South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands

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Conservation Management Zones of Australia

Prepared by the Department of the Environment Acknowledgements This project and its associated products are the result of collaboration between the Department of the Environment’s Biodiversity Conservation Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of Environment (DotE), Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the academic community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE; Nyree Stenekes and Robert Kancans (DoA), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson (ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.

Special thanks to CSIRO researchers Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns underpinned identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.

Image Credits Front Cover: Mount Chambers, Flinders Ranges, South Australia – Copyright Mark McLeod Page 4: Flinders Ranges, South Australia – Copyright SATC/Adam Buzzone Page 10: Ethel Beach, Innes National Park – Greg Snell, Copyright Tourism Australia Page 16: Ringneck Parrot (Barnardius zonarius), Wilpena Pound, South Australia – Copyright Maxime Coquard Page 19: Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae), Innes National Park, Yorke Peninsula – Balambigai Balakrishnan, Copyright SATC Page 22: Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus) – Peripitus Page 24: Flinders Ranges Worm-lizard (Aprasia pseudopulchella) – Matt Clancy Page 25: Pygmy Blue-tongue Lizard (Tiliqua adelaidensis) – Mark Hutchinson Page 27: Regent Parrot (Polytelis anthopeplus) – JJ Harrison Page 29: Flock of Galahs (Eolophus roseicapilla), Flinders Ranges, South Australia – John Milbank, Copyright SATC Page 34: Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea), Baird Bay, Eyre Peninsula of South Australia – Greg Snell, Copyright Tourism Australia Page 35: Ngarkat Conservation Park, South Australia – Ray Jones www.travelling-australia.info Page 36: Mallee with tussock grass (Eucalyptus socialis) – Murray Fagg Page 37: Saltbush Shrubland, Flinders Ranges – Murray Fagg Page 38: Mallee with a dense shrubby understorey, Ngarkat Conservation Park – Murray Fagg Page 39: Mallee with hummock grass (Eucalyptus dumosa) – Murray Fagg Page 40: Casuarina and Allocasuarina open woodlands (Casuarina pauper), Flinders Ranges – Murray Fagg Page 41: Mallee with an open shrubby understorey (Eucalyptus gracilis) – Murray Fagg Back Cover: Mount Chambers, Flinders Ranges, South Australia – Copyright Mark McLeod

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Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Contents

Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country ��2 Introduction ��2 Zone at a glance ��3 Population characteristics ��6 Employment, volunteering and incomes ��9 Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice ��11 Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas �� 13 Zone vegetation characteristics �� 15 Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands ��17 World and National Heritage �� 19 Major National Reserve System properties �� 20 EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities �� 21 EPBC Act (1999) threatened species ��22 EPBC Act (1999) migratory species �� 28 Threatened endemic species �� 30 Invasive species �� 32 Vegetation profiles and management recommendations �� 35

Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country The Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.

Introduction The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.

The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with local action.

The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.

The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.

Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socio-economic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural resources more effectively.

The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.

2 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Zone at a glance

Area of zone: Population density: 32,644,278 hectares

% of Australia: 2.05 people 4.24% per square kilometre

Zone population characteristics Zone employment characteristics 700,000

4.7% 600,000 646,592

500,000

400,000

300,000 Number of people 200,000

100,000

0 otal T er 65 Ov a second language English as

ndigenous 95.3% I outh (15–24) Y

Employed Unemployed

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

3 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Major cities and towns Population Top five agricultural commodities Value (millions) Berri 4,107 Cereals for grain $2,993 Kadina 4,461 Fruit $1,088 Mildura 31,272 Legumes for grain $402 Murray Bridge 15,642 Vegetables for consumption $390 Port Lincoln 14,083 Lamb $306 Port Pirie 13,850 Total value of agricultural Renmark 4,381 commodities (including other $6,485 commodities not listed here)

Other towns Population Balaklava 1,828 Climate characteristics* Bamera 1,916 Mean annual temperature 16.5 Celsius Bordertown 2,543 Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month 31.3 Celsius Ceduna 2,292 Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month 4 Celsius Clare 3,283 Mean Annual Rainfall 306.6 mm Kapunda 2,484 Dominant rainfall season Winter Loxton 3,783

Mannum 2,167 * The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) representing the period prior to the onset of rapid climatic warming. Merbein 1,926 Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012) Moonta 3,650 Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), Red Cliffs 2,558 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces version 2.1 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package). Wallaroo 3,158 For future climate projections please refer to: Warracknabeal 2,338 http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/

Natural Resource Management (NRM) regions Murray Local Land Services (LLS) NSW Riverina LLS NSW Western LLS NSW Natural Resources (NR) Eyre Peninsula SA NR Northern and Yorke SA NR SA Arid Lands SA NR SA Murray Darling SA Mallee Catchment Management Authority (CMA) VIC North Central CMA VIC Wimmera CMA VIC

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

4 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Native Title area National Reserve System area

8% 14%

92% 86%

Native Title area Other area NRS area Other area

Native vegetation clearance level Number of threatened species by class

4 8

1 15 1 33% 1

33 67% 96

Cleared (ha) Uncleared (ha) Plants Birds Mammals Reptiles Fish Frogs Insects Sharks

Status of EPBC Act listed threatened species, communities and migratory species

Vulnerable species 90

Endangered species 58

Critically endangered species 11

Conservation dependent 2

Migratory species 66

Threatened ecological 12 communities

0.000000 15.833333 31.666667 47.500000 63.333333 79.166667 95.000000

Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).

5 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Population characteristics

Population

Population by age group Indigenous population by age group

3% 17% 18% 22%

37% 12%

34% 19% 19%

19%

0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 65 years and over 40–64 years 65 years and over

Farmer and farm managers by age group Gender of farmers and farm managers

4% 16%

3,791 21%

11,542

59%

15–24 years 25–39 years Male Female 40–64 years 65 years and over

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

6 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Languages spoken at home English 79.45% Other languages 16.16% Not stated 4.27%

Non-English languages spoken at home* Indigenous languages spoken at home**

10.40%

3.67% 3.72% 14.57% 0.25% 3.26% 0.01% 0.87% 30.75% 3.17% 0.62% 20.10%

10.77% 12.40% 78.45% 6.99%

Northern European Northern Desert Fringe Area Languages (including Scandinavia, Celtic, Germanic, Dutch) Arandic Southern European Western Desert Language Eastern European Other (unspeci ed) Australian Indigenous Languages Central Asian, Turkic, Iranic and Semitic Southern Asian, Dravidan and Indo-Ayran ** Please note, these gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census South-East Asian that they spoke an Indigenous language at home. East Asian Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander African Paci c / Oceanic Invented language Sign language * Please note, these gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census that they spoke a language other than English at home.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

7 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Education

Highest level of educational attainment Highest level of educational attainment – total population – Indigenous community

50% 45%

40%

40% 35%

30% 30% 25%

20% 20% 15%

10% 10% 5%

0% 0% l l e e e e w w ve ve Le Le ti cat ti cat /Not stated /Not stated ti cate ti cate ee/Graduat ee/Graduat ee/Advanced ee/Advanced ears 11 and 12 ears 11 and 12 Y Y Cer Cer ears 10 or belo ears 10 or belo Y Y Diploma and Diploma and School School nadequately described nadequately described I I School School No Educational Attainment No Educational Attainment Bachelor Degr Bachelor Degr ostgraduate Degr ostgraduate Degr Diploma & Graduate Cer Diploma & Graduate Cer P P 15–24 years 25–39 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 65 years and over 40–64 years 65 years and over

Highest level of educational attainment Post-school qualication types* – farmers and farm managers 30,000 70% 25,000 60%

50% 20,000

40% 15,000

30% 10,000

20% 5,000 10% 0 0% l e e w ve 65 years Le ti cat and above /Not stated 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old ti cate ee/Graduat ee/Advanced ears 11 and 12 Y Cer ears 10 or belo Y Natural and Physical Sciences Diploma and School

nadequately described Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies I School

No Educational Attainment Health and education Bachelor Degr ostgraduate Degr Diploma & Graduate Cer

P Architecture, building, society and culture and creative arts 15–24 years 25–39 years Information Technology, Management 40–64 years 65 years and over and Commerce and service industries

* Please note, this table omits quali cations of mixed eld, quali cations that are not adequately described, and information relating to census respondents who have not stated their quali cation or are not applicable (i.e. Not of age to have post-school quali cation). Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

8 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Employment, volunteering and incomes

Employment

Employment status of general population* Employment by industry

100% 2% 8% 8% 80% 11% 1% 60% 16%

40% 13%

20%

15% 0%

65 years 20% 6% and above 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old

Employed Agriculture, forestry and sheries Unemployed Mining Not in labour force or not stated Manufacturing Utilities, construction and transport Employment* Please note the %status gures are of relative general to each population* of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are Employmentaggregates of the following status Au ofstra Indigenouslian Bureau of Statis population*tics categories: Employed = Employed full-time;Health, Employed Social par Assistance,t-time; Education and training and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time 100%100% Public administration and safety work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the populationWholesale that is not and of r etail trade 80% working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for Serthisvices report, 80%as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population. Food, accommodation, arts and recreation Unknown/not stated 60%60%

40%40%

20%20%

0% 0% 65 years 65 years and above and above ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous I I I I 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old 15–24 years old 40–64 years old 25–39 years old

EmployeEmployed d UnemployeUnemployed d Not Notin labour in labour force fo orrce not or statednot stated * Please note the % gures are relative to each of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are aggregates of the following Australian Bureau of Statistics categories: Employed = Employed full-time; Employed part-time; and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the population that is not of working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for this report, as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

9 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Volunteering Income

Volunteering rates Total household income (% of households)*

80%

70% 9.8%

60% 2.9% 26.6% 50% 10.5% 40%

30%

20%

10%

0% 65 years

and above 50% 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old

Not a volunteer Under $20,800 $20,800–64,999 $65,000–$103,999 Volunteer Over $104,000 Not Stated/Partially Stated Not stated or not applicable * Please note these gures have been derived from the ABS Equivalised Total Household Income (HIED)Census 2011 data. ABS data categories have been aggregated for the purposes of this report. For more information see: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome. nsf/home/statementsdwellinghied?opendocument&navpos=430 In the 2011–12 nancial year, persons who earned $67,500 or less were eligible for Low Income Tax Oset. Human Services applied the following de nitions of “low income” as eligibility criteria for the Low Income Supplement in the 2012–13 nancial year: Income below $30,000 for singles, $45,000 combined for couples, or $60,000 combined for couples or singles with a dependent child.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

10 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice Australian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key environmental custodians.

Number of people employed in agriculture, shing, forestry and downstream industries

Agriculture industries (production) 20,290

79 Agriculture downstream industries, including services, 11,441 food and beverage

Fishing industry, including production and downstream 1,378 seafood processing and wholesaling 83 Forestry industry, including production, logging, sawmilling 1,708 and downstream wood and paper product manufacturing

Agricultural commodity values

Value of agricultural commodities^ $3,000

$2,500

$2,000

$1,500 illions M

$1,000

$500

$0 y y rk ool ruit ops Ha Po F Beef Nuts Eggs W Dair Lamb e cr or seed or grain Oilseeds oadacr Cereals for grain egume f or consumption L egetables f V ther br O Nurseries and cut owers egetables f V

^ Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced. The value estimates in this publication are derived by the multiplication of price and quantity estimates of agricultural commodities. Price information is estimated based on the average unit value of a given commodity realised in the market place. For more information please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/7503.0Explanatory%20Notes12010-11?OpenDocument

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

11 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice

Feral animal control* Native vegetation protection and regeneration* (% of agricultural holdings) (% of agricultural holdings) 100% 4.5% 90% 4.0%

80% 3.5%

70% 3.0% 60% 2.5% 50% 2.0% 40% 1.5% 30% 1.0% 20% 10% 0.5% 0% 0.0% e ol tio n ther O essur ral goats ral camels Fe eral animals Fe cluding stock of f No management ther (unspeci ed) Managing weeds eral animal contr f O Stopping mechanical or chemical destruc Reducing grazing pr encing o /ex F

* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey (LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only. For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4630.0

Sought advice when adopting Sources of advice**^ native vegetation management**

44.71%

55.29% s s s s s s s No No No No No No No Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye oup oup gion nment ch and ver tion gr e or farmer rmer gr Go Resear Fa A/NRM re tension o cer oduc ex CM pr ivate consultant or agribusiness agent eers or neighbours Landcar employed facilitator P Pr

Yes No elopment Corporation Dev

** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228 broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this reason, the figures presented here are indicative only. ^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents who identified they sought advice. For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domestic-forestry/prep-for-future/drivers-practice-change.pdf

12 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas

Land tenure Land use

12.97% 11% 20.43%

2% 2%

43% 23.54% 18%

0.001%

4.23% 38.83% 24%

Crown Land – Private – Leased Grazing Native Vegetation Crown Land – Public Cropping and Horticulture Crown Land – Public – Leased Conservation and Natural Environments Crown Land – Unknown – Leased Grazing Modi ed Pastures Freehold – Unknown Industry, Residential, Services and Mining No Data/Unknown Other

Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program (ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to: http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/Pages/Default.aspx

Indigenous Land Councils New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council: www.alc.org.au Barengi Gadjin Land Council: www.bglc.org.au Native Title Services Victoria: http://www.ntsv.com.au South Australian Native Title Services: http://www.nativetitlesa.org

13 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Native Title and Traditional Owners Traditional Owners Registered Native Title Body Corporate Hectares % of zone Adnyamathanha Traditional Lands Association Adnyamathanha People 1,701,575 5.21 (Aboriginal Corporation) RNTBC Barengi Gadjin Land Council Aboriginal Wotjobaluk People 723,708 2.22 Corporation RNTBC Adnyamathanha Traditional Lands Association Adnyamathanha People 36,638 0.11 (Aboriginal Corporation) RNTBC First peoples of the River The River Murray and Mallee Aboriginal 35,926 0.11 Murray & Mallee Region Corporation RNTBC Adnyamathanha Traditional Lands Association Adnyamathanha People 33,800 0.10 (Aboriginal Corporation) RNTBC Gawler Ranges People Gawler Ranges Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 6,433 0.02

Source: The Native Title Tribunal Register, October 2013. For more information please refer to: http://www.nntt.gov.au/Pages/Searchportal.aspx

Local Government Areas Local Government Areas Balranald Shire Council NSW The Dc Of Franklin Harbour SA Bourke Shire Council NSW The Dc Of Karoonda East Murray SA Carrathool Shire Council NSW The Dc Of Kimba SA Central Darling Shire Council NSW The Dc Of Lower Eyre Peninsula SA Cobar Shire Council NSW The Dc Of Loxton Waikerie SA Lachlan Shire Council NSW The Dc Of Mallala SA The Council Of The Shire Of Wakool NSW The Dc Of Mount Remarkable SA Unincorporated Far West NSW The Dc Of Orroroo Carrieton SA Wentworth Shire Council NSW The Dc Of Peterborough SA Alexandrina Council SA The Dc Of Streaky Bay SA City Of Port Lincoln SA The Dc Of Tumby Bay SA Clare And Gilbert Valleys Council SA The Dc Of Yorke Peninsula SA Coorong Dc SA The Flinders Ranges Council SA Dc Of The Copper Coast SA The Regional Council Of Goyder SA Light Regional Council SA The Rural City Of Murray Bridge SA Mid Murray Council SA Uia Riverland SA Northern Areas Council SA Wakefield Regional Council SA Port Augusta City Council SA Wudinna District Council SA Port Pirie Regional Council SA Buloke Shire VIC Renmark Paringa Council SA Campaspe Shire VIC Southern Mallee Dc SA Gannawarra Shire VIC Tatiara Dc SA Hindmarsh Shire VIC The Barossa Council SA Loddon Shire VIC The Berri Barmera Council SA Mildura Rural City VIC The Dc Of Barunga West SA Swan Hill Rural City VIC The Dc Of Ceduna SA West Wimmera Shire VIC The Dc Of Cleve SA Yarriambiack Shire VIC The Dc Of Elliston SA

14 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Zone vegetation characteristics

The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.

Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented.

It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.

Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.

For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system

15 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVS) with >1% original distribution within zone 18%

16%

14%

12%

10%

0% s s y a ey ey ey ey ey ey ey re rb rb fo e +/- fo y understo ther shrublands O , samphir ests and woodlands ests and woodlands ther Acacia tall open r r O a shrubby understor fo fo ther tussock grasslands open woodlands with O shrublands and a tussock grass understor Eucalyptus woodlands with Eucalyptus woodlands with Melaleuca open woodlands Casuarina and Allocasuarina Casuarina and Allocasuarina Mallee with hummock grass chenopod shrub understor Callitris ed chenopod Casuarina and Allocasuarina open Casuarina and Allocasuarina open x sparse shrublands with chenopods Saltbush and/or Bliebush shrublands Mi allee with a dense shrubby understor Acacia (+/- low) open woodlands and shrublands +/- tussock grass Mulga (Acacia aneura) woodlands and woodlands with a shrubby understor oodlands with a tussock grass understor M Mallee with an open shrubb Mallee with a tussock grass understor Mulga (Acacia aneura) open woodlands and sparse shrublands +/- tussock grass w Pre 1750 percentage of CMZ area Present day percentage of CMZ area

16 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands

Ramsar wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Riverland SA 30,664 Lake Albacutya VIC 5,659 Banrock Station SA 1,375 Wetland Complex The Coorong, and Lakes SA 311 Alexandrina and Albert Wetland For more information on Ramsar please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/water/water-our- Kerang Wetlands – The Marshes VIC 16 environment/wetlands/ramsar-convention-wetlands

Nationally Important Wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Criteria Darling Anabranch Lakes NSW 42,498 1, 2, 5 Tod River Wetland System SA 39,209 1, 2, 3 Upper Spencer Gulf SA 36,568 1, 3, 5, 6 Riverland Wetland Complex SA 34,447 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 Menindee Lakes NSW 29,110 4, 5, 1, 3 Wimmera River VIC 24,773 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Lake Tyrrell VIC 17,477 1, 2 Clinton SA 16,993 1, 3 Lindsay Island VIC 15,799 1, 2, 3 Lake Hindmarsh VIC 14,787 1, 2, 3, 6 Talyawalka Anabranch & Teryawynia Creek NSW 11,435 1, 4 Wallpolla Island VIC 9,708 1, 2, 3 Lake Albacutya VIC 5,982 1, 2, 3, 4 Streaky Bay SA 4,041 3, 5 Bunguluke Wetlands, Tyrrell Creek & Lalbert Creek Floodplain VIC 3,965 1, 2 Franklin Harbour SA 3,830 1, 3, 6 Port Gawler & Buckland Park Lake SA 3,629 1, 3, 5, 6 Lake Newland SA 3,528 1, 3, 5 Barker Inlet & St Kilda SA 3,483 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Davenport Creek SA 2,412 1, 3, 5, 6 Coffin Bay Coastal Wetland System SA 2,173 3, 5, 6 Lake Hamilton SA 1,956 1 Noora Evaporation Lakes SA 1,626 3 Wills Creek SA 1,529 1, 3 Banrock Swamp Wetland Complex SA 1,375 1, 2, 3 Tumby Bay SA 1,075 1, 3

17 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Nationally Important Wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Criteria Pike-Mundic Wetland Complex SA 949 1, 3, 6 Lake Wallawalla VIC 822 1, 3 Gurra Lakes Wetland Complex SA 807 3 Lowbidgee Floodplain NSW 806 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Baird Bay SA 737 3 Sleaford Mere SA 700 1, 3 Lake Lalbert VIC 686 1, 2, 6 Raak Plain VIC 658 1, 5 Loveday Swamps SA 529 1, 2, 3, 6 Loch Luna Wetland Complex SA 488 1, 2, 3, 6 Wargan Basins (Meridian Lakes) VIC 396 1, 2, 3 Point Labatt SA 393 3, 5 Stockyard Plain SA 387 3, 5 Cardross Lakes VIC 293 1, 3, 5 Spectacle Lakes SA 285 1, 2, 3 The Coorong, Lake Alexandrina & Lake Albert SA 265 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Pink Lakes VIC 256 1, 6 Lake Ranfurly VIC 219 3, 4 Lower Murray Swamps SA 187 1, 2, 3 Innes Salt Lakes SA 166 1 Swan Reach Wetland Complex SA 151 1, 2, 3 Big Swamp SA 142 1, 3 Native Hen Lagoon SA 117 1 Point Davenport SA 116 1, 3, 5 Lake Cowal/Wilbertroy Wetlands NSW 105 1, 2, 3 Pink Lake (Lochiel) VIC 80 1, Irwin Flat SA 57 1, 3 Poocher & Mundulla Swamps SA 53 2, 6 Pillie Lake SA 37 1 Gum Flat SA 22 1 Murray Bridge Army Training Area Wetlands SA 20 3, 5 Marne River Mouth SA 19 1, 2, 3 Heywoods Lake VIC 15 6 Lake Bael Bael VIC 6 1, 2, 3

Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria: 1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia. 2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major wetland system/complex. 3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail. 4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa. 5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level. 6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance. Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directory-important-wetlands-australia-third-edition

18 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands World and National Heritage

Heritage Heritage values World or National type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone Natural, Willandra Lakes Region World and National Heritage NSW 239,184 0.73 Cultural Ediacara Fossil Site National Natural SA 169,061 0.52 The Adelaide Park Lands National Historic SA 200 0.00 and City Layout Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these heritage values: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage

19 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Major National Reserve System properties

Major National Reserve System properties IUCN Name Property type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone category Murray – Sunset National Park II VIC 665,530 2.04 Wyperfeld National Park II VIC 360,254 1.10 Ngarkat Conservation Park IA SA 239,836 0.73 Danggali Wilderness Protection Area IB SA 203,700 0.62 Big Desert Wilderness Park IB VIC 140,997 0.43 Wilderness Zone – Sunset IB VIC 127,914 0.39 Schedule 5, National Parks Act Pinkawillinie Conservation Park VI SA 123,766 0.38 Mungo National Park II NSW 122,709 0.38 Yathong Nature Reserve IA NSW 108,393 0.33 Vulkathunha National Park II SA 106,898 0.33 – Gammon Ranges National Reserve Taylorville Station IV SA 94,146 0.29 System Program Flinders Ranges National Park II SA 93,839 0.29 Chowilla Regional Reserve VI SA 75,523 0.23 Nombinnie Nature Reserve IA NSW 71,041 0.22 Hincks Wilderness Protection Area IB SA 66,913 0.20 National Reserve Scotia Sanctuary IV NSW 64,695 0.20 System Program Billiatt Wilderness Protection Area IB SA 59,255 0.18 Nantawarrina Indigenous Protected Area III SA 58,348 0.18 Mallee Cliffs National Park IA NSW 58,118 0.18 Unnamed (No.HA1196) Heritage Agreement III SA 54,331 0.17 Danggali Conservation Park IA SA 48,626 0.15

The IUCN categories are as follows: Ia Strict Nature Reserve IUCN protected area management categories Ib Wilderness Area classify protected areas according to their II National Park management objectives. The categories are recognised by international bodies such as III Natural Monument or Feature the United Nations and are utilised by many IV Habitat/Species Management Area national governments, including the Australian V Protected Landscape/ Seascape Government, as the global standard for VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources defining and recording protected areas.

Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation: http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/ For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system

Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.

20 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities

Threatened ecological communities Name Listing status % of total distribution* % of zone** Eyre Peninsula Blue Gum Endangered 100 0.009 (Eucalyptus petiolaris) Woodland Iron-grass Natural Temperate Critically 98.19 0.421 Grassland of South Australia Endangered Peppermint Box (Eucalyptus odorata) Critically 92.95 0.349 Grassy Woodland of South Australia Endangered Buloke Woodlands of the Riverina and Endangered 76.01 0.048 Murray-Darling Depression Bioregions Critically Swamps of the Fleurieu Peninsula 6.79 0.0003 Endangered Critically Natural Grasslands of the Murray Valley Plains 4.31 0.031 Endangered Grey Box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) Grassy Woodlands and Derived Native Endangered 1.06 0.056 Grasslands of South-eastern Australia Seasonal Herbaceous Wetlands (Freshwater) Critically 0.5 0.001 of the Temperate Lowland Plains Endangered The community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from Endangered 0.4 0.014 the Great Artesian Basin White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Critically Red Gum Grassy Woodland 0.3 0.021 Endangered and Derived Native Grassland * % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may be to find within the zone.

The threatened ecological communities above are listed underThe Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities

21 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) threatened species

Threatened mammals % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Southern Brown Bandicoot (Nuyts Archipelago) Isoodon obesulus nauticus Vulnerable 99.84 0.0035 Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby (SA and NSW) Petrogale xanthopus xanthopus Vulnerable 67.87 5.2393 Wopilkara, Greater Stick-nest Rat Leporillus conditor Vulnerable 35.69 0.0144 Sandhill Dunnart Sminthopsis psammophila Endangered 15.58 4.8284 Dusky Hopping-mouse, Wilkiniti Notomys fuscus Vulnerable 5.03 0.0074 Woylie Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi Endangered 2.21 0.0503 Koala (combined populations of Queensland, New Phascolarctos cinereus (combined South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory) populations of Qld, NSW and the ACT) Vulnerable 0.07 0.0885 Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis Vulnerable 0.04 0.2242 May be May be South-eastern Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus corbeni Vulnerable present present May be May be Plains Rat, Palyoora Pseudomys australis Vulnerable present present May be May be Southern Brown Bandicoot (Eastern) Isoodon obesulus obesulus Endangered present present Australian Sea-lion Neophoca cinerea Vulnerable n/a n/a Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus Endangered n/a n/a Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae Vulnerable n/a n/a Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis Endangered n/a n/a

22 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Threatened birds % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Southern Emu-wren (Eyre Peninsula) Stipiturus malachurus parimeda Vulnerable 99.99 1.03 Black-eared Miner Manorina melanotis Endangered 99.96 5.56 Red-lored Whistler Pachycephala rufogularis Vulnerable 98.8 8.27 Mallee Emu-wren Stipiturus mallee Endangered 98.47 4.27 Regent Parrot (eastern) Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides Vulnerable 96.46 24.03 Western Whipbird (eastern) Psophodes nigrogularis leucogaster Vulnerable 78.58 5.16 Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Vulnerable 27.89 77.14 Australian Fairy Tern Sternula nereis nereis Vulnerable 15.93 2.81 Thick-billed Grasswren Amytornis modestus Vulnerable 12.48 8.45 Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus Vulnerable 9.91 2.16 Slender-billed Thornbill (western) Acanthiza iredalei iredalei Vulnerable 7.98 13.49 Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis Endangered 4 2.39 Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus Endangered 3.38 3.84 Southern Emu-wren (Fleurieu Peninsula), Stipiturus malachurus intermedius Endangered 1.39 0.00 Mount Lofty Southern Emu-wren Cinclosoma punctatum Critically Spotted Quail-thrush (Mt Lofty Ranges) 1.23 0.00 anachoreta Endangered Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor Endangered 0.94 0.52 Calyptorhynchus Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo (south-eastern) Endangered 0.37 0.02 banksii graptogyne Critically Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster 0.29 0.06 Endangered Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii Vulnerable 0.07 0.03 May be May be Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia Endangered present present Southern Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora epomophora Vulnerable 0.01 0.12 Northern Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora sanfordi Endangered 0.01 0.12 Shy Albatross, Tasmanian Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta cauta Vulnerable 0.01 0.12 White-capped Albatross Thalassarche cauta steadi Vulnerable 0.01 0.12 Tristan Albatross Diomedea exulans exulans Endangered n/a n/a Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis Vulnerable n/a n/a Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans (sensu lato) Vulnerable n/a n/a Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea Vulnerable n/a n/a Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus Endangered n/a n/a Thalassarche melanophris Campbell Albatross Vulnerable n/a n/a impavida Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli Vulnerable n/a n/a Antipodean Albatross Diomedea exulans antipodensis Vulnerable n/a n/a Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris Vulnerable n/a n/a

23 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Threatened reptiles % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Krefft’s Tiger Snake (Flinders Ranges) Notechis scutatus ater Vulnerable 100 0.21 Pygmy Blue-tongue Lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis Endangered 98.71 0.79 Adelaide Blue-tongue Lizard Flinders Ranges Worm-lizard Aprasia pseudopulchella Vulnerable 96.72 5.48 Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar Vulnerable 0.62 0.12 Pink-tailed Worm-lizard, Aprasia parapulchella Vulnerable 0.03 0.004 Pink-tailed Legless Lizard Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Vulnerable 0.01 0.16 Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Endangered 0.01 0.16 Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth Dermochelys coriacea Endangered 0.01 0.16

24 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Other threatened fauna % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Flinders Ranges Mogurnda, Flinders Mogurnda clivicola Vulnerable 100 0.06 Ranges Purple-spotted Gudgeon Murray Hardyhead Craterocephalus fluviatilis Endangered 64 2.31 Growling Grass Frog, Southern Bell Frog, Green and Golden Frog, Litoria raniformis Vulnerable 8.58 5.72 Warty Swamp Frog Critically Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana 5.41 0.02 Endangered May be May be Macquarie Perch Macquaria australasica Endangered present present May be May be Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii Vulnerable present present Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias Vulnerable n/a n/a School Shark, Eastern School Shark, Conservation Galeorhinus galeus n/a n/a Snapper Shark, Tope, Soupfin Shark Dependent Conservation Southern Bluefin Tuna Thunnus maccoyii n/a n/a Dependent

25 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Pterostylis sp. Halbury Halbury Greenhood Endangered 100 0.38 (R.Bates 8425) Prickly Raspwort Haloragis eyreana Endangered 100 0.07 Critically Spiny Everlasting, Spiny Daisy Acanthocladium dockeri 100 0.08 Endangered Spalding Blown Grass, Lachnagrostis limitanea Endangered 100 0.04 Spalding Blowngrass Spiller’s Wattle Acacia spilleriana Endangered 100 0.10 Goldsack’s Leek-orchid Prasophyllum goldsackii Endangered 100 0.03 Tufted Bush-pea Pultenaea trichophylla Endangered 100 0.35 Critically Ghost Spider-orchid Caladenia intuta 100 0.01 Endangered Chalky Wattle Acacia cretacea Endangered 100 0.01 Silver Candles Pleuropappus phyllocalymmeus Vulnerable 99.95 0.16 Annual Stackhousia, Annual Candles Stackhousia annua Vulnerable 99.94 0.35 Woolcock’s Spider-orchid Caladenia woolcockiorum Vulnerable 99.93 0.09 West Coast Mintbush, Prostanthera calycina Vulnerable 99.91 0.98 Limestone Mintbush, Red Mintbush White Rabbits, Flinders Ranges Caladenia xantholeuca Endangered 99.87 0.08 White Caladenia Winter Spider-orchid Caladenia brumalis Vulnerable 99.86 0.94 Spidery Wattle, Balcanoona Wattle Acacia araneosa Vulnerable 99.18 0.15 Fat-leaved Wattle Acacia pinguifolia Endangered 97.31 0.74 Sturdy Leek-orchid Prasophyllum validum Vulnerable 95.9 0.14 Peep Hill Hop-bush Dodonaea subglandulifera Endangered 95.81 0.57 Lowan Phebalium Phebalium lowanense Vulnerable 95.8 1.43 Pterostylis sp. Eyre Peninsula Nodding Rufoushood Vulnerable 94.35 0.31 (R.Bates 19474) Superb Groundsel Senecio megaglossus Vulnerable 92.73 0.73 Neat Wattle, Resin Wattle (SA) Acacia rhetinocarpa Vulnerable 87.08 1.14 Jumping-jack Wattle Acacia enterocarpa Endangered 86.99 2.27 Pterostylis sp. Hale Hale Dwarf Greenhood Endangered 85.83 0.27 (R.Bates 21725) Menzel’s Wattle Acacia menzelii Vulnerable 85.31 2.51 Whibley Wattle Acacia whibleyana Endangered 80.22 0.03 Yellow Swainson-pea Swainsona pyrophila Vulnerable 80.18 23.08 Bayonet Spider-orchid, Caladenia gladiolata Endangered 79.32 0.32 Clubbed Spider-orchid None Frankenia plicata Endangered 76.54 5.07 Slender Bell-fruit, Camel Poison Codonocarpus pyramidalis Vulnerable 76.2 12.75 None Atriplex infrequens Vulnerable 74.91 0.02

26 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Hairy-pod Wattle Acacia glandulicarpa Vulnerable 69.59 1.64 Olearia pannosa Silver Daisy-bush Vulnerable 67.36 3.05 subsp. pannosa Greencomb Spider-orchid, Caladenia tensa Endangered 66.12 21.49 Rigid Spider-orchid Menindee Nightshade Solanum karsense Vulnerable 65.69 6.51 Pale Leek-orchid Prasophyllum pallidum Vulnerable 64.9 2.32 Moore’s Burr-daisy Calotis moorei Endangered 60.07 0.02 Bead Glasswort Tecticornia flabelliformis Vulnerable 54.95 0.17 Wimmera Spider-orchid Caladenia lowanensis Endangered 52.48 0.02 Coast Spider-orchid Caladenia conferta Endangered 50.63 0.01

* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone. ** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone. The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

27 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) migratory species Other migratory species Common name Scientific name Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis Migratory birds Migratory birds Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Antipodean Albatross Diomedea antipodensis Oriental Plover, Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth Dermochelys coriacea Charadrius veredus Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Oriental Dotterel Bryde’s Whale Balaenoptera edeni Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris Pygmy Right Whale Caperea marginata Rostratula benghalensis Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Painted Snipe (sensu lato) Dusky Dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus Campbell Albatross Thalassarche impavida Killer Whale, Orca Orcinus orca Red Knot, Knot Calidris canutus Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Porbeagle, Mackerel Shark Lamna nasus Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis Cattle Egret Ardea ibis Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus Red-tailed Common Greenshank, Calyptorhynchus Tringa nebularia Black-Cockatoo Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias Greenshank banksii graptogyne (south-eastern) Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/migratory-species Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis Sanderling Calidris alba Flesh-footed Shearwater, Puffinus carneipes Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca Fleshy-footed Shearwater Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Puffinus tenuirostris Great Egret, Short-tailed Shearwater Ardea alba White Egret Shy Albatross, Thalassarche cauta Tasmanian Shy Albatross (sensu stricto) Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris Macronectes giganteus Greater Sand Plover, Southern Giant-Petrel Charadrius leschenaultii Large Sand Plover Southern Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto) Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola Royal Albatross Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Grey-tailed Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes Tristan Albatross Diomedea dabbenena Latham’s Snipe, Gallinago hardwickii Diomedea exulans Japanese Snipe Wandering Albatross Lesser Sand Plover, (sensu lato) Charadrius mongolus Wedge-tailed Mongolian Plover Puffinus pacificus Little Curlew, Shearwater Numenius minutus Little Whimbrel Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus White-bellied Little Tern Sterna albifrons Haliaeetus leucogaster Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Sea-Eagle White-capped Marsh Sandpiper, Thalassarche steadi Tringa stagnatilis Albatross Little Greenshank White-throated Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli Hirundapus caudacutus Needletail Northern Royal Diomedea sanfordi Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Albatross

28 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) migratory species Other migratory species Common name Scientific name Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis Migratory birds Migratory birds Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Antipodean Albatross Diomedea antipodensis Oriental Plover, Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth Dermochelys coriacea Charadrius veredus Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Oriental Dotterel Bryde’s Whale Balaenoptera edeni Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris Pygmy Right Whale Caperea marginata Rostratula benghalensis Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Painted Snipe (sensu lato) Dusky Dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus Campbell Albatross Thalassarche impavida Killer Whale, Orca Orcinus orca Red Knot, Knot Calidris canutus Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Porbeagle, Mackerel Shark Lamna nasus Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis Cattle Egret Ardea ibis Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus Red-tailed Common Greenshank, Calyptorhynchus Tringa nebularia Black-Cockatoo Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias Greenshank banksii graptogyne (south-eastern) Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/migratory-species Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis Sanderling Calidris alba Flesh-footed Shearwater, Puffinus carneipes Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca Fleshy-footed Shearwater Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Puffinus tenuirostris Great Egret, Short-tailed Shearwater Ardea alba White Egret Shy Albatross, Thalassarche cauta Tasmanian Shy Albatross (sensu stricto) Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris Macronectes giganteus Greater Sand Plover, Southern Giant-Petrel Charadrius leschenaultii Large Sand Plover Southern Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto) Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola Royal Albatross Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Grey-tailed Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes Tristan Albatross Diomedea dabbenena Latham’s Snipe, Gallinago hardwickii Diomedea exulans Japanese Snipe Wandering Albatross Lesser Sand Plover, (sensu lato) Charadrius mongolus Wedge-tailed Mongolian Plover Puffinus pacificus Little Curlew, Shearwater Numenius minutus Little Whimbrel Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus White-bellied Little Tern Sterna albifrons Haliaeetus leucogaster Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Sea-Eagle White-capped Marsh Sandpiper, Thalassarche steadi Tringa stagnatilis Albatross Little Greenshank White-throated Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli Hirundapus caudacutus Needletail Northern Royal Diomedea sanfordi Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Albatross

29 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Threatened endemic species

Threatened endemic species Taxonomic group Scientific name Reservation status EPBC Act status IUCN status Mammals Lagorchestes leporides Recorded in reserves Extinct Extinct Not recorded Molluscs Glyptorhagada euglypta n/a Vulnerable in reserves Molluscs Glyptorhagada janaslini Recorded in reserves n/a Near Threatened Not recorded Molluscs Glyptorhagada silveri n/a Endangered in reserves Not recorded Molluscs Glyptorhagada tattawuppana n/a Vulnerable in reserves Molluscs Lacustrelix yerelinana Recorded in reserves n/a Near Threatened Molluscs Pleuroxia italowiana Recorded in reserves n/a Near Threatened Plants Caladenia macroclavia Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a Plants Caladenia woolcockiorum Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Caladenia xantholeuca Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a Not recorded Plants Pterostylis lepida Endangered n/a in reserves Plants Pterostylis mirabilis Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Not recorded Critically Plants Acanthocladium dockeri n/a in reserves Endangered Plants Pleuropappus phyllocalymmeus Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Senecio megaglossus Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Acacia araneosa Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Acacia praemorsa Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Acacia spilleriana Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a Not recorded Plants Acacia whibleyana Endangered n/a in reserves Plants Swainsona pyrophila Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Not recorded Plants Lachnagrostis limitanea Endangered n/a in reserves Not recorded Plants Haloragis eyreana Endangered n/a in reserves Reptiles Tiliqua adelaidensis Recorded in reserves Endangered Endangered

30 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands http:// -natural- The colour grids and numbers are an indication of the location and number of endemic species that have all their known range outside of the National Reserve Concentrations System. of unreserved endemic species may be useful focal areas for private land conservation efforts. Endemism analyses were provided by the Australian Government Department Environmentof Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT). The ANHAT database has been compiled from specimens and site records held in state agency wildlife atlases, museum collections, and the work of individual researchers. moreFor information please refer to: www.environment. gov.au/topics/heritage/ publications-and-resources/ australian heritage-assessment-tool s s n s l e s ce ie d ude ve ra l th .

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31 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Invasive species

Invasive mammals Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat Felis catus 4.25 99.94 Red Fox, Fox Vulpes vulpes 5.29 99.92 Rabbit, European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 5.91 99.08 Goat Capra hircus 12.77 83.85 House Mouse Mus musculus 7.5 81.67 Brown Hare Lepus capensis 12.94 39.40 Pig Sus scrofa 3.36 36.21 Domestic Cattle Bos taurus 4.5 23.48 Black Rat, Ship Rat Rattus rattus 6.57 22.39 Domestic Dog Canis lupus familiaris 2.87 21.94 Donkey, Ass Equus asinus 0.68 2.52 Feral deer species in Australia n/a 1.85 2.18 Dromedary, Camel Camelus dromedarius 0.14 1.42 Brown Rat, Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus 2.41 1.40

Other invasive fauna Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris 14.8 97.86 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 10.76 97.45 Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon Columba livia 10.47 81.72 Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula 24.14 67.71 European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 20.11 55.22 Skylark Alauda arvensis 23.09 45.65 Spotted Turtle-Dove Streptopelia chinensis 10.96 27.98 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 11.48 24.89 Common Myna, Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis 2.13 3.37 Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 1.47 1.25 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 2.86 0.70 European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris 0.57 0.34 Ostrich Struthio camelus 27.94 0.22

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

32 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Invasive flora Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper, Smilax, Asparagus asparagoides 20.18 50.74 Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus African Boxthorn, Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum 23.25 37.48 Chrysanthemoides Boneseed 30.11 29.34 monilifera subsp. monilifera Athel Pine, Athel Tree, Tamarisk, Athel Tamarisk, Athel Tamarix, Tamarix aphylla 9.96 21.54 Desert Tamarisk, Flowering Cypress, Salt Cedar Blackberry, European Blackberry Rubus fruticosus aggregate 7.88 20.11 Silver Nightshade, Silver-leaved Nightshade, White Horse Nettle, Silver-leaf Nightshade, Tomato Weed, White Nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium 40.01 18.31 Bull-nettle, Prairie-berry, Satansbos, Silver-leaf Bitter-apple, Silverleaf-nettle, Trompillo Salix spp. except S.babylonica, Willows except Weeping Willow, S.x calodendron & 8.54 17.24 Pussy Willow and Sterile Pussy Willow S.x reichardtii Ward’s Weed Carrichtera annua 11.75 15.22 Prickly Pears Opuntia spp. 12.51 14.55 Gorse, Furze Ulex europaeus 7.98 9.73 Mesquite, Algaroba Prosopis spp. 3.02 5.48 Prickly Pears Cylindropuntia spp. 20.26 3.90 Olive, Common Olive Olea europaea 77.47 3.16 Genista sp. X Broom 77.47 3.16 Genista monspessulana Prickly Pears Austrocylindropuntia spp. 50.76 1.92 Parkinsonia, Jerusalem Thorn, Parkinsonia aculeata 0.32 1.56 Jelly Bean Tree, Horse Bean Montpellier Broom, Cape Broom, Canary Broom, Common Broom, Genista monspessulana 2.32 1.06 French Broom, Soft Broom Broom, English Broom, Scotch Broom, Common Broom, Cytisus scoparius 1.19 0.87 Scottish Broom, Spanish Broom Bridal Veil, Bridal Veil Creeper, Pale Berry Asparagus Fern, Asparagus declinatus 43.14 0.76 Asparagus Fern, South African Creeper Chilean Needle grass Nassella neesiana 0.68 0.55 Flax-leaved Broom, Genista linifolia 4.31 0.54 Mediterranean Broom, Flax Broom Climbing Asparagus-fern Asparagus plumosus 3.55 0.35 Climbing Asparagus-fern, Ferny Asparagus Protasparagus plumosus 3.55 0.35 Chrysanthemoides Bitou Bush 1.51 0.31 monilifera subsp. rotundata

33 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Invasive flora Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Water Hyacinth, Water Orchid, Nile Lily Eichhornia crassipes 1.07 0.31 Fireweed, Madagascar Ragwort, Senecio madagascariensis 0.4 0.18 Madagascar Groundsel Madeira Vine, Jalap, Lamb’s-tail, Mignonette Vine, Anredera, Gulf Madeiravine, Anredera cordifolia 0.42 0.12 Heartleaf Madeiravine, Potato Vine Buffel-grass, Black Buffel-grass Cenchrus ciliaris 0.31 3.29 Cabomba, Fanwort, Carolina Watershield, Fish Grass, Washington Grass, Watershield, Cabomba caroliniana 2.09 0.66 Carolina Fanwort, Common Cabomba Lantana, Common Lantana, Kamara Lantana, Large-leaf Lantana, Pink Flowered Lantana, Red Flowered Lantana camara 0.15 0.22 Lantana, Red-Flowered Sage, White Sage, Wild Sage Serrated Tussock, Yass River Tussock, Nassella trichotoma 0.11 0.10 Yass Tussock, Nassella Tussock (NZ) Delta Arrowhead, Arrowhead, Sagittaria platyphylla 0.16 0.04 Slender Arrowhead Asparagus Fern, Climbing Asparagus Fern Asparagus scandens 0.03 0.00 Asparagus Fern, Ground Asparagus, Basket Fern, Sprengi’s Fern, Asparagus aethiopicus 0.02 0.00 Bushy Asparagus, Emerald Asparagus * % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**) indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone. For more information on invasive species please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species

34 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Vegetation profiles and management recommendations

Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.

The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.

35 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Mallee with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

16.8%

1.43% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus socialis; Eucalyptus dumosa; Eucalyptus odorata; Eucalyptus porosa; Eucalyptus leptophylla; 0.2%

Allocasuarina verticillata; Eucalyptus behriana; Enchylaena y

tomentosa; Melaleuca lanceolata; Rhagodia spinescens; -1750 Pre

Austrodanthonia caespitosa; Austrostipa eremophila; esent da Austrodanthonia setacea; Austrostipa scabra; Hordeum Pr leporinum; tussock grass; forb; samphire shrub.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect against Exclude stock from Undertake Reduce the Manage native Actively manage Manage exotic dryland salinity remnants to enable restoration where occurrence of large grazing animals. weeds when herbivore species by maintaining recruitment and there are few mature fires, and use mosaic undertaking including goats, and replanting regeneration of over overstorey species or burning techniques. Minimise the amount restoration activities sheep, rabbits native vegetation. and under-storey lack of suitable sites of grain spilt during to ensure weeds especially species. for seed germination. Ensure mosaic burns transport through do not compete near habitat Close or fence are targeted at Malleefowl for soil moisture for wildlife such artificial sources of Create windbreaks Choose mallee different age classes habitat. with vulnerable as Malleefowl. water in conservation with mallee species that occur in of vegetation, to native replantings. Control foxes reserves as these may species to reduce remnants on similar ensure age diversity Erect signs A 1-metre radius and rabbits attract feral species the impacts of soils and slope between and within where needed weed free simultaneously to and trampling. soil erosion. aspect. Replicate the remnant patches. to warn drivers buffer should be avoid foxes switching relative abundance that Malleefowl maintained around to predation on Protect, and where Reduce tillage of species. Discourage broad- may be on native woody plants. native species, or appropriate, fence in zones scale burning for the road. Use spot control to increases in rabbit important wildlife around remnants. Manage wildlife agricultural purposes maintain this. populations. habitat including corridors between in areas that Apply herbicides Shooting is a suitable for Malleefowl. Avoid creating remnant patches. harbour Malleefowl. to actively growing control for goats, new access tracks weeds and wallabies, goats, Encourage uptake and roads through Create buffer zones Avoid clearing avoid spray drift. deer, hares and foxes. of conservation remnants. around remnants roadsides Do not leave areas Baiting is appropriate agreements by revegetating for firebreaks. of bare ground to for rabbits, hares and covenants on previously cleared avoid wind and and foxes. private land lands with water erosion of Monitor for mallee and ground soils. Retain some Red-legged earth storey species. weed cover and mites. Populations stagger removal and should be managed replacement with with a soil active native grasses. insecticide.

36 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Saltbush and/or Bluebush shrublands vegetation profile

Change in extent

10.4% 9.9%

95.5% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Atriplex vesicaria; Atriplex paludosa; Nitraria billardierei; Maireana sedifolia; Maireana pyramidata; Maireana astrotricha; Maireana oppositifolia; Rhagodia spinescens; y

Frankenia sessilis; shrub; tussock grass; forb. -1750 Pre esent da Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Establish pest-proof Avoid continuous Undertake intensive Actively manage Target rabbits, foxes fencing around or heavy grazing to management of weeds when and cats in key key refugia. allow saltbush to identified key refugia undertaking refugia and habitats. regenerate and seed. and wildlife habitats. restoration activities Promote wise to ensure weeds Manage foxes water use to avoid Experiment with Maintain dingo do not compete and rabbits changes to different saltbush populations to for soil moisture simultaneously water flow/water species for control exotic pests. with vulnerable to prevent foxes table levels that livestock forage, native replantings. switching to could impact and implement Re-introduce predation on native on aquifers and strategic grazing engineer species Apply herbicides species, or increases overland flow. regimes to maximise (e.g. bilbies and to actively growing in rabbit populations. both production bettongs) where feral weeds and yields and animal controls are in avoid spray drift. biodiversity benefits. place and effective. Do not leave areas Refer to http://www. Manage native of bare ground to malleecma.vic.gov. grazing pressure avoid wind and au/resources/fact- (e.g. from kangaroos). water erosion of sheets/enrich-fs.pdf soils. Retain some to explore the weed cover and benefits of different stagger removal and grazing regimes and replacement with saltbush species. native grasses.

37 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Mallee with a dense shrubby understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

10% 9.7%

96.79% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus diversifolia; Eucalyptus porosa; Eucalyptus costata subsp. Murrayana; Eucalyptus brachycalyx;

Eucalyptus socialis; Eucalyptus gracilis; Eucalyptus y

oleosa; Eucalyptus incrassata; Eucalyptus leptophylla; -1750 Pre

Eucalyptus dumosa; Melaleuca uncinata; Melaleuca esent da lanceolata; Melaleuca acuminata; Sclerolaena diacantha; Pr Enchylaena tomentosa; Rhagodia parabolica; shrub; tussock grass; forb. Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect against Exclude stock from Undertake Reduce the Manage native Actively manage Manage exotic dryland salinity remnants to enable restoration where occurrence of large grazing animals. weeds when herbivore species by maintaining recruitment and there are few mature fires, and use mosaic undertaking including goats, and replanting regeneration of overstorey species burning techniques. Minimise the amount restoration activities sheep, rabbits native vegetation. over and or lack of suitable of grain spilt during to ensure weeds especially under-storey sites for seed Ensure mosaic burns transport through do not compete near habitat Close or fence species. germination. are targeted at Malleefowl habitat, for soil moisture for wildlife such artificial sources of different age classes as foraging close with vulnerable as Malleefowl. water in conservation Create windbreaks Choose mallee of vegetation, to roadsides leaves native replantings. Control foxes reserves. with mallee species that occur in to ensure age them susceptible A 1-metre radius and rabbits species to reduce remnants on similar diversity between to collisions weed free simultaneously to Protect, and where the impacts of soils and slope and within with vehicles. buffer should be avoid foxes switching appropriate fence soil erosion. aspect. Replicate the remnant patches. maintained around to predation on important wildlife Erect signs relative abundance native woody plants. native species, or habitat including Reduce tillage of species. Avoid clearing where needed Use spot control to increases in rabbit for Malleefowl. in zones around roadsides to warn drivers maintain this. populations. remnants. Manage wildlife for firebreaks. that Malleefowl Apply herbicides Encourage uptake Shooting is a suitable corridors between may be to actively growing of conservation Avoid creating Discourage broad- control for goats, remnant patches. on the road. weeds and agreements new access tracks scale burning for wallabies, goats, avoid spray drift. and covenants. and roads through Create buffer zones agricultural purposes deer, hares and foxes. remnants. around remnants in lands near Do not leave areas Baiting is appropriate of bare ground to by revegetating Malleefowl habitat. for rabbits, hares avoid wind and previously cleared and foxes. water erosion of lands with soils. Retain some Monitor for mallee and ground weed cover and Red-legged earth storey species. stagger removal and mites. Populations replacement with should be managed native grasses. with a soil active insecticide.

38 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Mallee with hummock grass vegetation profile

Change in extent

9.3%

7.5% 79.8% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus socialis; Eucalyptus dumosa; Eucalyptus porosa; Callitris glaucophylla; Eucalyptus gracilis; Myoporum platycarpum; Eucalyptus leptophylla; Acacia wilhelmiana; Callitris verrucosa; Leptospermum y

coriaceum; Acacia ligulata; Triodia scariosa; Rhagodia spinescens; -1750 Pre

Senna artemisioides ssp. Coriacea; Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima; esent da Halgania cyanea; Brachyloma ericoides; Beyeria opaca; Westringia Pr rigida; Grevillea huegelii; hummock grass; shrub.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect against Exclude stock from Undertake Reduce the Manage native Actively manage Manage exotic dryland salinity remnants to enable restoration where occurrence of large grazing animals. weeds when herbivore species by maintaining recruitment and there are few fires, and use mosaic undertaking including goats, and replanting regeneration of mature overstorey burning techniques. Minimise the amount restoration activities sheep, rabbits native vegetation. over and species or lack of of grain spilt during to ensure weeds especially under-storey suitable sites for Ensure mosaic burns transport through do not compete near habitat Close or fence species. seed germination. are targeted at areas that harbour for soil moisture for wildlife such as Malleefowl. artificial sources of different age classes Malleefowl. with vulnerable water in conservation Create windbreaks Choose mallee of vegetation, to native replantings. Control foxes reserves as these may with mallee species that occur in ensure age diversity Erect signs where needed and rabbits attract feral species species to reduce remnants on similar between and within Apply herbicides simultaneously to to warn drivers and trampling. the impacts of soils and slope remnant patches. to actively growing avoid foxes switching that Malleefowl soil erosion. aspect. Replicate the weeds and to predation on Protect, and where relative abundance Discourage broad- may be on avoid spray drift. native species, or appropriate, fence Reduce tillage of species. scale burning for the road. increases in rabbit important wildlife in zones around agricultural purposes Avoid wind and populations. habitat including remnants. Manage wildlife in areas that water erosion of for Malleefowl. corridors between harbour Malleefowl. soils. Retain some Shooting is a suitable Avoid creating remnant patches. weed cover and control for goats, Encourage uptake new access tracks Avoid clearing stagger removal and wallabies, goats, of conservation and roads through Create buffer zones roadsides replacement with deer, hares and foxes. agreements remnants. around remnants for firebreaks. native grasses. Baiting is appropriate and covenants on by revegetating for rabbits, hares private land. previously cleared Discourage broad- and foxes. lands with scale burning for Monitor for mallee and ground agricultural purposes in areas that Red-legged earth storey species. mites. Populations harbour Malleefowl. should be managed with a soil active insecticide.

39 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Casuarina and Allocasuarina open woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

6.8% 6.7%

98.16% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Casuarina pauper; Alectryon oleifolius ssp. Canescens; Callitris gracilis; Olearia decurrens; Senna artemisioides ssp. Coriacea; Senna artemisioides ssp. Petiolaris; y

Senna artemisioides ssp. filifolia; Alyxia buxifolia; -1750 Pre

Geijera linearifolia; Maireana sedifolia; Enchylaena esent da tomentosa; Enchylaena tomentosa var.,Maireana georgei/ Pr turbinata; shrub.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase threatened Manage grazing In-plant woody Fires of very low Manage populations Manage Manage exotic ecological pressure in remnants species where intensity may have of kangaroos. Avena species, herbivore species communities, such with an intact, regeneration does been important Brachypodium including goats, as Buloke woodlands native ground layer. not naturally occur. in maintaining the distachyon, Bromus sheep, rabbits into reservation. open nature and species, Lolium especially near Exclude stock from Replicate the species the grassiness of species, Medicago habitat for wildlife remnants or areas Encourage uptake composition and Buloke Woodlands. species, Poa bulbosa such as Malleefowl. with scattered trees of conservation density of good and Trifolium species. agreements for a few years to quality remnants It is suspected Control foxes and covenants allow regeneration, (an open canopy that lack of fire, in and rabbits on private land. then protect the of trees; open tall association with simultaneously to young trees if shrubs or small removal of grazing, avoid foxes switching Encourage wise stock need to trees; and a number has led to increased to predation on water use and be re-introduced. of lower strata, woody species in native species, avoid changes to Establish buffers including a dense the lower strata of or increases in water table levels. of indigenous grassy layer). otherwise good rabbit populations. shrubs around all quality remnants. Retain standing As far as possible, Protect rehabilitation small reserves, to dead trees restore natural Canopy tree sites from incursions and fallen timber. reduce fertilizer drift and accretion infrequent regeneration is of feral species of aeolian soils in environmental unlikely after severe through fencing. overlying loam. flows along the wildfire. In the Wimmera River and event of wildfire, Avoid fertiliser River Murray. These revegetation of and herbicide floodwaters provide overstorey species application. infrequent, but may be necessary. essential inundation and soil moisture levels to enable seed germination.

40 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands Mallee with an open shrubby understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

6.5%

57.63% 3.8% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus diversifolia; Eucalyptus dumosa; Eucalyptus socialis; Eucalyptus oleosa; Eucalyptus gracilis; Rhagodia parabolica;

Melaleuca uncinata; Melaleuca lanceolata; Melaleuca y

acuminata; Pittosporum angustifolium; Nitraria billardierei; -1750 Pre

Maireana pyramidata; Santalum acuminatum; Exocarpos esent da aphyllus; Eremophila glabra; Triodia irritans; Maireana Pr pentatropis; Stenopetalum lineare; samphire shrub; forb; other grass; hummock grass. Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect against Exclude stock Undertake Reduce the Manage native Actively manage Manage exotic dryland salinity from remnants to restoration where occurrence of large grazing animals. weeds when herbivore species by maintaining enable regeneration there are few mature fires, and use mosaic undertaking including goats, and replanting of over and overstorey species or burning techniques. Minimise the amount restoration activities sheep, rabbits. native vegetation. under-storey species. lack of suitable sites of grain spilt during to ensure weeds for seed germination. Ensure mosaic burns transport through do not compete Protect rehabilitation Close or fence Create windbreaks are targeted at Malleefowl habitat. for soil moisture sites from incursions artificial sources of with mallee Choose mallee different age classes with vulnerable of feral species Erect signs where water in conservation species to reduce species that occur in of vegetation, to native replantings. through fencing. reserves as these may the impacts remnants on similar ensure age diversity needed to warn attract feral species of soil erosion. soils and slope between and within drivers that Apply herbicides Ensure rabbit control and trampling. aspect. Replicate the remnant patches. Malleefowl may to actively growing is followed by fox Reduce tillage relative abundance be on the road. weeds and control to avoid Protect, and where in zones of species. Discourage broad- avoid spray drift. foxes switching to appropriate, fence around remnants. scale burning for predation on native important wildlife Manage wildlife agricultural purposes Avoid wind and species, or increases habitat including Avoid creating corridors between in areas that water erosion of in rabbit populations. for Malleefowl. new access remnant patches. harbour Malleefowl. soils. Retain some tracks and roads weed cover and Encourage uptake through remnants. Create buffer zones Avoid clearing stagger removal and of conservation around remnants roadsides replacement with agreements by revegetating for firebreaks. native grasses. and covenants on previously cleared private land. lands with mallee and ground storey species.

41 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, South Eastern Australia Mallee Woodlands ALC100.0915