Number 32 Spring/Summer 2008 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Re p o r t No t e s f r o m t h e Ja m e s A. Ba k e r III In s t i t u t e f o r Pu b l i c Po l i c y o f Ri c e Un i v e r s i t y

Se n . Jo h n McCa i n Ad d r e ss e s Ca m p a i g n Iss u e s a t To w n Ha l l Fo r u m

Less than a week before the speak. Invitations were also extend- Texas primary, Republican presiden- ed to Democrats Hillary Clinton tial candidate Sen. John McCain, of New York and Barack Obama R-Ariz., stated at the Baker Institute of Illinois, and Republicans Mike that he has the experience and Huckabee of Arkansas and Ron knowledge to lead the country. Paul of Texas. McCain was the first The Feb. 28 town hall meet- to accept. ing was open to Rice University Introduced as a “consensus students, faculty, staff and guests builder” by former U.S. Secretary of invited by the university, along with State and Baker Institute Honorary the news media. McCain’s visit was Chair James A. Baker, III, McCain prompted by an invitation from spoke about energy, taxes, Iraq and Rice and the Baker Institute to Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz. continued on page 27

Se n . Jo h n Ke r r y Ur g e s Ac t i o n In Th i s Re p o r t o n Cl i m a t e Ch a n g e Po l i c y Director's Letter 2 In his keynote address at Campaign 2008: the Baker Institute conference The Issues Considered 3 “Beyond Science: The Economics Energy Forum 7 Science & Technology 10 and Politics of Responding to Rush Conference Center 13 Climate Change,” Sen. John Kerry, Kelly Day Endowment 14 D-Mass., challenged U.S. policy- Associate Roundtable 15 makers to take immediate steps Latin American Initiative 16 to deal with the threat of climate Space Policy 18 change. A long-standing advocate Diplomacy 20 for the environment, Kerry, along Technology, Society & with former Vice President Al Public Policy 24 Gore, held the first Senate hear- Homeland Security ings on global warming in 1987. In & Terrorism 25 December 2007, Kerry represented Student Forum 26 the Senate at the United Nations In the News 32 conference on climate change in New Publications 34 Fellows and Scholars 35 continued on page 28 Sen. John Kerry, D-Mass.

1 Le t t e r f r o m t h e Di r e c t o r

This fall will mark the Baker Khalifa Al-Thani, Emir of Qatar; lenges of post-conflict Iraq. In Institute’s 15th anniversary. Prince Saud al-Faisal of Saudi 2006, we were one of the institu- At the time the institute was Arabia; President Shimon Peres tions that facilitated the work of launched in 1993, it was tempo- of Israel; and Chancellor Helmut the bipartisan Iraq Study Group rarily located on the ground floor Kohl of Germany. that assessed the situation on the of Fondren Library on the Rice Most importantly, we have ground in Iraq and recommend- University campus. In 1997, we developed ongoing research pro- ed a way forward that could pro- inaugurated James A. Baker III grams in critical areas of domestic mote U.S. and regional interests. Hall, the institute’s home. Then, and foreign policy. The final test We have deepened our rela- we had plenty of space. Today, of any public policy institute is tionship with the Rice commu- Baker Hall is filled to capacity its intellectual product. We are nity over the years. University with institute fellows and the proud of our record in bring- faculty play a central role in our administrative staff to support ing institute fellows, Rice faculty, research. The Baker Institute them. and outside scholars and experts Student Forum helps us reach out Far more important than together to examine topics as to undergraduates and graduates the space in which we work, of varied as energy, tax and expen- alike. And from Rice president course, is the substance of what diture policy, conflict resolution David Leebron on down, we have we do here. The last 15 years have in the Middle East, health care, a close working relationship with seen the steady development of science and technology, China’s the university’s administration. outreach and research programs emerging middle class, and the Looking forward, we hope that compare favorably with the U.S.–Mexican border and Latin to build on our past achieve- very best public policy institutions America. Our work in these areas ments. This means, first and in the country. Indeed, this year has gained a reputation among foremost, sustaining the flow of the Baker Institute was rated as policymakers in Washington and first-rate analysis from our exist- one of the nation’s 30 most influ- elsewhere for in-depth and unbi- ing research programs. It also ential think tanks. ased, nonpartisan analysis. means identifying new areas of When the institute began, The heart of our research research where we can bring our we worried about our ability program remains the institute expertise to bear. We intend to to attract world leaders to our fellows, who bring extraordinary broaden our international out- forum. Today, we boast one of the experience and insight to their reach through enhanced recruit- most impressive speakers’ pro- fields of interest. We are drawing ment of international fellows grams in the country. Prominent on the expertise of our fellows and exchange programs. And we leaders have come to the institute in our current “Campaign 2008” also plan to expand our thriving to share their policy experience, series featuring discussions on internship program in order to including U.S. Presidents Gerald some of the most important issues provide Rice students with more R. Ford, Jr., Jimmy Carter, George confronting the American elec- extensive exposure to the field of H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton; torate as we prepare to choose a public policy. President Nelson Mandela of new president in November. In sum, the past 15 years have South Africa; Presidents Mikhail We also forge partnerships been truly an act of creation. We Gorbachev and Vladimir Putin with other institutions. In 2002, now face the challenge of sustain- of Russia; King Abdullah II of we worked with the Council on ing and building the research Jordan; President Hosni Mubarak Foreign Relations on a much- programs in a dynamic manner of Egypt; Sheikh Hamad bin cited study detailing the chal- continued on page 27

2 Ca m p a i g n 2008: Th e Iss u e s Co n s i d e r e d

Ex p e r t s We i g h i n o n U.S. He a l t h Ca r e Po l i c y

In the first event of the Baker However, Davis said, citing the For example, Skinner compared Institute's series “Campaign 2008: study, if a serious reform effort medical expenditures in two Texas The Issues Considered,” held Feb. begins today and tackles the organi- border cities, El Paso and McAllen. 26, two experts analyzed the current zation of care, the way it’s paid for, While they had similar health care state of U.S. health care and offered and includes investment in health- costs in the early 1990s, McAllen policy recommendations to the next promotion activities, transparent now spends significantly more. U.S. president. information and information tech- To cut medical costs, Skinner The main presidential candi- nology, “we can achieve savings over suggested, “Let's look at the places dates share many beliefs about time sufficient to offset much of the where we're able to achieve low-cost health care, said Karen Davis, presi- cost of expanding coverage.” growth and see if we can emulate dent of The Commonwealth Fund, Jonathan Skinner, the John those regions in other parts of the a private, charitable foundation Sloan Dickey Third Century country.” based in New York. “Where they Professor of Economics at While cutting health care costs divide has to do with the issue of Dartmouth College, focused on won't be easy — “To us it's a cost; whether everybody should have cov- health care costs and ways to limit to somebody else, it's income” — erage, who should pay for it … and their rapid growth. He sought to Skinner suggested two guiding prin- the role of private insurance and answer why health care costs are ciples. First, he urged that incen- the role of private markets.” escalating and to examine the value tives should reward value for each Davis discussed the find- of the expenditures. dollar spent, emphasizing “value” ings of a recent study by the Skinner pointed to a 2004 study in an economist's sense. Second, fund's Commission on a High- that found no correlation between Skinner called for measuring qual- Performance Health System, which spending and the quality of health ity more deeply. His model, he said, set four goals: high-quality safe care, care. Doctors in different regions, might be a “Southwest Airlines of access to care for all, efficient high- he said, differ widely on treatments. health care.” value care, and system capacity to innovate and improve. There are three basic approach- es to extend health care to all Americans, Davis said. The first involves tax incentives for people to purchase health insurance in the individual insurance markets. The second expands our current system of mixed private-public group insur- ance with shared responsibilities for financing across federal/state government, employers and house- holds. The third, and most radical, is to institute public insurance. “If we do nothing,” Davis said, “we will go from spending 16 per- cent of the gross domestic product Karen Davis, president of The Commonwealth Fund (center), and Jonathan Skinner, the John Sloan on health care to 20 percent in 10 Dickey Third Century Professor of Economics at Dartmouth College (right), discuss the future of health years.” care, with James A. Baker III Institute Chair in Health Economics Vivian Ho moderating the panel.

3 Ri v a l Ec o n o m i s t s f o r McCa i n a n d Ob a m a De b a t e

Two leading economists from rival political campaigns spoke at the Baker Institute April 24 to discuss the economic positions of their can- didates. Douglas Holtz-Eakin, for- mer director of the Congressional Budget Office and senior policy adviser to Sen. John McCain, and Austan Goolsbee, the Robert P. Gwinn Professor of Economics at The University of Chicago and economic adviser to Sen. Barack Obama, presented their positions in a panel discussion. Douglas Holtz-Eakin, senior policy advisor to Sen. John McCain (left), and Austan Goolsbee, economic The event, hosted by the insti- advisor to Sen. Barack Obama (right), participate in open discussion about their respective candidates’ economic policies. tute's Tax and Expenditure Policy Program, was part of the insti- tute’s “Campaign 2008: The Issues to expire. Holtz-Eakin criticized mitted to the war effort, which he Considered” series. John Diamond, the Bush administration’s “reckless described as necessary to defeat Edward A. and Hermena Hancock spending” and contrasted it with al-Qaida. It will involve “consider- Kelly Fellow in Tax Policy, and McCain's pledge to remove ear- able and painful sacrifice” in finan- George Zodrow, Baker Institute marks from federal spending bills. cial and human terms, he said. Rice scholar and professor of eco- He emphasized McCain's theme of Goolsbee countered, “The thing to nomics at Rice University, moder- “service to a cause greater than our do if you're for extended deploy- ated the discussion. own self-interest,” including bold ment in Iraq is not to cut $500 bil- Goolsbee described a “squeeze reforms to health care, education, lion a year of taxes.” Obama plans on ordinary Americans” that he budget and tax policy, and energy to begin withdrawing U.S. forces believed would be the most impor- policy. from Iraq if he is elected, Goolsbee tant economic issue this fall. "The Holtz-Eakin also said that added. boom that has just ended," he said, McCain supports individual Holtz-Eakin concluded, “McCain “was the first … where the median accounts like those Bush proposed believes deeply that people have lost family is actually worse off in real in 2005 to shore up Social Security, their trust in government. We need terms than it was when the boom as well as a comprehensive health to return to one where the people began.” The failure of wages to care program that weighs success believe we are promoting the gen- keep up with inflation and recent according to healthy outcomes rath- eral welfare.” Goolsbee said Obama rising fuel, food and health care er than money spent. Goolsbee said agrees that trust in American gov- costs have exacerbated income Obama seeks to reduce Medicare ernment must be restored. But, he inequality and will be on voters’ costs. argued, “We can't just keep cutting minds in November, he argued. An audience member asked taxes to promote the general wel- Rising income inequalities pose how the cost of the wars in Iraq fare. It's clear there are investments a serious problem. Goolsbee said and Afghanistan affects the budget. we need to make that are good the Bush tax cuts should be allowed Holtz-Eakin said McCain is com- for the economy and good for America.”

4 HBO Sc r e e n s “RECOUNT” a t Ba k e r In s t i t u t e

Hollywood came to the Houston on mendations have been implement- “solidly entertaining film.” However, May 20 as HBO Films screened the ed, Carter said the fact that they Carter and Baker disagreed with made-for-TV movie “RECOUNT” at are “on the record” was evidence the film’s portrayal of Warren the Baker Institute. The film chron- of progress. Baker described this Christopher, the 63rd Secretary of icles the 36 days after the 2000 as “unfinished business” — what State and an adviser to Al Gore. presidential election, centering on needs to be done is known, but the Carter referred to Christopher as the contested results in Florida. government needs to find the way “the finest public servant I had ever The screening was followed by a to implement these reforms. known.” “I have the highest respect panel discussion with Jimmy Carter, Baker was consulted by HBO for [Christopher],” said Baker. “I 38th president of the United States, during the film’s production. He don’t think that was a really fair and James A. Baker, III, 61st secre- congratulated the filmmakers on a continued on page 30 tary of state. David von Drehle, edi- tor-at-large for TIME magazine and co-author of the book “Deadlock: The Inside Story of America’s Closest Election,” moderated. Von Drehle began by explain- ing that objective analysis by his team from The Washington Post — where he worked at the time — still yielded mixed results. “All of the results we came up with existed within this infinitesimal margin of error,” he said. No one could know with absolute certainty which candi- date won the election. The recount emphasized the need to reform election laws. Above: TIME Editor-at-large David Von Drehle (left) moderates the panel on federal election reform with Carter and Baker discussed the former Secretary of State James A. Baker, III (center), and former President Jimmy Carter (right). Below: findings of the Commission on The cast and crew of HBO Films’ “RECOUNT” hold a press conference to discuss the film’s premiere at the Baker Institute. Federal Election Reform, which they co-chaired in 2005. The commission’s 87 recommenda- tions expanded upon the ear- lier Carter–Ford Commission. It included requiring paper trails for electronic voting, photo IDs for voters (with state outreach and free IDs), statewide interoperable voter registration, a uniform presidential primary system and voting rights for convicted felons. Though not all of the recom-

5 Th e Ch i n a Iss u e i n t h e 2008 El e c t i o n s a n d Cu r r e n t U.S.–Ch i n a Re l a t i o n s

China's emergence as an economic list response. However, after the demn Chinese behavior toward heavyweight has coincided with U.S. party conventions conclude, domestic dissidents, Tibetan nation- growing self-doubt in the United Ornstein said the candidates will alists and Taiwan, but U.S. consum- States, setting the stage for a news- probably cool their populist rheto- ers continue to buy Chinese goods worthy summer that features the ric and the eventual election winner with little disincentive from the U.S. Beijing Olympics and the U.S. presi- will likely focus more on the U.S. government. dential election. Experts weighed in national interest, which must to Steven Lewis, director of the on the status of U.S.–Chinese rela- some degree include cordial rela- Baker Institute's Transnational tions at the second annual “CHINA tions with China. China Project, noted the growing Town Hall: National Reflections, The world's attention will be on role of individual Chinese in the Local Connections” event, held China because of the Olympics, world economy, which will have an April 17 at the Baker Institute. said Jacques deLisle, the Stephan obvious impact on the U.S. econo- The event consisted of a national A. Cozen Professor of Law at the my. He urged Americans to keep in webcast featuring Norman Ornstein, University of Pennsylvania. That mind “the perceptions, the psychol- a resident scholar at the American attention can “cut both ways,” he ogy, of individual Chinese, and not Enterprise Institute, speaking live said. The Chinese government will just what the Chinese government from Washington, D.C., as well as seek to benefit from the publicity, says and does.” a local panel discussion titled “The while its opponents will try to use Lewis also pointed out that most China Issue in the 2008 Presidential the spotlight to embarrass Beijing. Chinese still support the neolib- and Congressional Elections.” Hans Stockton, associate profes- eral economic model. Nightmare Ornstein noted unhappiness sor at the University of St. Thomas’ scenarios of a future clash between among U.S. voters this year and Center for International Studies, the United States and China may explained that criticizing China spoke about the duality of U.S. be tempered by a shared economic has become part of the popu- views on China. U.S. leaders con- ideology, he said. Addressing the question of China's leadership, Lewis described a “fair amount of predictability.” Explaining a new mandatory retire- ment rule for the Chinese hierar- chy, Lewis said, “It's very likely that the people who are in the Politburo now — at least several of them — will be the next leaders. So we need to think about that and cultivate them.” The National Committee on United States–China Relations co- sponsored the CHINA Town Hall. The panel discussion was co-spon- sored by The Houston Forum, the Baker Institute and the Center for From left: Steve Lewis, Baker Institute fellow in Asian studies, discusses U.S.–China relations with Hans Stockton, associate professor at the University of St. Thomas, and Jacques deLisle, the Stephan A. Cozen International Studies. Professor of Law at the University of Pennsylvania. Frank Jones, counsel at Fulbright & Jaworski (far right), moderates.

6 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e En e r g y Fo r u m

Ba k e r In s t i t u t e En e r g y Fo r u m Di s c u ss e s St u d y Re l e a s e d o n t h e Gl o b a l En e r g y Ma r k e t

On May 21, the Energy Forum hosted a conference to present preliminary findings from their study, “The Global Energy Market: Comprehensive Strategies to Meet Geopolitical and Financial Risks.” The study identifies and examines major threats and risks to oil pric- ing, supply and smooth operation of the international oil market. The study included several working papers that analyze sce- narios including the militarization of energy, possible politically moti- vated cutoffs of oil or natural gas supplies by a large energy supplier, As part of the Shell Distinguished Lecture Series, Martin Feldstein, president and CEO of the National conflicts in Iran and Iraq, terrorist Bureau of Economic Research, delivers the keynote address at “The Global Energy Market: Comprehensive threats to energy infrastructure, Strategies to Meet Geopolitical and Financial Risks.” and the growth of resource nation- alism. The study also examines the he said, also noting that one-third In his keynote speech, consequences of environmental of the U.S. trade deficit has been “International Energy Challenges intervention to combat climate spent on increased oil prices. and American Diplomatic change. For key findings from the Efforts to offset recessionary pres- Engagement,” Reuben Jeffery III, study, please see page 29. sures — such as tax rebates and under secretary for economic, Opening the conference was substantial increases in exports — energy and agricultural affairs Shell Distinguished Lecture Series will have little impact, in Feldstein’s in the U.S. Department of State, keynote speaker Martin Feldstein, opinion, since tax rebates only off- noted that the United States must president and CEO of the National set half of the drag on the econo- maintain its good relationship with Bureau of Economic Research. my due to the rise in oil prices, and traditional energy suppliers while In his talk, “The U.S. Economy, exports only constitute 7 percent of continuing to diversify energy pro- Financial Markets and the Price of U.S. GDP. duction and transportation routes, Oil,” Feldstein said that the U.S. Thomas Fingar, chairman of as well as to support transparency economy could still slide into a the National Intelligence Council, in the energy market. He said that recession due to structural prob- discussed “Sources of Instability oil supply has been constricted by lems caused by a lack of regulation in the Middle East,” emphasizing resource nationalism, which has and financing problems in the Iran’s quest for nuclear status and limited opportunities for commer- social security and medical sectors, its support of terrorist activities in cial investment, and by U.S. and as well as the ongoing crisis in the the Middle East. The United States multilateral sanctions, which have mortgage and housing markets. lacks legitimacy in the region, he restricted access to foreign capital “The greatest risk to the economy said. It is considered a “one-sided as a means to achieve diplomatic is a downward spiral of house pric- supporter” or a “meddler” in Israel objectives. es with the incentive to default,” and Iraq. continued on page 29

7 Ne x t Ce n t u r y Fo r e c a s t e d Se a Le v e l Ri s e

Sea level rise is currently acceler- percent increase in rainfall, mani- vulnerable facilities, resulting in ating due to intensified land-ice fested as less frequent but heavier expensive remedies. He urged poli- melting and ocean warming. Such rains and an increase in the number cymakers to “link decisions about changes may increase the severity of severe storms. Referencing this development and transportation” and frequency of storms, holding data, Philip Bedient, the Herman and plan for long-term implications important implications for the Brown Professor of Engineering during project design, as well as to construction and maintenance of in the Department of Civil and integrate operational approaches coastal infrastructure and transport Environmental Engineering at Rice with design standards and scenario- systems. Climate science and envi- University, has also found evidence planning development. Clark ronmental experts discussed these that the severity and frequency of opined that climate change effects issues in an April 9 Baker Institute storms in Houston has increased. “can be sudden, rather than Energy Forum seminar, “Next He has observed changes in sedi- gradual,” so planning systems must Century Forecasted Sea Level Rise: mentation patterns and the tidal identify and reduce infrastructure What Does it Mean for Houston?” ranges of rivers and bays; storm vulnerability, as well as account for “There is almost no doubt in surge flooding has increased, with new threats. Clark and Bedient are the climate community that sea saltwater intrusion into wetlands part of the HGAC Climate Impact level is related to global warming,” and impacts on barrier islands. Task Force, which develops recom- stated Anny Cazenave, senior sci- Alan Clark, director of trans- mendations for local governments entist at the Laboratoire d’Etudes portation and air quality programs on how to adapt to climate change. en Géophysique et Océanographie and director of the Metropolitan The seminar was spon- Spatiales and member of the Planning Organization for the sored in conjunction with Rice French Academy of Sciences. She Houston-Galveston Area Council University's Center for the Study of noted that before 1850, sea level was (HGAC), cited the Gulf Coast Study Environment and Society and the nearly constant for 2,000 or 3,000 when concluding that increased Shell Center for Sustainability. years; now, scientists have docu- flooding would structurally damage mented with satellite altimetry a rise of 3.1 +/- 0.4 millimeters a year since 1993. Cazenave emphasized that multidisciplinary impact studies on long-term climate systems must be developed to reduce uncertainty regarding sea-ice and land-water contributions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, “Climate Change 2007,” notes that rain- storm severity has increased; fur- thermore, the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Gulf Coast Study, which analyzed the poten- tial impacts of climate change on Experts answer questions regarding impending sea level rise. From left: Alan Clark, director of transporta- infrastructure and developed an tion and air quality programs and director of the Metropolitan Planning Organization for the Houston- Galveston Area Council; Philip Bedient, Herman Brown Professor of Engineering at Rice University; Anny assessment framework, projects a 7 Cazenave, senior scientist at Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales and member of the French Academy of Sciences; and Andre Droxler, director of the Center for the Study of Environment and Society at Rice University.

8 U.S. Fu e l s a n d t h e Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n Se c t o r

Renewable fuels will not dramati- alternative fuel solutions were even such as Europe and Venezuela, cally change the supply-demand further away. In the short term, he and new suppliers, such as India, balance in the U.S. transport sector urged policymakers to look at par- despite the additional refining by 2010, according to Al Troner, tial solutions, such as standardized capacity expected in the United president of Asia Pacific Energy boutique product specifications, States by 2010. Troner estimates Consulting. “Transportation is the that would increase supply by add- that China and India will make up sector hardest to substitute for oil ing more finished product imports. more than three-quarters of Asia- products,” he stated. He also said the United States Pacific’s incremental base capacity. Troner identified trends in needed to push for additional gas- Because of investment in refining gasoil and automotive diesel oil oil refining capacity and the reduc- capacity, India could become one (ADO) demand, refining, trade tion or elimination of tax/tariff of the leading exporters of gasoline and the future of renewable/ walls on biofuel imports and ADO/ to the United States. alternative fuels at a Feb. 19 pre- biodiesel. Troner noted that ADO/ Troner also discussed various sentation titled “On the Road: biodiesel has the potential to sig- regional projections, noting that How Quality Will Shape Future nificantly reduce gasoil demand in demand for global transport fuels Transport Fuels.” The event was the United States, as it has already will continue steady expansion sponsored by the Baker Institute done in Europe. in the Mideast Gulf and Asia- Energy Forum. Troner also stated that meeting Pacific, with Asia overtaking North Troner said it would be several projected U.S. gasoline and ADO America in oil use by 2010. years before cellulosic solutions demand would require increasing hit the market, noting that other imports from traditional suppliers,

Above left: From left: Bobby Tudor of Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co., Jim Mulva of ConocoPhillips, and Tadahashi Okabe of JETRO attended Secretary Baker’s (second from left) policy briefing. Above right: James A. Baker, III, with ExxonMobil Chairman and CEO Rex Tillerson (right).

Energy Forum Dinner: Senior executives from member companies of the Baker Institute’s Energy Forum met in Houston May 8 for their annual briefing with the institute’s leadership. James A. Baker, III, honorary chair, gave an informal briefing on a variety of national and international policy issues. Baker Institute’s energy fellows, Amy Myers Jaffe and Kenneth Medlock, discussed recent energy research findings and upcoming policy projects and activities at the Baker Institute and Rice University.

9 Sc i e n c e & Te c h n o l o g y Po l i c y

Th e Ec o n o m i c s a n d Po l i t i c s o f Re s p o n d i n g t o Cl i m a t e Ch a n g e

“Beyond Science: The Economics and Politics of Responding to Climate Change” brought together leaders committed to debate policy options for addressing the grave challenge of global climate change. Held Feb. 9 at the institute, the conference focused on the eco- nomics of climate change, the costs and benefits of mitigation strate- gies, the role of emerging tech- nologies, and the politics of inter- national, national and subnational response strategies. In particular, Panelists present possible solutions for combating climate change. From left: Daniel Sperling, director of the conference addressed the pros the Institute for Transportation Studies at the University of California, Davis; Milo Sjardin, head of New and cons of a market-based pollu- Carbon Finance, North America; and Gilbert E. Metcalf, professor of economics at Tufts University. tion credit system or utilizing taxes to discourage greenhouse gas emis- ity”; countries that once resisted aimed at reducing extreme pov- sions. calls to action, such as China and erty worldwide. “If we continue In the keynote address, Sen. Australia, are becoming more with business as usual,” she said, John Kerry, D-Mass., urged the engaged on the topic, Kerry “it would lead to potentially seri- next administration to take a lead- noted. He emphasized that U.S. ous and potentially catastrophic ership role in dealing with the leadership is key to international climate change that will threaten threat of climate change, which he cooperation and offered his own livelihoods and, we would argue, characterized as a “truly grave and opinion that a cap-and-trade sys- development goals themselves. significant” threat. He stated that tem is a better policy path than But, if we muster the will and the the Bali roadmap indicates prog- carbon taxes. technology and the finances to ress toward a post-Kyoto, interna- Rosina M. Bierbaum, dean transform our energy systems and tional framework, and that it “lays and professor at the University to improve the stewardship of our out a process for future negotia- of Michigan's School of Natural natural resources, we can achieve a tions, recognizes the importance of Resources and Environment, sustainable future.” the four building blocks to fighting and John P. Holdren, the Teresa Holdren called for an array of climate change — mitigation, adap- and John Heinz Professor of measures to mitigate emissions; tation, financing and technology Environmental Policy at Harvard's among the policy options he men- — and most importantly shows us a Kennedy School of Government tioned were regulations, incen- path to reach a final agreement in and director of the Woods Hole tives, design and implementation Copenhagen in 2009.” (Please see Research Center, discussed strate- of technical alternatives and gov- related article on page 1.) gies of mitigation and adaptation ernment expenditures on research In the post-Kyoto world, in confronting climate change. and development. Some measures the climate change debate has Bierbaum discussed how cli- involve win-win scenarios, like changed as nations define “shared mate change imperils the U.N. increasing efficiency and avoiding but differentiated responsibil- Millennium Development Goals continued on page 28

10 Th e Emb r y o n i c St e m Ce l l Pa t e n t Ba t t l e

A Feb. 21 discussion titled re-examinations by a third party; dealing with WARF was difficult, “Patenting Science: The therefore, he predicted that the pat- especially with regard to mate- Implications of the Embryonic Stem ents would survive. rial transfer agreements between Cell Patent Battle” examined the True to his prediction, one institutions. Concerning the WARF controversies raised by patenting week after the event, the USPTO patents, Behringer stated that the scientific research and a current released its opinion that the patents procedures used were similar to the case involving the patents on human were nonobvious and therefore procedures used in mice. “Broadly, embryonic stem cells (hESC). valid. This decision will most likely not educated in the law, I would Charles Reed, a lawyer and partner be followed by an internal USPTO say it was obvious,” Behringer con- with the Washington, D.C., law firm appeal, then a federal appeal and cluded. He posited that because Kile Goekijian Reed and McManus could even result in a U.S. Supreme James Thomson, the researcher PLLC, delivered the keynote lecture Court review. from the University of Wisconsin and remarked that “These cases Reed’s address was followed by who isolated the first hESC lines, have created a firestorm of legal, sci- remarks from Richard Behringer, had access to more human embryos entific and ethical comment.” deputy chair of the department than other researchers, he was able The discussion, which was of molecular genetics at The to do more tests faster and publish sponsored by the Science and University of Texas M. D. Anderson first. Technology Policy Program, under- Cancer Center. Behringer reviewed This event was the first in the scored the continuing debate on research on hESC at M. D. Baker Institute's International patenting human biological materi- Anderson and briefly discussed Stem Cell Policy Program, newly als and scientific research. Currently the patents. While the patents do endowed by the State of Qatar and federal funding on hESC research is not currently affect basic research the Emir of Qatar, His Highness limited; if these patents are upheld, (since WARF waived licensing fees Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa funding from private industry could to universities), he remarked that Al-Thani. also be limited because of licensing costs. The first action involving the review of hESC patents occurred in 2007 when the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) released an opinion in favor of the patent challenger. The opin- ion determined that the patents were obvious and should not have been granted. The patent holder, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), responded to the opinion, and USPTO began the process of determining the official final action. While the first action supported the challenger’s position, Reed noted that only 12 percent Charles Reed, lawyer and partner with Kile Goekijian Reed and McManus PLLC, addresses recent Wis- of patents are revoked because of consin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) stem cell patent controversy. One week following the event, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ruled that the WARF trademarks are valid.

11 No r m a n Ha c k e r m a n Me m o r i a l Sy m p o s i u m Ho n o r s Fo r m e r Ri c e Pr e s i d e n t

On Feb. 28, the symposium fails — as happened last August “The Corroding of America’s when a bridge in Minneapolis, Infrastructure” was held in memory Minn., tumbled into the Mississippi of Rice University's fourth presi- River during rush hour, killing dent Norman Hackerman, a pio- 13 — six panelists from industry, neering researcher in the field of academia, public service and the corrosion inhibition. The event media said that awareness is key to included science and policy discus- fixing the problem. sions involving the maintenance Eric Berger, science writer for of public infrastructure, with the The Houston Chronicle, said such emphasis on the degradation real-time events as the Minnesota caused by corrosion. It also served disaster provide an opportunity to celebrate Hackerman’s leader- to bring the case to the public. “If ship at Rice. The symposium was there are seven bad bridges in your Norman Hackerman, a pioneer in the field of co-sponsored by the Science and community, tell the public about it corrosion inhibition and Rice University’s fourth president. Technology Policy Program and in the aftermath of a tragedy else- Rice University’s Weiss School of where. You'll have their full atten- Natural Science. tion.” Citing a 2002 study that con- In the morning, speakers cluded failing infrastructure costs Co d e Re d Up d a t e reviewed corrosion research in the the American economy $276 bil- On March 28 the Task Force for fields of oil and gas, nuclear power, lion a year, Tony Keane, executive Access to Health Care in Texas and bridge and dam construction director of NACE International, a released an updated version of its 2006 “Code Red” report and maintenance. They concurred professional association for corro- addressing Texas’ chronic unin- on the need for better detection, sion-control technology, argued the sured population. Developed in better measurements and continual case for investment, saying the envi- 2004 by Texas’ 10 major academ- vigilance to ensure that problems ronmental and economic impact ic health centers to address the within these infrastructures can alone of meeting the “critical need state’s first-place ranking in the nation for the number of unin- be addressed before they cause a to address the corrosion issue” is sured, the task force is chaired by catastrophe. Such problems can worth the effort. Neal Lane, Baker Institute senior occur from normal environmental Hackerman, a distinguished fellow in science and technology exposure or physical traumas such electrochemist, served as president policy. “Code Red: The Critical as hurricanes, flooding, or earth- of both The University of Texas Condition of Health in Texas,” quakes. Comparisons of infrastruc- at Austin (1967–70) and Rice released in April 2006, contained 10 recommendations for improv- tures that survived versus those that University (1970–85) and died June ing access to health care and were destroyed are key to finding 16, 2007, at age 95. Hackerman health insurance. After the 2007 new ways to protect infrastructures was a civic scientist and played an legislative session, the task force during the actual event. important role in science policy decided to review its recommen- The afternoon session addressed as chair of the National Science dations and remove those that policy challenges involving improv- Board (NSB), the advisory com- had been passed, revise divisive points and add new ones. The ing infrastructure. Acknowledging ponent of the National Science resulting document can be found that few pay attention to America's Foundation (NSF), and the science online at www.coderedtexas.org. aging structures until one of them continued on page 30

12 R. St o c k t o n Ru s h Co n f e r e n c e Ce n t e r

In s t i t u t e Un v e i l s Cu t t i n g Ed g e Co n f e r e n c e Ce n t e r

The new R. Stockton Rush Conference Center, located on the third floor of the Baker Institute, was formally inaugurated on May 12, 2008. The facility significantly enhances the institute’s capabili- ties for new communications and outreach initiatives. It is one of the first high-definition facilities of its kind in the nation and serves as a state-of-the-art center. As many as 34 participants can partake in conferences, seminars, workshops and meetings using the very latest in communications technologies, Above: A view of the R. Stockton Rush Conference Center at Rice University’s Baker Institute; Left: Burt and including individual viewing con- Deedee McMurtry attend the inauguration of the Rush soles. Additional equipment and Conference Center; Below: Guests take a hands-on tour of the Rush Conference Center. From left: Jamie Baker, technology include six remote-con- Mike Stude, Hushang Ansary, Deborah Rush, Shahla Ansary, James A. Baker, III, Isabel Rush, Susan Baker, trolled cameras, multitrack audio John Spencer, Nancy Rush, Catherine Rush and Adrian recording, interpretation booths Blue. with three language capabilities, and two 50-inch plasma screens mounted at each end of the confer- ence room for international tele- conferencing. In its final stages of comple- tion, the room has been the set- ting for significant, high-level meetings. In November, mem- bers of the National War Powers Commission, co-chaired by former U.S. Secretaries of State James A. Left: Stockton Rush Baker, III, and Warren Christopher, (left) and Deborah Rush convened in the conference center. (center), children of R. Stockton Rush, Jr., It was also the venue for a high- with James A. Baker, III (right), at the inau- level workshop that hosted a distin- guration of the Rush guished group of nuclear nonprolif- Conference Center. The picture of R. Stockton eration experts. The event featured Rush, Jr. in the far right will hang in the new presentations by Baker and former conference center. U.S. Sen. Sam Nunn via videocon- ference.

continued on page 30

13 Ke l l y Da y En d o w m e n t

Mu s l i m Te l e va n g e l i s t Am r Kh a l e d Di s c u ss e s So c i a l Iss u e s i n t h e Mi d d l e Ea s t

Muslim televangelist Amr of the debates within Islam about expel daughters from their homes Khaled called for a positive dia- the role of women and stated, “I for the same transgressions.” logue between the Muslims and believe that women in the Middle Khaled placed the debate about Christians in his April 23 lecture at East are ready to participate and to women's rights within the context the Baker Institute. The event was do a great job if we give them the of human rights in the Middle the institute’s second sponsored chance.” East. Injustice trickles down in hier- by the Kelly Day Endowment on Speaking in Arabic and English, archical societies, he explained, the Status of Women and Human Khaled referred to the prominence and women often suffer because of Rights in the Middle East. Khaled, of women during the time of the their already low social status. But, a pioneer in religious and socially Prophet Muhammad. “Today, Khaled insisted, this is not in keep- conscious satellite broadcasting in women face much injustice in the ing with Islamic teachings. the Muslim world, told his audi- Middle East, from domestic vio- Khaled, who began preaching ence that “dialogue will be the lence to so-called honor killings,” in 1990 and whose broadcasts now solution [for] problems in the Khaled said. “Even girls experience reach tens of millions, described future.” different standards: fathers will wel- Life Makers, a youth program Khaled also described some come back wayward sons but will continued on page 30

Clockwise from top left: Fabienne Guerin, Susan Baker, Peggy Barnett, Bill Barnett and Joanne Herring attend the lecture with Amr Khaled; televangelist Amr Khaled speaks on human rights and women’s issues in the Middle East; Khaled (center) with James A. Baker, III, Kelly Day, Ghada Irani, Lulu Sanadiki, and Founding Director Edward P. Djerejian.

14 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Ro u n d t a b l e

Th e Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Ass o c i at e Ro u n d t a b l e

In the fall of 2007, the Baker the Associate Roundtable includes first two exclusive events this past Institute established the Associate young individuals from both the year. On Nov. 8, 2007, the group Roundtable, an initiative to attract public and private sectors in the hosted Douglas Brinkley, fellow in emerging leaders in the Houston Houston area. Current members’ history and editor of “The Reagan community to participate in the ages range from 25 to 45. Diaries.” Brinkley offered his institute's public poilicy delib- With two newly appointed co- personal projections for the 2008 erations. As part of the broader chairs, Maynard Holt and Cody presidential election and provided Roundtable membership program, Sutton, the Associates held their a comparative historical analysis of other U.S. presidential races. The second event, held March 13, featured Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian, founding director of the institute and former U.S. Ambassador to Israel and Syria. During his briefing on “Middle East Conflict Resolution: A Mirage or a Possibility,” Djerejian dis- cussed the situation in Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iraq. He suggested policy options for addressing these areas of instabil-

Clockwise from top left: Founding Director Edward ity in the region. After his pre- P. Djerejian discusses policy options for the Middle sentation, he addressed questions East; Baker Institute Fellow in History Douglas Brinkley discusses past and present presidential from the audience concerning races; Associate Roundtable Co-chair Cody Sutton kicks off the ambassador’s Middle East policy Islamic radicalism and geopolitical briefing; (from left) Mark Yzaguirre, Brad Nyberg, energy issues. Anne Loo and John Hale attend the ambassador’s policy briefing. As the institute’s primary mem- bership group, the Roundtable hosts a minimum of twelve events annually for its more than 700 members. These events range from public policy workshops and major policy conferences to lectures with leading national and international dignitaries. The Associate Roundtable receives invitations to these major Baker Institute events, as well as special opportunities to meet with poli- cymakers in the Houston commu- nity.

15 La t i n Am e r i c a n In i t i at i v e

Ca r l o s Fu e n t e s Ca l l s f o r Ro o s e v e l t -In s p i r e d Ap p r o a c h t o So l v e Gl o b a l Iss u e s

Carlos Fuentes called for a “new when Spain and Portugal colonized etc. That is a step that many people New Deal” to address challenges the region to claim its resources. in some parts of Africa, Asia and faced by the developing world as The Industrial Revolution consti- even Europe have not yet made. well as the developed world in a tuted a second era of globalization, What Latin Americans need now is lecture at the Baker Institute April as Europe and the United States to move from identity to diversity, 28. exploited Latin American resourc- meaning they must enrich them- Speaking at the inaugural event es to fuel their economic growth. selves and others by embracing of the Vecinos (neighbors) Lecture The current phase, which other cultures. Series, sponsored by the Baker Fuentes preferred to describe Fuentes cited Roosevelt's exam- institute's Latin American Initiative, as “internationalization” rather ple for how to bring along the the noted Mexican author, scholar than globalization, comes as Latin population on great undertakings and diplomat invoked the memory America is at a crossroads in terms by meeting local needs first. “There of former U.S. President Franklin of culture, politics and beliefs. is no globality without locality,” he D. Roosevelt as a way to unite dis- Most Latin Americans believe in said. While other countries sought parate groups for the common democracy, Fuentes observed, to counter the worldwide economic good. The Vecinos Lecture Series but its benefits are not always evi- depression of the 1930s through brings Latin American political and dent. The question is whether the authoritarianism, Roosevelt was cultural leaders to Houston to dis- region's population will be partners able to use democratic means. cuss major issues facing the hemi- in this era of “internationalization,” “What FDR did was to overcome sphere. or remain objects of the process. the worst effects of the Depression Globalization poses a series For its part, Latin America must while safeguarding constitutional of problems and opportunities transform itself to take advantage liberties,” Fuentes said. for developing nations, includ- of the global challenges, Fuentes Using Roosevelt's model, ing Mexico, Fuentes said. Latin argued. Citizens of individual coun- Fuentes called for “global gover- America was the subject of what tries already identify themselves nance that begins from the bottom he called “the first globalization,” as Bolivians, Brazilians, Mexicans, up.” Such a new New Deal would emphasize education. With an esti- mated 1 billion people around the world illiterate, education is the “true foundation of development,” Fuentes asserted. Building from below would also entail projects like microloans, which empower people (often women) at the low- est levels of society. And the infor- mation revolution provides both challenges and opportunities for global development. “Information and education become prime elements of social cohesion and personal achievement … but also Carlos Fuentes, author, scholar and diplomat, gives the inaugural address of the Vecinos Lecture Series, of international relations, of the sponsored by the Latin American Initiative. The lecture series brings Latin American leaders to Houston to discuss issues facing the region. understanding between nations.”

16 Oc a m p o Ad d r e ss e s Ec o n o m i c Gr o w t h a n d Ch a l l e n g e s i n La t i n Am e r i c a

The last few years have been “exceptionally good” for the economies of Latin America, with the possibility of sustained progress in the future, according to José Antonio Ocampo Gaviria, the Will Clayton Fellow in International Economics at the Baker Institute. Ocampo’s April 3 lecture, “Latin America: The Boom and the Current Turmoil,” analyzed the lat- est economic trends in the region. Ocampo said that Latin America as a whole has posted 6 percent annual growth rates over From left: Will and Debbie Garwood with Will Clayton Fellow in International Economics José Antonio the last four years, the fastest eco- Ocampo and Founding Director Edward P. Djerejian. nomic growth since the 1970s. He attributed the growth to rising that has been taking place across developed quickly have done so commodity prices, exceptional Latin America for a generation. by focusing on technology-based conditions of external financing As fertility rates dropped several manufacturing rather than com- and high levels of remittances from decades ago, women joined the modity exports. citizens working abroad. labor force, increasing the supply Still, Ocampo foresaw no signs The most significant of the of workers. But in recent years, that the current trends are com- three, Ocampo said, is the world- the decline in fertility has meant ing to an end, largely because the wide demand for commodities. fewer young people entering the quickly growing Chinese economy While agricultural prices have labor market, a development continues to import commodi- risen in recent years, the bur- that coincides with the economic ties at a rapid pace. The ongo- geoning demand for metals and upturn and a consequent rise in ing boom has also allowed Latin energy, such as Chile’s copper and the demand for workers. American countries to increase Venezuela’s oil, has contributed Ocampo acknowledged that not spending on social projects like the most to the current boom. all signs for Latin American econ- education, health care and com- The effects of the economic omies are positive. “The financial bating poverty. boom have been “extremely posi- disturbances [in the industrial- Ocampo, the Baker Institute’s tive” for the region, Ocampo said, ized world] have had significant newest fellow, was the U.N. under- resulting in high levels of invest- effects,” he said. He singled out secretary-general for economic ment, lower debt, a drop in pov- inflation as the most important and social affairs until mid-2007. erty rates and an improvement in short-term threat. In addition, In that post, he directed the income distribution. Ocampo noted that only Mexico U.N.’s Department of Economic When asked about the causes and Costa Rica have expanded and Social Affairs and chaired the behind the changes in income their manufacturing-based exports U.N.’s Executive Committee on distribution, Ocampo pointed recently — a cause for concern Economic and Social Affairs. to the demographic transition because most countries that have

17 Sp a c e Po l i c y

Su mm i t Ex a m i n e s Me d i c a l a n d Bi o m e d i c a l Ch a l l e n g e s o f Lo n g -Du r a t i o n Sp a c e Fl i g h t

The second International Space Medicine Summit (ISMS II) was held at the Baker Institute May 17–19. The purpose of ISMS II was to build on the success of the first ISMS by bringing together more than 100 of the leading physicians, space biomedical scientists, aero- space engineers, astronauts and cosmonauts from more than 10 of the space-faring nations for high- level discussions of the medical and biomedical challenges space explor- ers experience in long-duration Above: From left, George Abbey, Baker Botts Senior Fellow in Space Policy; Bobby Alford, chancellor at Baylor College of Medicine and CEO of National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI); and Jef- space flight. The summit included frey Sutton, president and director of NSBRI, were among the participants of ISMS II. Below: Neal Lane, in-depth discussions of medical Senior Fellow in Science and Technology Policy, moderates a panel on the benefits of international coopera- tion, including (from left) Chiaki Mukai, head biomedical research officer at Japan Aerospace Exploration and engineering lessons learned in Agency (JAXA); Volker Damann, head of medical support crew at the European Space Agency (ESA); Dafydd Williams, member of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and professor of surgery at McMaster human space flight since its incep- University; Rose Gottemoeller, director of the Carnegie Moscow Center; Gen. Joe Engle of NASA; and Leroy tion, opportunities for in-flight Chiao of NSBRI. space research and data sharing, and future opportunities and chal- lenges for international cooperation and collaboration in space. ISMS II was co-sponsored by the Baker Institute and Baylor College of Medicine. The summit included panels on space medicine, human perfor- mance and solar radiation risks for lunar operations. One especially significant highlight of ISMS II was a live videoconference from 17,550 feet on the Nepal side of Mount Everest with Dr. Christian Otto, expedition medical lead for Network (OTN), Canadian Space human space flight since its incep- the Canadian Mt. Everest Medical Agency (CSA) and the University of tion, opportunities for in-flight Operations Expedition. Recently, Ottawa Heart Institute. The expe- space research and data sharing, the Operational Medical Team, dition’s mission is to prepare for and the future opportunities and made up of several partner insti- emergency medical management challenges for international coop- tutions, conducted a successful on long-duration space missions. erative and collaborative activities in telemedicine link from Mount The summit also included in- space. At the dinner on Sunday, Dr. Everest to the Ontario Telemedicine depth discussions of medical and Michael E. DeBakey made a video engineering lessons learned in continued on page 19

18 time contributions to medicine and the benefits of working together. ISMS II his fellow man. The success of the ISS should continued from page 18 International cooperation was become the model for international presentation to the attendees out- the underlying theme throughout cooperation as mankind endeav- lining the benefits of human space the summit and the primary topic ors to explore space, return to the flights and discussed the very tangi- of the panel on the last day. The moon and embark on a mission to ble advancements in medicine and overwhelming majority of the par- Mars. health care that have resulted from ticipants felt that the advantages Overall, the participants consid- the space program. DeBakey, who and benefits of international coop- ered the summit an outstanding will celebrate his 100th birthday eration far outweigh any perceived and enriching experience, and they Sept. 7, received the Congressional disadvantages. Daily operations strongly urged the sponsors and Gold Medal from President George on board the International Space program organizers to follow up W. Bush this past April for his life- Station (ISS) clearly demonstrate with another such summit next year.

U.S. Na v y Pr e s e n t s Ne w Ma r i t i m e St r a t e g y

On Jan. 23, Adm. John C. Morgan, population is moving closer to coast- six imperatives. These include the deputy chief of naval operations for lines and into urban centers and as traditional mission of protecting vital information, plans and strategy and a result, people are moving goods sea-lanes by concentrating major a team of officers from the Navy, around the world by sea more than combat forces in the Persian Gulf, the Marine Corps and the Coast ever before. Indian Ocean and Western Pacific to Guard presented the U.S. Navy’s new The new maritime strategy, which deter or fight potential conflicts. This maritime strategy, “A Cooperative took approximately 16 months to is a growing priority since seaborne Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power,” complete, represents the first doc- trade has more than quadrupled at the Baker Institute, an event orga- trine created jointly by the Navy, over the last four decades and now nized by the institute’s Space Policy Marine Corps and Coast Guard. It accounts for 90 percent of all inter- program. The doctrine, which was shifts maritime strategy from a nar- national commerce and two-thirds unveiled in October 2007, is the row focus on sea combat toward one of global petroleum trade. In addi- Navy’s first attempt to document a that also emphasizes the use of “soft tion, the strategy calls for dispersing sea power strategy since the 1980s. power” to counter terrorism and smaller maritime teams to carry out The world has changed since the deliver humanitarian assistance. It humanitarian missions as well as to 1980s. Globalization has occurred recognizes that “no one nation” can counter terrorism, weapons prolifera- and the nations of the world and its secure the world's waters against ter- tion, piracy and other illicit maritime peoples have become more inter- rorism and other threats. The new activities — partly to contain threats dependent. Important maritime approach represents a major depar- before they reach the United States. milestones have occurred. Russia ture from the last U.S. maritime These teams, which would integrate recently placed a flag on the seabed strategy, conceived by the Navy in the Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard of the North Pole. Climate change is 1980s, that focused heavily on offen- forces, would deploy to areas such as altering the planet and its navigable sive operations against the Soviet Africa and the Western Hemisphere waters. The Northwest Passage, a Union. “Soft power” humanitarian to promote closer cooperation with once-mythical sea route through and economic efforts have been maritime forces in other nations. the Arctic Ocean along the North elevated to the same level as naval Proactive humanitarian assistance will American coast, has opened for warfare waged with new technology. be provided by the deployment of the first time. The growing human The 16-page document outlines U.S. hospital ships to South America, Southeast Asia and Africa.

19 Di p l o m a c y

Da l l a i r e Ca l l s f o r Bo l d Le a d e r s h i p t o De a l w i t h Fu t u r e Ge n o c i d e s

Lt. Gen. Roméo A. Dallaire, who commanded the United Nations mission in Rwanda in 1994, told an audience March 25 at the Baker Institute that “the whole peace- keeping concept doesn't seem to work anymore” and called for bold leadership to block future geno- cides. Dallaire, who tried to save thou- sands of Rwandan civilians from certain death with only a handful of troops under his command, placed the blame for the mission's Lt. Gen. Roméo Dallaire, who led the 1994 United Nations peacekeeping mission in Rwanda, presses for failure on a lack of political will. international cooperation to end genocide around the world. “It is not the U.N. that failed me in Rwanda,” Dallaire said. “It is the sovereign states that make up the suggested a broad interpretation Dallaire said, any decision to inter- U.N. that are refusing to give it the of Chapter VII might be an effec- vene to prevent mass killings would capabilities to do the job.” tive tool to contain atrocities in the have to grapple with moral issues. Dallaire recounted his experi- future. He questioned why the rest of the ence in Rwanda, where members Furthermore, he supported a world chose to abandon the civilian of the ruling ethnic Hutu group relatively new concept in interna- population of Rwanda and then felt threatened and planned to tional relations, the “responsibil- sent tens of thousands of troops exterminate minority Tutsis along ity to protect” doctrine, which into the former Yugoslavia. “All with moderate Hutus. They suc- proposes that national sovereignty humans are human,” he stated. ceeded in killing an estimated is no longer an absolute. The doc- At its most basic level, the goal 800,000 people in just over three trine would permit other countries of eliminating genocide must start months. “Civilian populations,” to intervene — militarily if neces- with reconciliation between rival Dallaire explained, have become sary — when they decide a state communities, Dallaire said, citing “part of the exercise of war.” is unwilling or unable to stop an three tools to alleviate some of the The events in Rwanda brought internal conflict that threatens its problems that can result in mass international calls to revamp the civilian population. killings: empowerment of women, rules on intervening in the internal Such actions would require education of children and mutual affairs of nation-states. As stated substantial political will from the respect for all humans. under Chapter VII of the U.N. leaders of the intervening states, Dallaire's speech was sponsored Charter, the Security Council can Dallaire acknowledged. Those by the Baker Institute and the “determine the existence of any leaders would also have to come to Holocaust Museum of Houston. threat to the peace, breach of the terms with questions of self-interest The institute's sponsorship was peace or act of aggression” and and the amount of casualties they made possible through the support take action to “restore interna- could accept. of the Shell Oil Company and the tional peace and security.” Dallaire Perhaps most importantly, Shell Distinguished Lecture Series.

20 Th e U.S. a n d t h e Em e r g i n g Se c o n d Wo r l d

Ambassador Edward J. Perkins best of our United States Foreign the European Union, will be chal- spoke March 11 at the Baker Service.” lenged to balance their need for Institute about “The United In his lecture, Perkins described resources and dominance over States and the Emerging Second the Second World as an emerg- one another and the emerging World” and his 2006 memoir, “Mr. ing economic, political and social Second World. Perkins explained, Ambassador: Warrior for Peace.” phenomenon consisting of nations “Globalization is the weapon of Perkins, a career diplomat that are developing from the Third choice; the main battlefield is the who grew up on a cotton farm World into what he and Parag Second World.” in segregated Louisiana, found Khanna, a senior research fellow at Perkins suggested that a way to his service tested when President the New America Foundation, call avoid strained relations between Reagan appointed him as the first the “Second World.” This move- nations is to alleviate the threat of black American ambassador to ment from Third World to Second nuclear weapons throughout the South Africa with the seemingly World is achieved by the establish- world and to allow justice to thrive. impossible mandate to dismantle ment of a unified moral code, an On the home front, he suggested Apartheid without violence. Perkins education system, and leveraging that it is important to get our youth achieved this task amidst great criti- local resources. As these countries interested in foreign and public cism and conflict. “He represents,” emerge, First World powers, which service. “We have to have more citi- Ambassador Djerejian said in his include the United States, Great zenship books and citizenship dis- introductory remarks, “the very Britain, France, China, Russia and cussion,” Perkins said. “There is no greater protection than citizenship.”

Ar a b Wo r l d Le c t u r e : Un d e r s t a n d i n g Hi z b u l l a h

Lara Deeb, assistant professor of be strong — you are welcomed here it is today and until Sept. 11, 2001, women's studies in the Department regardless of your position. That’s the United States viewed Hizbullah of Women's Studies at the University what universities do; that’s what the as a guerilla group. Deeb added, of California, Irvine, spoke April Baker Institute does.” “I’m sure we would agree that ter- 10 on “Understanding Hizbullah,” Deeb presented an overview of rorism is directed at civilian popula- part of the lecture series on “The the origins of Hizbullah and the tions, but I would include violence Arab World: History Politics and group's development into a multi- directed at civilians by a perpetrator, Culture.” faceted political party. She also dis- whether that perpetrator is a state To address community concerns cussed the social and cultural insti- or a nonstate, and [if] we think over the topic, Allen Matusow, tutions and networks associated with about terrorism in those senses, we associate director for academic the party and with its constituents can think of a lot of states that are programs, introduced the lecture in the southern suburb of Beirut inflicting violence against civilians. by reminding the 200 people in and the party's appeal for many of I think it’s a question on how you attendance that the Baker Institute Lebanon's Shi'i Muslims. define terrorism.” is an open forum with particular In a lively question and answer The lecture series is co-spon- expertise in the Middle East. “If session, the issue of Hizbullah as sored by Rice University History you have the authority, if you have a terrorist group was raised. Deeb Department, the Baker Institute something interesting to say — it said that the Hizbullah of the 1980s and the Arab-American Educational may be controversial, the views may is not the same organization that Foundation Lecture Endowment.

21 Fr a n c e a n d Am e r i c a : A Ne w Er a f o r Ol d Fr i e n d s

Pierre Vimont, France's ambassa- the global economy.” Sarkozy made While he emphasized France's dor to the United States, heralded an effort to improve relations new approach to dealing with the a new chapter in Franco–U.S. rela- with the United States in Iraq, in United States, Vimont was care- tions during his March 17 address Afghanistan and with NATO. After ful to balance the rapprochement at the Baker Institute. former President Jacques Chirac's with a policy based on realism. Vimont, who was appointed vocal opposition to the U.S.-led He championed a multilateral to his post by President Nicolas invasion of Iraq, Vimont said, approach to persuade Iran to halt Sarkozy in August 2007, said the Sarkozy has restarted attempts to its enrichment of uranium that new French leader took office reconcile feuding sectors of Iraqi included talks with countries that believing that the relationship society. Sarkozy has also vowed to have abandoned past nuclear weap- between the old allies should keep French forces in Afghanistan ons programs. Vimont also said if change and that they must “try to as long as they are needed, though the U.N. Security Council wants build a relationship of trust and Vimont added that a purely mili- to maintain legitimacy, it must be confidence” after years of public tary solution to Afghanistan's prob- reformed so that emerging powers disagreement over foreign policy, lems is not realistic. France also is can become permanent members. commerce and the environment. reintegrating into NATO's military “We all want democracy,” he said, Overall, Vimont said, Sarkozy's structure, after former President “but we need to promote it in the goal is to “return France to the Charles De Gaulle withdrew French right way.” mainstream of world affairs and forces in 1966.

Et h i c s , Po l i t i c s a n d So c i e t y Le c t u r e : Ph i l i p Pe t t i t

Philip Pettit, the Laurance S. principle in Lincoln’s Gettysburg must be directed to a systematic Rockefeller Professor of Politics Address, the famous triad, “govern- end. There are two basic approach- and Human Values at Princeton ment of the people, by the people, es that characterize this aim: University, discussed his theories for the people,” and it is in this last satisfaction of the common good on the third dimension of democ- principle that the necessary ele- and satisfaction of the common racy in a Feb. 14 lecture. The lec- ment exists for an ideal democracy will. Pettit found fault with each ture was part of the Ethics, Politics to function, Pettit said. After exam- of these, saying there is difficulty and Society Lecture Series co-spon- ining the first and second dimen- defining the common good and sored by the Baker Institute and sions of the triad, which secure common will. These approaches the department of philosophy. people’s ultimate authority and the give rise to a form of tyranny thus In his lecture, Pettit, who is known exercise of government through putting those in the minority at a for defending a version of repub- representatives, Pettit stated that disadvantage. Pettit concluded that licanism in political philosophy, they do guarantee the people influ- the government should promote a expounded upon three approaches ence on the government, but they “common mindset” instead. Thus, to fulfill this third dimension of do not guarantee the people con- a government would be responsive democracy and gave a critique of trol of the government. to the needs and duress of the the American political system. Pettit claimed that in order to people and would justify policies The third dimension of democ- have the third dimension, some on the people’s terms. racy is derived from the third account of the people’s influence

22 Th e Fu t u r e o f Re p u b l i c o f Ko r e a –U.S. Re l a t i o n s

Ambassador Hyun Chong Kim, the ambassador and permanent repre- sentative of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations, argued for the ratification of a Korean–U.S. free trade agreement in a Jan. 31 lecture at the Baker Institute. In his talk, “Beyond the Alliance: The Future of the Republic of Korea–U.S. Relations,” Kim said that a free trade agreement would benefit both parties involved, strengthen the existing alliance between the nations, and provide a regional framework for peace and security. “A peaceful, prosperous and democratic Northeast Asia is the Hyun Chong Kim, ambassador and permanent representative of the Republic of Korea to the United Na- tions, advocates the passage of a Republic of Korea–U.S. free trade agreement and a new era of alliance same goal that Korea and the U.S. between the two nations. want to achieve through both their alliance and the free trade agreement,” Kim said. munist North Korea. South Korea In a question and answer ses- Kim previously served as the has since developed into a signifi- sion, Kim speculated that North minister of trade in the Republic cant economic and cultural entity. and South Korea could be united of Korea’s Ministry of Foreign “With the help of the alliance as quickly as within the next Affairs and Trade, where he with the United States, Korea has decade, bringing about major eco- championed negotiations for a become a vibrant democracy with nomic, social and political adjust- Korean–U.S. free trade agree- a thriving economy,” Kim said. ments to the entire peninsula. ment. The agreement, signed in The ambassador said the Though the process will undoubt- June 2007, was hailed as “the most next step would be the ratifica- edly be difficult, Kim emphasized significant trade liberalization tion of the free trade agreement. that a free trade agreement with pact in more than a decade,” said “The agreement is expected to the United States would help Rice University president David deliver a wide range of benefits on make the transition as smooth as Leebron in his introduction to both sides, including, obviously, possible, both for Korea and the Kim’s lecture. Estimates predict increased trade and investment, region. that it will boost trade between the opening of the services market, Ambassador Kim’s visit to the two countries by as much as $22 and enhanced productivity and institute marked the first collabo- billion per year, he said. efficiency,” Kim said. He predicted ration among Rice University’s Kim traced Korean–U.S. rela- that the agreement would boost Office of the President, the Chao tions back to the early 1950s and the overall wealth of the Republic Center for Asian Studies and the the Korean War, when the United of Korea as it prepares for future Baker Institute. States and its allies aided South change and development with Korea in its conflict against com- the eventual reunification of the Korean peninsula.

23 Te c h n o l o g y , So c i e t y & Pu b l i c Po l i c y

Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Ad d r e ss e s Di g i t a l Co n v e r g e n c e a n d Connectivity

Only 24 hours after the City of Houston announced policies to expand wireless Internet connec- tivity, the Baker Institute held the “Conference on Convergence and Connectivity: Wireless, Broadband and Mobile” (CCC 2008). Organized by the Technology, Society and Public Policy Program, the March 26 conference addressed recent changes in tele- communications, broadcast media and public management due to emerging information technolo- gies. Since 2004, members of the Rice University Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and local nonprofit Technology For All have been Above: Keynote speaker James Cicconi, senior vice president for external and legislative affairs at AT&T, is delivering wireless Internet interviewed by the press. Below: Kamran Khan, vice provost of Information Technology at Rice University, moderates a panel discussion of chief information officers, featuring (from left) Lloyd Boyd, CEVA Freight to Pecan Park, a low-income Management; Rick Diaz, El Paso Corporation; and Rick Miller, The University of Texas Health Science neighborhood in Houston’s Center at Houston. East End. Originally a research tool employed by Rice professor Edward Knightly, the network is now the largest experimental wire- less fidelity (Wi-Fi) network in the country. The network, now serving more than 4,000 users, is intended “to empower under-resourced com- munities through technology,” Knightly said. Jerome Crowder, assistant professor of anthropol- ogy at the University of Houston, has studied the network’s impact for several years. “We can begin to learn how people think about the Internet,” he said, “about how people think about using technol-

continued on page 31

24 Ho m e l a n d Se c u r i t y & Te r r o r i sm

Se c u r i t y a n d Cr i m e o n t h e Te x a s Bo r d e r

Opposing forces in Mexico current- David L. Stone, consul of the attacks on offices and staff. ly are battling for control, and in United States in Nuevo Laredo, Jose M. Garza, Jr., the director no place is this more evident than explained that violence has been of homeland security for Kansas Nuevo Laredo and its surround- extensive, including in areas sur- City Southern Railway and former ing communities, including those rounding the consulate. The major- organized crime analyst, described across the border. Of the $16 billion ity of businesses have closed, and multiple cartels vying for control in cash flow between the United businessmen seek asylum in the of the lucrative plazas, or border States and Mexico, $10 billion can- United States from the threats of towns, where drugs cross over to not be accounted for by legal activ- kidnapping and killings. Tourists the United States. Nuevo Laredo ity. Additionally, alien smuggling have disappeared from Nuevo has traditionally been the most profits are now approaching drug Laredo, and travel advisories have lucrative plaza, a prime location smuggling profits. Approximately been issued by the state of Texas owing to the level of trade, due to 1.2 million undocumented persons and the U.S. Department of State. the North American Free Trade are caught annually, indicating an In recent months, the level of Agreement, at its bridges. Garza annual flow of at least 5 to 10 mil- reported violence in Nuevo Laredo agreed that the decline in crime lion persons. To discuss and educate has declined, though the reason might be indicative of the consoli- the public about these issues, the is uncertain. While the introduc- dation of power in Nuevo Laredo, Baker Institute’s Homeland Security tion of Mexican troops and the with civil authorities choosing not and Terrorism program sponsored U.S. National Guard to the area to challenge the status quo. an event on May 13, titled “Security likely has an effect, the decline However, danger will likely esca- and Crime on the Texas Border: may actually be a sign of cartel con- late as new alliances are created. The Situation and Consequences.” solidation. Additionally, the press The aggression has intensified as has been silenced after repeated cartels have lured in members of Mexico’s and Guatemala’s special forces, taking advantage of their training and access to weapons. The cartels have also adopted intimidation tactics, particularly beheadings and videotaping tor- ture. The speakers emphasized that cartel activity spills across the bor- der, threatening U.S. law enforce- ment and landowners. Ranchers have been approached by groups of men with military-style weapons, and kidnappings are becoming more frequent. Finding a solu- tion to remedy the influence of these human-smuggling cartels will require cooperation and education about the issue from both sides of David Stone, consul of the United States in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, joined Baker Institute Fellow in Home- the border. land Security Joan Neuhaus Schaan to address violence and crime along the U.S.–Mexico border.

25 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e St u d e n t Fo r u m

Ba k e r In s t i t u t e St u d e n t Fo r u m Sp r i n g Ev e n t s

This semester, the Baker Institute of informal policy discussions, dur- ated. Student Forum (BISF) expanded ing which students read and dis- This semester BISF also intro- the ways it engages students in pub- cuss a short article on a pertinent duced its new publication, The Rice lic policy by planning events around policy debate over lunch. Topics Cultivator: A Student Journal of the 2008 elections, building on pop- have included U.S. drug policy and Public Policy Research. Published ular past programs and introducing American foreign aid programs. A online, the journal showcases a new online public policy journal. March 12 talk with Rice alumnus undergraduate research to promote The BISF welcomed students Steven Schooner, senior associ- reasoned dialogue about public back Jan. 11 with a panel discus- ate dean for academic affairs and policy within the Rice community sion on “The Changing Nature associate professor of law at The and to stimulate student interest of Presidential Primaries.” The George Washington University Law in local, national and international event featured Jerrold Rusk, Rice School, addressed private military affairs. The journal’s inaugural professor of political science, who contractors in Iraq. issue features four articles based discussed the evolution of the On March 24, the Student on original research, as well as a American primary system, and Forum hosted a panel discussion “News & Views” section consist- Ryan O’Donnell, director of the on uninsured children in Harris ing of analytical essays on current Presidential Elections Reform County. Panelists Rose Valadez- events. The journal’s contributors Program at the nonpartisan orga- McStay, the director of govern- shared insights from their research nization FairVote, who spoke about ment relations for Texas Children's and exchanged ideas about under- implications of the changing prima- Hospital, and Sherea McKenzie, the graduate policy research during an ry system for voter participation and executive director of the Joint City/ April 24 launch party. Next fall, the the democratic process. Audience County Commission on Children, Student Forum will work to sustain questions led to a discussion about covered a wide range of topics momentum and encourage future how these factors might affect the relating to the status of uninsured submissions by coordinating a mini- 2008 elections. children. Karoline Mortensen, Rice symposium for authors to discuss With the expansion in the num- political science professor, moder- their work. ber of states holding primaries on Super Tuesday this election year, the BISF planned an event to promote student awareness about the candi- dates and their policy positions. On Feb. 5, about 70 students gathered around the televisions in Willy’s Pub to watch election returns and enjoy election-related trivia. Capitalizing on the popularity of last semester’s film series, the BISF Community Committee sponsored a screening of “Yossi and Jagger.” Set in Israel, the film brought an international perspective to gay and lesbian rights. The Student Forum Ryan O’Donnell, director of the Presidential Elections Reform Program at FairVote (left), and Jerrold Rusk, also continued its brown bag series Rice professor of political science (right), discuss the presidential primary system with the Baker Institute Student Forum, along with student forum President Tim Borden (center).

26 ments, specifically urging passage of and the issue of prisoner treatment, McCa i n a proposed treaty with Colombia. McCain called for the closure of the continued from page 1 On taxes, McCain said he would controversial facility. He also said immigration. make President George W. Bush's the scandal at Abu Ghraib prison The senior senator from Arizona tax cuts permanent and cut corpo- has been al-Qaida's best recruiting began with energy and climate rate taxes, which he said were the tool and vowed, “We will never tor- change, which he termed issues second highest in the industrialized ture a prisoner in American custody of national security. The United world after Japan. He also attacked again.” States, he said, sends $400 billion the alternative minimum tax and McCain acknowledged last year's overseas to pay for energy, funds called for its repeal. "I'm not going defeat of the comprehensive immi- which sometimes go to "countries to raise anybody's taxes," he said. gration bill he supported, saying, that don't like us very much." That McCain addressed the issue of “We failed because Americans want poses a danger to the United States, Iraq several times during the forum. border security first.” He said he he said, suggesting that American He argued that since al-Qaida had still believes in a comprehensive money could end up in the hands emerged as a force inside Iraq, the approach, including a viable tempo- of terrorists. Climate change is United States is obligated to remain rary-worker program and a way to another challenge, McCain said, in the country because al-Qaida deal with the millions of immigrants but the United States possesses the leaders have said they would "tell already living in the country, but “entrepreneurial, technological, the world they have defeated the now backs securing the nation's bor- innovative base” to deal with energy U.S." and would "follow us home." ders first. dependence and global warming. According to McCain, the U.S. McCain said that he under- Pointing to a major difference military escalation in Iraq over the stands the challenge of walking the with both front-runners for the last year has led to success and he tightrope between the Republican Democratic Party, McCain said he pledged to continue to back that Party's conservative base and the supports free trade. Governments strategy. “The Iraqi military [is] moderates and independents. that have practiced protectionism in taking over more and more respon- He promised to run a “respectful the past have paid a heavy price, he sibilities,” McCain said. “The casual- debate” against a Democratic rival. argued. The North American Free ties are down, and we will be able to McCain asserted that he was confi- Trade Agreement has created jobs withdraw and come home — but we dent he could inspire Americans to in the United States and also ben- will come home with honor.” support “a cause greater than them- efited Canada and Mexico. McCain When asked about the U.S. selves.” called for more free trade agree- military prison at Guantanamo Bay

occasion for celebration and for to a reality in 15 eventful years. Di r e c t o r gratitude. We have many to thank On behalf of the Baker Institute continued from page 2 for our progress. These include fellows, scholars and staff, I would with a clear view on our compara- Honorary Chair James A. Baker, like to thank you all. tive advantage in addressing spe- III, without whom the institute cific public policy issues that are would neither exist nor flourish; Edward P. Djerejian central to our country’s national our first-rate fellows and staff; the and international interests. leadership, faculty and students Our 15th anniversary com- of Rice University; but most of all memoration will feature Secretary our many supporters whose civic- of State Condoleezza Rice as the minded generosity has helped the keynote speaker. It will also be an Baker Institute grow from a vision

27 reiterated that all the presidential out there, create the framework, Ke r r y candidates have expressed sup- let the private sector know with continued from page 1 port for regulating carbon dioxide certainty what the standard is, then Bali, Indonesia. “Every person I emissions through a cap-and-trade the science is going to move even met with said we need the United system. more rapidly and the technology States to lead,” Kerry said, drawing Citing his experience design- will move even more rapidly.” upon his meetings in Bali. “And ing a cap-and-trade system for To conclude his remarks, Sen. the minute we [do], and our mar- sulfur dioxide emissions while Kerry said, “I have absolute confi- ketplace begins to shift, believe me serving as lieutenant governor of dence that of all the countries on — others will come on board.” Massachusetts in the 1980s, Kerry the face of this planet, the United Kerry voiced his strong support urged Americans to remember that States of America can lead on this, for climate change legislation. The the system has worked well before knows how to lead on this. We can senator described how Congress and could be successful in spurring get this job done.” was moving to vote on a climate innovation by U.S. industry. Kerry Please see the article on page 10 change bill by this summer and observed, “If we can get the target for more on the conference.

for Transportation Studies at the Union (EU) and other government Cl i m a t e Ch a n g e University of California, Davis, said bodies. Weyant urged policy flex- continued from page 10 that California is well positioned ibility. deforestation, and that “integrated to lead climate policy, calling In a discussion on limit- strategies for mitigation and adap- California a “laboratory for oth- ing carbon, Gilbert E. Metcalf, tation together clearly can drive ers to learn from.” He outlined professor of economics at Tufts investment and growth in a whole California's initiatives to regulate University, called for a carbon tax, variety of ways.” emissions by fuel providers in the acknowledging that while the tax Conference panelists discussed state. approach is not politically expedi- California's recent efforts to “We have got a lot of political ent, he believed public opinion is address climate change. Daniel space. We do not have any big coal shifting. And although any form Sperling, director of the Institute companies … [or] any Detroit of carbon pricing is regressive, car companies … that are head- Metcalf said such effects can be quartered in California. … [We undone through a well-designed have] bipartisan political support rebate plan for carbon revenue. … thanks to Gov. Schwarzenegger Peter Hartley, Baker Institute Rice … on the Republican side. … scholar, argued that higher general California is home to venture capi- energy taxes would be an effective tal and the past industrial revolu- policy that would capture both tions, the information technologies energy security and climate change and biotech revolutions,” Sperling goals. added. Making a presentation on the John Weyant, professor of man- European cap-and-trade system, agement science and engineer- Milo Sjardin, head of New Carbon ing and director of the Energy Finance, North America, noted Modeling Forum at Stanford that the EU emissions trading University, praised a multipronged scheme has been “very successful

Timothy Killeen, director of the National Center approach to limiting climate in stimulating the transition to a for Atmospheric Research, presents the findings change, citing contemporaneous carbon-constrained economy.” from the “International Panel on Climate Change 2007 Report” at the Baker Institute. moves by California, the European continued on page 31

28 En e r g y continued from page 7

Baker Institute researchers also presented findings from original research on the wide variety of top- ics covered in the study, including oil prices and the U.S. dollar, inter- national energy scenarios, mili- tarization of energy supply, and climate change and U.S. foreign policy. The study was sponsored by the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, and the Baker Institute Researchers and industry experts discuss energy security and resource conflict. From left: Amy Myers Jaffe, Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies at the Baker institute; Yahia Said, director for the Middle Energy Forum. East and North Africa and senior advisor at the Revenue Watch Institute; James Russell, co-director of the Center for Contemporary Conflict; Ron Soligo, professor of economics at Rice University; and Rick Stoll, professor of political science at Rice.

Ke y Fi n d i n g s o f t h e St u d y o n t h e Gl o b a l En e r g y Ma r k e t

Traditionally perceived risks are not as drastic as they may appear, and the market has yet to realize that some risks have eased in the past year: • Geopolitical risks to the global energy market:  Iran’s recent election shows that sanctions policy has been effective; therefore, Washington should avoid direct military confrontation with Iran, which would only strengthen the radicals at a moment when they are losing domestic support.  Al-Qaida has been more focused on attacking oil facilities in the Middle East since 2004, but their operational reach is reduced and attempts to attack facilities have not been successful.  A cutoff of Russian natural gas to Europe would temporarily cause a large spike in prices, but European mar- kets would attain alternative supplies relatively quickly after the first year. On the other hand, Russia’s long- term market share would be negatively affected for more than a decade. Energy security and resource conflict: • Major energy consuming nations have responded to shortages in the past by seeking alternative energy and estab- lishing diplomatic responses to conflict. Such alternatives remain the most effective strategy for current challenges. • U.S. lawmakers should seriously consider further strengthening automobile fuel-efficiency standards and provid- ing greater incentives to American automakers to develop improved alternative fuel automobile technologies more rapidly. Other risks are more likely to have an effect: • The ongoing petrodollar boom cycle threatens energy and financial markets; • The high speed of globalized market contagion means that any sudden collapse of asset bubbles in one part of the world could threaten the smooth operation of the global financial system, should proper economic policies not be implemented first. Energy and U.S. foreign policy: • The focal point for a dialogue with other consuming countries should begin with China, with a goal of a harmoni- ous energy policy that enhances the leverage both countries have with oil producing nations. Energy strategy col- laboration with China would also pave the way for broader coordination on global warming policy, removing a key barrier to U.S. domestic political agreement with a post-Kyoto international accord. A deal with China could serve as a model for similar synchronization with the European Union, Japan, India, Brazil and South Korea.

29 Kevin Spacey and Laura Dern. They tion to get it right.” They also sup- “RECOUNT” said they hoped that “RECOUNT” ported the recommendations of the continued from page 5 would inspire Americans to be reform commissions. “That’s why characterization.” more active and vocal about the we’re here,” said Dern, “because Executive producers Paula election process. “If we’re going remarkable people are fighting for Weinstein and Len Amato, director to hold ourselves up as the bastion people’s voices to be heard in the Jay Roach and writer Danny Strong of how elections should be done,” election process.” were in attendance, as were actors said Spacey, “then it’s our obliga-

members,” said Neal Lane, Baker Rice; Carl MacDowell, former assis- Ha c k e r m a n Institute senior fellow in science tant to Hackerman at Rice; James continued from page 12 and technology policy, quoting Kinsey, current chair of the Welch advisory board of the Robert A. comments by Richard Atkinson, Foundation Science Advisory Welch Foundation — roles that he former director of the NSF. Other Board; and Larry Faulkner, former took great pride in doing well. speakers honoring Hackerman president of The University of “Norm was a phenomenon during the symposium lunch Texas at Austin. when testifying before the Congress included Ronald Stebbing, former and interacting with individual vice president of student affairs at

Rush as a close friend, bon vivant ter include Hushang Ansary and Ru s h and raconteur, who also was Shahla Ansary, James A. Baker, continued from page 13 dedicated to more serious things. III, and Susan Baker, The Cullen The conference center is named Mutual friends of Stockton Rush’s, Foundation, Nasser I. Al-Rashid, in honor of the late Richard Burton and Deedee McMurtry, Clive Runnells and Nancy Stockton Rush, Jr. (1930–2000), initiated the idea to build the Runnells, Mike S. Stude and Anita who met Baker while they were facility in 2003 and provided the Stude, and an anonymous donor. students at Princeton. At the inau- founding gift for the project. Other guration Baker recalled Stockton generous underwriters of the cen-

said. “Just give them a chance!” Kelly Day offered an introduc- Kh a l e d In 2005, Khaled led a group of tion on behalf of the endowment, continued from page 14 Life Makers to Denmark after the named in honor of her commit- he founded. The program’s publication of a series of controver- ment to women and human rights Web site asked visitors to send in sial cartoons in a Danish newspaper issues in the Middle East. Support their dreams. After a slow initial that ignited a firestorm of anger for the program was provided by response, the dreams began to in the Muslim world. “The trip the Ghada Irani Discretionary arrive in huge numbers: 700,000 resulted in a meaningful discus- Fund, named in recognition of in the first two months, 1 million sion,” he said. Khaled also encour- Irani’s role in establishing the in the next two. Seventy percent of aged Muslim women to involve women and human rights program the respondents were women, he themselves positively in society. at the Baker Institute. said, wishing for jobs, empower- “Practical steps, such as women ment and an end to social prob- participating in charity volunteer lems like drug addiction. “They work, will cause men's attitudes to wanted to do something,” Khaled change over time,” he said.

30 CCC 2008 continued from page 24 ogy on a day-to-day basis, because it's changing rapidly.” Keynote speaker James Cicconi, senior vice president for external and legislative affairs at AT&T, noted the rapid expansion of broadband use, with an estimated $72 billion invested annually and expectations that Internet traf- fic will increase exponentially. “Keeping that investment flowing and growing has to be a priority From left: Melissa Noriega, Houston City Council member, Brett Perlman, former Texas public utility for public policy concerning the commissioner, and State Representative Phil King discuss policy and regulation of developing mobile and broadband technology. Internet in America,” he argued. Rhea Brown Lawson, director of the City of Houston’s public librar- director of community affairs for lead in telecommunications was ies, discussed transforming the North America, addressed the issue rapidly eroding. Paul Hobby, library system as a point of access of connecting more Americans to current chairman and CEO of to the digital information resources the Internet. Alpheus Communications, echoed now available. State Rep. Phil King, Kamran Khan, Rice’s vice pro- that sentiment. Houston City Council member vost of information technology, Conference participants empha- Melissa Noriega and former Texas steered a roundtable discussion sized that the United States must Public Utility Commissioner Brett with chief information officers invest in new technologies for Perlman discussed the role of gov- Rick Miller from The University connectivity and convergence to ernment in regulating telecommu- of Texas Health Science Center, remain a global leader in informa- nications. Stephanie Gagné, man- Rick Diaz from the El Paso Corp. tion technology. The CCC 2008 aging director of the Washington, and Lloyd Boyd of CEVA Freight contributed significant dialogue D.C.-based Community Technology Management. Julie Hedlund, a regarding the need to collaborate Centers’ Network, Nicole senior analyst with the Washington, in developing national information Robinson, the City of Houston’s D.C., Information Technology and infrastructure to benefit business, digital inclusion project director, Innovation Foundation provided education, government and indus- and Andrea Taylor, Microsoft’s evidence that the United States’ try.

3.0–4.5 gigatons of CO2 equivalent Institute Energy Forum, the Cl i m a t e Ch a n g e (GtCO e) by 2030 “using tested Energy & Environmental Systems continued from page 28 2 approaches and high-potential Institute and the Shell Center for Scott Nyquist, a director at emerging technologies … [involv- Sustainability of Rice University, McKinsey and Co., presented ing] abatement options with mar- and supported in part by the U.K. McKinsey’s new study on the costs ginal costs less than $50 per GtC.” Science and Innovation Section of reducing greenhouse gas emis- The event was co-sponsored by of the British Consulate-General sions in the United States. The the Baker Institute Science and Houston. study concluded that the United Technology Policy and Health States could reduce emissions by Economics programs, the Baker

31 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e i n t h e Ne w s

Compiled using Dateline Rice, these Atlanta Journal Constitution the North American Leaders’ are highlighted interviews given by the on the relationship between Summit. Baker Institute fellows between Jan. 1, former President Jimmy Carter • March 7, 2008: Quoted in The 2008, and June 6, 2008. and Habitat for Humanity. Houston Chronicle on the • May 5, 2008: Wrote a commen- effectiveness of NAFTA. Edward P. Djerejian tary in the Los Angeles Times • June 6, 2008: Interviewed on on the photography of Michael Vivian Ho, Ph.D. World Public Radio (WGBH Eastman. • April 25, 2008: Quoted in U.S. Boston) regarding how the U.S. • April 1, 2008: Quoted in The News & World Report on the should approach a dialogue New York Times on the elec- growing number of privately with Iran. tion efforts of Republican presi- insured patients who are being • May 21, 2008: Interviewed in Al dential candidate John McCain. referred for imaging scans by Jazeera on recent conflicts in • Feb. 19, 2008: Interviewed on physicians who refer patients to Lebanon. NPR’s “All Things Considered” their own facilities or machines. • May 13, 2008: Interviewed on regarding the “war of words” • March 25, 2008: Quoted on Bloomberg Television regard- between the Democratic presi- TVWeek.com on Michael ing the current push for peace dential hopefuls. Moore's documentary “Sicko.” in the Middle East. • Feb. 11, 2008: Quoted in the • April 30, 2008: Mentioned in Baltimore Sun on the correla- Amy Myers Jaffe Dar Al-Hayat (Lebanon) about tion between experience in • May 22, 2008: Interviewed on a 2000 institute study on Syrian- elected office and presidential NPR’s “On Point” regarding ris- Israeli negotiations and its success. ing gasoline prices. impact on present negotiations. • Jan. 2, 2008: Mentioned in The • May 19, 2008: Quoted by • March 24, 2008: Interviewed in Austin American-Statesman’s Reuters on a recent meeting The Houston Chronicle on the list of 2007’s top books. on oil production between Iraq war. President Bush and Saudi King Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. Abdullah. George Abbey • March 17, 2008: Quoted in The • May 14, 2008: Interviewed by • Feb. 7, 2008: Quoted in The San Diego Union-Tribune on Channel 26 (KRIV-TV) about Dolphin on a recent maritime legislative efforts by Congress to alternative energy solutions. strategy forum at the Baker regulate the wireless industry. • May 8, 2008: Quoted in an Institute. • Feb. 4, 2008: Quoted on OilOnline.com article on cut- KHOU.com on new regula- ting world carbon emissions. Douglas Brinkley, Ph.D. tions on re-entering the United • May 7, 2008: Cited in a • May 27, 2008: Quoted on States. Fortune/CNN Money article Bloomberg.com on the • Jan. 11, 2008: Addressed the on the possibility of a windfall- presidential campaign of Sen. issue of recovering deleted profits tax on the major oil Hillary Clinton. e-mail on ABC13 News companies. • May 19, 2008: Wrote a review (KTRK). • April 30, 2008: Quoted in The of Sean Wilentz’s “The Age Dallas Morning News on ideas of Reagan” for The New York John W. Diamond, Ph.D. circulating on Capitol Hill to Times. • April 21, 2008: Quoted in curb high gas prices. • May 16, 2008: Quoted in The The Houston Chronicle on • April 9, 2008: Quoted in The

32 New York Times on a proposed on the creation of the Texas Kenneth B. Medlock III, Ph.D. liquefied natural gas pipe- Academy of Medicine, • May 29, 2008: Quoted by line running from Alaska to Engineering and Science. Christian Broadcasting Network Alberta, Canada. News on public reaction to ris- • March 3, 2008: Quoted in The Steven W. Lewis, Ph.D. ing gasoline prices. Weekender (South Africa) on • Feb. 25, 2008: Wrote an op-ed • May 28, 2008: Cited in an oil exploration in Texas. on steering China's developing Humble Observer editorial on • Feb. 25, 2008: Wrote a Houston economy toward sustainability how to save money in times of Chronicle op-ed on shifting in The Houston Chronicle. high energy prices. U.S. energy policy toward sus- • Jan. 16, 2008: Quoted in the • April 28, 2008: Quoted in The tainability. Beijing Review on a new diplo- Dallas Morning News on the • Feb. 13, 2008: Quoted in matic envoy program launched plans of the presidential front- Financial Times on the greener by the Bush administration. runners to lower gas prices. policies of energy companies. • March 20, 2008: Quoted in The • Feb. 8, 2008: Quoted in the David R. Mares, Ph.D. New York Times on the rising International Herald Tribune • May 27, 2008: Quoted in price of coal on the commodi- on recent legal action taken by Business News Americas on ties market. Exxon against Venezuela. Mexican President Felipe • March 10, 2008: Quoted in a • Jan. 31, 2008: Quoted in The Calderón’s energy reform pro- Voice of America News story on Wall Street Journal on recent posal. the declining amount of oil in trends among major oil compa- the world. nies. William Martin, Ph.D. • March 4, 2008: Quoted in the • May 27, 2008: His book, “With Los Angeles Times on the ris- Neal Lane, Ph.D. God on Our Side,” excerpted ing price of gasoline. • May 27, 2008: Quoted in ABC on an AmericanChronicle. • Feb. 1, 2008: Quoted in the San News in an article on the com article about Democratic Francisco Chronicle on poten- Phoenix Lander. presidential candidate Barack tial problems facing the major • April 2, 2008: Quoted by the Obama. oil companies. American Institute of Biological • March 5, 2008: Quoted in • Jan. 14, 2008: Quoted in The Sciences on the debate over the Congressional Quarterly Raleigh News and Observer on politicization of science. Politics on efforts by groups to the permanency of oil prices. • Feb. 20, 2008: Quoted in eradicate the ban on federal • Jan. 8, 2008: Quoted in Fortune Nature regarding the next funding of needle-exchange Magazine on the effects of high presidential science adviser. programs. oil prices on the economy. • Feb. 11, 2008: Mentioned in • Feb. 18, 2008: Cited in The BusinessWeek on the impor- Lubbock Avalanche-Journal on Joan Neuhaus Schaan tance of science in presidential the role played by Baptists in • April 24, 2008: Mentioned on policy. securing the First Amendment WorldNetDaily.com regarding • Feb. 8, 2008: Co-wrote a to the Constitution. a statement at a congressional Houston Chronicle op-ed with • Feb 7, 2008: Mentioned in The hearing on the impact of the Malcolm Gillis, Ph.D., on chal- New York Times on baseball U.S.–Mexico border fence. lenges the U.S. faces in fighting chapel services. global warming. • Jan. 2, 2008: Quoted in The • Jan. 15, 2008: Mentioned in Honolulu Advertiser on the a Mexia Daily News column Senate investigation of six pros- by Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison perity ministries.

33 Ne w Pu b l i c a t i o n s

To download the complete text of these “U.S. Energy Policy FAQ: The “Cardiac CON Regulations publications and others, please visit our U.S. Energy Mix, National and the Availability and Use of Web site at http://bakerinstitute.org Security and the Myths of Revascularization Services” and look under Publications. Energy Independence” Research, American Heart Journal Opinion Piece April 2008 “Natural Gas in North America: February 2008 Vivian Ho, Ph.D. (Baker Institute), Markets and Security” Amy Myers Jaffe, Kenneth Medlock Joseph Ross, M.D., M.H.S. Policy Report 36 III, Ph.D., and Lauren Smulcer (Mount Sinai School of January 2008 (Baker Institute) Medicine), Brahmajee Baker Institute Energy Forum Nallamothu, M.D., M.P.H. (Ann “Video Briefing Transcript: Arbor VA Medical Center), and “Surge in Alternative Energy Prospects for Peace in the Harlan Krumholz, M.D., S.M. Development” Middle East” (Yale University School of Article for Energy Capital Houston Opinion Piece Medicine) January 2008 February 2008 Amy Myers Jaffe (Baker Institute) Edward P. Djerejian (Baker “The Impact of H.R. 25 on and Ferras Vinh (Rice Institute) Housing and the Homebuilding University) Industry” “Video Briefing Transcript: Research Paper “Wiretapping, Surveillance and Convergence and Connectivity” May 2008 the Internet” Opinion Piece John Diamond, Ph.D. (Baker Opinion Piece February 2008 Institute), and George Zodrow, January 2008 Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. (Baker Ph.D. (Rice University) Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. (Baker Institute) Institute) “Testimony Before the House “Selecting Parameter Values for Natural Resources Committee, “Testimony Before the Mexican General Equilibrium Model Subcommittee on National American Legislative Simulations” Parks, Forests and Public Caucus of the Texas House of Research Paper Lands, and Subcommittee on Representatives” March 2008 Fisheries, Wildlife and Testimony Timothy Gunning, Ph.D., John Oceans of the U.S. House January 2008 Diamond, Ph.D. (Baker of Representatives – Joint Joan Neuhaus Schaan (Baker Institute), and George Zodrow, Subcommittee Oversight Institute) Ph.D. (Rice University) Field Hearing” Testimony “Using an Individual Income “Considering Sea Level Rise” May 2008 Tax Panel File to Measure Opinion Piece Joan Neuhaus Schaan (Baker Changes in Marginal Tax Rates: April 2008 Institute) Opportunities and Neal Lane, Ph.D. (Baker Institute) Limitations” “The Global Energy Market: Research Paper Comprehensive Strategies February 2008 to Meet Geopolitical and John Diamond, Ph.D. (Baker Financial Risks” Institute), Ralph A. Rector (U.S. Policy Report 37 Department of Treasury), and June 2008 Mike Weber (Internal Revenue Baker Institute Energy Forum Service)

34 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Fe l l o w s , Sc h o l a r s a n d Pr o g r a m Pe r s o n n e l Edward P. Djerejian Amy Myers Jaffe Founding Director Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Re p o r t Janice and Robert McNair Energy Studies Chair in Public Policy Editors - Hillary Durgin Harmon, Derrick Huang and Edward A. and Hermena Neal Lane, Ph.D. Janet Benton Hancock Kelly University Senior Fellow in Science and Chair for Senior Scholars Technology Policy Graphic Design - Sonja D. Fulbright Allen Matusow, Ph.D. Steven W. Lewis, Ph.D. Associate Director for Fellow in Asian Studies Photographers - Katy Anderson Academic Programs Jesse Jones Leadership Center and George Wong Summer Intern Program George Abbey Coordinator ©2008 by the Baker Institute for Public Policy of Rice University. Baker Botts Senior Fellow in This material may be quoted Space Policy David R. Mares, Ph.D. or reproduced without prior Baker Institute Scholar for permission, provided appropri- Joe Barnes Energy Studies ate credit is given. For further Bonner Means Baker Fellow information about the Baker William Martin, Ph.D. Institute, please visit our website Douglas Brinkley, Ph.D. Harry and Hazel Chavanne at http://bakerinstitute.org. Fellow in History Senior Fellow in Religion and Public Policy For further inquiries and Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. address changes, we may be reached by phone, 713-348-4683; Fellow in Technology, Society, Kirstin Matthews, Ph.D. fax, 713-348-5993; or and Public Policy Fellow in Science and e-mail, [email protected]. Technology Policy Erika de la Garza The Baker Institute Program Director, Latin Kenneth B. Medlock III, Ph.D. Report is printed American Initiative Fellow in Energy Studies on recycled paper with funds provided by The John W. Diamond, Ph.D. Sari Nusseibeh, Ph.D. Cullen Foundation Publication Edward A. and Hermena Diana Tamari Sabbagh Fellow Endowment. Hancock Kelly Fellow in Tax in Middle Eastern Studies Policy To enquire about program José Antonio Ocampo, Ph.D. support at the Baker Institute, please contact Meredith Yair Hirschfeld, Ph.D. Will Clayton Fellow in Montgomery, associate Isaac and Mildred Brochstein International Economics director of development, at Fellow in Middle East Peace 713-348-2136. and Security in Honor of Joan Neuhaus Schaan Yitzhak Rabin Fellow in Homeland Security To enquire about Roundtable and Terrorism membership at the Baker Vivian Ho, Ph.D. Institute, please contact Lilia James A. Baker III Institute Fabry, development coordinator, Chair in Health Economics at 713-348-4200.

35 No n -Pr o f i t Or g . U.S. Po s t a g e PAID Ho u s t o n , Te x a s Pe r m i t No. 7549 Ja m e s A. Ba k e r III In s t i t u t e f o r Pu b l i c Po l i c y – MS40 Ri c e Un i v e r s i t y P.O. Bo x 1892 Ho u s t o n , Te x a s 77251-1892

36