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A Preliminary Classification of Uranium Deposits

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A Preliminary Classification of Uranium Deposits .... GJ BX-63(78) A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION OF URANIUM DEPOSITS Field Engineering Corporation Grand Junction Operations Grand Junction, Colorado 81501 May 1978 ,, /I/ PREPARED FOR. THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GRAND JUNCTION OFFICE UNDER CONTRACT NO. EY-76-C-13-1664 GJ HX- 6 J: (7 8) A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION OF URANIUM DEPOSITS Edited by David G. Mickle BENDIX FIELD ENGINEERING CORPORATION Grand Junction Operations Grand Junction, Colorado 81501 ·' May 1976 PREPARED FOR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY GRAND JUNCTION OFFICE UNDER CONTRACT NO. EY-76-C-13-1664 j. v· ' CONTENTS Preface . vii A CLASSIFICATION OF URANIUM DEPOSITS IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, by C. A. Jones •...•..•.••......••. 1 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Classification • • • • i 2 Syngenetic deposits 2 Placer deposits 4 Quartz-pebble conglomerates 4 Marine black shale 5 Phosphorite 6 Water 7 Epigenetic deposits 7 Lignite, coal. and carbonaceous shale •. 8 .Evaporative precipitates 9 Limestone . 9 Sandstone 10 References . 13 I CLASSIFICATION OF URANIUM OCCURRENCES IN AND RELATED TO PLUTONIC IGNEOUS ROCKS. by _Geoffrey W. Mathews • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 Abstract 17 Introduction . 18 Classification . 18 Orthomagmatic' class . 19 Selected examples of the orthomagmetic class .. 21 CONTENTS (cont~ued) ~ Bokan Mountain, Alaska 2,1 Bostonite dikes, Front Range, Colorado • 22 "' Pegmatitic class • • • 23 Selected examples of the pegmatitic class 23 Bokan Mountain, Alaska 23 Bicroft mine, Bancroft area, Ontario • 24 Magmatic-hydrothermal class 24 Selected examples of the magmatic-hydrothermal class .. 25 Radium Hill, Australia •• 25 Boulder batholith, Montana • .25 Contact-metasomatic class 26 Selected examples of the contact-metasomatic class '27 Mary Kathleen, Australia • 27 Wheeler Basin, Colorado ,27 Autometasomatic class . 28 Selected examples of the autometasomatic class 28 Ross-Adams mine, Bokan Mountain, Alaska 28 Lireui complex, Nigeria 29 Authigenic class 29 Example of the authigenic class • 30 Daybreak mine, Washington 30 Allogenic class 30 Selected examples of the allogenic class 31 Midnite mine, Washington • 31 Nabarlek, Australia 31 iv S (continued)' Anatectic class Selected the anatectic class th-West Africa 33 , Quebec • . • • • . • •. 33 References 34 CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOGENI URANIUM DEPOSITS, by R. C. Pilcher ••.....• 41 Abstract . 41 Introduction 42 Theoretical basis for c sification 42 Classification • . • • • 43 Initial-magmatic c s 44 Pneumatogenic class 45 Hydroauthigenic cla 47 Hydroallogenic clas 48 References . 50 CLASSIFICATION OF URANIUM DE SITS OF UNCERTAIN GENESIS, by Geoffrey W. Mathews • • • . 53 Abstract .• . .• . 53 Introduction 54 General discussion . 54 Source of leachable anium • . 54 ' Source of oxidizing solutions • . 56 Reducing agents . 56 'Ihi._,.. ' Hydraulic setting . 58 Sites of deposition • . 60 v CONT S (continued)' Pa~e Classification . 6'o ' Unconformity-related 6:1 Selected of unconformity-related deposits llic subclass) • • • • . 62 .J ern Australia ~2 63 Selected of unconformity-related deposits ic subclass) • • • • • ~4 Key Lake, bern Saskatchewan, Canada . '64 Jabiluka Australia 65 Vein-type deposits tamorphic rocks • • • • • • • (>6 Example of a vei -type deposit in metamorphic rocks (monometal ic subclass) • • • • • • • • :68 Beaverlodge area, northern Saskatchewan, Canada •• :68 Example of a vei -type deposit in metamorphic· rocks (polymetal subclass) • • • • . • • . 1 69 ado mines, Northwest Canada . • 169 Vein-type deposits i rocks • 169 70 70 References . 72 vi PREFACE"' The clastifications of ur ium deposits given in this report are designated to facilitate and systematize llection, analysis, and storage of uranium occurrence da a for the Nati 1 Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) prog#am being carried!out by Bendix F d Engineering Corporation under U.S. Dep4rtment of Energy contract no. EY-76- 3-1664. These classifications may have to be modified as more information b s available. When coupled with recog~ition criteria curr~ntly in preparat , the classifications will provide a ba,is for recognition o~ potentially fa rable environments, evaluation of the economic potential of ~ given area, and uranium occurrence modeling. I The foll~wing four catego deposits are classified anq dis- cussed in sep~rate papers in t 1. Depofits in sedimenta y rocks 2. Occutrences in and re. ated to plutonic igneous rocks ! 3. Volc~nogenic uranium eposits 4. Urantum deposits of rtain genesis. The clas~ification of ur ium occurrences in the first three categoties is based on gene+is and the natur of mineralization. Uranium deposits in sedi­ mentary rockslare classified b the type of mineralization (syngenetic o~ epigenetic). !Host-rock origin is a secondary basis of classification. Uranium occurrences i~ and related to lutonic igneous rocks are classified accotding to the behavi~r of uranium dur g magmatic evolution. Secondary criteri~ are the lithologyiof the host rock the nature of mineralization, and spatial re- lations with ~lutons. A model ef caldera evolution is the basis for cla~sifying volcanogenic *ranium deposits. The nature of mineralization within a vo~cano­ genic system is emphasized. U deposits of uncertain genesis are classified according to ~ssociated struct es and host-rock types. Numbers ~ssigned to the c sses of uranium deposits will allow easy recall to informatiof regarding known uranium occurrences from the Grand Junction Offi¢e Information S stem (GJOIS) fil of the U.S. Department of Energy. Deposits in sedimentar rocks are assi ed numbers in the lOOs and 200s; those in and related to pl~tonic igneous ~o have numbers in the 300s; numbers in t~e 500s are resetved for volcano uranium deposits; and uranium deposit~ of uncertain gen$sis have numbers in the 700s. The foll~wing is a list o all the classes of uranium deposits and ~heir _associated fi~e numbers. ' vii \.I Deposits in sedimentary rocks 110 Placer 120 Quartz-pebble conglomer 130 Marine black shale 140 Phosphorite ... 150 Water 210 Lignite, coal, carbonac 220 Evaporative precipitat 230 Limestone 240 Sandstone sits in and related to eous rocks 310 Orthomagmatic 320 Pegmatitic 330 Magmatic hydrothermal 340 Contact metasomatic 350 Autometasomatic 360 Authigenic 370 Allogenic 380 Anatectic Volcanogenic uranium deposits 510 Initial magmatic \.,I 520 Pneumatogenic 530 Hydroauthigenic 540 Hydroallogenic Uranium osits of uncertain sis 710 Unconformity-related sits 711 Monometallic 712 Polymetallic i 720 Vein-type deposits in tamorphic rocks 72l·Monometallic 722 Polymetallic 730 Vein-type ~eposits in edimentary rocks viii ···:-- I A CLASSIFICATION OF URANIUM' DEPOSITS IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS by C. A. Jones ABSTRACT For this classification, uvanium deposits in sedimentary rocks are divided into two groups, syngenetic and epigenetic. Syngenetic deposit~ are form~~ contemporaneously with deposition of the enclosing sediment; they include de­ trital uranium minerals and uranium absorbed or adsorbed at the sediment-water interface. Epigenetic deposits 1are formed by the precipitation of uraniu~i from solutions moving through pre-ex.tsting rock or previously deposited sedimeiJ!~. Uranium-bearing solutions include connate water, meteoric water, and hydroihermal solutions. Five classes of syngenetic deposits and four classes of ep~genetic defosits are recognized. Each is classified according to its presumed genesis. The five classes of syngeneitic deposits are as follows: placer, quar1tz­ pebble conglomerate, marine black shale, phosphorite, and water. Placer d~­ posits include both fluvial and beach placers. Radioactivity is due primarily to thorium minerals, and uranium usually is present only as a minor constituent of resistant minerals such as monazite and zircon. Quartz pebble conglomefate deposits also are considered by many to be placers; however they are uniqu~ in three ways. They are pyritic, they are restricted to the lower Proterozoi(:, and they contain the primary uranium minerals uraninite and (or) brannerite. Marine-black-shale deposits contain uranium adsorbed from sea water by clay particles and organic material. Certain uraniferous, highly reduced muds ! forming today off the southwestern coast of Africa are included here, although as Holocene sediments they are not black. In phosphorite deposits, which •lso are marine in origin, the uranium substitutes for calcium in phosphate min~rals of the apatite group. Brines, sea water, and mine and mill waters constit~te sources of uranium. Conceivably, uranium could be extracted from sea watet if incentives were adequate, and uranium recovery from leach solutions at certain copper operations is now in operation. ,I Epigenetic deposits include lignite, coal, and carbonaceous shale; evap­ orative precipitates; sandstone; and limestone. Uranium in oxidized groun~ water may be reduced and precipi~ated by organic material in lignite, coaL~ or carbonaceous shale. Evaporative precipitates are characterized by seconda*y uranium minerals that precipitat~ on outcrop or in pore spaces, solution cav­ it~es, and fractures within the oxidized zone. The largest and most impor~ant class for U.S. exploration and production has been the sandstone de,posit. · Typical deposits of this class are in fluvial and marginal-marine aandston~s. Volcaniclastic sediments in whicp the uranium has been concentrated along redox boundaries also belong to this cll.ass. Uranium deposits formed along redox, boundaries in limestone are distinguished from the sandstone class on the ~asis of lithology. ·· INTRODUCT'tON This cJnssification
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