Diiwaanka Gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan
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Traditional Authority, Livestock Trading, and Maritime Piracy in Northern Somalia∗
Security in the Absence of a State: Traditional Authority, Livestock Trading, and Maritime Piracy in Northern Somalia∗ Avidit Acharya† Robin Harding‡ J. Andrew Harris§ March 19, 2020 Abstract Without a strong state, how do institutions emerge to limit the impact of one group's predation on another's economic activities? Motivated by the case of northern Somalia, we develop a model that highlights the monitoring challenges that groups face in making cooperation self-enforcing, and two key factors that influence their likelihood of overcoming this challenge: the ratio of economic interests across productive and predatory sectors, and the existence of informal income-sharing institutions. Our model explains why conflicts between pirates and livestock traders can be resolved in the region of Somaliland, where the ratio of economic interests favors the productive sector and traditional institutions promote income sharing between groups, but not in the region of Puntland, where these conditions do not hold. The model also accounts for several of the empirical patterns in the relationships between piracy, livestock exports, and conflict in both regions. ∗We are grateful to Dawud Abdirahman, Ben Ansell, Bob Bates, Oeindrila Dube, Clare Elder, Jim Fearon, Michihiro Kandori, David Laitin, Jacob Shapiro, Takuo Sugaya, Michael Tiernay, and audiences at APSA, the Univ. of Chicago, MPSA, Oxford, the Univ. of Rochester, Stanford, and UCLA for valuable feedback. †Associate Professor of Political Science, Stanford University, Encina Hall West Rm. 406, Stanford CA 94305-6044 (email: [email protected]). ‡Associate Professor of Government, University of Oxford, Lady Margaret Hall, Norham Gardens, Oxford OX2 6QA, UK (email: [email protected]). -
Report on Minority Groups in Somalia
The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: + 45 35 36 66 00 Website: www.udlst.dk E-mail: [email protected] Report on minority groups in Somalia Joint British, Danish and Dutch fact-finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya 17 – 24 September 2000 Report on minority groups in Somalia Table of contents 1. Background ..................................................................................................................................5 2. Introduction to sources and methodology....................................................................................6 3. Overall political developments and the security situation in Somalia.......................................10 3.1 Arta peace process in Djibouti...............................................................................................10 3.2 Transitional National Assembly (TNA) and new President ..................................................10 3.2.1 Position of North West Somalia (Somaliland)...............................................................12 3.2.2 Position of North East Somalia (Puntland)....................................................................13 3.2.3 Prospects for a central authority in Somalia ..................................................................13 3.3 Security Situation...................................................................................................................14 3.3.1 General...........................................................................................................................14 -
Country of Origin Information Report Somalia July 2008
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT SOMALIA 30 JULY 2008 UK BORDER AGENCY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE 30 JULY 2008 SOMALIA Contents Preface LATEST NEWS EVENTS IN SOMALIA, FROM 4 JULY 2008 TO 30 JULY 2008 REPORTS ON SOMALIA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED SINCE 4 JULY 2008 Paragraphs Background Information GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.04 ECONOMY ................................................................................................. 2.01 Currency change, 2008 ................................................................ 2.06 Drought and famine, 2008 ........................................................... 2.10 Telecommunications.................................................................... 2.14 HISTORY ................................................................................................... 3.01 Collapse of central government and civil war ........................... 3.01 Peace initiatives 2000-2006 ......................................................... 3.14 ‘South West State of Somalia’ (Bay and Bakool) ...................... 3.19 ‘Puntland’ Regional Administration............................................ 3.20 The ‘Republic of Somaliland’ ...................................................... 3.21 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................... 4.01 CONSTITUTION ......................................................................................... -
Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A. -
WHY SOMALIS FLEE Synthesis of Accounts of Conflict Experience In
WHY SOMALIS FLEE Synthesis of Accounts of Conflict Experience in Northern Somalia by Somali Refugees, Displaced Persons and Others Report Submitted to: Robert L. Funseth, Acting Director Bureau for Refugee Programs Ambassador Herman J. Cohen Assistant Secretary of State Bureau for African Affairs Report Submitted by: Robert Gersony Consultant COPIES OF THIS REPORT Bureau for Refugee Programs MAY BE OBTAINED FROM: Department of State August 1989 Bureau for African Affairs AF/P, Room 3509 NS Department of State Washington, D. C. 20520 (202) 647-7371 Bureau for Refugee Programs RP/PA, Room 1282 SA-1 Department of State Washington, D. C. 20520 (202) 663-1026 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. INTRODUCTION 1 ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 4 Source of Findings 4 Geographical Scope 4 Host Government Cooperation 5 Selection of Interviewees 6 Categories of Interviewees 7 Interview Accounts 9 Limitations of Interviews 11 Limitations of Precision of Data 12 REPORTS FROM SOMALI REFUGEES IN ETHIOPIA AND KENYA 13 Interview Locations 13 Sex of Interviewees 13 Age 13 Marital Status 14 Home of Origin 14 Place of Birth 14 Previous Travel Outside Somalia 14 Mode of Travel to Ethiopia/Kenya 14 Clan Identification 16 Formal Education 16 Occupation 17 Refugee Family Participation in SNM 17 Page No. Reports of Violence Against Civilians 19 Civilians Killed Near Battle Areas 20 Attacks on Villages and Watering Points 21 Attacks on Asylum Seekers 22 Summary Executions and Other Killings 23 Systematic Elimination Outside Conflict Zone 25 Deaths and Ill-treatment in Prison 27 Deaths During Looting and Rape 30 Recapitulation 32 SNM Executions of Prisoners of War 34 REPORTS FROM SOMALIS IN NORTHERN SOMALIA 35 Categories of Interviewees 35 Interview Locations 35 Sex of Interviewees 35 Age 36 Marital Status 36 Home of Origin 36 Clan Identification 37 Formal Education 37 Occupation 38 Reports of Violence Against Civilians 39 Attacks on Sanctuary/Asylum Seekers 40 Page No. -
State-Making in Somalia and Somaliland
The London School of Economics and Political Science STATE -MAKING IN SOMALIA AND SOMALILAND Understanding War, Nationalism and State Trajectories as Processes of Institutional and Socio-Cognitive Standardization Mogadishu ● Dominik Balthasar A thesis submitted to the Department of International Development of the London School of Economics (LSE) for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2012 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 105,510. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Sue Redgrave. Cover illustration: Map source, URL: http://tinyurl.com/97ao5ug, accessed, 15 September 2012, adapted by the author. 2 Abstract Although the conundrums of why states falter, how they are reconstituted, and under what conditions war may be constitutive of state-making have received much scholarly attention, they are still hotly debated by academics and policy analysts. Advancing a novel conceptual framework and analysing diverse Somali state trajectories between 1960 and 2010, this thesis adds to those debates both theoretically and empirically. -
Somalia Apr2001
SOMALIA ASSESSMENT April 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.5 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.3 III HISTORY 3.1 - 3.78 Independence 1960 3.1 - 3.6 Rule of Siad Barre 3.7 - 3.8 Ogaden War & Opposition to Barre 3.9 - 3.15 Collapse of Central Government 1991 3.16 - 3.23 United Nations Intervention 3.24 - 3.33 Events Following UN Withdrawal 3.34 - 3.35 Moves Towards Peace 3.36 - 3.37 Cairo Declaration 1997 3.38 - 3.41 Republic of Somaliland 1991 to Date 3.42 - 3.49 Puntland State of Somalia 1998 to Date 3.50 - 3.55 Reconciliation Moves in Mogadishu 3.56 - 3.58 Conflict in Gedo 3.59 - 3.61 Conflict in Kismayo 1998-2000 3.62 - 3.64 RRA Advances & Ethiopian Incursions 3.65 - 3.69 Arta Peace Process & Transitional National Assembly 3.70 - 3.78 IV INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE 4.1 - 4.37 Political System: 4.1 - 4.33 - Puntland (North-eastern Somalia) 4.3 - 4.8 - Somaliland (North-western Somalia) 4.9 - 4.13 - Mogadishu (Benadir Region) 4.14 - 4.19 - Central & Southern Somalia 4.20 - 4.33 The Judiciary 4.34 - 4.37 V HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION HUMAN RIGHTS: INTRODUCTION 5.1 - 5.4 Introduction 5.1 - 5.2 Human Rights Organisations in Somalia 5.3 - 5.4 HUMAN RIGHTS: SPECIFIC GROUPS 5.5 - 5.23 Women 5.5 - 5.9 Children 5.10 Somali Clans 5.11 - 5.13 Ethnic Minorities 5.14 - 5.23 HUMAN RIGHTS: OTHER ISSUES 5.24 - 5.40 Freedom of Assembly 5.24 - 5.25 Freedom of Speech and of the Press 5.26 - 5.30 Freedom of Religion 5.31 - 5.33 Freedom to Travel/Internal Relocation (Internal Flight) 5.34 - 5.38 Prison Conditions 5.39 - 5.40 ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B: SOMALI CLAN STRUCTURE ANNEX C: MAIN POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS ANNEX D: PROMINENT PEOPLE PAST & PRESENT BIBLIOGRAPHY I. -
THE PUNTLAND STATE of SOMALIA 2 May 2010
THE PUNTLAND STATE OF SOMALIA A TENTATIVE SOCIAL ANALYSIS May 2010 Any undertaking like this one is fraught with at least two types of difficulties. The author may simply get some things wrong; misinterpret or misrepresent complex situations. Secondly, the author may fail in providing a sense of the generality of events he describes, thus failing to position single events within the tendencies, they belong to. Roland Marchal Senior Research Fellow at the CNRS/ Sciences Po Paris 1 CONTENT Map 1: Somalia p. 03 Map 02: the Puntland State p. 04 Map 03: the political situation in Somalia p. 04 Map 04: Clan division p. 05 Terms of reference p. 07 Executive summary p. 10 Recommendations p. 13 Societal/Clan dynamics: 1. A short clan history p. 14 2. Puntland as a State building trajectory p. 15 3. The ambivalence of the business class p. 18 Islamism in Puntland 1. A rich Islamic tradition p. 21 2. The civil war p. 22 3. After 9/11 p. 23 Relations with Somaliland and Central Somalia 1. The straddling strategy between Somaliland and Puntland p. 26 2. The Maakhir / Puntland controversy p. 27 3. The Galmudug neighbourhood p. 28 4. The Mogadishu anchored TFG and the case for federalism p. 29 Security issues 1. Piracy p. 31 2. Bombings and targeted killings p. 33 3. Who is responsible? p. 34 4. Remarks about the Puntland Security apparatus p. 35 Annexes Annex 1 p. 37 Annex 2 p. 38 Nota Bene: as far as possible, the Somali spelling has been respected except for “x” replaced here by a simple “h”. -
Protection Cluster Update Weekly Report
Protection Cluster Update Funded by: The People of Japan Weeklyhttp://www.shabelle.net/article.php?id=4297 Report 27 th January 2012 European Commission IASC Somalia •Objective Prote ction Monitoring Network (PMN) Humanitarian Aid This update provides information on the protection environment in Somalia, including apparent violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law as reported during the last two weeks through the IASC Somalia Protection Cluster monitoring systems. Incidents mentioned in this report are not exhaustive. They are intended to highlight credible reports to inform and prompt programming and advocacy initiatives by the humanitarian community and national authorities. GENERAL OVERVIEW Clan tensions resumed between Sool, Sanag Clan militias (SSC), including Dhulbahante clan militias and Somaliland forces in Buuhoodle district of Togdheer region after the Somaliland military launched an attack against the SSC militias and captured Buuhoodle town. The fighting resulted in a number of civilian casualties and over 2,000 displacements mainly within Buuhoodle district. Reports suggest that the majority of IDPs returned to their villages when the fighting ended. Following the tensions in Buuhoodle, the Somaliland forces were deployed in parts of Sool region to prevent Dhulbahante clan members from declaring a separate clan administration in the area, which could be perceived by Somaliland authorities as prejudicial to Somaliland’s sovereignty. Following the deployment, members of the Dhulbahante clan demonstrated in favour of creating a separate administration in Laas Canood town, but were faced with a police crackdown. Reports indicate that four civilians were wounded and over 60 people were arrested and detained by the Somaliland security forces. -
An Appraisal of the 'Dervish State' in Northern Somalia (1899-1920)
An appraisal of the ‘Dervish state’ in northern Somalia (1899-1920) By Markus V. Hoehne University of Leipzig May 13, 2014 ___________________________________________________________________________ The Somali Dervish ‘state’ was related to the Dervish uprising, that shook the British Protectorate and other parts of northern and also partly southern Somalia between 1899 and 1920. A ‘state’ implies a minimum of centralised and institutionalised power (i.e., a government), a territory and a population. The Somali Dervish state indeed featured a clear centralised governance structure, with Sayid Mohamed Abdille Hassan on top. The Sayid (which is an honorary title; the British called him ‘Mad Mullah’) was surrounded by a group of trusted commanders and advisors who were members of the Dervish council (in Somali called khusuusi). Together, the Sayid and the council controlled the military units. Islamic judges had the task of upholding law and order among the Dervishes and their kin. But clearly, Mohamed Abdille Hassan had the power to take the final decision in all matters he deemed important. The Somali Dervish state never had a clearly demarcated territory. The Dervishes operated between different temporary local centres (e.g., Aynabo, Buuhoodle, Eyl, Taleeh) in northern Somalia and, for a shorter period, had also stations in central Somalia such as Beledweyn. When confronted with superior colonial forces, their usual strategy was to retreat to the sparsely inhabited and arid hinterland. Also the population of the Somali Dervish state fluctuated. It consisted largely of the close patrilineal relatives and wives of the followers of Sayid Mohamed Abdille Hassan. Only temporarily did the Dervishes establish more permanent centres of power and ruled over larger areas. -
The Puntland Experience: a Bottom-Up Approach to Peace and State Building
THE SEARCH FOR PEACE Somali Programme Haani salka ayeey ka unkantaa A milk container is built from the bottom up The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building Peace Initiatives in Puntland 1991—2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Peace Initiatives in Puntland 1991—2007 Researchers: Hassan Adan Mohamed, Amina Abdulkadir M. Nur Photographs: Muctar Mohamed Hersi, Audio Visual Unit Map: Adapted from Mark Bradbury, 2008, James Currey Editor: Dr Pat Johnson, Interpeace This research study was made possible by the generous contributions of the interviewees, Working Group, peer reviewers, and colleagues at the Puntland Development Research Center, including Abdurahman A. Osman ‘Shuke’ (Director), Ali Farah Ali (Research Coordinator), Mohamed Yassin Essa ‘Ilkoasse’ (Finance Manager), and Muctar Mohamed Hersi (Director Audio-Visual Unit), in sharing their unique experiences as well as historical documentation. The Search for Peace series Research Coordinator: Mark Bradbury, Rift Valley Institute Research Consultants: Professor Ken Menkhaus, Davidson College, USA Dr Justin Willis, the British Institute in Eastern Africa Andy Carl, Conciliation Resources Ulf Terlinden Senior Research Advisor: Abdirahman Osman Raghe, Interpeace Series Coordinator & Editor: Dr Pat Johnson, Interpeace Series Sub-editor: Janet Oeverland, Interpeace Design and Layout: Cege Mwangi, Arcadia Associates Garowe, Puntland Phone: (+252 5) 84 4480 Thuraya: +88 216 4333 8170 [email protected] www.pdrc.somalia.org This report was produced by Interpeace and the Puntland Development Research Center and represents exclusively their own views. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the contributing donors and should not be relied upon as a statement of the contributing donors or their services. -
Traditional Authorities in Somaliland and the Limits of Hybrid Political Orders Markus Virgil Hoehne DIIS Working Paper 2011:18 WORKING PAPER
DIIS workingDIIS WORKING PAPER 2011:18paper No Easy Way Out: Traditional Authorities in Somaliland and the Limits of Hybrid Political Orders Markus Virgil Hoehne DIIS Working Paper 2011:18 WORKING PAPER 1 DIIS WORKING PAPER 2011:18 MARKUS VIRGIL HOEHNE is post-doctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology in Halle/Saale, Germany. e-mail: [email protected] DIIS Working Papers make available DIIS researchers’ and DIIS project partners’ work in progress towards proper publishing. They may include important documentation which is not necessarily published elsewhere. DIIS Working Papers are published under the responsibility of the author alone. DIIS Working Papers should not be quoted without the express permission of the author. DIIS WORKING PAPER 2011:18 © The author and DIIS, Copenhagen 2011 Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Strandgade 56, DK-1401 Copenhagen, Denmark Ph: +45 32 69 87 87 Fax: +45 32 69 87 00 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.diis.dk Cover Design: Carsten Schiøler Layout: Ellen-Marie Bentsen Printed in Denmark by Vesterkopi AS ISBN: 978-87-7605-463-2 Price: DKK 25.00 (VAT included) DIIS publications can be downloaded free of charge from www.diis.dk 2 DIIS WORKING PAPER 2011:18 CONTENTS Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Ideal-types of authority and the resurgence of traditional authorities in Africa 6 Traditional authorities in Northern Somalia 8 Case 1: Traditional authorities within the state apparatus 10 Sheekh Ibraahim – a “pillar of freedom and peace” 10 Boqor Buurmadow – from being a national peace maker to being accused of high treason 11 Case 2: Traditional authorities at the margins 14 Two leaders for one lineage 16 Different types of traditional authorities 21 Conclusion 27 References 30 DIIS WORKING PAPER 2011:18 ABSTracT Somalia has been without effective state institutions since 1991.