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Petri Disease - Eutypa Dieback

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Petri Disease - Eutypa Dieback Canker Diseases in California Lodi Grape Day 2017 W. D. GUBLER DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, CA 95616 Trunk diseases Natural dieback of pruning wound Uniform color of dead tissue No dark or advancing margins Diseased pruning wounds Note only partial death of wood Color is generally darker Irregular shape of discolored tissue Diseased spur showing longitudinal streaking = disease progression Canker disease pathogens Eutypa lata Botryosphaeria spp Togninia minima Phaeomoniella Phomopsis Others Introduction Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis “Grapevine Trunk Diseases Worldwide” - Esca & Petri disease - Eutypa dieback - Botryosphaeria canker Predisposition Stress Trunk diseases are more severe when vine is stressed Drought conditions seem to increase incidence Why? We know that under water stress, metabolic products and especially proteins in the sap change in prevalence For example Esca pathogens both grow faster on water-stressed sap vs healthy (normal) sap Esca Pathogens Togninia spp. (minima) Phaeomoniella chlamdospora Occurs in vineyards from 1-80 yrs old. Incidence has increased in the past 12-15 years. Pathogens P chlamydospora resides on 3-5 year old or older pruning wounds as pycnidia. P aleophilum resides as perithecia in exposed, rotted vascular tissue including pruning wounds, breaks in the cordon and wood. Both pathogens are endophytes and are capable of causing severe disease when the vine is under stress. Both pathogens have been found to also reside as epiphytes on leaves and bark. Both can reside in the soil. Phaaeoacremonium spore trapping MADERA 2003 50 P.viticola Precipitation (mm) Temperature (°C) 100 45 90 40 80 35 70 30 60 25 50 20 40 15 30 Number of colonies Number 10 20 5 10 Temperature°Cand precipitation (mm) 0 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. SONOMA 2003 50 P.viticola Precipitation (mm) Temperature (°C) 100 45 90 40 80 35 70 30 60 25 50 20 40 15 30 Number of colonies Number 10 20 5 10 Temperature °Cand precipitation (mm) °Cand Temperature 0 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. *Microscopic examinations showed pycnidia to be identical with pycnidia of Pa.chlamydospora previously observed in vitro (Rooney and Gubler, 2001). Locations of perithecia of Togninia spp on grapevines . Spore release Rainfall Sprinkler irrigation Fog Esca / black measles symptoms on Grapevine Fruit symptoms Crude toxin injection/reproduction of symptoms Control Dormant or Delayed dormant applications of lime sulfur=calcium polysulfide at 950 liters/ha Direct spray using 2 nozzles /side Pruning wound protection Eutypa Dieback Eutypa lata Eutypa leptoplaca Eutypa dieback Canker Eutypa shoot and leaf symptoms Eutypa symptoms Natural Inoculum Trial (Linden-2014) Eutypa 12 10 8 6 4 Percent Percent of Infected Stub Cuts 2 0 Control Rally+Topsin Rally+Topsin (2x) Treatment Natural Inoculum Fungicide Trial (Davis – 2014) Eutypa 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Percent Percent of Infected Stub Cuts 5 0 Treatment Bot Canker BOTRYOSPHAERIA CANKERS. • 9 species have been isolated from grapevine cankers in California. - Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx. - Botryosphaeria obtusa (Scheiwn.) Shoemaker. Typical wedge shaped canker caused by Botryosphaeria spp.. Botryosphaeria Canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis “Bot canker” a Botryosphaeria Canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis ● Botryosphaeria canker “Bot Canker” in California Lasiodiplodia theobromae + 8 other species 1990 2017 BOTRYOSPHAERIA PYCNIDIA FOUND IN CALIFORNIA GRAPEVINES. • Pycnidia of Lasiodiplodia theobromae found in Coachella Valley grapevines. 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 0 5 7/9/07 12/9/07 19/9/07 25/9/07 1/10/07 8/10/07 15/10/07 23/10/07 30/10/07 7/11/07 20/11/07 27/11/07 5/12/07 13/12/07 Spore trapping results inMonterey County 20/12/07 Bot spores 28/12/07 Bot spore values = Total spores / 2 ml of H of ml 2 / spores Total = values spore Bot 7/1/08 14/1/08 22/1/08 29/1/08 4/2/08 11/2/08 18/2/08 25/2/08 3/3/08 11/3/08 in California spp. Botryosphaeriaceae of Epidemiology 17/3/08 24/3/08 31/3/08 7/4/08 15/4/08 21/4/08 (mm) Precipitation 28/4/08 5/5/08 13/5/08 20/5/08 27/5/08 2/6/08 9/6/08 16/6/08 23/6/08 30/6/08 7/7/08 15/7/08 22/7/08 29/7/08 4/8/08 11/8/08 18/8/08 26/8/08 1/9/08 9/9/08 15/9/08 23/9/08 30/9/08 7/10/08 14/10/08 Temperature (C) 21/10/08 28/10/08 3/11/07 10/11/08 17/11/08 25/11/08 1/12/08 9/12/08 2 16/12/08 O 23/12/08 30/12/08 6/1/09 13/1/09 20/1/09 27/1/09 3/2/09 10/2/09 18/2/09 24/2/09 28/2/09 4/3/09 10/3/09 17/3/09 25/3/09 1/4/09 7/4/09 15/4/09 22/4/09 1/5/09 7/5/09 15/5/09 22/5/09 Grapevine Trunk Diseases Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Control of canker disease Eutypa and Botryosphaeria can not be chemically eradicated Recomendations Eliminate and burn pruning wood debris Double pruning (Weber, Trouillas & Gubler, AJEV) Late pruning (February - March) Chemical treatment of pruning wounds (Rolshausen & Gubler, 2005) 1% Topsin M (Benzimidazole) Vitiseal Canker Disease Control Late Pruning 90-95% control Spurshield Boric Acid 3000-5000ppm B B-LOCK --Nutrient Technologies grapes only Topsin M 1.5#/A, (will last longer in paint) Myclobutanil (Rally), 6 oz/a,(lasts longer in paint) Vitiseal 9:1 dilution for spraying Use neat for daubing Overwintering Structures give rise to primary inoculum Overwintering structures controlled by dormant sprays rainfall Spore release=Primary inoculum Dormant LLS Dormant Vitiseal Dormant fungicide Pruning wound Fresh wounds more susceptible Infection Why does late pruning help control canker disease? Chardonnay 2008-2009 Time Course Inoculation November December Lasiodiplodia theobromae Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum 100 90 100 80 90 70 80 60 70 50 60 40 50 30 40 20 30 % of infected % infected of wounds 10 20 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d 84 d 0 % of infected wounds 10 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 0 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d 84 d T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 11-04-08 11-16-08 11-28-08 12-10-08 12-22-08 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 12-10-08 12-22-08 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 2-07-09 2-19-09 3-03-09 February January March Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum LasiodiplodiaLasiodiplodia theobromae theobromae NeofusicoccumNeofusicoccum parvum parvum 100 100100 90 9090 80 8080 70 7070 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 % % of infected wounds % % of infected wounds 20 10 10 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d 10 12 d 24 d 36 d 0 0 12 d T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 2-07-09 2-19-09 3-03-09 3-15-09 32-0307-09 2-19-09 3-1503-09 3-15-09 Does spore trapping help control canker disease? It might if you could get into the vineyard within 12-24 hours. Fungicide Application Band spraying-Pruning wound protection and powdery mildew control Vitiseal 1:9 Spray Thank You Botryosphaeria Canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Disease cycle? Picnidia, Teleomorph? Native plants fruit, nut trees Foliar symptoms?? Rain Stroma on Dead trunk Ascospores Release Eutypa lata E. leptoplaca Fresh pruning wounds Several Years After Infection Canker Introduction Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis “Grapevine Trunk Diseases” - Infect grapevines through pruning wounds - Symptoms include: Grapevine decline (dieback) Blockage of vascular system (Xylem - Phloem) Toxin production Yield loss Death of the plant Grapevine Canker Diseases - Caused by fungal pathogens (Ascomycetes) Eutypa lata Eutypa leptoplaca Botryosphaeria spp - Infect grapevines through wounds • Most commonly through pruning wounds • Wounds caused by mechanical damage • Endophytic? - Symptoms include • Slow decline Rapid death of spur positions • Dieback • Eventual death Petri disease (Young vine decline) Phaeomoniella chlamydospora Esca & Petri disease Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Young Plants Black Goo ● Young Esca Grapevine decline Petri Disease Adult Plants ● Esca (Black measles) Petri Disease =Young Esca Disease occurs on 1-10yr-old vines. vines Disease results from infection of rootstock by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. Similar symptoms caused by different species of Phaeoacremonium. Pathogen introduced into plants in nursery, and in production fields. Spores of Phaeoacremonium spp. and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were trapped in infected vineyards of California Phaeoacremonium spp..
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