send them to me ed. Within the area, there Norwich were as County Recorder. We are currently tar- records from Marston Marsh and the Riv- geting under-recorded areas and I can sup- er Wensum at Hellesdon. One wandering ply details of these on request. individual was noted at Felbrigg Lake in early June. Dr P. Taylor Decoy Farm, Decoy Road, Pot- ter Heigham, Norfolk NR29 5LX Downy Emerald Cordulia aenea This spe- cies has only one major breeding site with- [email protected]

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 91 Wildlife Report 2010

Orthoptera

David Richmond

It is now ten years since the publication of Stokesby and Filby (all in TG41). This is an the millennium distribution maps in the under-worked square probably deserving Grasshoppers and Allied Insects of Norfolk more attention. (N&NNS Occasional Publication No. 7). In Late dates that book, the author wrote of the seden- tary nature of the orthoptera, often tied to Long-winged Conehead was recorded un- the history of the landscape. til 2 November in Reepham, where Field Grasshopper survived until 5 November. We now know that this is not always the There was then a period of cold tempera- case, and over the last ten years two spe- tures with strong winds and rain. The last cies in particular, Roesel's Bush-cricket and Dark Bush-cricket was heard on 12 Novem- Long-winged Conehead, have demonstrat- ber. There were frosts on the 15 and 16 of ed the ability of the fully-winged orthop- November but Speckled Bush-cricket man- terans to colonise an entire county within aged to survive until 21 November before a decade. cold wet weather set in again, followed by Short-winged Conehead, Stripe-winged long-lasting snow on 24 November. Grasshopper and Lesser Marsh Grasshop- Distribution maps per have also shown dispersal tendencies. OAK BUSH-CRICKET Meconema thalassinum For the other species, there has been a lot of tetrad infilling through recorder effort, and a full set of updated distribution maps is given at the end of this report. In these maps, solid squares show the core distribu- tion as recorded over the last twenty years of the 20th Century, while open squares and crosses show range expansion / new records in the periods 2001-5 and 2006-10 respectively.

There were very few observations of partic- ular note during 2010, but the discovery of Bog Bush-cricket and Stripe-winged Grass- hopper on restored heathland at Cawston is worthy of mention. The former species is present in the adjacent mature heathland to the north, but there is no obvious source of colonisation for Stripe-winged Grasshop- per other than the 21st Century dispersal tendencies noted above.

Jeremy Halls had an interesting record of Short-winged Conehead at Cow Tower pond in Norwich, and also found three Key: (earliest record in review period) new tetrads for Dark Bush-cricket at Oby, 1981-2000 2001-2005 X 2006-2010

92 Trails. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) DARK BUSH-CRICKET Pholidoptera griseoaptera SHORT-WINGED CONEHEAD Conocephalus dorsalis

BOG BUSH-CRICKET Metrloptera brachyptera SPECKLED BUSH-CRICKET Leptophyes punctatissima

SLENDER GROUNDHOPPER Tetrix subulata

LONG-WINGED CONEHEAD Conocephalus discolor COMMON GROUNDHOPPER Tetrix undulata

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 93 STRIPE-WINGED GRASSHOPPER Stenobothrus lineatus LESSER MARSH GRASSHOPPER Chorthippus albomarginatus

COMMON GREEN GRASSHOPPER Omocestus viridulus

FIELD GRASSHOPPER Chorthippus brunneus Key: (earliest record in review period) 1981-2000 2001-2005 X 2006-2010

D.I. Richmond 42 Richmond Rise, Reep- ham, Norfolk, NR10 4LS

MEADOW GRASSHOPPER Chorthippus parallelus

94 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) )

Wildlife Report 2010 Bumblebees

David Richmond

Despite the popularity of the group most ing increasingly reported along the north species remain under-recorded. This is par- Norfolk coast. In August 2010 Nick Owens ticularly the case for the difficult-to-identify discovered a colony at the western end of cuckoo bees. I am grateful to Nick Owens Weybourne Camp. for his continuing work in north Norfolk Bombus bohemicus (cuckoo of B.lucorum) and in the Stanford Training Area, and to Reported from East Ruston and the Stan- all other recorders who have submitted ford Training Area (Owens). records. Details are given below of all 2010 Bombus rupestris (cuckoo of B .lapidarius) records of the less common bumblebees There were five records during July and and cuckoo bees. An up-to-date account of August from Mulbarton (Harvey), Buxton all is given in the 'species guides' species Great Wood (Richmond) and Holt, Kelling section of the Society's website (www. Heath and Kelling Hard (Owens). These nnns.org.uk) provide continuing evidence of the recov- Bombus jonellus Nick Owens reported an ery of this species, which suffered a signifi- active nest of this heathland specialist in a cant decline over the last third of the 20th bird box on Kelling Heath on the late date century. of 15 October. Bombus barbutellus (cuckoo of B.hortorum

Despite the ubiquity of its host, this species Bombus hypnorum This species is a recent is rarely reported. Nick Owens found two colonist of Great Britain and is uniquely males on knapweed and scabious at Wey- identified by its ginger thorax and promi- bourne in August. nent white tip to the abdomen. It was re- ported from thirteen widely scattered lo- calities in east Norfolk during 2010. D.I. Richmond 42 Richmond Rise, Reep-

Bombus muscorum This species is be- ham, Norfolk, NR10 4LS

Wildlife Report 2010

Vascular plants

Bob Ellis

There were three major discoveries during of Holly-leaved Naiad Najas marina out-

2010 in Norfolk. One of these has already side its Broadland strongholds; it was dis- been reported elsewhere: Wood Club-rush covered in a lake on an east Norfolk estate Scirpus sylvaticus was seen for the first time by Carl Saver. The precise location remains in Norfolk since the 19 th century at Derby confidential. Fen, Grimston (Beckett 2010). The third, Marsh Clubmoss Lycopodiella in- The second exciting find is the occurrence undata , was found at two sites, one in the

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) ~ - 95 west of the county at Bawsey by Robin Ste- Narrow-fruited Cornsalad Valerianella venson (see photo on inside back cover), the dentata

first sighting since 1942 for vice-county 28, , TG03Q (Emily Swan). In an arable and one in the east at . About margin. The first East Norfolk record since ten years ago an attempt was made to re-in- Petch & Swann's Flora was published in troduce Marsh Clubmoss at Buxton Heath, 1968. but it disappeared soon afterwards and the Vulnerable re-introduction site was some two to three hundred metres to the east of where Rachel Stinking Chamomile Anthemis cotula

Richmond found it early in 2010. Whether Apparently 2010 was a good year for this this small colony is a survival of that re-in- species but it may just be a case of visiting troduction or a result natural resurgence or the right area at the right time. dispersal is a matter of conjecture. Prior to Bunwell Bottom, TM19C. Margins of a this, the most recent record that I am aware wheat field. of for East Norfolk was made in 1971. In- Burston and Shimpling, TM18L (Flora cidentally, whilst visiting Buxton Heath to Group). In field beans. look at the Marsh Clubmoss, Martin Rand Alburgh and Denton, TM28T. Widespread spotted a hybrid thistle Cirsium xforsteri (C. in oil-seed rape, wheat, field beans, sugar dissectum x C. palustre), the first record for beet and fallow. Norfolk since 1975, when it was recorded Peter at secalinus bvJ Francis Rose and LambleyJ Rye Brome Bromus Common. Apparently continuing to spread.

Saxlingham Nethergate, TM29I. In field Marsh Clubmoss is classified as Endangered on the Red Data List and Holly-leaved beans. Naiad as Vulnerable. Other 2010 records Denton, TM28Z. Edge of a track. in 'new' tetrads since A Flora of Norfolk Acle Marshes, TG40T (Bob Ellis and Bob (Beckett et al. 2001), for species classified as Leanev). Edge of a grazing marsh. Endangered or Vulnerable on the Red Data Slender Hare's-ear Bupleurum tenuissimum List, are as follows. Berney Marshes, TG40T (Bob Ellis and Bob

It first this area Critically endangered Leanev). was reported from in 2001 by Craig Robson and was also re- Crested Buckler Fern Dryopteris cristata corded here in 2005 (Flora Group) as well , (British Pteridologi- TG32K as in the adjacent tetrad TG40S. This is the cal Society excursion). only site in Norfolk where Slender Hare's- Shepherd's-needle Scandix pecten-veneris ear has been recorded since 2000 and it is Tibenham, TM18J (Hatty Aldridge and Bob quite frequent in parts of a long, narrow Ellis). Margins of a wheat field. strip of well cattle-trampled grazing marsh just to the landward side of the Breydon Endangered wall.

Annual Knawel Scleranthus annuus Frogbit Hydrocharis morsns-ranae Pensthorpe Reserve, TL92P (Flora Group). Sutton Fen, TG32R (Flora Group). Wide- In some quantity. spread - it is possible that these particular ditches were not recorded for A Flora of Greater Water-parsnip Shim latifolium Norfolk (Beckett et al. 2001). West Harling, TL98S (Flora Group). First

recorded here in 2002, it was much reduced Henbane Hyoscyamus niger in 2010 since low water levels had allowed , TG04H. Reported by Simon Har-

cattle to graze and trample it. rap and also by Thomas Wood.

96 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) .

Smooth Cat's-ear Hypochaeris glabra Pensthorpe Reserve, TL92P (Flora Group).

Booton, TG12B (Bob Ellis and Mary Ghul- lam). Sandy edge of a roadside passing place with Mossy Stonecrop Crassula tillaea,

Common Cudweed Filago vulgaris, Bird's- foot Ornithopus perpusillus and Hoary Cin- quefoil Potentilla argentea in the immediate vicinity.

WeasePs-snout Misopates orontium Cawston, TG12R (Flora Group). Edge of a potato field.

Marsham, TG12W. In sugar beet.

Prickly Poppy Papaver argemone Flitcham with Appleton, TF72J (Simon Harrap).

South Lopham, TM08K (Bob Ellis and Mary Figure 1 . Yarrow Broomrape records in Ghullam). On a roadside verge. Norfolk since 1 987. Briston, TG03Q. A cultivated uncropped margin beside barley.

Borrehs Saltmarsh-grass Puccinellia fas- ciculata Marshes, TG04R, S & W (Bob El- lis & Emma Harris). Cattle-trampled areas of grazing marshes.

Prickly Saltwort Salsola kali subsp. kali , TG24Q (Flora Group).

Mundesley, TG33D (Bob Ellis and Mary Ghullam).

Walcott, TG33R (Flora Group).

Night-flowering Catchfly Silene noctiflora

This is another plant that seems to have done well in 2010 (but the same caveat giv- en for Stinking Chamomile applies). , TF81C (Robin Stevenson and Frances Schumann).

North Creake, TF83I (Gillian and Ken Beck- ett). In the corner of a beet field.

Warham, TF94L (Flora Group). In wheat stubble. Figure 2. Distribution of Yarrow Broomrape

Binham, TF94V (Bob Ellis and Hattv in the British Isles (based on the BSBI Maps Aldridge). In a 'conservation mix' includ- Scheme:www.bsbima ps.org.uk/atlas). ing Fodder Radish, Gold-of-pleasure, Where post-1987 records are known to be

White Mustard, Phacelia and Millet. just from a single site they are marked 1

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Fomcett, TM19H. In sugar beet. and were last seen Woodbastwick, TG31G (Bob Leaney). In in 1988 and 1998 respectively. sugar beet. In the British Isles Yarrow Broomrape has a

Corn Spurrey Spergula arvensis very clustered, widely separated, distribu- Pensthorpe Reserve, TL92P (Flora Group). tion with centres in northeast Norfolk, on In an area sown with a 'wild flower' mix- the Isle of Wight and in the Channel Isles, with a of isolated populations ture, but presumably this was from the but number seed bank. elsewhere (Figure 2); most populations are small (Wiggington 1999). This suggests that Caistor St Edmund TG20M. In sugar beet. , dispersal may be very local in the main, Wortwell, TM28S. In maize. A new 10 km but perhaps with occasional long-distance square record. events. It also may mean that there is some

degree of genetic isolation, especially as it Marsh Stitchwort Stellaria palustris has been suggested that the flowers may St Benet's Abbey, TG31X (Flora Group). normally be self-pollinated (Wiggington

Yarrow Broomrape Orobanche purpurea 1999). It is a plant that appears to live 'life

Although it was not recorded in any 'new' on the edge', favouring vulnerable habitats tetrads. Yarrow Broomrape seems to have like roadside verges and crumbling cliffs had a good year in the Trimmingham area and it is often difficult to envisage what

(see photo on inside back cover). It was re- conservation measures might be taken to ported from three new locations, including assist its survival. Even in churchyards it is the slumped cliffs (Flora Group), a broad at risk from unfavourable mowing regimes. grass roadside verge just into Mundesley On the positive side, it is a parasite of a very parish (Paul Houghton), it in common host. Yarrow Achillea millefolium it and flowered ; great abundance (hundreds of spikes) in a produces prolific seed that is thought to re- small horse-grazed field, an event that was main viable for long periods and it is found reported independently by a number of in a range of grasslands, from tall and rank people. to much shorter swards.

Yarrow Broomrape, often called 'Purple References Broomrape', is listed as Vulnerable on the BECKETT, G. 2010. Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. current List is Red Data but not treated as 43(1): 150-151 a priority species in the Biodiversity UK BECKETT, G„ BUTT, A.L. & STEVENSON, C.R. 1999. Action Plan. The coastal band of northeast A Flora of Norfolk. Privately published.

Norfolk from Sheringham to Mundesley, CHEFFINGS, C.M. & FARRELL, L. (eds.) 2005. Vie inland as far as Southrepps, is a particular Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain. stronghold for Yarrow Broomrape and the Note. The Red Data List has been revised several times and the most recent revision is available at only records for the county since 2000 have www.bsbi. org.uk/resources.html come from this area (Figure 1). Indeed, a NICHOLSON, W.A. 1914, A Flora of Norfolk. glance at Kirby Trimmer's 1866 Flora shows STACE, C.A. 2010. Nezc Flora of the British Isles 3 rd edn. that this was the case in the nineteenth cen- Cambridge University Press. tury (when it was known as Orobanche caer- TRIMMER, K. 1866. Flora of Norfolk. ulea). He lists Weybourne, near Mundelsey WIGGINGTON, M.J. (ed.) 1999. British Red Data and rd Trimingham, Beeston, , and Books: 1. Vascular Plants 3 edn. Joint Nature Con- Sheringham. Furthermore, the first known servation Committee. British record (1779) is listed in Sowerbv's R.W. Ellis 11 English Botany : a single specimen near Havelock Road, Norwich Northrepps reported by a Mr Scarles (quot- NR2 3HQ

ed in Nicholson 1914). Modern outliers at bob@elvmus . demon, co .uk

98 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Wildlife Report 2010

Lichens

Peter Lambley

In October 2009 Ashley Murray found a East Norfolk, with a particularly strong single well-developed thallus of Cetraria colony on willows Salix spp. at Sparham. islandica at Sugar Fen near Leziate, amongst It appears to be responding to changing Heather Calluna vulgaris. This species was air quality and possibly to climate change. known until the mid-1990s from Ling Heath An interesting find in 2011 was Mycoglaena near King's Lynn but was not found when myricae, which grows on the stems of Bog- searched for in 1995. The habitat at Ling myrtle Myrica gale. It is known from the Heath, bryophytes under birch and pine, north and west of Britain, with another had not changed. Its disappearance might population in the New Forest. Its discovery have been put down to climate change, as at Woodbastwick Fen and then Roydon it is normally a montane species in Britain, Common was not really a surprise, as Bog- but it had survived for over a hundred myrtle has long been known there: it was, years at Ling since its discovery there by however, new to East Anglia. Plowright. Perhaps more significant were Surveys of churchyards have yielded a the deer droppings in the vicinity and it number of new species for the county, in- may be more likely that its disappearance cluding Lecanora pruinosa found by Chris was due to the burgeoning deer population , Hitch at Blakeney Church. This is a species in the area. This second site, with one that was thought to be extinct in the British thallus, was therefore a complete surprise. Isles until its rediscovery in southern Eng- Despite an intensive search of the area no land in 1993; it is now known from quite a more could be found. There remains the few sites in central-southern England and in feeling that in the King's Lynn area there is another population lurking somewhere. a narrow band extending north-eastwards into . The genus Lecania is a dif- Searches also for have been undertaken ficult one and Lecania inundata and Lecania another disappearing species, Anaptychia suavis are both now known from Norfolk ciliaris a lichen that grows on Ash Fraxinus , churches. In 1989 Lecania coerulescens was excelsior and elm Ulmus spp. It was last seen found on Foulsham Church. This species in 1992, at Hilborough Park and Fritton was previously known and described by Common, but recent searches of these and a lichenologist called Mudd from North other former sites have failed to find it. It Yorkshire in the nineteenth century. It ap- is a species that is declining everywhere, pears that the Foulsham site is currently although the causes are not understood. A the only known site for this species, which species with a similar ecology, Pleurosticta is only recorded from the British Isles. acetabulum , is also declining and has gone Whilst it may be found elsewhere in due from all of its Norfolk sites except Guist, course, the entire known world population where there is still a strong colony high on currently occurs on two window ledges. A a Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus. recent exciting find was made during a visit On a more positive note a number of spe- by the British Lichen Society churchyard cies have been recorded for the first time on group to south Norfolk, when Miriquidica trees in Norfolk, including the very attrac- pycnocarpa was found on a sandstone tomb tive Candelaria concolor, which is turning in Saxlingham Nethergate churchyard. This up in scattered localities in both West and is an upland and montane species not pre-

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 99 viously recorded from the lowlands. The P.W.Lambley The Cottage, Elsing Road, group also recorded 106 species on Ash- Lyng, Norfolk NR9 5RR wellthorpe church and churchyard making it the richest so far recorded in Norfolk. [email protected]

Wildlife Report 2010

Fungi

Tony Leech

Despite the fact that over 3200 species of sinuous and convoluted pores rather than fungi have now been recorded from Nor- the slit-like pores of G. sepiarum. This raised folk, new county records continue to be the possibility that the bracket was actually made. Some of these species are genuine the much rarer G. trabeum, for which there newcomers, but others are added as a re- have been very few British records and sult of more intensive searching, the better which has Red Data List 2 Endangered sta- availability of good identification literature tus (see photograph on inside back cover). and a greater number of interested natural- Martyn Ainsworth (RBG Kew) has kindly ists. As an example of the last, Anne Crotty confirmed that it is indeed the latter spe- has contributed no fewer than four new cies. As often seems to happen, a second county fungus records this year. Her main specimen of this species was found a few expertise lies in fungi on treesb, especially weeks later, on a boardwalk at Sculthorpe (TF9030). brackets, so it was appropriate that she Moor noticed Inonotus cuticularis in grow- 2009 Anne Crotty' s contributions have also in- ing in a hollow dead Beech tree at Holt cluded two species from her greenhouse Hall (TG0739) and confirmed it in 2010. at Whitlingham (TG2707); Conocybe vexans, Jonathan Revett found the same species in a small brown agaric with a ring (see pho- West Norfolk in 2010 (St Helens TL8287). I. tograph on inside back cover), and Lepiota cuticularis is not a particularly rare fungus (=Echinoderma) carinii. The latter resembles nationally, with the majority of records a tiny version of the Freckled Dapperling coming from the London area, Sussex and Lepiota (=Echinoderma) aspera and has been Hampshire, but it had hitherto escaped the recorded from only three other sites in Brit- eyes of Norfolk mycologists. ain. It is probable that neither of these new

fungi would have been identified had it not A second bracket found by Anne, on been for the publication of Funga Nordica, worked wood on a bench at Whitlingham a compendious set of keys to the agarics of Country Park (TG2607), looked at first to Northern Europe. be Conifer Mazegill Gloeophyllum sepiarum , which is common in Scotland but for which Janet Metcalfe also has a keen eye for the there are only two Norfolk records. How- unusual. In May she sent me specimens of ever, the Whitlingham specimen possessed an irregular yellow discomycete that she too Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) had found in a bag of peat-free compost in West Norfolk but was unable to retain packed in County Tyrone. It turned out to specimens for critical determination. Otidea (= Flavoscypha) phlebophora, now be The early autumn of 2010 was an excep- flagged as a Red Data Book species, up tional time for the fruiting of the larger designated Vulnerable/Rare. Most of the mycorrhizal fungi. A damaged specimen post-1990 records are from Perthshire and of Lactarius mairei, a shaggy species resem- may refer to only two sites, but during the bling a dark L. torminosus, was found by th 20 century it has occurred in a few places Tony Leech under oak in parkland at Gun- in England. Given that it is growing in a ton Park (TG2233). Coincidentally, at about is this a Norfolk bag of imported compost, the same time Jonathan Revett made the record? first Suffolk record for this species, which

Janet's second find was on a roadside is designated Near Threatened on the Red verge near her home at Barnham Broom Data List. (TG0807). She and her mother (Lil Evans) New records for some of the scarcer Nor- were in no doubt that it was an unusual folk fungi are shown in Table 1. ring-less Amanita (formerly Amanitopsis), Coral Tooth Hericium coralloides, a second but which one? After much deliberation tooth fungus at Whitlingham with Funga Nordica we considered that the specimens (first found in 2009) were clos- On 9 November 2010, Albert Ward, Infor- est to Amanita magnivolvata. The volva was mation Assistant at Whitlingham Visitor indeed relatively large and thick on at least Centre, noticed four whitish fungal fruiting some specimens (as well as being orange- bodies high on the trunk of a dead Beech tree spotted in some cases and deeply buried). in Whitlingham Country Park (TG2607). However, none of the specimens showed Although unable to identify the fungus, stem-banding (although some showed which was well out of reach, he thought it cracking) and this species is not on the might be similar to the Bearded Tooth Heri-

British list, so the most likely identification cium erinaceus which was seen, for the first time in Norfolk, at nearby Trowse Woods becomes A. argentea , despite the vinaceous- buff cap and slightly narrower spores of in 2006. Albert took photographs and in- the Barnham Broom specimens. There are formed others, including Martin Horlock a number of records for the latter species (NBIS) who suspected that it was a second throughout England and Wales. In 2008 Hericium species, Coral Tooth H. coralloides. Martyn Ainsworth commented that this Once a specimen had been collected it was group was in need of molecular investiga- possible to confirm that it was indeed H. tions to resolve species limits. coralloides (see photograph on inside back cover). An exciting development this year has All three British species of Hericium are been the consolidation of the Dersingham scarce, with virtually all records being Mushroom Club, set up by Ash Murray and south of a line between the Severn Estuary supported financially by Natural England. and The Wash, with a further eastern bias The collecting emphasis is on West Norfolk (especially for H. coralloides although scat- sites and expertise is growing rapidly. In ), tered records from northern England do September Ash found Cordyceps longiseg- exist for all three. In the first Red Data List mentis, a parasite on Elaphomyces truffles, all three were assigned Vulnerable status on Dersingham Bog NNR (TF6729). This and in the 2nd edition this has been revised species was separated from C. capitata, for to Near Threatened for H. coralloides. which there is a single Norfolk record, in 1988. In 2010 Jonathan Revett encountered Until H. coralloides was found by Jonathan C. capitata/longisegmentis on two forays Revett in King's Lynn in 2006 the only

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 101 Table 1 New records for some scarcer Norfolk fungi

Species Place Collector Previous [Identifier if different*] Norfolk sites

Anthracobia macrocystis TF8227 Tony Leech 1

Agaricus rufotegulis Dersingham Bog TF6729 Keith Fox 1

Anthrocobia maurilabra [1] Kelling Heath TG1042 Nick Owens [ARL] 2

Astraeus hygrometricus [2] Saxthorpe TGI 132 C Rolph [JR] 1

Coprinus heterosetulosus Wigston Villa TL5294 Jonathan Revett 1

** Cortinarius croceocaeruleus Two Mile Bottom TL8488 Jonathan Revett 1 (1926)

Cystolepiota pulverulenta Cockley Cley TF7804 Jonathan Revett 2

Entoloma formosum TG0837 Tony Leech 2

Galerina atkinsoniana Holme TF7043 Tony Leech 1

Geopora arenicola Wigston Villa TL5294 Jonathan Revett 1

Geopora cervina [3] Wigston Villa TL5294 Jonathan Revett 1

Hydnellum spongiosipes Velvet Tooth Fen TG3224 Steward Milburn [ARL] 2

Lactarius zonarius Foxey Wood TG0422 Jonathan Revett 2

Lepiota ochraceofulva [4] Lynford Arboretum [JR] 0 TL8294

Leucoagaricus badhamii Wigston Villa TL5294 Jonathan Revett 4

Mitrophora semilibera Semifree Morel Ringstead Downs TF6940 Keith Fox 5

[5]

Ramaria abietina [6] near Anne Crotty [ARL] 1 TG0714

Sarcodontia crocea Orchard Tooth [7] Hunstanton TF6641 Ash Murray [ARL] 1

Schizophyllum amplum [8] Anne Crotty [ARL] 1

Schizophyllum amplum [8] Wigston Villa TL5294 Jonathan Revett 1

Suillus collinitus [9] Wigston Villa TL5294 Jonathan Revett 1

Tephrocybe tylicolor Holt TG0839 Tony Leech 1

Terana caerulea Cobalt Crust Brinton Hall TG0335 Jeremy Bagnall-Oakeley 2 [ARL]

Terana caerulea Cobalt Crust Ditchingham TM3292 Dorothy Cheyne [ARL] 3

Verpa couica Thimble Morel [5] Ringstead Downs TF6940 Keith Fox 3

* Identifiers: JR = Jonathan Revett; ARL = Tony Leech. ** Photograph on inside back cover.

Note [1] Carpeting large area of burnt heath

[2] Still hanging on at the only Norfolk site despite vehicular erosion

[3] Nationally rare species, previously confirmed by Brian Spooner from same site

[4] Found in previous years on public forays but material not recovered. Also known from Brandon Country Park.

[5] Mitrophora semilibera and Verpa conica occur together as they do at both Lynford and Hoe Rough

[6] Almost certainly this species but on rotten lime.

[7] On old apple tree; Red Data List Vulnerable B.

[8] Nationally rare species.

[9] With pine and showing strong pink mycelium in the stem base. Previously only found (by JR) at Holkham, in sandy soil.

102- Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Norfolk record for this species (on the na- & Ellis 1985). A. ruber is a scarce (or under- tional fungus database, FRDBI) was from recorded) fungus with only 13 records on West Norfolk dated 18xx (sic) but probably FRDBI, the national fungus database, of

before 1833. It has been recorded from which one was from a falcon pellet. Cambridgeshire in 2000 and 2001 (possibly Dried material was sent to Alick Henrici at at the same site), from East Suffolk in 1985 Kew. Neither he nor Brian Spooner (Head (and earlier) and from West Suffolk some- of Mycology) were able to see an equato- time in the 20 th century. rial groove on the spores, so A. ruber is There was much excitement in 2006 when excluded. As they were unable to match

the Bearded Tooth Hericium erinaceus ap- it to any described species, it may well be peared, for the first time in Norfolk, in an undescribed species in this little-studied Trowse Woods, close to Whitlingham group, now included within the genus Woods. It is remarkable that two scarce Gymnascus. The material has been depos- members of the same genus have occurred ited in the herbarium at the Royal Botanic so close to each other in the space of a few Gardens, Kew. years. Hericium erinaceus was seen again at Trowse Woods in 2007 but not, apparently, A puzzing Coprinopsis spp. from a hen house

subsequently. It was recorded in East Suf- at Briston folk in 1990, in West Suffolk earlier in the Not only have molecular studies resulted century and appeared at Minsmere, in East in the old inkcap genus Coprinus virtually

Suffolk, in 2009. disappearing (two species remain in it), but the three genera into which former An orange 'mould' on a Barn Owl pellet - an Coprinus species have been distributed undescribed Gymnascus sp.? (i Coprinellus , Coprinopsis and Parasola) have At the 'Wild About Wymondham' event been transferred to the family Psathyrel- in June 2010, 1 noticed that one of the owl lacea. The latter three genera are separated pellets that David & Chris Cannon were by veil characteristics and by the presence displaying for dissection had an orange or absence of cystidia (hair-like cells) on the mould on it. Relatively few fungi have cap. Coprinopsis species have a veil but lack been recorded from bird pellets but what pileocystidia. made the challenge of identification more appealing was that the provenance of the In April I was brought a collection of ink-

pellet was known: it had been collected on caps from a hen house in Briston (TG0632), 6 September 2007 by Tim & Jenny Francis where they were growing on chipboard. in Essex, donated to the RSPB and kept for Since they had branched hyphae in the veil

at least the past year in a sealed container in and rough spores it was relatively easy to a refrigerator. assign them to the group containing Co-

prinopsis echinospora, C. phlyctidospora and The fungus formed discrete, irregular, C. rugosobispora. There are two Norfolk orange-red patches up to 2.5 mm across.

records for C. echinospora , none for C. phlyc- The patches had a powdery appearance tidospora, and C. rugosobispora has not been with a slight dusting of white particles, recorded from Britain. Both C. echinospora probably oxalate crystals. Under the micro- and C. phlyctidospora have been recorded in scope, the presence of spores in clusters of association with bird droppings. eight, without an ascus wall, indicated that the fungus was a 'plectomycete'. Most are The Briston specimens were all 2-spored

known from dung and the only one I could (rather than having the normal 4-spored find fitting the general description and hav- basidia). From the keys available this ing this colour was ruber (Ellis Arachniotus would indicate C. rugosobispora , but the

Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) 103 spores were far too large. There is an on- Pepperpot Myriostoma coliforme - not quite going debate as to whether 2-spored forms in Norfolk species are separate or merely varieties. The Pepperpot Myriostoma coliforme is In general, spore sizes are much greater something of a holy grail for mycologists. It

for corresponding 2-spored forms. Derek is a striking and distinctive earthstar, being Schafer, the UK expert on these genera, the only British species in which the spore- considers that the specimens could be C. sac has multiple stalks and multiple perfo- rugosobispora with abnormally large spores rations. Until recently the last record of its or a 2-spored form of C. phlyctidospora. If occurrence in mainland Britain was Charles the latter were deemed to be a distinct spe- Plowright's record at Hillington, West

cies it would be new to science. The only Norfolk (TF7125), in 1880. It was found in way of resolving this is to carryout DNA Jersey in the 1990s and in Suffolk, at a site sequencing and Derek Schafer is hoping that has not been disclosed, in 2006. that Laslo Nagy, a Hungarian mycologist, On his way home from a foray in Norfolk will be able to do this. this autumn, Neil Mahler (Suffolk County Fungus Recorder) stopped his motorcycle Is the Hoof Fungus Forties fomentarius just 230 metres over the border into Suffolk spreading? to examine a bank which looked 'promis-

The Hoof Fungus Fomes fomentarius is com- ing for earthstars'. To his great excitement mon on birch in Scotland and occurs in what he found was a large colony of Myrios- south-east England on a variety of hosts toma coliforme. An extensive search by Neil but, at least until recently, was hardly elsewhere in Suffolk, especially around known from the Midlands and East Anglia. places where the fungus was known in the Its discovery on Roydon Common in 2008 eighteenth century, has failed to reveal any

led to the revelation that it had been known further sites. Over to Norfolk's mycolo- from the wooded parts of Dersingham Bog gists! NNR for some time. In 2010 the species was seen on Holt Lowes (TG0837) and at Bod ham Common (TG1039). In both cases Dr A.R. Leech 3 Eccles Road, Holt, Nor- brackets were found on single trees. It has folk NR25 6HJ also been seen recently at St Faith's Com- [email protected] mon (TG1817).

The Hoof Fungus was one of three species included in a fungus survey organised by the Norfolk Biodiversity Information

Service. There were several reports of its

occurrence but these still have to be inves- tigated.

Since this bracket is prominent and dis-

tinctive it is hard to escape the conclusion

that it is indeed extending its range, but we must not ignore the fact that F. fomen- tarius may have been in the county for a long time: a fossil specimen of this species, found at Shropham and on display at the

Castle Museum, Norwich, is dated 115,000- 130,000 years BC!

104 Trans. Norfolk Norwich Nat. Soc. 2011 44(1) Top left: Gloeophyllum trabaeum (upper- and underside) (Anne Crotty); top right: Cortinorius croceocaeruleus (Jonathan Revett); above Hericium coralloides (Anne Crotty). Left: Marsh Clubmoss Lycopodiella inundata, Bawsey (Robin Stevenson); below left: Buxton Heath (Simon Harrap); below: Yarrow Broomrape Orobanche purpurea, Trimmingham (Simon Harrap); below right: Conocybe vexans (Anne Crotty). See Wildife Reports. 1

CONTENTS

A thousand years of birding in Castle Rising:

Presidential Address Fred Cooke 1

Swanton Novers Wood NNR, Norfolk, and its Coleoptera: Supplement No.4 Bryan Sage 7

A biographical memoir of Richard Hamond - a unique Norfolk naturalist R. B. Williams 13

The bees of Norfolk: a provisional county list Tim Strudwick 34

Poronia erici, a small nail fungus, recently recorded in Norfolk and Suffolk, and notes on the distribution of Tony Leech, Sheila Francis, Nail Fungus Poronia punctata Neil Mahler & Ray Purser 58

Galeruca laticollis (Sahlberg): some notes on the life cycle Tim Kemp 61

Some observations on sallow catkin visitors Nick Owens 64

The mosses and liverworts of Bawsey Country Park C. Robin Stevenson 69

Discovery of the Stripe-winged Grasshopper Stenobothrus lineatus in east Norfolk Tim Gardiner 80

WEATHER & WILDLIFE REPORTS 201 Weather Norman Brooks 83

Butterflies Andy Brazil 85

Dragonflies Pam Taylor 91 Orthoptera David Richmond 92 Bumblebees David Richmond 95

Vascular plants Bob Ellis 95

Lichens Peter Lambley 99 Fungi Tony Leech 100

Cover: Dick Hamond (on the right) and Ray Williams surveying Half-Moon Pond at

Cley-next-the-Sea: photo by Sue E. Williams.

Printed by Barnwell Print Ltd., AyIsham, Norfolk NR11 6SU

WORLD By using Carbon Balanced Paper LAND through the World Land Trust on this TRUST™ publication we have offset 302kg of Carbon & preserved 25sqm of www.carbonbalancedpaper.com CBPOOOl 226200 1125131 critically threatened tropical forests.

Carbon Balanced Paper. One of the most sustainable forms of communication that

will reduce your carbon foot print and promote CSR. www.carbonbalancepaper.com

£5.00 to non-members