IEEE PES Substations Committee, Montreal, May 16-21, 2010 Prospects of Integrated AC/DC Systems for Power Transmission Enhancement Matthias Luther Rafael Mihalic Dusan Povh D. Retzmann

1 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions I ntroduction CO2 Reduction – Green Energy Megacities – Security of Supply

2 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Greenland Melt-Down has accelerated: Reality – from 1979 to 2007 !

Sustainability of Power Supply – highly important, today and in Future!

1979 2007

Source: Stefan Rahmstorf, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research - 2009

3 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions EWEA’s * three Wind Power Scenarios (in GW)

350

* EWEA: European Wind Energy Association – Pure Power® Wind Energy Scenarios up to 2030 (Report 03-2008)

4 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Prospects of Solar Power from Deserts

Solar Power Collector Areas for Electricity Demand of:

= Middle-East and North Africa

Source: TREC - 2007 Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation

5 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Hydro Power for Supply of Megacities … with 800 kV Bulk Power UHV DC

6 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Security of Supply – HVDC protected Québec

No Blackout in Quebec ! Québec´s HVDCs assist in Power Supply and System Restoration

The US Blackout Area – a “modified” Satellite Photo Some of the Reasons were:

Overloads and Loop Flows Leading to Voltage Collapse A View of the 8-14-2003 Event

7 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Options of HVDC & Hybrid AC-DC Interconnections

Can be connected a) to long AC Lines DC supports AC in c) Terms of Stability

b)

c) The Firewall a) Back-to-Back Solution for Blackout b) HVDC Long-Distance Transmission c) Integration of HVDC into the AC System Prevention

8 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Benefits of Hybrid System Interconnections

System unstable

System stable

DC supports AC in Terms of Stability

9 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Global Trends on Power Markets

10 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Power System Development: The Key-Issue – How to avoid Bottlenecks

Globalisation/ Deregulation – Privatization: Opening of the LiberalisationPrivatisation Markets, Independent Transmission Companies ITCs, Regional Transmission Organisations RTOs

Bottlenecks in Problem of uncontrolled Loop Flows TransmissionPrivatisation Overloading & Excess of allowed SCC* Levels System Instabilities & Outages

Source:The Grids UCTE Interimare “close Report 10-27-2003 to their Limits”

Increase in System Security & Sustainability: Investments in  Higher Voltage Levels ** Power Systems  New Transmission Technologies  Renewable Energies for CO2 Reduction

* SCC = Short-Circuit Current ** * * Example Example of of CE: CE: 400 400 kV kV is is in in fact fact too too low low

11 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Development of Power Systems

Extensions of Interconnected Systems

Increased Power Exchange among the Interconnected Systems

Transmission of large Power Blocks over long Distances (Hydro, Wind * and Solar Energy)

Renewable Energy Resources at favorable Locations *

** A A big big Issue Issue for for Grid Grid Developments Developments – – in in all all Countries Countries 12 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Integration of large Offshore Wind Farms into the Main Grid – the German Prospects VSC HVDC – for Onshore Grid Access & Offshore ~ = = ~ = DC Multiterminal = ~ = =

Vattenfall = = ~ = =

~ Europe Transmission = = ~

Power Transmission E T PS SL/Re HVDC Classic – for Load & Division 13 13 05-2010 05-2010 GenerationE T PS Reserve SL/Re Sharing Power Transmission Solutions Getting more Power out of the Grid

Prospects of Grid Extension and System Interconnection

14 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Many Concepts: MAINSTREAM, SEATEC …

15 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions … and DESERTEC, the Super Grid

Source: DESERTEC Foundation An Initiative of the Club of Rome

Siemens has a commitment in the DESERTEC Industrial Initiative (DESERTEC II). The objective of this initiative is to develop over the mid-term a technical and economic concept for solar power from Africa. Work will also focus on the clarification of legal and political issues.

16 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions UCTE*-IPS/UPS Interconnection Study

Risk of large Synchronous * now CE Interconnections: Simulation of a 750 kV 3-ph AC Fault  Inter-Area Oscillations with Magnitudes up to 3,000 MW  Damping Measures necessary

3000 MW

30 s

17 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Studies for Integrated AC/DC Systems Network Structure similar to AC Reference System: the European CE System

Source: CIGRE B4 - 304, Paris Session 2006

Equivalent of a Subsystem:

3-ph Fault on one of the two Lines between Subsystems F and C, followed by Disconnection of the Faulty line after 300 ms 18 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Now 2,000 MW additional Power from H to C

System with AC Extension: W M 0 1 Load Flow for the System strengthened 2 to transmit additional 2,000 MW from W M 8 Subsystem H to Subsystem C 2 1 1

W M 4 90

2 56 MW DC Energy Bridge

86 M W System with DC Extension: Load Flow for the Reference System with an additional 2,000 MW HVDC Transmission from Subsystem H to Subsystem C Additional AC Lines

19 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Studies for Integrated AC/DC Systems

a) Reference System with initial Power Flow: Similar Performance, but 2 GW more Power with HVDC … 2 GW System b) Extension with HVDC, POD blocked: … even without POD

System c) Extension with HVDC, POD enabled: Significant Improvements with HVDC and POD d) POD Output Signal HVDC:

20 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions The Vision: DC Energy Highway – why not in Europe too ? Connecting: . Wind Power SEATEC . Hydro Plants . Solar Fields

DESERTEC

212121 05-201005-2010 E TE PS T PSSL/Re SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Trends in AC & DC Transmission, EHV and UHV

22 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Prospects of UHV AC & UHV DC SomeSome CountriesCountries willwill needneed BulkBulk PowerPower TransmissionTransmission CorridorsCorridors…… DC: 4-7 GW Solutions: … Increase in 800 kV DC & Transmission 1,000 kV AC Distance – and AC: 6-8 GVA Reduction in Losses

23 05-201005-2010 E T PS SL/ReE T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions UHV AC Transmission Towers

1,000 kV Pilot Project

Sources:

24 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions China: over 217 GW * of additional HVDC Transmission Capacity are expected between 2010 and 2020

1. Yunnan – Guangdong 1 x B2B 21. Baoqing – Liaoning 800 kV, 5000 MW, 2009/10 3 x 500 kV 660 kV, 4000 MW, 2017 2. Xiangjiaba – Shanghai 7 x 660 kV 22. Hami – Shandong 800 kV, 6400 MW, 2010 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2017 19 x 800 kV Heilongjiang 3. Qinghai – Tibet 5 x 1000 kV 5 23. Tibet – Chongqing 500 kV, 1200 MW, 2011 30 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2017 4. Mongolia – Tianjin 24. Jinghong – Thailand 660 kV, 4000 MW, 2012 29 Jilin 21 500 kV, 3000 MW, 2018 5. Russia – Liaoning 4 9 25. Ximeng – Wuxi 660 kV, 4000 MW, 2012 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2018 17 14 6. Nuozhadu – Guangdong Xinjiang Liaoning 26. Baihetan – Hubei 800 kV, 5000 MW, 2012 Inrfar Mongolia Beijing 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2018 Gansu 22 25 Tianjin 7. Jingping – Sunan 16 Hebei 27. Wudongde – Fujian 34 20 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2012 35 28 1000 kV, 9000 MW, 2018 15 19 Shanxi 8. Xiluodu – Guangdong Ningxia Shandong 28. Northwest – North 500 kV, 2 x 3200 MW, 2013 Henan B2B, 1500 MW, 2018 18 Jiangsu Qinghai 31 10 9. Humeng – Tangshan 3 Shaanxi Anhuj 29. Mongolia – Jing-Jin-Tang 660 kV, 4000 MW, 2013 Shanghai 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2019 Sichuan & 2 7 10. Ningdong – Zhejiang Chongqing Hubai 30. Russia – Liaoning 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2013 Xizang 26 3 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2019 12 Zheijang 23 Hunan Jiangxi 11. Xiluodu – Zhejiang 16. Mengxi – Jiangxi 32 11 31. Zhundong – Jiangxi Guizhou13 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2013 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2015 27 1000 kV, 9000 MW, 2019 33 Fujian 12. Sichuan – Hunan 32. Tibet – Zhejiang 17. Mongolia – Shandong 4 660 kV, 4000 MW, 2014 1 8 1000 kV, 9000 MW, 2019 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2015 Yunnan Guangdong Taiwan 6 13. Xiluodu – Hunan 18. Shaanxi – Jiangsu 33. Baihetan – Hunan 660 kV, 4000 MW, 2014 660 kV, 4000 MW, 2016 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2020 14. Humeng – Shandong 34. Yili – Sichuan 19. Jiuquan – Jiangsu 24 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2014 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2016 1000 kV, 9000 MW, 2020 Hainan 15. Hami – Henan 20. Zhundong – Henan 35. Kazakhstan – Chengdu 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2014 800 kV, 7200 MW, 2016 Bangkok 1000 kV, 9000 MW, 2020 * Options for further Projects > 7 GW 25 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Advanced Power Transmission Solutions

HVDCHVDC integrated into the ACAC SystemsSystems

26 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions India – Three “Classic” HVDCs at 500 kV of which Adani and Ballia-Bhiwadi are fully integrated into the AC Grid

Adani HVDC – a private Ballia-Bhiwadi – Power Grid Investor goes ahead Corporation of India Ltd 2009 2011 Further Examples of 780 km 2,500 MW 960 km Projects with Integrated 2,500 MW AC/DC Transmission:

• Cahora Bassa, Mozambique-South Africa, 1977-79, 1920 MW, 533 kV, 1400 km • Gezhouba-Shanghai, China, 1989/1990, 1200 MW, 500 kV, 1040 km 1,450 km • Tianshengqiao-Guangzhou, China, 2000, 1800 MW, 500 kV, 960 km East-South Interconnector – 2007 2,500 MW • Guiguang I, China, 2004, 3000 MW, 500 kV, 940 km the DC Energy Bridge 2003 2,000 MW • Guiguang II, China, 2007/2008, 3000 MW, 500 kV, 1230 km • Neptune, New York, 2007, 660 MW, 500 kV, 105 km Cable • Yunnan-Guangdong, 2009/2010, 5000 MW, 800 kV, 1420 km • Trans Bay Cable, HVDC PLUS, San Francisco, 2010, 400 MW, 200 kV, 88 km Cable • Xiangjiaba-Shanghai, 2011, 6400 MW, Examples of Integrated AC/DC Systems 800 kV, 2071 km 27 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions South Africa: Stability Improvement with HVDC

DC System Extension Zaire

Angola Zambia Namibia Zimbabwe Zambia Mozambique Mozambique Botswana etc.

0.7 Hz Namibia 0.4 Hz Zimbabwe 3,000 km RSA Johannesburg Hydro Power Station Botswana Thermal Power Station Nuclear Power Station Synchronous Condenser HVDC Terminal 765 kV RSA 0.6 Hz 400 kV Cape 330 kV 275 kV 220 kV 132 kV critical RSA 0.4 Hz 0.6 Hz 0.7 Hz

28 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions HVDC Long-Distance Transmission Tian-Guang

The Task: Connection of Hydro Operated by: South China Electric Generation to Remote Load Centers Power JVC (SCEP) 2000 System Data: Rating 1,800 MW Voltage +/-500 kVDC Thyristor 8 kV Line Length 960 km

Tian Hydro Station

Guangzhou Beijiao

Tianshengqiao

Use of Clean & Benefits Low Cost Energy

29 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions China: Benefits of active Damping with HVDC & FACTS in a Hybrid AC-DC System

Power Flow in one Line 1500

Huishui- (MW) 1200 HVDC Converter Station 900 TCSC FSC 600 one line (MVA) in 300 b Hechi -

Power System flow 0 Nayong Guiyang Guizhou a Anshun -300 b Huishui Conv. Stat. Power Huishui -600 c a

Anshun Anshun HVDC GuiGuang Gui-Guang I -900 0 5 10 15 20 FSC Guangdong Time (s) Hechi

TSQ-I Liudong Guangzhou Luoping TSQ-II Yantan Beijiao Dynamic Results Conv. Stat. TSQ Beijiao Lubuge Conv. Stat. TCSC & FSC a – without Power Modulation Zhengcheng Pingguo Luodong Pingguo b – with Power Modulation Zhaoqing of HVDC Control Yunnan HVDC TSQ Gaomin Yulin Zhaoqing Guangxi Conv. Stat. c – further Improvements with

05-2010 Pingguo TCSC/FSC 3030 Hydro Power05-2010 Station Thermal PowerE Station T PS SL/Re E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions More Power out of the Grid …

Yunnan-Guangdong

plus CO2 Reduction

World’s first 800 kV HVDC – 5,000 MW In China Southern Power Grid

31 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Siemens received an Order for the World’s first 800 kV UHV DC in China Southern Power Grid

Commercial Operation:  2009 – Pole 1 1,418 km  2010 – Pole 2 5,000 MW +/- 800 kV DC World’s first 800 kV Bulk Power UHV DC Transmission System

Yunnan-Guangdong

Reduction in CO2 versus local Power Supply with Energy-Mix 32.9 m tons p.a. – by using Hydro Energyand HVDC for Transmission

32 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Yunnan-Guangdong – from ‘3D Models’ …

33 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions … to Reality: Sending Station Chuxiong

34 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Yunnan-Guangdong: UHV DC – ‘Welcome’

35 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Yunnan-Guangdong – UHV DC Converter

800 kV DC 36 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Yunnan-Guangdong: UHV DC – Inauguration Pole 1

37 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions More Power out of the Grid … In Co-Operation with

Fulong Converter Station – HVDC Transformers & Thyristor Valves with new 6-inch Thyristors

plus CO2 Reduction

Xiangjiaba-Shanghai World’s biggest and longest 800 kV HVDC

38 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions World’s biggest and longest 800 kV UHV DC Transmission Project – State Grid Corporation of China Siemens received an Order for the Fulong Xiangjiaba-Shanghai Converter Station – HVDC Transformers & Thyristor Valves with new 6-inch Thyristors Shanghai Leshan Sichuan Power Grid Chongqing Wuhan Nanhui

Xiangjiaba Xiangjiaba Zhexi Xiluodu left Changsha Xiluodu-Zhuzhou Xiluodu 970km left Xiluodu right Zhuzhou Xiluodu rightXiluodu-Zhexi 1728km

2,071 km Commercial Operation: 6,400 MW  2010 +/- 800 kV DC

Guangdong

Reduction in CO2 versus local Power Supply with Energy-Mix 41 m tons p.a. – by using Hydro Energy and HVDC for Transmission

39 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Arrangement of 800 kV Converters for Fulong Station

Two HV and two LV Valve Towers for Fulong Converter Station during Erection for the dielectric Type Tests in Xihari HV Test Field in Xi‘an, China (Arresters not yet connected)

40 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Advanced Power Transmission Solutions

HVDCHVDC and FACTSFACTS in parallel Operation

41 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions SVC Siems – the 1st HV SVC in Germany HVDC and FACTS in parallel Operation

HVDC: Power ReductionIncrease – from 600450 MW to 450600 MW Reduction in CO2: The Solution 634,000 tons p.a.

More Hydro Power from NORDEL to Germany

The Problem: no Right-of-Way for 400 kV AC Grid Access of Baltic Cable HVDC – only 110 kV 2004

42 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Prospects of Power Electronics

43 05-201005-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Super Grid Solutions for Bulk Power Transmission

Solutions with Overhead Lines Note: Power AC – 1 System 3 , DC – Bipole +/-

 High-Voltage DC Transmission:  HVDC “Classic” with 500 / 660 kV (EHV) – up to 4 GW

 HVDC “Bulk” with 800 kV (UHV) – 5 GW to 7.2 GW Option UHV DC 1,000 kV: 9 GW  AC Transmission: The Winner  800 kV AC (EHV) – 3 GVA is HVDC !  1,000 kV AC (UHV) – 6 to 8 GVA

Solutions with DC Cables * * Distances over 80 km: AC Cables too complex

 500 / 600 kV DC – 1 GW to 2 GW (with Mass Impregnated Cables; actual - prospective)

Solutions with GIL – Gas Insulated Lines

 400 kV AC (HV) – 1.8 GVA / 2.3 GVA (directly buried / Tunnel or Outdoor)  500 kV AC (EHV) – 2.3 GVA / 2.9 GVA (directly buried / Tunnel or Outdoor)  550 kV AC (EHV) – Substation: Standard 3.8 GVA / Special 7.6 GVA * *  ** Reference: Bowmanville, Canada, 1985 - Siemens 800 kV AC (EHV) – Tunnel: 5.6 GVA * * * *** Reference: Huanghe Laxiwa Hydropower Station, China, 2009 - CGIT (USA) 44 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions Summary: Features and Benefits of HVDC

HVDC – High-Voltage DC Transmission: It makes P flow

 Three HVDC Options available: PLUS (VSC), “Classic” and Bulk  With DC, Overhead Line Losses are typically 30-40 % less than with AC  For Cable Transmission (over 80 km), HVDC is the only Solution  HVDCcan be integrated into the AC Systems  HVDC supports AC in Terms of Stability  System Interconnection with HVDC:  DCis a “Firewall” against Cascading Disturbances  Bidirectional Control of Power Flow – quite easy  Frequency, Voltage and POD Control available  Staging of the Links – with DC quite easy  No Increase in Short-Circuit Power  DCis a Stability Booster

45 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions The Future ? Global Link for Green Energy with HVDC – including DESERTEC & Seatec

6-7 GW DCs in China

Thank You for Your Attention ! 46 05-2010 E T PS SL/Re Power Transmission Solutions