Petri Disease - Eutypa Dieback

Home , Lasiodiplodia theobromae

Canker Diseases in California Lodi Grape Day 2017 W. D. GUBLER DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, CA 95616 Trunk diseases Natural dieback of pruning wound

Uniform color of dead tissue No dark or advancing margins Diseased pruning wounds

Note only partial death of wood Color is generally darker Irregular shape of discolored tissue Diseased spur showing longitudinal streaking = disease progression Canker disease pathogens

 Eutypa lata

 Botryosphaeria spp

 Togninia minima

 Phaeomoniella

 Phomopsis

 Others Introduction Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis

“Grapevine Trunk Diseases Worldwide”

- Esca & Petri disease - Eutypa dieback

- Botryosphaeria canker Predisposition Stress

 Trunk diseases are more severe when vine is stressed

 Drought conditions seem to increase incidence

 Why?

 We know that under water stress, metabolic products and especially proteins in the sap change in prevalence

 For example

 Esca pathogens both grow faster on water-stressed sap vs healthy (normal) sap Esca

 Pathogens

 Togninia spp. (minima)

 Phaeomoniella chlamdospora

 Occurs in vineyards from 1-80 yrs old.

 Incidence has increased in the past 12-15 years.

Pathogens

 P chlamydospora resides on 3-5 year old or older pruning wounds as pycnidia.  P aleophilum resides as perithecia in exposed, rotted vascular tissue including pruning wounds, breaks in the cordon and wood.  Both pathogens are endophytes and are capable of causing severe disease when the vine is under stress.  Both pathogens have been found to also reside as epiphytes on leaves and bark.  Both can reside in the soil. Phaaeoacremonium spore trapping

MADERA 2003

50 P.viticola Precipitation (mm) Temperature (°C) 100

45 90

40 80

35 70

30 60

25 50

20 40

15 30

Number of colonies Number 10 20

5 10

Temperature°Cand precipitation (mm)

0 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

SONOMA 2003

50 P.viticola Precipitation (mm) Temperature (°C) 100

45 90

40 80

35 70

30 60

25 50

20 40

15 30

Number of colonies Number 10 20

5 10

Temperature °Cand precipitation (mm) °Cand Temperature 0 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. *Microscopic examinations showed pycnidia to be identical with pycnidia of Pa.chlamydospora previously observed in vitro (Rooney and Gubler, 2001). Locations of perithecia of Togninia spp on grapevines

Spore release Rainfall Sprinkler irrigation Fog Esca / black measles symptoms on Grapevine Fruit symptoms

Crude toxin injection/reproduction of symptoms Control

 Dormant or Delayed dormant applications of lime sulfur=calcium polysulfide at 950 liters/ha

 Direct spray using 2 nozzles /side

 Pruning wound protection Eutypa Dieback

 Eutypa lata

 Eutypa leptoplaca Eutypa dieback Canker Eutypa shoot and leaf symptoms Eutypa symptoms Natural Inoculum Trial (Linden-2014)

Eutypa

Percent Percent of Infected StubCuts 2

0 Control Rally+Topsin Rally+Topsin (2x) Treatment Natural Inoculum Fungicide Trial (Davis – 2014)

Eutypa

10 Percent Percent of Infected StubCuts 5

Treatment Bot Canker BOTRYOSPHAERIA CANKERS.

• 9 species have been isolated from grapevine cankers in California. - Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx. - Botryosphaeria obtusa (Scheiwn.) Shoemaker.

Typical wedge shaped canker caused by Botryosphaeria spp.. Botryosphaeria Canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis “Bot canker”

a Botryosphaeria Canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis ● Botryosphaeria canker “Bot Canker” in California Lasiodiplodia theobromae + 8 other species

1990 2017 BOTRYOSPHAERIA PYCNIDIA FOUND IN CALIFORNIA GRAPEVINES.

• Pycnidia of Lasiodiplodia theobromae found in Coachella Valley grapevines. Epidemiology of Botryosphaeriaceae spp. in California Spore trapping results in Monterey County

Bot spores Precipitation (mm) Temperature (C) 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

7/9/07 7/1/08 4/2/08 3/3/08 7/4/08 5/5/08 2/6/08 9/6/08 7/7/08 4/8/08 1/9/08 9/9/08 6/1/09 3/2/09 4/3/09 1/4/09 7/4/09 1/5/09 7/5/09

12/9/07 19/9/07 25/9/07 1/10/07 8/10/07 7/11/07 5/12/07 14/1/08 22/1/08 29/1/08 11/2/08 18/2/08 25/2/08 11/3/08 17/3/08 24/3/08 31/3/08 15/4/08 21/4/08 28/4/08 13/5/08 20/5/08 27/5/08 16/6/08 23/6/08 30/6/08 15/7/08 22/7/08 29/7/08 11/8/08 18/8/08 26/8/08 15/9/08 23/9/08 30/9/08 7/10/08 3/11/07 1/12/08 9/12/08 13/1/09 20/1/09 27/1/09 10/2/09 18/2/09 24/2/09 28/2/09 10/3/09 17/3/09 25/3/09 15/4/09 22/4/09 15/5/09 22/5/09

15/10/07 23/10/07 30/10/07 20/11/07 27/11/07 13/12/07 20/12/07 28/12/07 14/10/08 21/10/08 28/10/08 10/11/08 17/11/08 25/11/08 16/12/08 23/12/08 30/12/08

Bot spore values = Total spores / 2 ml of H2O Grapevine Trunk Diseases Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Control of canker disease

 Eutypa and Botryosphaeria can not be chemically eradicated

 Recomendations  Eliminate and burn pruning wood debris  Double pruning (Weber, Trouillas & Gubler, AJEV)  Late pruning (February - March)  Chemical treatment of pruning wounds (Rolshausen & Gubler, 2005)  1% Topsin M (Benzimidazole)  Vitiseal Canker Disease Control

 Late Pruning 90-95% control  Spurshield  Boric Acid 3000-5000ppm B  B-LOCK --Nutrient Technologies grapes only  Topsin M 1.5#/A,  (will last longer in paint)  Myclobutanil  (Rally), 6 oz/a,(lasts longer in paint)  Vitiseal  9:1 dilution for spraying  Use neat for daubing Overwintering Structures give rise to primary inoculum

 Overwintering structures controlled by dormant sprays rainfall

Spore release=Primary inoculum

Dormant LLS Dormant Vitiseal Dormant fungicide

Pruning wound Fresh wounds more susceptible

Infection Why does late pruning help control canker disease? Chardonnay 2008-2009 Time Course Inoculation November December

Lasiodiplodia theobromae Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum 100 90 100 80 90 70 80 60 70 50 60 40 50 30 40 20 30

% of infected % infected of wounds 10 20 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d 84 d 0 % ofinfected wounds 10 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 0 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d 84 d T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 11-04-08 11-16-08 11-28-08 12-10-08 12-22-08 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 12-10-08 12-22-08 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 2-07-09 2-19-09 3-03-09 February January March

Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum LasiodiplodiaLasiodiplodia theobromae theobromae NeofusicoccumNeofusicoccum parvum parvum

100 100100 90 9090 80 8080 70 7070 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30

20 20 % % ofinfected wounds % % ofinfected wounds 20 10 10 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d 10 12 d 24 d 36 d 0 0 12 d T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 2-07-09 2-19-09 3-03-09 3-15-09 32-0307-09 2-19-09 3-1503-09 3-15-09 Does spore trapping help control canker disease? It might if you could get into the vineyard within 12-24 hours. Fungicide Application

Band spraying-Pruning wound protection and powdery mildew control

Vitiseal 1:9 Spray

Thank You Botryosphaeria Canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Disease cycle?

Picnidia, Teleomorph?

Native plants fruit, nut trees

Foliar symptoms?? Rain

Stroma on Dead trunk Ascospores Release Eutypa lata E. leptoplaca Fresh pruning wounds

Several Years After Infection

Canker Introduction Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis “Grapevine Trunk Diseases”

- Infect grapevines through pruning wounds

- Symptoms include: Grapevine decline (dieback) Blockage of vascular system (Xylem - Phloem) Toxin production Yield loss Death of the plant Grapevine Canker Diseases - Caused by fungal pathogens (Ascomycetes) Eutypa lata Eutypa leptoplaca Botryosphaeria spp - Infect grapevines through wounds • Most commonly through pruning wounds • Wounds caused by mechanical damage • Endophytic? - Symptoms include • Slow decline Rapid death of spur positions • Dieback • Eventual death Petri disease (Young vine decline)

Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

Esca & Petri disease Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis

Young Plants

Black Goo ● Young Esca Grapevine decline Petri Disease

Adult Plants

● Esca (Black measles) Petri Disease =Young Esca

 Disease occurs on 1-10yr-old vines.

 vines

 Disease results from infection of rootstock by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora.

 Similar symptoms caused by different species of Phaeoacremonium.

 Pathogen introduced into plants in nursery, and in production fields.

Spores of Phaeoacremonium spp. and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were trapped in infected vineyards of California

Phaeoacremonium spp.