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1
Acknowledgments
This plan would not have been possible without the contributions of Daniel Lawson, Landscape Architect/Project Manager, Rocky Mountain National Park, and Paul Daniel Marriott, PhD, Conference Chair, Preserving the Historic Road International Conference 2018.
Thanks to those who contributed to the Field Session on Trail Ridge Road during the Preserving the Historic Road International Conference 2018: Amy Law, author of A Natural History of Trail Ridge Road; Jim Cervenka, Grand Lake Historical Society; Ken Brubaker, Colorado Department of Transportation Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility Engineer; Lenore Bates, Colorado Department of Transportation, Colorado Byways Program Manager; Judy Walden, President, Walden Mills Group.
Special thanks to Lenore Bates, Scenic Byways Program Manager, Colorado Department of Transportation, for her guidance throughout the project.
The project was designed using concepts based on the work of David Dahlquist and the America’s Byways® Resource Center.
Assessment Produced by Walden Mills Group
June 2019
Cover photo courtesy of The Denver Post photo archive
2
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...... 4 Introduction ...... 6 Colorado’s Legacy of Spectacular Roads …………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Trail Ridge Road, an All-American Scenic Byway ……………………………………………………………………….. 6 A History of Trail Ridge Road ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Wayfinding On Two Historic Roads in Rocky Mountain National Park ………………………………………….……. 8 A 2018 Field Experience ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 An Effective System of Wayshowing ……………………………………………………………………………………………….… 10 Keys to Effective Wayshowing ...... 10 Wayshowing Components ...... 11 Summary …………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………. 11 Map, Trail Ridge Road All American Road ……………………………………..………………………………………………….. 12
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5 Introduction
Colorado’s Legacy of Spectacular Roads
Colorado was one of the first states to embrace automobile touring. In 1910, the City of Denver established the Denver Mountain Parks to provide recreation for its citizens and to protect the beauty of the mountain landscape. Two years later in 1912, Frederick Law Olmstead Jr. designed a plan for Genesee Park that included two touring roads that today form the backbone of the route named the Lariat Loop Scenic and Historic Byway. In 2015, Pikes Peak Highway was constructed and immediately attracted motorcyclists and car racers as well as auto buffs. Rocky Mountain Park opened that same year headlining touring opportunities including Fall River Road, a trail once traveled by Ute and Arapaho Indians.
By 1932, RMNP visitors could drive along the newly constructed Trail Ridge Road. Colorado’s legacy of land use conservation and roadways that work in harmony with the landscape have continued since then throughout the last century. The Glenwood Canyon segment of Interstate 70, built between 1980 and 1992, stands as the newest testament to thoughtful roadway design in Colorado.
Other national designations recognize Colorado’s rich heritage in transportation. The National Register of Historic Places lists 61 bridges and 20 roads in Colorado. Three United States National Historic Trails pass through Colorado: Old Spanish National Historic Trail, Pony Express National Historic Trail, and Santa Fe National Historic Trail. Eleven of Colorado’s Scenic Byways are designated by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation as America’s Byways, giving Colorado more national byway designations than any other state in the union.
Trail Ridge Road, an All-American Scenic Byway
In l985, Trail Ridge Road was listed in the National Register of Historic Places for its feat as the highest continuous paved highway (U.S. Highway 34) in the United States, and for its role in the development of Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP). There are roads elsewhere in Colorado that reaches higher elevations i.e., Mount Evans (14,264’) and Pikes Peak (14,110’), but all dead-end at their summits. The highest point on Trail Ridge Road is near Lava Cliffs (elevation 12,183’).
In 1991, Trail Ridge Road was designated an All-American Road by the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) National Scenic Byways Program, as it possesses assets of extraordinary quality in the areas of archaeology, cultural, historic, natural, recreational and scenic values. The road is considered a destination unto itself, providing an experience so exceptional that travelers make the drive up over the highway as the primary reason for their trip.
This 48-mile byway, distinctive in a multitude of ways, plays a unique role in Colorado’s collection of twenty-six Scenic and Historic Byways. Trail Ridge Road came into the state collection with the designation of All-American Byway already established by the FHWA. It is not affiliated with a local byway organization nor guided by a Corridor Management Guide, as are all other Colorado byways. Instead, the roadway is owned and maintained by the National Park Service. Their Rocky Mountain National Park unit has proven to be a stellar steward of this historic transportation treasure and the road that came before it, Fall River Road.
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7 Wayfinding On Two Historic Roads in Rocky Mountain National Park
A 2018 Field Experience
In September 2018, twenty-eight participants with Preserving the Historic Road International Conference joined a full-day field session offered by the Colorado Department of Transportation that highlighted the construction and maintenance of two historic roads in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP). They first traveled Old Fall River Road, a dirt road constructed by the State of Colorado from 1913-1920 then continued on Trail Ridge Road, constructed between Photo by Hannah Frey 1926-1932 as a replacement and upgrade to the existing road. Alpine Visitor Center (elevation The group traveled both directions between the two gateway 11,796’) communities of Estes Park and Grand Lake, stopping for interpretive presentations by National Park Service Rangers at pull-offs and visitor centers in Rocky Mountain National Park, and with historians in the gateway communities of Estes Park and Grand Lake.
Purpose of the Preserving the Historic Road International
Conference was to “discuss and debate the identification, Photo by Hannah Frey preservation and management of historic roads…and to Trail Ridge Store and Cafe address how rising environmental and transportation challenges can be accommodated with their historic context.” Trail Ridge Road was the case study at hand, and the specific wayfinding question to be answered was, “How does the wayshowing system at RMNP support how visitors find themselves in this unfamiliar travel environment, how did they respond to the unique characteristics of the byway, and could they mentally embed or visualize the route in a larger reference frame—a cognitive map.
The twelve (12) attractions listed below comprised the sites and attractions included on the agenda for the twenty-eight road preservationists:
Cultural Heritage Sites Visitor Centers and Pullouts
• Big Thompson Canyon (flood) • Fall River Road Visitor Center • Fall River Road (now one way) (elevation 4,982’) • Willow Park Ranger Station & Willow • Alpine Visitor Center Park Stable (elevation 11,796’) • Trail Ridge Road • Grand Lake Historical Society • Smith Eslick Cottage Court (Grand Lake) (elevation 8,369’) • Old Fall River Road Cut • Rainbow Curve Pullout (elevation 10,829) • Snogo Snow Plow (1930) • Stanley Hotel, Estes Park
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