Trends in Biosciences 11(12), Print : ISSN 0974-8431, 2319-2341, 2018

Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal of , RAJENDRA YONZONE* AND SAMUEL RAI Directorate of Cinchona and Other Medicinal Plants, P.O. Mungpoo, District , West Bengal *email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT rivers in the state. West Bengal has a type of The present study provided baseline data on availability climate. But due to differences regarding physical features and other factors the be divided status, habit and habitat of some important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India. Some species are threatened into three divisions viz., i. The mountainous region of the and endangered in their natural habitat owing to north, ii. The western part of West Bengal and iii. The plains multifarious anthropogenic activities and natural of West Bengal. Northern part of state the hills and foothills calamities. A total of 604 species was recorded. Out have a dense vegetation of evergreen and deciduous types of these, 45 species were common, 82 species were found and continuation of the forest region and the areas is as frequent, 265 species were sparse and 142 species were known as Bengal duars in district. Mangrove is the most important trees of the southern coastal region of cultivated, 57 species were rare and 4 species were threatened and 9 species were endangered. The maximum the and Sundarban and in the western part number was herbs i.e., 265 species and this was followed of the country, Shorea robusta trees predominate and forest by tree 167, shrubs 117, sub shrubs 26 and climber 29 with deciduous trees. is the main crop and Jute species. Maximum species i.e., 587 are found in terrestrial cultivation has increased gradually. Other like Pulses, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Oilseeds, Banana, Pineapple, habitat and 15 species are epiphytic and the rest 2 species are found in marshy habitat. List of all the species Cocoanut etc. are important crops. In the northern hilly arranged alphabetically and some photographs are region Cinchona and are extensively cultivated. presented in this paper. Mulberry is important in Malda and for the silk industry. Industries of West Bengal are of two types i. Cottage industries and ii. Large scale industries. Cottage Key words Availability Status, Habit, Habitat, Some industries are handloom industry, silk industry, rice husking Important Medicinal Plants, West Bengal, industry, cane and bamboo industry, leather industry, India. pottery, jewellery etc. and large scale industries are the Jute industries, the cotton textile industries, the iron and India has very rich diversity of Medicinal and steel industry, the tea industry, the paper industry, the sugar Aromatic Plants. India is one of the twelve mega industry, the chemical industry. biodiversity of the world with two biodiversity hotspots West Bengal is a mega bio-diversity state having 3,580 viz., Eastern Himalaya and Western Ghats. Indian system species covering Temperate and Sub-Alpine forests of of medicine are Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Siddha and Unani. Darjeeling to Estuarine Plains of . Forest areas The important contributions on Indian Medicinal Plants are the main source of Medicinal Plants in West Bengal. after independence include Chopra et al. 1958, Data and There are 10 different forest types in West Bengal viz., i. Mukherjee, 1950-1952, Mitra and Jain, 1991, Sivrajan and North Tropical wet Evergreen forests ii. Northern Sub- Balachandran, 1994, Raychaudhary, 1995 and Kaushik and Tropical semi-evergreen forests, iii. moist Dhiman, 2000 (Srivastava, 2014). The Charak Samhita and deciduous forests, iv. Littoral and swamp forests – the Susrut Samhita provide the remarkable description of the mangroves, v. Littoral and swamp forests – Tropical Indian Medicinal Plants. seasonal swamps, vi. Northern Tropical dry deciduous West Bengal mainly comprises the western part of forests, vii. Northern sub-tropical broad-leaved wet hill the province of undivides Bengal and it was formed as a forests, viii. Northern Montane Wet Temperate forests, ix. separate state in the year 1947. in the northern East Himalayan moist temperate forests and x. Sub-Alpine part and Bay of Bengal in the southern part of the state forests. (Plate 1). Physical divisions of the state are i. The highlands The state West Bengal is characterized by its rich and terai regions of the north. The district of Darjeeling, vegetation which consists mainly of herbs, shrubs, thorny and foothills is situated in this region. ii. The shrubs, climbers, mangroves, small and large trees with low plateau of the western border. Here district and orchids, lichen, bryophytes, pteridophytes from low altitude western parts of , Midnapur and eastward Sundarban Coastal Areas to high altitude of . extensions of the Chotanagpur plateau region etc. come to Some of the major tribes are Mundas, Malpaharias, Oraon, this region. The central and southern plain region to the Namasudra, Polia, Rajbansi, Sandals etc. and they practices south of the northern mountainous tract and east of the to treat a variety of ailments using various Medicinal Plants western plateau region lie the extensive plain lands of West due to its easy availability, low cost and efficiency. The Bengal. The rivers of West Bengal are the Ganga, the Medicinal Plants resources of West Bengal is very rich. Bhagirathi, the Damodar, the Mayurakshi, the Mahananda The prevailing agro-climatic condition is very congenial and the Teesta. Besides these, there are many other small 2320 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018

Plate 1. Location map of West Bengal (Study area) YONZONE and RAI, Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India 2321

A B

C D

E F

Plate 2. A. First author taking photograph at Chetrey (boarder area of Nepal and India), during field tour. B. Habitat study of terrestrial medicinal orchid Cremastra appendiculata and Calanthe sylvatica at Dhotrey forest, Darjeeling, C. Last author taking interview with Tamang Bidhang or Bidhaya husband and wife regarding uses of local medicinal plants at Nimbong busty of Kalimpong I, D. Taking interview with senior Herbal healer at Ghanti dara, Nimbong Busty of Kalimpong I, E. First author taking interview with popular herbal healer Mr. N.B. Gurung, Nimbong fatak, Kalimpong I, F. Arrangement of collected medicinal plant species for herbarium preparation at Manaybhanjang Hotel (boarder area of India & Nepal) 2322 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018

Table 1. List of some important Medicinal Plant Species of West Bengal with Availability Status, Habit and Habitat

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

1. Abelmoschus moschatum Medic. Herb Terrestrial Common 2. Abies densa Griff. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 3. Abroma augusta (L.) L.f. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 4. Abrus precatorius L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 5. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Sub Shrub Terrestrial Common 6. Abutilon theophrasti Medic. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Rare 7. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Tree Terrestrial Rare 8. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 9. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 10. Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. Shrub Terrestrial Common 11. Acacia rugata (Lam.) Voigt. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 12. Acalypha indica L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 13. Achyranthes aspera L. Herb Terrestrial Common 14. Acmella calva (DC.) Jansen Herb Terrestrial Frequent 15. Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen Herb Terrestrial Sparse 16. Aconitum bisma (Ham.) Rapaics Herb Terrestrial Endangered 17. Aconitum laciniatum (Bruehl) Stapf Herb Terrestrial Threatened 18. Aconitum spicatum (Bruehl) Stapf. Herb Terrestrial Threatened 19. Acorus calamus L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 20. Adenanthera pavonina L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 21. Adiantum lunulatum Burm. Herb Terrestrial Common 22. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Tree Terrestrial Rare 23. Aerides multiflora Roxb. Herb Epiphytic Rare 24. Aerva lanata Juss. ex Schult. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 25. Aerva javanica Juss. ex Schult. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 26. Agave americana L. Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 27. Agave cantala Roxb. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 28. Agave sisalana Per. Shrub Terrestrial Rare 29. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robinson Herb Terrestrial Common 30. Ageratum conyzoides L. Herb Terrestrial Common 31. Aglaia odoratissima Bl. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 32. Agrimonia pilosa Ledebour. Herb Terrestrial Rare 33. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 34. Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 35. Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 36. Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms Tree Terrestrial Sparse 37. Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang Tree Terrestrial Common 38. Albizia amara Boivin Tree Terrestrial Rare 39. Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 40. Aloe barbadensis Mill. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 41. Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Rocs. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 42. Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Rocs. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 43. Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 44. scholaris (L.) R. Br. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 45. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Herb Terrestrial Rare 46. Amaranthus viridis L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 47. Amaranthus spinosus L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 48. Amomum subulatum Roxb. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 49. Amaranthus tricolor L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 50. Amorphophallus campanulatus Bl. ex Decne. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated YONZONE and RAI, Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India 2323

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

51. Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth Herb Terrestrial Frequent 52. Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Climber Terrestrial Frequent 53. Anagallis arvensis L. Herb Terrestrial Rare 54. Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 55. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees Herb Terrestrial Frequent 56. Anisochilus carnosus Wall. Herb Terrestrial Rare 57. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Shrub Terrestrial Rare 58. Annona reticulata L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 59. Annona squamosa L. Tree Terrestrial Rare 60. Retz. Tree Terrestrial Frequent 61. Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker Tree Terrestrial Sparse 62. Apium graveolens L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 63. Ardisia macrocarpa Wall. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 64. Ardisia solanacea Roxb. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 65. Argemone mexicana L. Herb Terrestrial Common 66. Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Marlo. ex Schott. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 67. Aristolochia indica L. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 68. Artemisia vulgaris L. Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 69. Artemisia parviflora D. Don Sub Shrub Terrestrial Rare 70. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 71. Artocarpus lacucha Ham. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 72. Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 73. Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 74. Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 75. Asparagus officinalis L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 76. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Sub-Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 77. Astilbe rivularis D. Don Herb Terrestrial Frequent 78. Atalantia missionis Oliv. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 79. Averrhoa carambola L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 80. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 81. Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 82. Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench. Herb Terrestrial Common 83. Bacopa monnieria (L.) Penn. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 84. Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 85. Bambusa tulda Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 86. Barleria cristata L. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 87. Barleria lupulina Lindl. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 88. Barleria prionites L. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 89. Barleria strigosa Willd. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 90. Basella alba L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 91. Bauhinia acuminata L. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 92. Bauhinia purpurea L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 93. Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 94. Bauhinia variegata L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 95. Beilschmiedia roxburghiana Nees Tree Terrestrial Sparse 96. Beilschmiedia gammieana Hook. f. Tree Terrestrial Rare 97. Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 98. Benincasa hispida (Thumb.) Cogn. Climber Terrestrial Cultivated 99. Bergenia ciliata (Haworth) Sternberg Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 100. Betula alnoides D. Don Tree Terrestrial Sparse 101. Betula utilis D. Don Tree Terrestrial Rare 2324 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

102. Bidens pilosa L. Herb Terrestrial Common 103. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Herb Terrestrial Common 104. Bischofia javanica Bl. Tree Terrestrial Rare 105. Bixa orellana L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 106. Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. Herb Terrestrial Common 107. Boerhavia diffusa L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 108. Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 109. Bombax ceiba L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 110. Borassus flabellifer L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 111. Breynia vitis idaea (Burm. f.) Fisher Shrub Terrestrial Rare 112. Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 113. Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Tree Terrestrial Frequent 114. Buddleja asiatica Lour. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 115. Buettneria herbacea Roxb. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 116. Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (J.E. Sm.) Lindl. Herb Epiphytic Rare 117. Butea monosperma (Lam.) O. Kuntze Tree Terrestrial Sparse 118. Butea parviflora Roxb. Climber Terrestrial Frequent 119. Butea superba Roxb. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 120. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 121. Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 122. Cajanus cajan (L.) Mills. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 123. Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Wall. Herb Terrestrial Common 124. Callicarpa arborea Roxb. ex Clarke Tree Terrestrial Sparse 125. Callicarpa vestita Wall. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 126. Calocasia nymphaeifolia Kunth Herb Terrestrial Frequent 127. Calotropis procera (Ait.) Dryan. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 128. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 129. Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 130. Canarium strictum Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Rare 131. Canna edulis Ker-Gawler Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 132. Canna indica L. Herb Terrestrial Rare 133. Cannabis sativa L. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 134. Capparis zeylanica L. Shrub Terrestrial Rare 135. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 136. Carica papaya L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 137. Carissa spinarum L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 138. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 139. Carissa carandas L. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 140. Cassia absus L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 141. Cassia alata L. Shrub Terrestrial Rare 142. Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 143. Cassia auriculata L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 144. Cassia fistula L. Tree Terrestrial Frequent 145. Cassia mimosoides L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 146. Cassia sophera L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 147. Cassia occidentalis L. Shrub Terrestrial Common 148. Cassia tora L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 149. Castanopsis indica (Roxb.) A. DC. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 150. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 151. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 152. Casuarinas equisetifolia Forst. Tree Terrestrial Common YONZONE and RAI, Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India 2325

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

153. Ceiba pentandra L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 154. Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated, Rare in wild 155. Centratherum anthelminticum (Willd.) Kuntz. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 156. Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) A. Rich. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 157. Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirvengadum Tree Terrestrial Sparse 158. Celosia argentea L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 159. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Herb Terrestrial Sparse 160. Chenopodium album L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 161. Chromolaena odorata King & Robinson Shrub Terrestrial Common 162. Chrysanthemum indicum L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 163. Chukrasia tubularis Juss. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 164. Cinchona calisaya Weddell Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 165. Cinchona officinalis L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 166. Cinchona sucirubra Pavon ex Klotzsch Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 167. Cinnamomum bejolghota (Ham.) Sweet Tree Terrestrial Frequent 168. Cinnamomum camphora Nees Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 169. Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Nees & Eberm. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 170. Cinnamomum tenuipilis Kosterm. Tree Terrestrial Rare 171. Cissampelos pareira L. var. hirsuta Forman Shrub Terrestrial Sparse (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) 172. Cissus adnata Roxb. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 173. Cissus quadrangularis L. Herb Terrestrial Rare 174. Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. Herb Terrestrial Rare 175. Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook. f. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 176. Clematis buchananiana DC. Climber Terrestrial Rare 177. Cleome icosandra L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 178. Clerodendrum chinensis (Osbeck) Mabberley Sub Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 179. Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 180. Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 181. Clerodendrum phlomoides L. f. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 182. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 183. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Common 184. Clitoria ternatea L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 185. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. Climber Terrestrial Frequent 186. Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Tree Terrestrial Sparse 187. Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston. Tree Terrestrial Rare 188. Cocos nucifera L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 189. Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 190. Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl. Herb Epiphytic Frequent 191. Coelogyne cristata Lindl. Herb Epiphytic Sparse 192. Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl. Herb Epiphytic Sparse 193. Coelogyne stricta (D. Don) Schltr. Herb Epiphytic Rare 194. Colebrookea oppositifolia Smith Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 195. Coleus amboinicus Lour. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 196. Commelina benghalensis L. Herb Terrestrial Common 197. Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 198. Corchorus capsularis L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 199. Corchorus olitorius L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 200. Costus speciosus (Koen. ex Retz.) Smith Herb Terrestrial Sparse 201. Cotula anthemoides L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 202. Crateva religiosa Forster Tree Terrestrial Sparse 2326 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

203. Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino Herb Terrestrial Rare 204. Crinum amoenum Roxb. ex Ker Gawler Herb Terrestrial Rare 205. Crinum asiaticum L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 206. Crotalaria retusa L. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 207. Croton bonplandianus Baillon Sub Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 208. Cryptolepis buchanani Roemer & Schult. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 209. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 210. Curcuma amada Roxb. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 211. Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 212. Curcuma caesia Roxb. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 213. Curcuma longa L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 214. Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc. Herb Terrestrial Rare 215. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Herb Epiphytic Sparse 216. Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 217. Cymbidium devonianum Lindl. ex Paxt. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 218. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 219. Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) J.F. Wats. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 220. Cynadon dactylon (L.) Pers. Herb Terrestrial Common 221. Cynometra ramiflora L. Tree Terrestrial Frequent 222. Cyperus rotundus L. Herb Terrestrial Common 223. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo Herb Terrestrial Endangered 224. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 225. Daphne bholua D. Don Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 226. Datura metel L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated, Rare in wild 227. Datura stramonium L. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 228. Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 229. Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 230. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) Fischer Herb Epiphytic Frequent 231. Dendrobium densiflorum Lindl. Herb Epiphytic Sparse 232. Dendrobium denudans D. Don Herb Epiphytic Frequent 233. Dendrobium heterocarpum Lindl. Herb Epiphytic Rare 234. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Munro Tree Terrestrial Sparse 235. Dendrocnide sinuata (Bl.) Chew Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 236. Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Etting. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 237. Derris indica (Lamk.) Bennett. Tree Terrestrial Frequent 238. Derris trifoliata Lour. Climber Terrestrial Common 239. Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 240. Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 241. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 242. Dicentra scandens (D. Don) Walpers Herb Terrestrial Frequent 243. Dichroa febrifuga Lour. Shrub Terrestrial Common 244. Digitalis purpurea L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 245. Dillenia indica L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 246. Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 247. Dioscorea alata L. Climber Terrestrial Cultivated 248. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 249. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Kunth Climber Terrestrial Threatened 250. Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Climber Terrestrial Sparse 251. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 252. Dioscorea triphylla L. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 253. Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Frequent YONZONE and RAI, Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India 2327

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

254. Diploknema butyraceae (Roxb.) H.J. Lam. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 255. Drosera burmannii Vahl. Herb Terrestrial Rare 256. Drymaria cordata (L.) Wild. Herb Terrestrial Common 257. Ecbolium viride (Forsk.) Merrill Sub Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 258. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 259. Ehretia laevis Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 260. Elaeocarpus sphaericus ( Gaertn.) Schumann Tree Terrestrial Rare 261. Elephantopus scaber L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 262. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 263. Enydra fluctuans Lour. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 264. Equisetum debile L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 265. Eryngium foetidum L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 266. Erythrina stricta Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 267. Erythrina variegata var. orientalis (L.) Merill Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 268. Eucalyptus citrideora L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 269. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 270. Eulophia vitida R. Br. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 271. Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 272. Euphorbia antiquorum L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 273. Euphorbia hirta L. Herb Terrestrial Common 274. Euphorbia microphylla Heyne Herb Terrestrial Frequent 275. Euphorbia nerifolia L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 276. Euphorbia pulcherrima Klotzsch Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 277. Euphorbia thymifolia L. Herb Terrestrial Common 278. Euphorbia tirucalli L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 279. Euphoria longan Steud. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 280. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 281. Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) Hara Herb Terrestrial Sparse 282. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 283. Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle Tree Terrestrial Sparse 284. Ficus benghalensis L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 285. Ficus elastica Hornemann Tree Terrestrial Sparse 286. Ficus glomerata Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 287. Ficus hispida L.f. Tree Terrestrial Common 288. Ficus religiosa L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 289. Ficus semicordata J.E. Smith Tree Terrestrial Sparse 290. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 291. Flickingeria fugax (Rchb. f.) Seidenf. Herb Epiphytic Sparse 292. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 293. Fragaria nubicola (Hook. f.) Lacaita Herb Terrestrial Sparse 294. Fraxinus floribunda Wall. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 295. Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don Herb Terrestrial Sparse 296. Fumaria indica (Haussk.) Pugsley Herb Terrestrial Sparse 297. Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f. Tree Terrestrial Frequent 298. Gardenia gummifera L. f. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 299. Gardenia latifolia Ait. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 300. Garuga pinnata Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 301. Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schlt. Herb Terrestrial Rare 302. Ginkgo biloba L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 303. Glinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 304. Globba racemosa J.E. Smith. var. racemosa Herb Terrestrial Sparse 2328 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

305. Gloriosa superva L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 306. Glycine max (L.) Merrill Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 307. Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 308. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Common 309. Gomphrena globosa L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 310. Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb. f. Herb Terrestrial Rare 311. Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 312. Grewia helicterifolia Wall. ex G. Don Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 313. Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schul. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 314. Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briquette Herb Terrestrial Sparse, sometime cultivated 315. Gynocardia odorata R. Br. Tree Terrestrial Rare 316. Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Schltr. Herb Terrestrial Rare 317. Habenaria furcifera Lindl. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 318. Hedychium spicatum Buch. – Ham. ex J.E. Smith Herb Terrestrial Rare var. spicatum 319. Helicteres isora L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 320. Heliotropium indicum L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 321. Heracleum nepalense D. Don Herb Terrestrial Sparse 322. Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vuijk Herb Terrestrial Sparse 323. Hibiscus mutabilis L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 324. Hibiscus rosa chinensis L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 325. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Herb Terrestrial Rare 326. Hiptage bengalensis (L.) Kurz. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 327. Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don Tree Terrestrial Sparse 328. Houttyunia cordata Thunb. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 329. Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) Muell. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 330. Hydrocotyle nepalensis Hook. f. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 331. Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Heine Herb Terrestrial Sparse 332. Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 333. Hypericom patulum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 334. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 335. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) Aiton Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 336. Impatiens balsamina L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 337. Impatiens trilobata Colebrooke Herb Terrestrial Sparse 338. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Reauschel Herb Terrestrial Common 339. Indigofera tinctoria L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 340. Ipomoea aquatic Forssk. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 341. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamk. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 342. Ipomoea paniculata (L.) R. Br. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 343. Ipomoea quamoclit L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 344. Iris clarkei Baker ex Hook. f. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 345. Ixora coccinea L. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 346. Jasminum elongatum (Bergius) Willd. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 347. Jatropa curcas L. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 348. Jatropa gossypifolia L. Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 349. Juglans regia L. Tree Terrestrial Rare 350. Juniperus recurva D. Don Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 351. Justicia adhatoda L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 352. Justicia gendarussa L.f. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 353. Kaempferia galanga L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 354. Kaempferia rotunda L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse YONZONE and RAI, Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India 2329

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

355. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Herb Terrestrial Common 356. Kandelia candel (L.) Druce Tree Terrestrial Sparse 357. Kydia calycina Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 358. Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R. & G. Forster) Dandy ex Herb Terrestrial Frequent Hutch. & Dalziel 359. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley Herb Terrestrial Sparse 360. Lagerstroemia hirsuta (Lam.) Willd. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 361. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill Tree Terrestrial Sparse 362. Lantana camera L. Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 363. Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites Herb Terrestrial Sparse 364. Lasiococca symphyllifolia (Kurz.) Hook. f. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 365. Lawsonia inermis L. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated in gardens 366. Leea aequata L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 367. Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 368. Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 369. Leonotis nepetifolia R. Br. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 370. Leonurus sibiricus L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 371. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 372. Leucas indica (L.) Vatke Herb Terrestrial Sparse 373. Leucosceptrum canum Smith Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 374. Limonia acidissima L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 375. Lindera neesiana (Nees) Kurz. Tree Terrestrial Frequent 376. Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon Tree Terrestrial Sparse 377. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robinson Tree Terrestrial Sparse 378. Litsea kingii Hook. f. Tree Terrestrial Common 379. Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 380. Lobelia nummularia Lam. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 381. Ludwigia adscandens (L.) H. Hara Herb Terrestrial Sparse 382. Ludwigia perennis L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 383. Luffa echinata Roxb. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 384. Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. Climber Terrestrial Common 385. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 386. Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 387. Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Tree Terrestrial Frequent 388. Madhuca longifolia (Koen. ex L.) Macbr. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 389. Maesa chisia Ham. ex D. Don Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 390. Mahonia napaulensis DC. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 391. Malvaviscus arboreus Cavanilles var. arboreus Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 392. Mangifera indica L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 393. Maranta arundinacea L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated, occasionally wild 394. Marsilea minuta L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 395. Martynia annua L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 396. Melastoma malabathricum L. Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 397. Melia azedarach L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 398. Melilotus alba Desr. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 399. Mentha piperita L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 400. Mentha spicata L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 401. Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 402. Mesua ferrea L. Tree Terrestrial Rare 403. Meyna spinosa Link Tree Terrestrial Sparse 404. Mimusops elengi L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated in Gardens, 2330 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

Rare in wild 405. Mimusops hexandra Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 406. Michelia champaca L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 407. Mimosa himalayana Gamble Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 408. Mimosa pudica L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 409. Mirabillis jalapa L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 410. Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 411. Momordica dioica Willd. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 412. Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 413. Moringa oleifera Lam. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated, Frequently wild 414. Morus alba L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 415. Mucuna nigricans (Lour.) Steud. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 416. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated, Rare in wild 417. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Tree Terrestrial Common 418. Mussaenda macrophylla Wall. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 419. Mussaenda roxburghii Hook. f. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 420. Mussaenda treutleri Stapf. Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 421. Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 422. Nasturtium officinale Brown Herb Terrestrial Sparse 423. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Herb Terrestrial Frequent, rarely cultivated 424. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Tree Terrestrial Rare 425. Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl. Herb Terrestrial Common 426. Nerium odorum L. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated in garden 427. Nyctanthes arbortristis L. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 428. Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. Herb Marshy Sparse 429. Ocimum basilicum L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated, Rare in wild 430. Ocimum gratissimum L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 431. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 432. Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 433. Opuntia dillenii Haw. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 434. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 435. Osbeckia nepalensis Hooker Sub Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 436. Oxalis corniculata L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 437. Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated, occasionally wild 438. Panax pseudoginseng Wall. var. angustifolious Herb Terrestrial Threatened (Burkill) L. 439. Parabaena sagittata Hook. f. & Thomson Climber Terrestrial Sparse 440. Paris polyphylla Smith Herb Terrestrial Sparse 441. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 442. Passiflora edulis Sims Sub Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 443. Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Heyne Tree Terrestrial Sparse 444. Pentapanax fragrans (D. Don) Ha Tree Terrestrial Common 445. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Herb Terrestrial Rare 446. Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees Herb Terrestrial Sparse 447. Persea fructifera Kosterm. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 448. Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis (Hardw.) Mabber. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 449. Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees Tree Terrestrial Sparse 450. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 451. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Herb Terrestrial Sparse 452. Phyllanthus emblica L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 453. Phyllanthus fraturnus Webster Herb Terrestrial Frequent YONZONE and RAI, Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India 2331

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

454. Phyllanthus urinaria L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 455. Physalis divaricata D. Don Herb Terrestrial Sparse 456. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 457. Pinus roxburghii Sergent Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 458. Piper longum L. Herb Epiphytic Rare 459. Piper mullesua D. Don Herb Terrestrial Sparse 460. Piper nigrum L. Herb Epiphytic Cultivated 461. Piper peepuloides Roxb. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 462. Piper retrofractum Vahl. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 463. Plantago erosa Wall. Herb Terrestrial Common 464. Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Herb Terrestrial Sparse 465. Pluchera indica (L.) Less. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 466. Plumeria alba L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 467. Plumeria rubra L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated in gardens 468. Plumbago indica L. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 469. Plumbago zeylanica L. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 470. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle Herb Terrestrial Endangered 471. Pogostemon patchouli Pettetier Herb Terrestrial Sparse 472. Polycarpon prostratum (Forsk.) Asch. Herb Terrestrial Common 473. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Tree Terrestrial Sparse 474. Portulaca oleracea L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 475. Potentilla lineata Trev. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 476. Premna herbacea Roxb. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 477. Premna mucronata Roxb. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 478. Premna scandens Roxb. Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 479. Prunus cerasoides D. Don Tree Terrestrial Sparse 480. Psidium guajava L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 481. Psilanthus bengalensis (Schultes) Leroy Shrub Terrestrial Rare 482. Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated, Frequent in wild 483. Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 484. Punica granatum L. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 485. Pupalia atropurpurea Moq. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 486. Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 487. Quisqualis indica L. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 488. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 489. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Kurz. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Endangered 490. Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated, Rare in wild 491. Rhamnus napalensis (Wall.) Lawson Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 492. Rhamnus purpureus Edgeworth Tree Terrestrial Sparse 493. Rheum acuminatum Hook. f. & Thoms. Herb Terrestrial Endangered 494. Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. Tree Terrestrial Common 495. Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 496. Rhododendron arboreum Smith Tree Terrestrial Frequent 497. Rhododendron lepidotum G. Don Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 498. Rhus chinensis Miller Tree Terrestrial Rare 499. Ricinus communis L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 500. Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy Shrub Terrestrial Common 501. Rubia manzith Roxb. ex Flem. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 502. Rubus calycinoides D. Don Sub Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 503. Rubus ellipticus Smith Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 504. Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 2332 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

505. Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees. Herb Terrestrial Common 506. Salvinia auriculata Aubl. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 507. Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. f. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 508. Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 509. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 510. Satyrium nepalense D. Don Herb Terrestrial Rare 511. Schima wallichii (DC.) Kortal Tree Terrestrial Frequent 512. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 513. Scoparia dulcis L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 514. Selaginella kraussiana L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 515. Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Tree Terrestrial Frequent 516. Sesamum indicum L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 517. Sesbania grandiflora Tree Terrestrial Sparse 518. Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 519. Sida acuta Burm. f. Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 520. Sida cordifolia Wight & Arnott Sub Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 521. Sida rhombifolia L. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 522. Sigesbeckia orientalis L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 523. Smilax aspericaulis Wall. ex A. DC. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 524. Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 525. Solanum nigrum L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 526. Solanum torvum Sw. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 527. Solanum viarum Dunal Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 528. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 529. Sonchus oleraceus L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 530. Sorea robusta Gaertn. f. Tree Terrestrial Frequent 531. Sphaeranthus indicus L. Herb Terrestrial Common 532. Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz. Tree Terrestrial Rare 533. Solanum virginianum L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 534. Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers. Herb Terrestrial Endangered 535. Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) A. DC. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 536. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 537. Streblus asper Lour. Tree Terrestrial Frequent 538. Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karsten Herb Terrestrial Rare 539. Swertia ciliata (G. Don) Burtt Herb Terrestrial Rare 540. Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Rare 541. Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 542. Tagetes patula L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 543. Tamarindus indica L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 544. Taxus baccata L. Tree Terrestrial Rare 545. Tectona grandis L. f. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 546. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Piers. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Frequent 547. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight. & Arn. Tree Terrestrial Cultivated, Rare in wild 548. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 549. Terminalia chebula Retz. Tree Terrestrial Rare 550. Terminalia myriocarpa Heurck & Mueller Tree Terrestrial Sparse 551. Tetradium fraxinifolium (Hook.) Hartley Tree Terrestrial Sparse 552. Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 553. Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalz. & A. Gibs. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 554. Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Corr. Tree Terrestrial Sparse YONZONE and RAI, Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India 2333

Sl. No. Name of the Medicinal Plant Species Habit Habitat Availability Status

555. Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 556. Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem) Honda Herb Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 557. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Climber Terrestrial Endangered 558. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 559. Toona ciliata Roemer Tree Terrestrial Sparse 560. Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 561. Tragia involucrata L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 562. Trewia nudiflora L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 563. Tribulus terrestris L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 564. Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. Climber Terrestrial Rare 565. Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Climber Terrestrial Common 566. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 567. Tricosanthes lepiniana (Naudin) Cogn. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 568. Tridax procumbens L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 569. Tupistra nutans Wall. ex Lindl. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 570. Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Climber Terrestrial Cultivated, Rare in wild 571. Uraria lagopodioides (L.) Desv. Herb Terrestrial Common 572. Urena lobata L. Sub Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 573. Urtica ardens Link Herb Terrestrial Sparse 574. Urtica dioica L. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 575. Valeriana jatamansi Jones Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 576. Vallaris solanacea (Roth) O. Kuntze Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 577. Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex D. Don Herb Terrestrial Sparse 578. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 579. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 580. Vigna trilobata (L.) Verd. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 581. Viola betonicifolia Smith Herb Terrestrial Frequent 582. Viola diffusa Ging. Herb Terrestrial Common 583. Viola biflora L. Herb Terrestrial Frequent 584. Viola pilosa Bl. Herb Terrestrial Common 585. Viscum album L. Parasitic Shrub Epiphytic Endangered 586. Viscum liquidambaricolum Hayata Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 587. Viscum monoicum DC. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 588. Vitex negundo L. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 589. Vitis barbata Wall. Climber Terrestrial Rare 590. Wattakaka volubilis (L.f.) Stapf. Climber Terrestrial Sparse 591. Wedelia chinensis Merill Herb Terrestrial Cultivated, Sparse in wild 592. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 593. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 594. Xanthium indicum Roxb. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 595. Yucca gloriosa L. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 596. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Shrub Terrestrial Endangered 597. Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 598. Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. Shrub Terrestrial Sparse 599. Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgew. Shrub Terrestrial Rare 600. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 601. Zingiber purpureum Roscoe Herb Terrestrial Rare 602. Zingiber rubens Roxb. Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 603. Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Rocs. ex J.E. Sm. Herb Terrestrial Sparse 604. Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk. Tree Terrestrial Sparse 2334 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018 for growth and development of various species of Medicinal LITERATURE REVIEW Plant. These plants provide valuable herbal healing Relevant data from the published literatures are property and livehood for most of the village people of available on the medicinal plants of some districts of West West Bengal. In the present communication, an attempt Bengal, India include regional or district floras. The has been made to collect information on the some important compilation of the total list of availability status, habit and Medicinal Plant species of West Bengal along with their habitat of some important Medicinal Plant species of West availability status, habit and habitat in details and all the Bengal have been done by consulting those relevant available species are arranged alphabetically (Table 1). literatures including Chopra et al. 1958, 1969; Ohashi, 1975; MATERIALS AND METHODS Prain, 1903; Banerjee and Pramanik, 1977; Jain, 1968, 1981, The present study, carried out during 2007 to 1987, 1991, 1994; Chettri et al. 1992; Naskar, 1993; Chatterjee, June 2009, 2013 to December 2016 and 26 1977; Dixit et al. 1978; Mitra and Jain, 1991; Sivarajan and December 2016 to 22 2018 is the result of extensive Balachandran, 1994; Raychaudhary, 1995; Noltie, 1994-2000; field surveys in different parts of Darjeeling Himalaya of Kaushik and Dhiman, 2000; Grierson and Long, 1983-2001; West Bengal, India. Medicinal plant species collected Pearce and Cribb, 2002; Ghosh, 2003; Medhi and Chakrabarti, during field survey were processed and mounted on 2009; Dey and De, 2010; Gupta et al. 2015; Joshi, 2007; standard herbarium sheets following Jain and Rao (1977) Naskar and Guha Bakshi, 1981; Naskar, 1993; Purohit et al. and identified and authenticated with the help of different 1986; Rai and Sharma, 1994; Rai and Bhujel, 1997; Rai et al. published floras, journals covering this region including 1998; Jain and Mudgal, 1999; Bhattacharjee, 2001; Dey and Biswas and Chopra, 1956; Grierson and Long, 1983-2001; De, 2010; Rai et al. 2013; Saha et al. 2013; Sinhababu and Noltie, 1994-2000; Pearce and Cribb, 2002; Rai and Sharma, Banerjee, 2013; Saha et al. 2014a, 2014b; Sinhababu and 1994; Yonzone et al. 2012a, 2013a, 2013b; Yonzone and Rai., Banerjee, 2013; Yonzone, 1996; Yonzone, 2015, 2016, 2017a, 2015, 2016 and Yonzone, 2015, 2017. Methodology of Jain 2017b; Yonzone et al. 1981, 1984, 1985, 1987; Yonzone et al. (1987, 1991); Rai et al. (1998), Rai and Bhujel (1999); Rai 2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2012e, 2013a, 2013b; (2006); Yonzone et al. 2012 were followed for this survey Chatterjee and Mukherjee, 2015; Yonzone and Rai, 2016 work. To determine the authenticity of the information and Debnath et al. 2017. collected during field survey work, repeated authentication RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of data from different informants was done. Detailed The present study recorded 604 species of medicinal information regarding the plant, plant parts, mode of plant species from the entire West Bengal and those plants preparation, disease treatment, dosage and combination were used by the different ethnic communities of the study were recorded through direct consultation with the local area. In general, 587 plant species are found in terrestrial informants like Baidhang or Baidhangay, Dhami, Jhakri, habitat and 15 species are epiphytic and the rest 2 species Bungthing, Bijuwa, Mangpa, Phedangba, Mata, Bhagawati, are found in marshy habitat. It was found that, 45 species Bonbo, Lama and Porohit (Plate 2). Photographs of some were common, 82 species were found as frequent, 265 Medicinal Plants are presented to facilitate easy and proper identification of the species (Plate 3-6).

Fig. 1. Availability status of medicinal plant species of West Bengal YONZONE and RAI, Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India 2335

A B C

D E F

G H I

Plate 3. A. Acmella calva, B. Adiantum lunulatum, C. , D. Ageratum conizoides, E. Amaranthus spinosus, F. Berginia ciliata, G. Biden pilosa, H. Basilla alba and I. Buddleja asiatica 2336 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018

A B C

F D E

G H I

Plate 4. A. Cinchona officinale, B. Cinnamomum tamala, C. Drymaria cordata, D. Kaempferia rotunda, E. Fraxinus floribunda, F. Mimosa pudica, G. Phyllanthus fraturnus, H. Ocimum tenuiflorum and I. Rubia munjith YONZONE and RAI, Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India 2337

A B C

D E F

G H I

Plate 5. A. Abrus precatorius, B. Abutilon indicum, C. Acorus calamus, D. Aegle marmelos, E. Aerides multiflora, F. Amomum subulatum, G. Cannabis sativa, H. Argemone mexicana, I. Arundina graminifolia 2338 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018

A B C

D E F

G H I

Plate 6. A. Carica papaya, B. Euphorbia hirta, C. Curcuma aromatica, D. Catharanthus roseus, E. Centella asiatica, F. Eclipta prostrata, G. Gloriosa superva, H. Melastoma malabathricum, I. Oxalis corniculata YONZONE and RAI, Availability Status, Habit and Habitat of Some Important Medicinal Plants of West Bengal, India 2339

Fig. 2. Habit wise classification of medicinal plant species species were sparse and 142 species were cultivated, 57 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS species were rare and 4 species were threatened and 9 The authors are thankful to the State Medicinal Plant species were endangered (Fig. 1). An analysis the habit Board, Govt. of West Bengal for providing financial support groups of the plant shows that the maximum number of to carry out this study. (265) species was herbs. This was followed by tree (167), shrubs (117), sub shrub (26) and climber (29) species (Fig. LITERATURE CITED 2). It is also observed that, all the recorded Medicinal Plant Banerjee, S.P. and R.B. Pramanik., 1977. Flora of West Bengal. species of West Bengal are economically important and Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. play very important role in their life support systems. The Bhattacharjee, S.K., 2001. Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Pointer plant parts used for various purposes were leaf, flower, Publication, New Delhi. fruit, seeds, bark, tuber, rhizome, shoot, stem, whole plant Biswas, K.P. and R.N. Chopra., 1956. Common medicinal plants of etc. and they are used to treat different diseases like diabetes, Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas, Alipur, Calcutta. diarrhea, dysentery, ulcers, arthritis rheumatism, gout, Chatterjee, P. and A. Mukherjee., 2015. Herbal Remedies in Use in fracture, joint dislocation, sprain, headache, sinusitis, , West Begal: An Ethnomedicinal toothache, nasal congestion, stomachache, gastritis, Documentation. Ind. J. Sci. Res. 10(1): 18-26. constipation, piles, fistula, menstrual disorder, skin Chatterjee, S.K., 1977. Availability of medicinal and aromatic plants diseases, leurrhoea, gonorrhea etc. and methods of in northeastern India with special reference to West Bengal. preparation include powder, decoction, infusion, juice and Cultivation and utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants extract of whole plant parts for healing purposes. (Ed. Atal. C. K and Kapur, B.M) RRL, Jammu, India. pp. 485- 492. CONCLUSION Chettri, R., Rai, B. and D.B. Khawas., 1992. Certain medicinal plants Medicinal plants are very important for socio- in the folk life of Darjeeling and Sikkim hills, India. I : Used for economic point of view. But indiscriminate collection cause the treatment of ailments in domestic animals. J. Econ. Tax. serious damage to the natural population of these plant Bot. add. Ser. 10:393-398. species. Besides this, due to loss of habitats caused by top Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and B.S. Verma., 1969. Supplement of layer soil erosion, grazing of cattle, plant diseases, Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi. deforestation, construction and extension of motorable Chopra, R.N., Nayer, S.L. and J.C. Chopra., 1958. Glossary of Indian roads, monoculture, herbicide and pesticide residues in soil, Medicinal Plants, CSIR, New Delhi. illegal collection, landslides and floods adversely affect the Debnath, D., Choudhery, D, Chowdhery M. and A.P. Das., 2017. diversity resources of medicinal plant species of West Ethnobotany of Rajbanshi Community in Duars of Jalpaiguri Bengal. Therefore, an immediate attention is required to District, West Bengal, India: 1. Traditional food. Pleione 11(1): 137-145. conserve these useful species from devastation in their habitat. Data, S.C. and B. Mukherjee., 1950. Pharmacognosy of root and rhizome drugs. Manager of Publication, Delhi, Bull. Bishen Singh 2340 Trends in Biosciences 11 (12), 2018

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Received on 24-03-2018 Accepted on 30-03-2018